Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

Summary: The municipality of Medellín, Veracruz, México has a type A landfill, whose operation level has recently increased due to landfill closure in the city of Veracruz. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the quality of groundwater surrounding the landfill of the municipality of Medellín., such as hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity (T), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), nitrates (NO3 -), total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in seven groundwater wells near the landfill during the “north” and dry season. The physicochemical water results from the seven wells analyzed were within the maximum permissible limits of Mexican regulations: turbidity values exceeded international regulations and four wells were found contaminated according to COD levels. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in both seasons were higher than the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in accordance with national and international regulations. Therefore, the results indicated the negative influence of the landfill on groundwater quality.

Resumen: Los rellenos sanitarios se han vuelto una fuente de contaminación de aguas superficiales y subterráneas, debido a la generación de lixiviados que pueden llegar hasta los cuerpos de agua con efectos adversos al ambiente. El municipio de Medellín, Veracruz, México; cuenta con un relleno sanitario tipo A cuyo nivel de operación se ha incrementado recientemente debido a la clausura del relleno sanitario de la ciudad de Veracruz. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la calidad del agua subterránea aledaña al relleno sanitario del municipio de Medellín. Se evaluaron potencial de hidrógeno (pH), conductividad eléctrica (CE), turbidez (T), Demanda Química de Oxigeno (DQO), Fósforo Total (PT), Nitratos, (NO3 -), Sólidos Disueltos Totales (SDT) y metales pesados Plomo (Pb), Cadmio (Cd) y Cobre (Cu) en 7 pozos de agua subterránea próximos al relleno sanitario durante la temporada de “nortes” y estiaje. Los resultados fisicoquímicos del agua de los 7 pozos analizados se encontraron dentro de los límites máximos permisibles de la normatividad mexicana; los valores de turbidez superaron la normatividad internacional y 4 pozos mostraron estar contaminados de acuerdo a los niveles de DQO. Las concentraciones de Pb y Cd en ambas temporadas se encontraron superiores a los límites máximos permisibles para consumo humano de acuerdo con la normatividad nacional e internacional. Los resultados indicaron la influencia negativa del relleno sanitario en la calidad del agua subterránea.

Resumen Kombucha es una biopelícula compuesta por un cultivo simbiótico de bacterias y levaduras, conocido como SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). El SCOBY sufre procesos de deterioro y pérdida de atributos nutricionales, bioactivos y sensoriales, lo que impacta negativamente en su vida útil. Estas pérdidas pueden evitarse mediante métodos de secado, que ayudan a prolongar la vida útil y conservar los compuestos de acción de sus constituyentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue someter y evaluar Kombucha SCOBY a las técnicas de deshidratación por calor y liofilización. Los análisis incluyeron pH, sólidos solubles totales, acidez titulable total, turbidez, contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, actividad antioxidante, evaluación microbiológica y pruebas de toxicidad in vivo. Todos los análisis fueron evaluados estadísticamente a un nivel de probabilidad del 5%, utilizando el software SAS. Tanto las bebidas de Kombucha como los productos secos exhibieron cantidades considerables de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante. Los recuentos de microorganismos oscilaron entre 104 y 108 CFU.ml-1 para bebidas y productos desarrollados. En las pruebas in vivo con Caenorhabditis elegans, no se observó un aumento en la mortalidad y los gusanos alimentados con los productos fermentados mostraron un mayor crecimiento. Por lo tanto, este estudio concluye que la producción de formas deshidratadas y liofilizadas de productos a base de Kombucha es un campo de investigación prometedor y ventajoso para la salud humana.

Abstract Kombucha is a biofilm composed of a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast, known as SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). The SCOBY undergoes deterioration processes and loss of nutritional, bioactive and sensory attributes, which negatively impacts its shelf life. These losses can be avoided by drying methods, which help to extend shelf life and preserve the action compounds of its constituents. The objective of this study was to subject and evaluate Kombucha SCOBY to drying techniques by heat dehydration and freeze-drying. Analyses included pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, turbidity, total phenolic compound content, antioxidant activity, microbiological assessment, and toxicity in vivo testing. All analyses were statistically evaluated at a 5% probability level, using SAS software. Both Kombucha beverages and dry products exhibited considerable amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Microorganism counts ranged from 104 to 108 CFU.ml-1 for developed beverages and products. In In vivo tests with Caenorhabditis elegans, no increase in mortality was observed, and worms fed with the fermented products showed enhanced growth. Thus, this study concludes that producing dehydrated and freeze-dried forms of Kombucha-based products is a promising and advantageous field of researchfor human health.

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the quality of the water supplied by the potable water treatment plant Altos of Quintero to the city of Santiago de Cuba through the study of five consumers. The quality of the parameters analyzed was determined for pH, color, turbidity, residual free chlorine and determination of total and fecal coliforms, resulting in La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey and the Combined Milk, which residual free chlorine and turbidity are outside the norm in some occasions. The effects of the quality of drinking water coming from the potabilizer were mainly the deterioration of the infrastructure of the supply networks and poor storage conditions of the liquid in the above mentioned institutions. Options are presented to ensure that water quality is maintained in the different consumption centers and a predictable model is proposed that allows the maximum time that guarantees the minimum level of allowable residual chlorine that a consumer source should have.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la calidad del agua que suministra la potabilizadora Altos de Quintero a la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba mediante el estudio de cinco consumidores. Al agua de los seis centros analizados se les determinó su calidad por la medición de los parámetros: pH, color, turbidez, cloro libre residual y determinación de coliformes totales y fecales, resultando La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey y el Combinado Lácteo las entidades en las cuales el cloro libre residual y la turbidez se encuentran fuera de norma en algunas ocasiones. Las afectaciones de la calidad del agua potable procedente de la potabilizadora se deben fundamentalmente al deterioro de la infraestructura de las redes de abastecimiento y a las malas condiciones de almacenamiento del líquido en las instituciones antes mencionadas. Se presentan opciones para garantizar que se mantenga la calidad del agua en los diferentes centros de consumo y se propone un modelo predictivo que posibilita determinar el tiempo máximo que garantiza el mínimo nivel de cloro residual libre permisible que debe disponer una fuente consumidora.

Stormwater harvesting is a promising solution for global freshwater depletion, particularly in tropical regions with abundant rainfall. However, it is not widely used due to the lack of suitable treatment technologies for domestic applications. Multi-stage filtration (MSF) is an effective integrated treatment technology that provides a cost-effective alternative for stormwater treatment. This study investigated MSF's capacity for treating stormwater at different stages. The MSF designed and built comprised the down-flow roughing filter (DRF) and slow sand filter (SSF). The results achieved by the MSF for the treated effluents were: pH (7.1-8.1), temperature (27.6-29.4°C), electrical conductivity (EC) (100-190 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (70-130 mg/L). Turbidity removal efficiency of the MSF was in the range of 36-99% (5.825-164.05 NTU) and the overall average removal efficiency of the MSF was 74%, 90% and 86% for total coliforms (TC) (360-11 800 CFU/ 100 mL), faecal coliforms (FC) (0-1 300 CFU/100 mL) and Enterococcus spp. (120- 1 400 CFU/100 mL), respectively. The study identified stormwater reuse potentials based on international guidelines and benchmarks. For the treated effluent, pH, temperature, EC and TDS were all within the permissible limits for toilet, laundry, bathing, recreational and agricultural water reuse, while turbidity suited agricultural (non-food crop) and restricted urban reuse. 46% of the effluent was suitable for recreational purposes as this satisfied the 50 NTU standard. 62.5% of the effluent satisfied the FC standard for toilets and urinals and agricultural reuse (non-food crop) purposes, while 87.5 % of the effluent satisfied urban reuse purposes (restricted access). 66.67% of the effluent satisfied the Enterococcus spp. standard for agricultural reuse (non-food crop). All treated effluents satisfied the TC bathing standard. This study shows that after minimal disinfection, stormwater effluents offer potential reuse in household applications, thereby reducing potable water demand.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A water pretreatment plant for hemodialysis through clarification and dechlorination does not offer the expected flow with the required quality, in terms of suspended solids and residual free chlorine, affecting the useful life of reverse osmosis membranes and microfilters. In this work, operational problems are identified and improvements are proposed to guarantee greater efficiency of the installation. Objective: To propose improvements that guarantee the efficiency of water pretreatment for hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: The water flows supplied to the settler and the filter, and water characteristics were determined and compared with those of drinking water and for reverse osmosis. The effects of removal of suspended solids, turbidity, color, residual chorine and required dose of coagulant were established. The load applied to the double layer filter was checked. Results and Discussion: The inlet pressure to the plant does not allow the design flow to be achieved. The applied dose of coagulant is not adequate and alkali should not be added. It was found that the clarification and dechlorination processes are inefficient. Conclusions: Neither the service demand nor the design flow rate is always guaranteed. The required dose of coagulant is 18 mg/L and there is no need to alkalinize the water. The turbidity and color removal efficiencies are 70% and 60.53% respectively, and the suspended solids removal efficiency in the settler is 45.2%. The output turbidity and free chlorine concentration exceed those required for reverse osmosis membranes.

RESUMEN Introducción: Una planta para pretratar agua para hemodiálisis mediante clarificación y decloración no ofrece el caudal esperado con la calidad requerida, en cuanto a sólidos en suspensión y cloro libre residual, afectándose la vida útil de las membranas de ósmosis inversa y microfiltros. En este trabajo se identifican problemas de operación y se proponen mejoras que garanticen mayor eficiencia de la instalación. Objetivo: Proponer mejoras que garanticen la eficiencia del pretratamiento de agua para hemodiálisis. Materiales y Métodos: Se determinaron los caudales abastecidos al sedimentador y a los filtros y características del agua cruda y tratada, se compararon con las de agua potable y para ósmosis inversa. Fueron determinados los efectos de remoción de sólidos suspendidos, turbidez, color, cloro residual y la dosis necesaria de coagulante. Se comprobó la carga aplicada al filtro. Resultados y Discusión: La presión de entrada a la planta no permite lograr el caudal de diseño. La dosis aplicada de coagulante no es adecuada y no debe adicionarse álcali. Son ineficientes los procesos de clarificación y de decloración. Conclusiones: No se garantiza siempre ni la demanda del servicio ni el caudal de diseño. La dosis requerida de coagulante es de 18 mg/L y no se precisa alcalinizar el agua. Las eficiencias de remoción de turbiedad y color son de 70 % y 60,53 % respectivamente, la de sólidos en suspensión en el sedimentador es de 45,2 %. La turbiedad de salida y la concentración de cloro libre superan los exigidos para las membranas de ósmosis inversa.

The lightly micro-polluted raw water of Yangtze River (YRW) in autumn was treated via enhanced coagulation by composite coagulants composed of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), named PAC/PDMDAAC. Coagulation mechanism and removal efficiency were investigated by assessing the water quality parameters of the resulting supernatant, i.e. turbidity, COD Mn, and NH3-N, at the same dosage and supernatant turbidity (SDST) point as using PAC only, with controlled residual turbidity of 1.0-1.50 NTU to mimic drinking water production plant supernatant condition when using lightly micro-polluted water as raw water source . In addition, the zeta potential, floc morphology, and size analysis under the condition of SDST using PAC and composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC for getting insight about removal mechanism were done. The results showed that, firstly, most of the composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC with intrinsic viscosity [η] = 0.65, 1.60, and 2.6 dL/g; and mass ratio PAC:PDMDAAC of 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 (mm)) could meet the requirements of controlled supernatant turbidity between 1.0 and 1.5 NTU to mimic drinking water production plant condition using YRW (Nanjing section) that comply with the new national drinking water standards. Secondly, the seven kinds of composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC can maintained the advantage of enhanced coagulation removal efficiency within the SDST point as using PAC only. The COD Mn and ammonia nitrogen removal rates using composite coagulants at SDST points were 0-6.19 %; 0-15.62%, respectively higher than using PAC only. Finally, this study deepened and expanded the existing research knowledge about composite coagulant PAC/PDMDAAC and offered the maximum limitations in removing the water quality parameters via enhanced coagulation treatment of lightly micro-polluted surface raw water in order to meet new national drinking water standards.

Abstract Starches from some legume grown in Cameroon were evaluated for their granule structure and size, turbidity, firmness and gel strength, thermal and freeze-thaw properties. Amylose contents were in the range of 26.21%–44.85%. Morphological analysis of the starch granules showed bimodal distribution, multiple sizes and shapes from small spherical to the bigger kidney shape. Significant differences were observed among starch in light transmittance, firmness and gel strength. The thermal parameters of starches were evaluated using differential scanning calorimeter and significant differences were observed. The peak gelatinisation temperature was positively correlated to starch granule size but the amylose content showed no evidence of their impact on legume starch properties studied. The data reported can be useful to facilitate the selection of variety of legume and conditions closer to the desired application. turbidity strength freezethaw freeze thaw 26214485 26 21 44 85 26.21%–44.85% distribution shape transmittance studied application 2621448 2 4 8 26.21%–44.85 262144 26.21%–44.8 26214 26.21%–44. 2621 26.21%–44 262 26.21%–4 26.21%– 26.21% 26.21 26.2 26.

Resumo Neste trabalho, amidos de algumas leguminosas cultivadas em Camarões foram avaliados quanto à estrutura e tamanho dos grânulos, turbidez, firmeza e resistência do gel, propriedades térmicas e de congelamento e descongelamento. Os conteúdos de amilose estavam na faixa de 26,21% a 44,85%. A análise morfológica dos grânulos de amido mostrou distribuição bimodal, múltiplos tamanhos e formas desde o pequeno esférico até o maior formato de rim. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os amidos na transmissão de luz, firmeza e força do gel. Os parâmetros térmicos dos amidos foram avaliados usando calorímetro diferencial de varredura e diferenças significativas foram examinadas. A temperatura de pico de gelatinização foi positivamente correlacionada com o tamanho do grânulo de amido, no entanto, o teor de amilose não mostrou evidência de impacto nas propriedades do amido de leguminosas estudadas. Os dados informados podem ser úteis para facilitar a seleção de variedades de leguminosas e condições mais próximas da aplicação desejada. trabalho turbidez gel descongelamento 2621 26 21 26,21 4485 44 85 44,85% bimodal rim luz examinadas entanto estudadas desejada 262 2 26,2 448 4 8 44,85 26, 44,8 44,

Abstract This study was designed to assess the ichthyofaunal diversity of River Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 1189 fish from six different sites were collected along the river and identified using standard keys. The fish collected and identified were representing 38 species, belonging to 7 families. The investigation spanned a year, from July 2021 to May 2022. The most dominant family was Cyprinidae 76% (n=906/1189), followed by Nemacheilidae 5.8% (n=69/1189), Channidae 5.2% (n=62/1189), Sisoridae 5.1% (n=61/1189), Mastacembelidae 4.9% (n=58/1189), Salmonidae 2.6% (n=31/1189) and least was Bagridae 0.17 (n=2/1189). The most abundant speices was Schizothorax plagiostomus with relative density of 16.8. Family Cyprinidae was represented by 21 species, Sisoridae by 7 species, Nemacheilidae by 5 species, Channidae by 2 species, while Bagridae, Salmonidae and Mastacembelidae, were each represented by a single species. PAST 3, XLSTAT and EXCEL 2019 were used for principal component analysis to study correlation of fish diversity and richness. Eigenvalue obtained from Kumrat to Busaq were 3.32, 1.01, 0.80, 0.44, 0.31 and 0.10 respectively. The higher value at Kumrat shows higher diversity. The water quality assessment showed average value of water temperature 10.4 ͦC, pH 7.0, electrical conductivity 184 mg/L, dissolved oxygen 7.9 mg/L, turbidity 43.73 mg/L, total dissolved solids 101 mg/L, total suspended solids 34.72 mg/L, total solids 135.53 mg/L, total alkalinity 75.77 mg/L, total hardness 58.37 mg/L, ammonia 0.46 mg/L, sulphate 26.03 mg/L, chloride 14.67 mg/L, calcium 69.11 mg/L, chromium 0.18 mg/L, copper 0.03, cobalt mg/L 0.04, nickel 0.039 mg/L, lead 0.02 mg/L and Zinc 0.35 mg/L. The findings of this study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters remained within the acceptable limits throughout the study period. Analysis of fish gut contents included; nymphs, insect larvae, the presence of algae, protozoans and macroinvertebrates in the river ecosystem. Panjkora Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan purpose 118 keys 3 species families year 202 2022 76 n=906/1189, n9061189 n n=906/1189 , 906 (n=906/1189) 58 8 5.8 n=69/1189, n691189 n=69/1189 69 (n=69/1189) 52 5.2 n=62/1189, n621189 n=62/1189 62 (n=62/1189) 51 1 5.1 n=61/1189, n611189 n=61/1189 61 (n=61/1189) 49 4 9 4.9 n=58/1189, n581189 n=58/1189 (n=58/1189) 26 6 2.6 n=31/1189 n311189 31 (n=31/1189 017 0 17 0.1 n=2/1189. n21189 n=2/1189 . (n=2/1189) 168 16 16.8 201 richness 332 32 3.32 01 1.01 080 80 0.80 044 44 0.44 031 0.3 010 10 respectively 104 10. C ͦC 70 7.0 18 mgL mg L 79 7. 4373 43 73 43.7 3472 34 72 34.7 13553 135 53 135.5 7577 75 77 75.7 5837 37 58.3 046 46 0.4 2603 03 26.0 1467 14 67 14.6 6911 11 69.1 018 003 0.03 004 04 0.04 0039 039 002 02 0.0 035 35 period included nymphs larvae algae ecosystem 20 n906118 n=906/118 90 (n=906/1189 5. n69118 n=69/118 (n=69/1189 n62118 n=62/118 (n=62/1189 n61118 n=61/118 (n=61/1189 4. n58118 n=58/118 (n=58/1189 2. n=31/118 n31118 (n=31/118 0. n2118 n=2/118 (n=2/1189 16. 33 3.3 1.0 08 0.8 437 43. 347 34. 1355 13 135. 757 75. 583 58. 260 26. 146 14. 691 69. 00 n90611 n=906/11 (n=906/118 n6911 n=69/11 (n=69/118 n6211 n=62/11 (n=62/118 n6111 n=61/11 (n=61/118 n5811 n=58/11 (n=58/118 n=31/11 n3111 (n=31/11 n211 n=2/11 (n=2/118 3. 1. n9061 n=906/1 (n=906/11 n691 n=69/1 (n=69/11 n621 n=62/1 (n=62/11 n611 n=61/1 (n=61/11 n581 n=58/1 (n=58/11 n=31/1 n311 (n=31/1 n21 n=2/1 (n=2/11 n906 n=906/ (n=906/1 n69 n=69/ (n=69/1 n62 n=62/ (n=62/1 n61 n=61/ (n=61/1 n58 n=58/ (n=58/1 n=31/ n31 (n=31/ n2 n=2/ (n=2/1 n90 n=906 (n=906/ n6 n=69 (n=69/ n=62 (n=62/ n=61 (n=61/ n5 n=58 (n=58/ n=31 n3 (n=31 n=2 (n=2/ n9 n=90 (n=906 n=6 (n=69 (n=62 (n=61 n=5 (n=58 n=3 (n=3 n= (n=2 n=9 (n=90 (n=6 (n=5 (n= (n=9 (n

Resumo Este estudo foi projetado para avaliar a diversidade da ictiofauna do rio Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Para isso, foram coletados um total de .1189 peixes de seis locais diferentes ao longo do rio e identificados através de chaves-padrão. Os peixes coletados e identificados representavam 38 espécies, pertencentes a 7 famílias. A investigação durou um ano, de julho de 2021 a maio de 2022. A família mais dominante foi Cyprinidae 76% (n=906/1189), seguida por Nemacheilidae 5,8% (n=69/1189), Channidae 5,2% (n=62/ 1189), Sisoridae 5,1% (n=61/1189), Mastacembelidae 4,9% (n=58/1189), Salmonidae 2,6% (n=31/1189), e o mínimo foi Bagridae 0,17 (n=2/1189). A espécie mais abundante foi Schizothorax plagiostomus com densidade relativa de 16,8. A família Cyprinidae foi representada por 21 espécies, Sisoridae por 7 espécies, Nemacheilidae por 5 espécies, Channidae por 2 espécies, enquanto Bagridae, Salmonidae e Mastacembelidae foram representados cada um por uma única espécie. PAST 3, XLSTAT e EXCEL 2019 foram utilizados para análise de componentes principais para estudar a correlação entre diversidade e riqueza de peixes. Os autovalores obtidos de Kumrat para Busaq foram 3,32, 1,01, 0,80, 0,44, 0,31 e 0,10, respectivamente. O valor mais alto em Kumrat mostra maior diversidade. A avaliação da qualidade da água apresentou valor médio de temperatura da água 10,4 ͦC, pH 7,0, condutividade elétrica 184 mg/L, oxigênio dissolvido 7,9 mg/L, turbidez 43,73 mg/L, sólidos totais dissolvidos 101 mg/L, sólidos suspensos totais 34,72 mg/L, sólidos totais 135,53 mg/L, alcalinidade total 75,77 mg/L, dureza total 58,37 mg/L, amônia 0,46 mg/L, sulfato 26,03 mg/L, cloreto 14,67 mg/L, cálcio 69,11 mg/L, cromo 0,18 mg /L, cobre 0,03, cobalto mg/L 0,04, níquel 0,039 mg/L, chumbo 0,02 mg/L e zinco 0,35 mg/L. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos permaneceu dentro dos limites aceitáveis durante todo o período de estudo. Análise do conteúdo intestinal dos peixes incluiu ninfas, larvas de insetos, presença de algas, protozoários e macroinvertebrados no ecossistema fluvial. Panjkora Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão isso 1189 .118 chavespadrão. chavespadrão chaves padrão. padrão chaves-padrão 3 espécies famílias ano 202 2022 76 n=906/1189, n9061189 n n=906/1189 , 906 (n=906/1189) 58 8 5,8 n=69/1189, n691189 n=69/1189 69 (n=69/1189) 52 5,2 n=62/ n62 62 (n=62 1189, 1189) 51 1 5,1 n=61/1189, n611189 n=61/1189 61 (n=61/1189) 49 4 9 4,9 n=58/1189, n581189 n=58/1189 (n=58/1189) 26 6 2,6 n=31/1189, n311189 n=31/1189 31 (n=31/1189) 017 0 17 0,1 n=2/1189. n21189 n=2/1189 . (n=2/1189) 168 16 16,8 201 332 32 3,32 01 1,01 080 80 0,80 044 44 0,44 031 0,3 010 10 0,10 respectivamente 104 10, C ͦC 70 7,0 18 mgL L 79 7, 4373 43 73 43,7 3472 34 72 34,7 13553 135 53 135,5 7577 75 77 75,7 5837 37 58,3 046 46 0,4 2603 03 26,0 1467 14 67 14,6 6911 11 69,1 018 /L 003 0,03 004 04 0,04 0039 039 002 02 0,0 035 35 físicoquímicos físico químicos ninfas insetos algas fluvial 118 .11 20 n906118 n=906/118 90 (n=906/1189 5, n69118 n=69/118 (n=69/1189 n=62 n6 (n=6 n61118 n=61/118 (n=61/1189 4, n58118 n=58/118 (n=58/1189 2, n31118 n=31/118 (n=31/1189 0, n2118 n=2/118 (n=2/1189 16, 33 3,3 1,0 08 0,8 437 43, 347 34, 1355 13 135, 757 75, 583 58, 260 26, 146 14, 691 69, 00 .1 n90611 n=906/11 (n=906/118 n6911 n=69/11 (n=69/118 n=6 (n= n6111 n=61/11 (n=61/118 n5811 n=58/11 (n=58/118 n3111 n=31/11 (n=31/118 n211 n=2/11 (n=2/118 1, n9061 n=906/1 (n=906/11 n691 n=69/1 (n=69/11 n= (n n611 n=61/1 (n=61/11 n581 n=58/1 (n=58/11 n311 n=31/1 (n=31/11 n21 n=2/1 (n=2/11 n906 n=906/ (n=906/1 n69 n=69/ (n=69/1 n61 n=61/ (n=61/1 n58 n=58/ (n=58/1 n31 n=31/ (n=31/1 n2 n=2/ (n=2/1 n90 n=906 (n=906/ n=69 (n=69/ n=61 (n=61/ n5 n=58 (n=58/ n3 n=31 (n=31/ n=2 (n=2/ n9 n=90 (n=906 (n=69 (n=61 n=5 (n=58 n=3 (n=31 (n=2 n=9 (n=90 (n=5 (n=3 (n=9

Resumo O trabalho de pesquisa foi projetado para investigar a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos pelágicos em um lago perto de Marala Headworks. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, transparência e turbidez. A correlação entre rotíferos e esses parâmetros também foi estudada. A amostragem do plâncton foi realizada mensalmente para verificar a densidade populacional dos rotíferos. No total, foram identificadas 18 espécies de rotíferos pertencentes a 11 gêneros. O maior número de rotíferos e sua diversidade foi demonstrado pelos gêneros Brachionus, Keratella e Filinia. O Brachionus calyciflorus foi a espécie dominante em todas as amostras, com densidade populacional média (41%). A análise de variância dos parâmetros físico-químicos mostrou que a temperatura do ar e da água, condutividade elétrica, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido e saturação de oxigênio foram estatisticamente significantes em todos os meses. Enquanto o pH foi estatisticamente não significativo (p≥0,05), a correlação de Pearson mostrou que o oxigênio e a transparência foram negativamente correlacionados com a densidade e diversidade dos rotíferos. A temperatura do ar e da água, a concentração de íons de hidrogênio (pH), a condutividade elétrica e a salinidade mostraram relação positiva com a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos.

Abstract Research work was designed to investigate the density and diversity of pelagic rotifers in a Lake near Marala Headworks. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency and turbidity were evaluated. Correlation between rotifers and these parameters was also studied. Plankton sampling was done on monthly basis in order to check the population density of rotifers. In total, 18 species of rotifers were identified which belonged to 11 genera. The highest number of rotifers and their diversity was shown by genera namely Brachionus, Keratella, and Filinia. The Brachionus calyciflorus was dominant species in all the samples with mean population density (41%). Analysis of variance of physico-chemical parameters presented that the air and water temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were statistically significant in all the months. While pH was statistically non-significant (p≥0.05. Pearson correlation showed that oxygen and transparency were negatively correlated with rotifers density and diversity. Air and water temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), electrical conductivity and salinity showed positive relationship with density and diversity of rotifers.

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate how phytoplankton community diversity, dominance, and rarity are influenced by different local environmental conditions in urban lakes. We expect that richness will be negatively influenced in lakes with higher nutrient concentrations and high turbidity, while abundance will be positively influenced. Thus, lakes with these conditions will have greater dominance of a few species and lower rarity, and the opposite in lakes with lower nutrient concentrations and less turbidity. Methods Phytoplankton and abiotic variables samples were collected in fourteen lakes distributed in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, during a rainy period. Results It was possible to identify an environmental heterogeneity among the lakes. We identified a separation of the lakes according to phytoplankton richness and density, especially due to the contribution of green algae, desmids, and cyanobacteria. Most lakes showed high diversity and evenness values, with a predominance of rare taxa and few dominant species. The main variables associated with phytoplankton were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations. Conclusions Therefore, the study of species diversity, dominance, and rarity based on phytoplankton richness and abundance and their relationship with different local environmental conditions can be an important model for assessing water quality in urban lakes. turbidity Thus Goiânia Goiás Brazil period density algae desmids cyanobacteria values temperature oxygen Therefore

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como a diversidade, dominância e raridade da comunidade fitoplanctônica são influenciadas por diferentes condições ambientais locais em lagos urbanos. Nós esperamos que a riqueza será influenciada negativamente em lagos com maiores concentrações de nutrientes e maior turbidez, enquanto a abundância será influenciada positivamente. Assim, haverá uma maior dominância de poucas espécies e menor raridade em lagos com essas condições, sendo esperado o contrário em lagos com menores concentrações de nutrientes e menor turbidez. Métodos As amostras do fitoplâncton e das variáveis abióticas foram coletadas em quatorze lagos distribuídos no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, durante um período chuvoso. Resultados Foi possível identificar uma heterogeneidade ambiental entre os lagos. Nós identificamos uma separação dos lagos em função da riqueza e densidade fitoplanctônica, especialmente devido à contribuição de algas verdes, desmídias e cianobactérias. A maioria dos lagos apresentou altos valores de diversidade e equitabilidade, com predominância de táxons raros e poucas espécies dominantes. As principais variáveis que estiveram relacionadas com o fitoplâncton, foram a temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e as concentrações de nutrientes. Conclusões Portanto, o estudo da diversidade, dominância e raridade baseada na riqueza e abundância fitoplanctônica e a sua relação com as diferentes condições ambientais locais pode ser um importante modelo na avaliação da qualidade da água em lagos urbanos. urbanos positivamente Assim Goiânia Goiás Brasil chuvoso verdes cianobactérias equitabilidade dominantes dissolvido Portanto

Abstract The albedo of a water surface and the energy available for evaporation are strongly correlated and studying such processes is of paramount importance for water security at farm and regional levels. In this paper, water albedo (αw) and net all-wave radiation (Rn) were analyzed after being measured above the surface of an artificially cleaned and low-turbidity water used for tobacco irrigation. It was observed that αw decreased as the sun elevation (θ) increased, especially for clear and near clear skies. The results showed that αw can be reasonably predicted with a power law model either in terms of θ or Sg (incoming solar radiation) across different cloud cover conditions. From this study, a mean daily albedo of 0.05 is recommended. Three approaches were considered for estimation of daily Rn. In the first, a linear regression model strongly fitted Rn data in terms of Sg solely. The second option based on the definition of Rn was [0.95Sg - Lnet(56)], where Lnet(56) is net longwave (LW) radiation as used in the FAO56 model for reference evapotranspiration estimation, and the third was [0.95Sg - Lnet(MLR)], where MLR stands for multiple linear regression. The disadvantages of approaches (1) and (3), based on regressions, is that they are constrained to the type of water stored in the farm and the climatic conditions of the region. The performance of approach (2), where Lnet(56) is a widely used model, was comparable to the others can potentially be improved with a site-specific calibration. All three approaches for estimating daily Rn proposed in this study can possibily be extended to clear water that did not go through any filtration process. levels paper (αw allwave all wave (Rn lowturbidity low turbidity irrigation (θ increased skies incoming 005 0 05 0.0 recommended first solely 0.95Sg 095Sg 95Sg Lnet56, Lnet56 Lnet 56 , Lnet(56)] Lnet(56 LW (LW FAO FAO5 LnetMLR, LnetMLR Lnet(MLR)] 1 (1 3, 3 (3) regressions region 2, 2 (2) sitespecific site specific calibration process 00 0. Lnet5 5 Lnet(5 Lnet(MLR) ( (3 (2 Lnet( Lnet(MLR

Resumo O albedo de uma superfície de água e a energia disponível para evaporação estão fortemente correlacionados e estudar tais processos é de suma importância para a segurança hídrica nível local e regional. Neste artigo, o albedo da água (αw) e a radiação líquida (Rn) foram analisados após serem medidos acima da superfície de água artificialmente limpa e de baixa turbidez usada para irrigação de cultivo de fumo. Observou-se que αw diminuiu com o aumento da elevação do sol (θ), especialmente para céu limpo e quase limpo. Os resultados mostraram que αw pode ser razoavelmente previsto com um modelo potencial em termos de θ ou Sg (radiação solar incidente) em diferentes condições de cobertura de nuvens. A partir deste estudo, um albedo médio diário de 0,05 é recomendado. Três abordagens foram consideradas para estimativa diária de Rn. Na primeira, um modelo de regressão linear ajustou-se fortemente aos dados de Rn em função de Sg, apenas. A segunda opção com base na definição de Rn foi [0,95Sg - Lnet(56)], onde Lnet(56) é a radiação líquida de onda longa do modelo FAO56 para estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência, e a terceira abordagem foi [0,95Sg - Lnet(MLR)], onde MLR significa regressão linear múltipla. As desvantagens das abordagens (1) e (3), baseadas em regressões, é que elas são restritas ao tipo de água armazenada na fazenda e às condições climáticas da região. O desempenho da abordagem (2), onde Lnet(56) é um modelo amplamente utilizado, foi comparável às outras e pode ser potencialmente melhorada com calibração local. Todas as três abordagens para estimar o Rn diário propostas neste estudo podem ser estendidas para águas claras que não passaram por nenhum processo de filtragem. regional artigo (αw (Rn fumo Observouse Observou se θ, , (θ) incidente nuvens 005 0 05 0,0 recomendado primeira ajustouse ajustou apenas 0,95Sg 095Sg 95Sg Lnet56, Lnet56 Lnet 56 Lnet(56)] Lnet(56 FAO FAO5 referência LnetMLR, LnetMLR Lnet(MLR)] múltipla 1 (1 3, 3 (3) regressões região 2, 2 (2) utilizado filtragem (θ 00 0, Lnet5 5 Lnet(5 Lnet(MLR) ( (3 (2 Lnet( Lnet(MLR

There are many stilts and industry, which discharge sewage, domestic garbage and industrial effluents in the Pouca Saúde River from the port environment of Santos, São Paulo (SP) State. However, ecotoxicological studies in this river are rare. In this study, we seek to fill this gap by analyzing physicochemical, toxicological, and chemical conditions. Surface water and sediment samples were collected at 2 sampling sites with riparian community activities and industrial activities in the summer, autumn, winter and spring. The parameters analyzed were pH, alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, oils, greases, dissolved oxygen (DO), toxicological and cytotoxicity with mitotic index (MI) of onion roots using Allium cepa roots, and concentration of Pb, Zn, Hg, Ni and Cd. Our results showed alterations in the DO, turbidity, oils/greases and reduction of MI when compared to the respective control. Ni and Zn in sediment samples presented concentrations exceeding levels occasionally associated with adverse biological effects “threshold effect level”. These results suggested that the water quality of the Pouca Saúde River is influenced by both presences of heavy metals contamination and the seasons, i.e. by the tide. Thus, the toxic potential monitoring carried out in this study is of paramount importance to this river. industry sewage Santos SP (SP State However rare physicochemical conditions summer autumn spring pH alkalinity turbidity salinity oils greases DO , (DO) (MI Pb Hg Cd oilsgreases control threshold level. level . level” seasons ie i e i.e tide Thus (DO

MONITORING OF TRIHALOMETHANES (THMs) AND WATER QUALITY FOR PUBLIC SUPPLY IN THE CITY OF CAVALCANTE, GOIÁS. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are organohalogens compounds formed from the reaction between free residual chlorine and natural matter organic (humic substances) present in raw water from surface sources. This study aimed to evaluate the formation of THMs resulting from the application of chlorine for disinfection, in the water treating process for public supply in the city of Cavalcante, GO, located in the region of Chapada dos Veadeiros (Brazil). The results of physical-chemical analyses apparent color, turbidity, pH, free residual chlorine, consumed oxygen, hardness, total alkalinity and THMs demonstrated a positive and strong correlation between the formation of THMs and the hardness of treated water, as well as the chlorine consumed during disinfection process. It was observed an increase in apparent color, turbidity and consumed oxygen in the rainy season. These parameters indicate the presence of organic matter and that present a positive and moderate correlation with the formation of THMs. (THMs CAVALCANTE GOIÁS humic substances sources Cavalcante GO Brazil. Brazil . (Brazil) physicalchemical physical chemical color pH season (Brazil

ABSTRACT This study aims to stimulate debate on the behavior of geotextile blankets in retaining suspended solids and to offer subsidies for further research. By means of a simple and objective approach, the results of a pilot-scale experiment are presented, with the objective of suggesting the use of containment barriers as a simple and inexpensive technique for raw water pre-filtration. Due to the growing demand for treated water and a marked decrease in the quality of the water available for catchment, it becomes necessary to increase the dosage of chemicals used in the treatment. Consequently, this influences not only the costs but also the characteristics of the waste generated in the process, since the nature and quantity of the sludge depend, among other factors, on the turbidity and the dosage of coagulant chemicals. The experiment was carried out using an acrylic channel where two adequately spaced geotextile blanket barriers were positioned, with raw water from the Parshall flume being pumped into the channel and, after passing through the barriers, returned by gravity to the flume and then sent for treatment. The affluent flow was maintained at 3.5 L/min and the blankets used had a weight of 170.0 and 420.0 g/m2, respectively. The results were not sufficient to conclude whether or not there is a relationship between the average raw water turbidity and the average turbidity reduction by the system. However, they show good chances of reducing sludge generation in water treatment plants receiving raw water pre-filtered by the proposed system, even with the average turbidity reduction considered low. research approach pilotscale pilot scale presented prefiltration. prefiltration pre filtration. filtration pre-filtration catchment Consequently process depend factors positioned 35 3 5 3. Lmin L min 1700 170 0 170. 4200 420 420. gm2 gm g m2 m g/m2 respectively system However prefiltered filtered low 17 42 g/m 1 4

RESUMO Este estudo visa estimular o debate sobre o comportamento das mantas geotêxteis na retenção de sólidos em suspensão e oferecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas. Por meio de uma abordagem simples e objetiva, são apresentados os resultados de um experimento em escala piloto, com o objetivo de sugerir o uso de barreiras de contenção como uma técnica simples e barata para pré-filtração de água bruta. Devido à crescente demanda por água tratada e à acentuada diminuição da qualidade da água disponível para captação, torna-se necessário aumentar a dosagem dos produtos químicos utilizados no tratamento. Consequentemente, isso influencia não só os custos, mas também as características dos resíduos gerados no processo, uma vez que a natureza e a quantidade do lodo dependem, entre outros fatores, da turbidez e da dosagem dos produtos químicos coagulantes. O experimento foi realizado utilizando um canal de acrílico onde foram posicionadas duas barreiras de manta geotêxtil adequadamente espaçadas, sendo a água bruta da calha Parshall bombeada para dentro do canal e, após passar pelas barreiras, devolvida por gravidade à calha e então encaminhada para tratamento. A vazão afluente foi mantida em 3,5 L/min e as mantas utilizadas tinham gramatura de 170,0 e 420,0 g/m², respectivamente. Os resultados não foram suficientes para concluir se existe ou não relação entre a turbidez média da água bruta e a redução média da turbidez pelo sistema. Contudo, apresentam boas chances de redução da geração de lodo em estações de tratamento de água que recebem água bruta pré-filtrada pelo sistema proposto, mesmo com a redução média da turbidez considerada baixa. pesquisas objetiva piloto préfiltração pré filtração captação tornase torna Consequentemente custos processo dependem fatores coagulantes espaçadas 35 3 5 3, Lmin L min 1700 170 0 170, 4200 420 420, gm² gm g m² m g/m² respectivamente Contudo préfiltrada filtrada proposto baixa 17 42 g/m 1 4