Abstract Tsunamis, despite their rarity, are among the deadliest natural disasters, inflicting catastrophic damage on both coastal and inland regions. Given their highly site-specific impact, a comprehensive understanding of tsunami wave flow characteristics is crucial for effective tsunami preparedness and for safeguarding civil engineering structures. This study investigates the formation and progression of tsunami bores as they transition into surges near the shore. We employed a wave-flume experimental approach, with a specific focus on the Malaysian coastline. Experiments took place in a wave flume with a length of 40 m and a platform designed to replicate the gentle slopes commonly found in Malaysian coastal areas vulnerable to tsunamis. The primary focus lied in measuring key flow parameters, including flow depths and velocities near the shore. Wet bed bores were marked by a sudden rise in water depth and considerable air entrainment in the front region. As these waves transformed into dry bed surges, the front slope became gentler, and aeration diminished, while peak velocities increased. Additionally, the study also delves into the relations between flow depth and velocity concerning Froude numbers and momentum flux. The outcomes contribute significantly to global initiatives aimed at improving coastal resilience against tsunamis. Tsunamis rarity disasters regions sitespecific site impact structures shore waveflume approach coastline 4 tsunamis parameters region gentler diminished increased Additionally flux

Potential losses and damages caused by natural hazards in the future are essential information that the public and stakeholders need to understand. Banyuwangi Regency, located at the eastern most tip of Java Island, borders the Indian Sea on the south and the Bali Strait on the east. These areas are hazardous because they are at increased risks of severe weather with frequent occurrences of volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The hazards and possibilities of the future can be detected through a geomorphological map. This map provides several details about the regional characteristics of Banyuwangi and information on the geomorphological configuration related to natural hazards and disaster-prone areas. Such information can be of use to the people, the government and stakeholders alike. Following the geomorphological approach in this study, we classified landforms using four aspects, such as (1) morphology; (2) morphogenesis; (3) morpho-arrangement and (4) morpho-chronology. The data sources used are geological maps, DEM Alos Palsar and Google Satellite imagery for interpretative analysis. In this study area, the landform mapping identified 15 different landforms. There are eight landforms with landslide hazards and three with tsunami hazards. The landform with a landslide hazard has a common morphological condition which is hilly morphology. The landform with tsunami hazards as the main triggering factor has a plain morphology and an elevation below 50 m above sea level. Those conditions allow the tsunami surge to run up to reach further areas until it reaches an undulating or hilly morphology. CONTRIBUTION: The results of this research are expected to inform the multi-hazards sources based on the geomorphological conditions in the Banyuwangi Regency. With such information, the government and the people can increase their ability to cope with disaster strikes in the future.

Tambakrejo Beach in Blitar Regency is classified as an area that is very vulnerable to tsunami catastrophes. Many researchers have conducted studies on regions impacted by the tsunami. However, more studies into the link between the outcomes of social and spatial studies still need to be carried out because these are two different perspectives with different parameters and variables. The novel approach in this research involves delineating tsunami-affected areas and assessing population capacity in coastal regions. The hazard maps and livelihood asset variables using grid cells of a specific size have been used to identify risk levels. The grid cells used are 50 m² × 50 m² so that they are expected to represent the minor units on the face of the earth, such as buildings, assets, property or land parcels, for capacity assessments or measuring the level of threat to disasters and are no longer based on regional administrative boundaries. CONTRIBUTION: The research results show that using grid cells to analyse areas affected by the tsunami can provide excellent and informative results. Research findings at the research location regarding community preparedness in facing tsunamis show that communities at risk of being affected by the tsunami need to increase their capacity because the majority of communities in coastal areas, especially in the Sidorejo sub-village, have been identified as having low capacity according to several livelihood asset parameters such as financial capital in income. By increasing individual capacity, it is hoped that society will be able to avoid the threat of tsunami waves better

Nias Island is presently being confronted with a substantial and imminent threat of a tsunami. However, the level of knowledge of the communities on Nias Island regarding earthquake and tsunami hazards is limited. This study aims to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among the communities residing on Nias Island with respect to the hazard of tsunami. This study adopted a community participation method derived from a social inductive study. Data were collected from field observations and in-depth interviews with 210 communities. Data were analysed using a descriptive table form for comprehensive examination. The results showed that the majority of communities lacked comprehensive knowledge regarding both the sources of tsunamis and estimated times of arrival (ETAs) for tsunamis. The findings also indicated a lack of regular disaster evacuation drills or simulations conducted by the government in the area. Moreover, there is a prevailing belief among the communities that God will prevent loss of life in the event of a tsunami. This belief is concerning because of its potential contribution to a fatalistic attitude towards disasters, potentially resulting in inadequate preparedness. The findings of this research confirm previous research that found that people living on small islands in Indonesia have very limited knowledge of the tsunami hazard. CONTRIBUTION: These findings highlight the important role of the government to carry out substantial efforts aimed at enhancing the resilience of communities residing in small islands. Currently, small islands receive less attention in efforts to reduce disaster risk

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar las perturbaciones en el campo geomagnético (GMF), nivel del agua (WL) y presión atmosférica a nivel del mar (AP) asociadas a eventos sísmicos Mw≥ 6.6 en el arco de Scotia, en el Atlántico Sur. Registros GMF de los observatorios de la Red Internacional de Observatorios Magnéticos (INTERMAGNET), registros WL de las estaciones de mareas de la Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental y registros AP por hora de las bases de datos de la Oficina Global de Modelado y Asimilación de la Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y el Espacio han sido analizadas en el área de estudio. Para el análisis de perturbaciones geomagnéticas se consideró la componente horizontal GMF, la cual es más susceptible a variaciones. Para el análisis WL, se calculó la discrepancia (residuo) entre la serie temporal WL de las estaciones de mareas y el nivel pronosticado de las mareas astronómicas, durante un período de 10 días antes y después de la ocurrencia de cada terremoto. Para el análisis AP se calculó la variación de los datos grillados entre 1 y 2 horas antes y después del sismo. El análisis de los datos geomagnéticos previos al evento sísmico, utilizando un filtro de paso alto y el método wavelet, mostró: a) altos rangos de energía en todas las frecuencias, incluso en las muy altas; y b) oscilaciones en el filtro con picos de amplitud de ± 0.2 nT, y con una anticipación y duración consistente con el método wavelet. En cuanto a los residuos WL calculados, hubo oscilaciones en las mayores amplitudes en los sensores ubicados más cerca del sismo, por lo que esas grandes amplitudes correspondieron a tiempos de llegada más cortos. El estudio AP mostró un máximo seguido de un mínimo local dentro de un rango de ± 0,3 hPa alrededor de la ubicación del terremoto. Mientras que el análisis GMF anticipó eventos sísmicos dentro de un rango de 6-2 horas, las técnicas utilizadas para WL y AP pudieron detectar terremotos Mw>7, asociándolos con la superficie ascendente/descendente del mar. Estas tres técnicas pueden ser utilizadas en conjunto para implementar un sistema de prevención o alerta temprana de eventos sísmicos o peligros relacionados tales como tsunamis y/o seiches en la región de estudio.

Abstract This paper is aimed at studying disturbances in the geomagnetic field (GMF), water level (WL) and sea-level atmospheric pressure (AP) associated with Mw≥ 6.6 seismic events in the Scotia arch, in the South Atlantic. GMF records from observatories of the International Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET), WL records from tide stations of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and hourly AP records from databases of the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration have been analyzed in the area under study. For the analysis of geomagnetic disturbances, the GMF horizontal component (H), which is more susceptible to variations, was considered. For the WL analysis, the discrepancy (residue) between the WL time series from tide stations and the predicted level of astronomical tides, for a 10-day period before and after the occurrence of each earthquake, was calculated. For the AP analysis, the variation of data gridded between 1 and 2 hours before and after the earthquake was calculated. The analysis of the geomagnetic data prior to the seismic event, using a high-pass filter and the wavelet method, showed: a) high energy ranges in all frequencies, even in very high ones; and b) oscillations in the filter with amplitude peaks of ± 0.2 nT, and with an anticipation and duration consistent with the wavelet method. As regards the WL residues calculated, there were oscillations in the largest amplitudes in the sensors located closest to the earthquake, thus, those large amplitudes corresponded to shorter times of arrival. The AP study showed a maximum followed by a local minimum within a range of ± 0.3 hPa around the location of the earthquake. While the GMF analysis anticipated seismic events within a range of 6-2 hours, the techniques used for WL and AP could detect Mw>7 earthquakes, associating them with the rising/falling surface of the sea. These three techniques can be used jointly to implement a prevention or early warning system for seismic events or related hazards such as tsunamis and/or seiches in the study region.

The altruistic behaviour of community-based volunteers in disaster situations determines the success rate of rescue achievements. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are differences in the altruistic behaviour of volunteers in different types of disaster event threats, namely, landslides, volcanic eruptions, droughts and tsunamis in Yogyakarta. A quantitative study was conducted to answer the research question. The study involved 292 disaster volunteer participants, using the survey method. Hypothesis testing in this study used statistical methods in the form of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The scores used were factor scores obtained from the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) analysis. The data were analysed using jamovi software version 2.3.18. The results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed no difference in altruism in the types of disaster threats of landslides, volcanic eruptions, droughts and tsunamis in Yogyakarta. CONTRIBUTION: The results of this study can be considered as supporting information in developing programmes by supporting the altruistic behaviour of community-based disaster volunteers. The sincerity of community-based disaster volunteers in the form of altruistic behaviour is not influenced by the type of disaster threat. One form of collective altruistic behaviour that is important and prominent in Indonesian culture is gotong royong. Gotong royong is a joint activity of helping each other without being paid, which is local wisdom in Indonesia. It is therefore important for policymakers to preserve local wisdom values such as gotong royong in disaster risk reduction programmes across different types of disaster threats

ABSTRACT This work focuses on developing a mobile training application using Augmented Reality and Geolocation in emergency cases such as tsunamis or earthquakes. The city of Arica was affected by the 1868 earthquake of magnitude 8.6 on the Ritcher scale, generating waves of 15 to 18 meters high; since that event to date, there has not been a catastrophe of similar magnitude being in a seismic lagoon. Given the problem above, it is decided to make a mobile application that includes security zones, evacuation routes, maps, and a training evaluation for the user. The agile SCRUM methodology was used in the analysis, design and implementation stages to develop and achieve the solution. For the proposed solution, it is expected that people will be prepared to avoid accidents and improve performance when evacuating from areas that represent a danger to personal integrity. The tests carried out show that Augmented Reality is appropriate in helping to reach safe areas using GPS. The user's location is indicated without problems on the maps presented in the mobile application. The option to use a route of the evacuation needed to use mobile internet to indicate the way. The thematic maps made it possible to visualize the pointers that represent the safe areas configured by coordinates, and their operation can be independent of the mobile internet. Additionally, the training option allowed observing the timed evaluation time while navigating the different options at the same time, the user performed the test without causing functionality problems when recording and deleting the user's evaluation time.

RESUMEN Este trabajo se centra en el desarrollo de una aplicación móvil que permita el entrenamiento a la comunidad ariqueña que viven en zonas de riesgo, utilizando Realidad Aumentada y Geolocalización en casos de emergencia como tsunami o terremoto. La ciudad de Arica se vio afectada por el terremoto del año 1868 de magnitud 8,6 en escala Ritcher generando olas de 15 a 18 metros de alto, desde aquel suceso hasta la fecha no se ha producido una catástrofe de magnitud similar, encontrándose en una laguna sísmica. Presentado el problema mencionado anteriormente, se decidió realizar una aplicación móvil que incluya zonas de seguridad, rutas de evacuación, mapas y una evaluación de entrenamiento para el usuario. Para desarrollar y conseguir la solución se utilizó la metodología ágil SCRUM en las etapas de análisis, diseño e implementación. Para la solución propuesta se espera que las personas logren estar preparadas para evitar accidentes y mejorar el rendimiento al momento de evacuar de las zonas que representan un peligro para la integridad personal. Los resultados de las pruebas realizadas demuestran que la Realidad Aumentada es apropiada en la ayuda para llegar a zonas seguras mediante uso de GPS, la locación del usuario es señalada sin problemas en los mapas presentados en la aplicación móvil. La opción para utilizar una ruta de evacuación necesitó utilizar internet móvil para indicar el camino, los mapas temáticos permitieron visualizar los punteros que representan las zonas seguras configuradas por coordenadas y su funcionamiento puede ser independiente del internet móvil. Además, la opción de entrenamiento permitió observar el tiempo cronometrado de evaluación mientras el usuario realizaba el test navegó en las diferentes opciones sin problemas de funcionalidad al momento de grabar y borrar el tiempo de evaluación del usuario.

ABSTRACT The natural disaster an event that exceeds the term of normality which is caused by nature and several types can be identified such as earthquakes, volcanism, tsunamis, hurricanes and earthquakes. The objective of the study is to determine the level of preparedness to respond to the presence of natural disasters in the community of El Timbre-Esmeraldas. The field research was carried out through the survey, 100% of the target population is included in the research. The main results show the lack of knowledge on the subject. 91% of the population reported not having participated in any prevention and action program in the presence of natural disasters, with a lack of preparation for alert levels, emergency numbers to contact, security zones in the event of an emergency, among others. others. With these results, an emergency plan model was designed in the presence of natural disasters which had as elements: the structuring of a committee, responsibilities and functions of its members, identification of risk areas and evacuation, as well as the strategies to be developed. for the implementation of the plan, through which it is intended to provide the El Timbre community with the necessary tools and knowledge.

RESUMEN El desastre natural un suceso que sobrepasa el término de normalidad el cual es causado por la naturaleza y se pueden identificar varios tipos como, sismos, vulcanismo, tsunamis huracanes y terremotos. El estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el nivel de preparación para respuesta ante la presencia de desastres naturales en la comunidad el Timbre-Esmeraldas. La investigación de campo se realizó a través de la encuesta, se incluye en la investigación al 100 % de la población objetivo. Los principales resultados evidencian la falta de conocimientos sobre el tema. El 91% de la población refirió no haber participado en programa alguno de prevención y actuación ante la presencia de desastres naturales, existiendo una falta de preparación ante los niveles de alerta, números de emergencia al cual comunicarse, zonas de seguridad ante una emergencia, entre otros. Con estos resultados se diseñó un modelo de plan de emergencia ante la presencia de desastres naturales el cual tuvo por elementos: la estructuración de un comité, responsabilidades y funciones sus integrantes, identificación de zonas de riesgo y evacuación, así como también las estrategias a desarrollar para la implementación del plan, mediante lo cual se pretende brindar a la comunidad El Timbre los instrumentos y conocimientos necesarios.

Resumen Después del terremoto de Limón, Costa Rica del 22 de abril de 1991 (Mw 7.7) se observó un pequeño tsunami (magnitud, m~ 1) a lo largo de la costa caribeña de Costa Rica y Panamá. Este informe resume las observaciones de testigos oculares de 26 sitios a lo largo de 150 km de costa afectada desde río Matina, Costa Rica hasta Bocas del Toro, noroeste de Panamá, así como mareogramas registrados en Panamá, Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes. No se emitieron advertencias de emergencia antes de que ocurriera el tsunami. Aunque se reportaron pocos o ningún daño a la propiedad relacionada con el tsunami, dos o más ahogamientos fueron atribuidos al tsunami. La altura máxima de las olas fue de 2 a 3 m, y la inundación y las inundaciones costeras se extendieron hasta 200 m tierra adentro en algunos lugares. Tanto la elevación costera cosísmica como la presencia de arrecifes marinos parecen haber proporcionado protección contra los principales efectos del tsunami en algunas zonas costeras. En otros lugares, los efectos de las olas se amplificaron en las desembocaduras de los ríos debido a la compactación diferencial de sedimentos no consolidados. La deposición generalizada de arena de tsunami cerca de la frontera Costa Rica-Panamá en 1991 es similar a la deposición asociada con el terremoto y tsunami del 7 de mayo de 1822.

Abstract A small tsunami (tsunami magnitude, m ~ 1) was observed following the 22 April 1991 Mw 7.7 Limón, Costa Rica earthquake along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and Panama. This report summarizes eyewitness observations from 26 sites along 150 km of affected coast from Rio Matina, Costa Rica to Bocas del Toro, Northwestern Panama, as well as tide gauge recordings from Panama, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. No emergency warnings were issued before the tsunami occurred. While little or no tsunami-related property damage was reported, two or more drownings were attributed to the tsunami. The maximum runup/wave height was reported to be 2 to 3 m, and inundation and coastal flooding extended up to 100 m inland in some locations. Both coseismic coastal uplift and the presence of fringing offshore reefs appear to have provided protection against major runup effects in some coastal areas. Elsewhere, runup effects were amplified at river mouths due to differential compaction of unconsolidated sediments. Widespread tsunami sand deposition near the Costa Rica-Panama border in 1991 is similar to deposition associated with the 7 May 1822 earthquake and tsunami.

Resumen Aún cuando los tsunamis son poco frecuentes en el Caribe de Costa Rica, pueden llegar a ser destructivos. En Costa Rica existe la creencia errónea de que no hemos tenido tsunamis. Sin embargo, los autores encontraron reportes relacionados a cinco tsunamis en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica, todos correspondientes a eventos locales. Estos reportes corresponden a dos tsunamis confirmados y tres registros probables de tsunamis. Si bien todos estos tsunamis fueron moderados, algunos de ellos causaron inundaciones y hasta fallecimientos. No es posible establecer un período de recurrencia para los tsunamis ni para los sismos originados en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica. A pesar de esto, sabemos que es sólo cuestión de tiempo para que vuelva a ocurrir un tsunami en nuestras costas, por lo que las autoridades y las comunidades costeras del Caribe deben estar preparadas. Los registros históricos de tsunami brindan una idea de lo que puede pasar en el futuro.

Abstract Even though tsunamis are infrequent in the Caribbean of Costa Rica, they can be destructive. The Costa Ricans mistakenly think our country has not experienced tsunamis. However, the authors found reports of five tsunamis in the Caribbean of Costa Rica, all corresponding to local events. They corresponded to two confirmed tsunamis and three probable tsunamis. Even when all these tsunamis were moderate, they caused flooding and deaths. It is not possible to establish a recurrence period for tsunamis nor earthquakes in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. However, tsunamis will happen again in this coast, therefore the authorities and the coastal communities must be prepared. Historical records of tsunamis allow to foresee what can happen in future tsunamis.

Resumen: En Costa Rica, pese a su relativa baja frecuencia, los tsunamis suponen un riesgo en las comunidades costeras. La integración de información geofísica y geológica permite la interpretación de posibles áreas de ruptura para las cuales se evalúa la propagación e inundación de tsunamis a través de simulaciones numéricas en el Caribe de Costa Rica y zonas adyacentes al sismo tsunamigénico ocurrido en 1991 (Mw 7,7). Los resultados muestran que el peligro de inundación por tsunamis en el Caribe de Costa Rica devenga particularmente de sismos generados en el Cinturón Deformado del Norte de Panamá. Además, se muestra que sismos de mediana magnitud (Mw~7) en fallas de alto ángulo, pueden provocar tsunamis locales. Este trabajo puede ser usado como base para la generación de mapas de evacuación y concientización del peligro de tsunamis en la zona.

Abstract In Costa Rica, despite their relative low frequency, tsunamis could pose risk to coastal communities. The integration of geophysical and geological information allows the interpretation of possible rupture areas for which tsunami propagation and inundation is evaluated through numerical modeling along the Caribbean of Costa Rica and areas adjacent to the tsunamigenic earthquake that occurred in 1991 (Mw 7,7). The results show that the tsunami threat in the Caribbean of Costa Rica arises particularly from earthquakes generated in the North Panama Deformation Belt. In addition, it is shown that medium-magnitude earthquakes (Mw ~ 7) in high-angle faults can cause local tsunamis. This work can be used as a basis for the generation of evacuation maps and awareness of the tsunami threat in the area.

ABSTRACT: At Chaihuín marsh, south of Valdivia (39°56’ S/73°33’ W), a sand bed was deposited during the 1960 earthquake. The aim of this study is to map the 1960 tsunami deposit in detail and to associate earlier sand layers with past tsunamis. Geologic field mapping by means of stratigraphic sections constructed using 111 cores in the marsh revealed the existence of three sand layers. The source of these sand layers was determined by a statistical comparison of their sedimentological and mineralogical signatures with modern depositional environments. The results show that tsunami waves probably transported the sand layers found in the marsh. It is inferred that these sand layers were deposited in the marsh by tsunamis that followed subsidence associated with the great historical megathrust earthquakes of 1575, 1737 or 1837, and 1960. However, the three layers are different from each other in terms of lateral distribution and source, which we interpret as either changes in the sand bar associated with human occupation or differences in coseismic slip distribution resulting in variable accommodation space provided by coseismic subsidence as well as in tsunami wave height.

RESUMEN En la marisma de Chaihuín, al sur de Valdivia (39°56’ S/73°33’ O), se ha preservado una capa de arena depositada por el tsunami asociado al terremoto de 1960. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo la caracterización de este depósito y de las capas de posibles tsunamis asociadas a terremotos anteriores a dicho evento. Secciones estratigráficas realizadas con base en 111 testigos dentro de la marisma revelaron la existencia de 3 capas de arena. La fuente de la arena se determinó mediante análisis estadísticos que compararon sus características sedimentológicas y mineralógicas con los ambientes de depositación modernos. Los resultados sugieren que ondas de tsunami probablemente transportaron las capas de arena que se encuentran en la marisma. Se infiere que dichas capas de arena fueron depositadas por tsunamis que siguieron a la subsidencia asociada con los grandes terremotos históricos de 1575, 1737 o 1837 y 1960. Sin embargo, las 3 capas son diferentes entre sí, en términos de distribución lateral y fuente, lo que se interpreta como producto de los cambios en la barra de arena asociada a la ocupación humana o a las diferencias en la distribución de desplazamiento cosísmico lo que produce variaciones en el espacio de acomodación por hundimiento cosísmico y en la altura de las olas del tsunami.

Resumen Las acumulaciones de conchas en zonas costeras son comunes y se pueden generar por fenómenos como tormentas (huracanes), tsunamis o actividad antrópica. Los depósitos de conchas, arenas y clastos de la isla San José se interpretan como originados por tormentas que ocurrieron hace 4360 ± 30 BP (antes del presente). Esta edad corresponde con la última parte de la subépoca Northgrippiano (Holoceno Medio). Constituyen depósitos de tempestitas, donde la especie dominante es Pinctada mazatlánica (75%), cuyas valvas se encuentran desarticuladas, con los bordes fragmentados y apiladas de forma preferencial con la concavidad hacia arriba. Además, se encuentran conchas completas y fragmentos de otros bivalvos como Megapitaria sp. Cardita sp., Trachycardium sp., Anadara sp. y Spondylus sp., así como fragmentos de gasterópodos retrabajados (partes de la espira y la columella), con costras y perforaciones de briozoos y esponjas, poliquetos, serpúlidos y algunos balanídeos, que constituyeron sustratos duros secundarios. Entre ellos Mallea sp., Conus sp., Strombus sp., Strombus gracilior, Strombus granulatus, Siphonaria sp. Fissurella sp., Murex sp., casi todos de gran tamaño (entre 10 y 20 cm). Estos depósitos se pueden correlacionar con eventos climáticos en el hemisferio Norte, que produjeron un incremento en la actividad de tormentas y con aridez en las regiones tropicales y cambios en la circulación atmosférica. Desde un punto de vista hidrodinámico el depósito presenta varios eventos tempestíticos, donde la altura del oleaje calculada para el mayor evento es de 7,6 m, por lo que se interpreta producida por una tormenta ciclónica clase 5.

Abstract Shell beds on coastal zones are common and can be generated by phenomena such as storms (hurricanes), tsunamis or anthropic activity. The shell, sandstone and clasts were deposited at the San José Island, and they are interpreted as originated by storms occurring 4360+/-30 BP (before present). This age corresponds with the last part of the Northgrippian (Middle Holocene). They constitute tempestite deposits, where Pinctada mazatlánica is the dominant species (75%), with disarticulated valves and broken borders, and which are closely packed, predominantly concave-up. There are also completed and fragmented shells of other bivalves genera such as Megapitaria sp., Cardita sp., Trachycardium sp., Anadara sp. and Spondylus sp.; as well as reworked gastropod fragments (parts of the columella and the spiral), encrusted and perforated by bryozoans, sponges, polichaetes, serpulids, and some barnacles, which constituted secondary hard substrates. Among them Mallea sp., Conus sp., Strombus sp., Strombus gracilior, Strombus granulatus, Siphonaria sp. Fissurella sp., Murex sp. with all of great sizes (between 10 and 20 cm). These deposits can be correlated with climatic events in the Northern hemisphere, which produced an increase in storm activity and aridity in tropical regions as well as changes in global atmospheric circulation. From a hydrodynamic point of view, this deposit corresponds to several tempestite events, with maximum height-waves of 7.6 m that corresponds to category 5 cyclonic storm.

Abstract This paper uses historical data from letters, reports, and contemporary court cases to reconstruct historical tsunami flooding levels in the colonial city of Concepcion, Chile. Individual flood levels are analyzed for the 1570, 1575, 1657, 1730, 1733, 1751, and 1835 tsunamis. These individual reports allow for clear size comparisons between themselves and a realistic contrast with the recent 2010 Maule earthquake that generated a tsunami in the Concepcion Bay.

Resumen Este paper utiliza información histórica recogida de cartas, informes y casos judiciales contemporáneos para reconstruir los niveles de inundación históricas para los tsunamis en la ciudad colonial de Concepción, Chile. Los niveles de inundación se analizan por forma individual para los tsunamis de 1570, 1575, 1657, 1730, 1733, 1751 y 1835. Las descripciones de la inundación de estos eventos históricos permiten que se los pueda comparar con el reciente terremoto de Maule 2010, que también generó un tsunami en la bahía de Concepción.