Abstract: This article examines how the narrative of the plurinational state provided the common symbolic framework for the conflict over the Isiboro Sécure Indigenous Territory and National Park (Tipnis) in Bolivia in 2011. The central dispute, one of the most important in Bolivia’s recent history, was whether or not to construct a highway through this area, a debate that has led to a major rift between peasant and indigenous social organizations that shared common reivindicative imaginaries but ultimately experienced profound divisions. This discussion serves as a key observation point to understand how decolonization imaginaries actually function, which I consider a anchoring point (point du capiton) in the narrative of the plurinational state. Through discourse analysis, review of chronicles, press statements, and accounts of the VIII Indigenous March, I aim to identify the discursive threads that framed the debates on decolonization, showing that it can be used as a rhetorical tool to mask extractivism or defend “national sovereignty,” or as an argument to uphold the self-determination of indigenous peoples. I also examine how the repertoire of the indigenous march was constructed discursively and symbolically, and the impact it left on Bolivia’s recent history. I intend for this analysis to contribute to understanding how Bolivian social perceptions are shaped in relation to the narrative of the plurinational state and its potential for social transformation as a new regime of truth.

Resumo: Neste artigo, são exploradas as maneiras pelas quais a narrativa do Estado plurinacional foi a base simbólica comum em que se desenvolveu o conflito no Território Indígena e no Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (Tipnis), em 2011, na Bolívia, cujo desacordo central era a construção ou não de uma estrada que o atravessaria. Esse é um dos problemas mais importantes da história recente da Bolívia, pois representou uma grande discordância entre organizações sociais camponesas e indígenas que compartilhavam demandas imaginárias comuns e que terminou em grandes rupturas. Essa discussão é apresentada como um espaço de observação fundamental para entender como os imaginários da descolonização operam na realidade, que considero ser um ponto de basta (point du capiton) na narrativa do Estado plurinacional. Por meio da análise do discurso, de uma revisão de crônicas, declarações à imprensa e relatos da VIII Marcha Indígena, procuro estabelecer os fios discursivos que suscitaram debates sobre a descolonização. Assim, é possível observar como a descolonização pode ser um artifício retórico para encobrir o extrativismo ou defender a “soberania nacional”, ou um argumento para preservar a autodeterminação dos povos indígenas. Além disso, discuto como o repertório da marcha indígena foi construído discursiva e simbolicamente e que traços deixou na história recente da Bolívia. Com esse exercício, espero contribuir com elementos para as formas pelas quais as percepções sociais bolivianas são construídas com relação à narrativa do Estado plurinacional e suas possibilidades de transformação social como um novo regime de verdade.

Resumen: Este artículo indaga las formas en que la narrativa del Estado plurinacional fue el marco simbólico común en el cual se desarrolló el conflicto del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (Tipnis) en 2011 en Bolivia, cuyo desacuerdo central era la construcción o no de una carretera que lo cruzaría. Este es uno de los problemas más importantes en la historia corta de Bolivia, pues representó un gran desencuentro entre organizaciones sociales campesinas e indígenas que compartían imaginarios reivindicativos comunes y que terminaron en grandes rupturas. Tal discusión se presenta como un espacio de observación clave para entender cómo operan en la realidad los imaginarios de la descolonización, a la que considero un punto nodal (point du capiton) en la narrativa del Estado plurinacional. Desde el análisis del discurso, la revisión de crónicas, las declaraciones de prensa y los relatos sobre la VIII Marcha Indígena busco establecer los hilos discursivos que plantearon debates sobre la descolonización. Así, podrá observarse cómo la descolonización puede ser un recurso retórico para encubrir el extractivismo o defender la “soberanía nacional” o en un argumento para preservar la autodeterminación de los pueblos indígenas. Por otro lado, hablaré sobre la manera como el repertorio de la marcha indígena se construyó discursiva y simbólicamente y qué huellas dejó en la historia corta de Bolivia. Con este ejercicio espero aportar elementos a los modos en que se construyen las percepciones sociales bolivianas en relación con la narrativa del Estado plurinacional y sus posibilidades de transformación social en tanto nuevo régimen de verdad.

Resumo O Supremo Tribunal Federal é uma instituição “individualista”? Em três décadas de estudos acadêmicos e debates públicos, o tema de um tribunal tão dividido quanto o número de ministros tem sido recorrente e sintetizado em variadas imagens, das quais “onze ilhas” é a mais popular. Na verdade, há menos consenso na literatura do que sugere o uso generalizado dessa metáfora. Neste trabalho, identificamos ao menos seis sentidos possíveis de “individualismo” como chave de leitura e crítica do funcionamento do tribunal - alguns deles sobre a atuação dos(as) ministros(as) dentro do colegiado, outros enfocando essa atuação fora do processo decisório colegiado. Sem clareza quanto a essas diferentes leituras e suas condições específicas de sucesso como descrições do STF, a maleabilidade das imagens sobre a natureza ou funcionamento da instituição se torna problemática. Neste artigo, recorrendo a duas décadas de trabalhos empíricos e normativos sobre o STF, pretendemos contribuir para diagnósticos sobre o funcionamento do tribunal por meio da reconstrução conceitual: (1) dos diferentes sentidos possíveis em que o Supremo pode ser “individualista”, (2) das diferentes condições de sucesso de trabalhos empíricos que pretendam testar hipóteses sobre cada uma dessas dimensões, e (3) dos diferentes aspectos de desenho institucional relacionados às distintas dimensões. individualista “individualista” públicos onze ilhas popular verdade metáfora trabalho individualismo “individualismo dosas as dos(as ministrosas ministros(as colegiado STF problemática artigo conceitual 1 (1 individualista, , 2 (2 dimensões 3 (3 “individualista (

Abstract Is the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) an “individualistic” institution? In three decades of academic studies and public debates, the theme of a court as divided as its number of judges has recurred. This theme has been summarized in various images, the most popular of which is “eleven islands”. But there is less consensus in the field than the widespread and recurrent use of this metaphor suggests. In this paper, we have identified at least six possible meanings of “individualism” in interpretations and criticisms of the court’s functioning - some of them focusing on actions of individual judges within the collegiate body, and others focusing on individual behavior beyond and outside the collective decision-making process. Without clarity about these different readings and their specific truth conditions as descriptions of the STF, the malleability of images about the nature or functioning of the institution becomes problematic. In this paper, drawing on two decades of empirical and normative work on the STF, we aim to contribute to diagnoses of the court’s functioning by articulating a conceptual framework: (1) of the different possible ways in which the STF can be “individualistic”, (2) of the different truth conditions for empirical claims and studies involving hypotheses on each of such dimensions, and (3) of the different aspects of institutional design related to the dimensions. (STF individualistic “individualistic debates recurred eleven islands. islands . islands” suggests paper individualism “individualism courts s body decisionmaking decision making process problematic framework 1 (1 individualistic, , 2 (2 dimensions 3 (3 (

Resumo Este artigo revela a riqueza da conceitualização filosófica aplicada pelo professor cubano do século IX José de la Luz y Caballero nas notas 21 a 31 do seu livro Impugnación a las doutrinas filosóficas de Víctor Cousin (Impugnação às doutrinas filosóficas de Victor Cousin). O trabalho analisa as posições de De la Luz y Caballero sobre os critérios do eclectismo sobre o conhecimento e a consciência, de modo a confundir os estudantes; examina o papel da experiência e da observação como fundamentos do estudo do homem; explica a refutação da visão espiritualista sobre a consciência como um procedimento ou método; argumenta também o inconveniente do uso do Curso de 1829 como um livro de texto. O objectivo do artigo é analisar o processo de sistematização do conjunto de conceitos desenvolvidos nos comentários às notas em estudo no seu livro, abordando vários problemas gnoseológicos, metodológicos, antropológicos, psicológicos, teológicos e especialmente a crítica do ecletismo.

Resumen El presente artículo revela la elevada riqueza de la conceptualización filosófica desplegada por el maestro cubano del siglo IX José de la Luz y Caballero en las notas 21 a la 31 de su libro Impugnación a las doctrinas filosóficas de Víctor Cousin. El trabajo analiza los posicionamientos lucistas sobre los criterios del eclecticismo acerca del conocimiento y la conciencia, para confundir a los estudiantes; examina el papel del experimento y la observación como fundamentos del estudio del hombre; explica la refutación de la visión espiritualista sobre la conciencia como procedimiento o método. También argumenta la inconveniencia del uso del Curso de 1829 como libro de texto. El objetivo del artículo es analizar el proceso de sistematización del conjunto de conceptos desarrollados en los comentarios a las notas objeto de estudio en su libro, al tratar diversos problemas gnoseológicos, metodológicos, antropológicos, psicológicos, teológicos y especialmente la crítica al eclecticismo.

Abstract The present article reveals the high richness of the philosophical conceptualization displayed by the Cuban teacher of the 9th century José de la Luz y Caballero in notes 21 to 31 of his book Impugnación a las doctrinas filosóficas de Víctor Cousin (Objection to the philosophical doctrines of Victor Cousin). The work analyzes the position of Luz on the criteria of eclecticism about knowledge and consciousness, to confuse students; it examines the role of experiment and observation as foundations of the study of man; it explains the refutation of the spiritual view on consciousness as a procedure or method; it also argues the inconvenience of the use of the 1829 Course as a textbook. The aim of the article is to analyze the process of systematization of the set of concepts developed in the commentaries to the notes under study in his book, in dealing with various gnoseological, methodological, anthropological, psychological, theological problems, and especially the critique of eclecticism.

Abstract: Critical social thinking maintains an ambivalent relationship with science. Substantial criticism of it has come, in recent decades, from feminism and decolonialism. This paper addresses the way in which Chilean critical social research uses the tools of science for the construction of facticity, its validation procedures, and the notion of truth that it applies in its construction process, seeking to see how such a relationship is manifested in the practice and in the appreciation of researchers. It is based on the quantitative analysis of a corpus of 291 critical texts published between 2000 and 2022, and on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a subset of 167 texts, together with interviews with 55 of their authors. Among its results, the following stand out, as characteristics of critical investigative practice: an evasive treatment of the truth; a high appreciation of empirical evidence; a significant change in theoretical tools and epistemological assumptions; the exploration of new participatory methodological tools, but by small groups, with operational limitations and little irradiation; the lack of effective roots of the notion of “catalytic validity” and a tacit, unacknowledged adherence to a Habermasian notion of truth.

Resumen: El pensamiento social crítico mantiene una relación ambivalente con la ciencia. Sustanciales críticas a ella han venido, en décadas recientes, desde el feminismo y el decolonialismo. Este artículo aborda la forma en que la investigación social crítica chilena emplea las herramientas de la ciencia para la construcción de la facticidad, sus procedimientos de validación y la noción de verdad que aplica en su proceso constructivo, buscando ver cómo se manifiesta tal relación en la práctica y en la apreciación de los investigadores. Se basa en el análisis cuantitativo de un corpus de 291 textos de carácter crítico publicados entre 2000 y 2022, y en el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de un subconjunto de 167 textos, junto a entrevistas a 55 de sus autores. Entre sus resultados destacan, como características de la práctica investigativa crítica: un evasivo tratamiento de la verdad; una gran valoración de la evidencia empírica; un significativo cambio de herramientas teóricas y supuestos epistemológicos; la exploración de nuevas herramientas metodológicas participativas, pero por grupos reducidos, con limitaciones operativas y escasa irradiación; la falta de arraigo efectivo de la noción de “validez catalítica” y una adhesión tácita, no reconocida, a una noción habermasiana de la verdad.

Resumo O Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) é a razão da área da superfície do solo coberta por folhas. O IAF desempenha um papel significativo nas características estruturais dos ecossistemas florestais. Portanto, é necessário um processo de estimativa preciso. Um método para estimar o IAF é o uso da Fotografia de Cobertura Digital. No entanto, a maioria das aplicações para processamento do IAF usando fotos digitais não considera a cor marrom das partes das plantas. Pesquisas anteriores, que incluem a cor marrom no cálculo, potencialmente produziram resultados enviesados devido ao aumento na contagem de pixels da foto original. Este estudo tem como objetivo aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF. Os métodos propostos consideram a cor marrom enquanto minimizam erros. O processamento de imagem é realizado em duas etapas para separar os pixels de folhas e não folhas, usando o modelo de cor RGB na primeira etapa e aplicando o modelo de cor CIELAB na segunda etapa. Os métodos propostos e as aplicações existentes são avaliados em relação ao valor real do IAF obtido por meio da Varredura a Laser Terrestre (TLS) como referência. Os resultados demonstram que os métodos propostos identificam efetivamente as partes não foliares e apresentam as menores taxas de erro em comparação com outros métodos. Concluindo, este estudo oferece técnicas alternativas para aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF em ecossistemas florestais . (IAF Portanto preciso Digital entanto plantas anteriores cálculo original erros TLS (TLS referência Concluindo

Abstract Leaf Area Index (LAI) is the ratio of ground surface area covered by leaves. LAI plays a significant role in the structural characteristics of forest ecosystems. Therefore, an accurate estimation process is needed. One method for estimating LAI is using Digital Cover Photography. However, most applications for processing LAI using digital photos do not consider the brown color of plant parts. Previous research, which includes brown color as part of the calculation, potentially produced biased results by the increased pixel count from the original photo. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation. The proposed methods consider the brown color while minimizing errors. Image processing is carried out in two stages to separate leaves and non-leaf pixels by using the RGB color model for the first stage and applying the CIELAB color model in the second stage. Proposed methods and existing applications are evaluated against the actual LAI value obtained using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as the ground truth. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods effectively identify non-leaf parts and exhibit the lowest error rates compared to other methods. In conclusion, this study provides alternative techniques to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation in forest ecosystems. (LAI ecosystems Therefore needed Photography However research calculation photo errors nonleaf non leaf TLS (TLS truth conclusion

This article will try to answer the question of what kind of subjectivity is constituted in the face of the exposure of fake news in order to show the thesis that fake news turns out to be one of the dispositifs that subjectivizes what will be called the subject of suspicion. To do so, we will start by pointing out the effects that fake news has had both locally and globally. Then, we will make a short historical tour to talk about the first fake news. Afterwards, we will talk about the viralization capacity of fake news and the interests behind their production. Then, we will describe the causes of this social phenomenon, and finally, we will go on to explain how they turn out to be a subjectivizing device of the subject of suspicion. Thus, we will start by briefly describing what is understood by the device, and then we will focus on its product: the subject of suspicion.

En el presente artículo se intentará responder a la pregunta sobre qué tipo de subjetividad se constituye frente a la exposición de fake news, para defender la tesis de que las fake news resultan ser uno de los dispositivos que subjetivan lo que acá se llamará sujeto de la sospecha. Para defender esto señalaremos los efectos que han tenido las fake news a nivel tanto local como global. Luego se hará una breve revisión histórica para hablar de la primera fake news. Posteriormente, consideraremos la capacidad de viralización de las fake news y los intereses que están detrás de su fabricación. Después se mostrarán las causas de este fenómeno social, para por último explicar cómo estas resultan ser un dispositivo subjetivante de lo que llamaremos sujeto de la sospecha. Con el objeto de mostrar este último punto, se describirá brevemente qué se entiende por dispositivo y luego nos detendremos en el producto de este: el sujeto de la sospecha.

RÉSUMÉ Ce texte traite du plaisir de filmer et de rechercher, autour du documentaire La fin et le début, d'Eduardo Coutinho. L'objectif est d'articuler les discours du réalisateur sur son processus de création, avec des scènes et des témoignages de personnages du film, dont la plupart ont plus de 80 ans. En dialogue avec Didi-Huberman, Foucault, Rancière et Marie José Mondzain, ainsi qu'avec les partenaires du cinéaste, comme Jordana Berg, João Moreira Salles et Consuelo Lins, les questions liées au métier du chercheur, dans le domaine académique sont discutés: le rapport entre vérité et montage, réel et imaginaire, écoute de l'autre et poésie du mot, de l'image et de l'engagement éthique. rechercher début dEduardo d Eduardo Coutinho Lobjectif L objectif darticuler articuler création film 8 ans DidiHuberman, DidiHuberman Didi Huberman, Huberman Didi-Huberman Foucault Mondzain quavec qu cinéaste Berg Lins chercheur discutés montage imaginaire lautre l autre mot limage image lengagement engagement éthique

ABSTRACT This text discusses the pleasure of filming and researching, focusing on the documentary The End and the Beginning, by Eduardo Coutinho. The aim is to articulate affirmations by the director about his creative process, with scenes and statements from the people interviewed in the film, most of whom are over 80 years old. In dialogue with Didi-Huberman, Foucault, Rancière, and Marie José Mondzain, as well as partners of Coutinho such as Jordana Berg, João Moreira Salles, and Consuelo Lins, issues related to the craft of academic research are discussed: the relations between truth and montage, real and imaginary, listening to the other and poetry of the word, image and ethical commitment. researching Beginning process film 8 old DidiHuberman, DidiHuberman Didi Huberman, Huberman Didi-Huberman Foucault Rancière Mondzain Berg Salles Lins discussed montage imaginary word commitment

RESUMO Este texto trata do prazer de filmar e pesquisar, tendo como foco o documentário O fim e o princípio, de Eduardo Coutinho. Busca-se articular afirmações do diretor, sobre seu processo criativo, com cenas e depoimentos dos personagens do filme, a maioria com mais de 80 anos. Num diálogo com DidiHuberman, Foucault, Rancière e Marie José Mondzain, além de parceiros do cineasta, como Jordana Berg, João Moreira Salles e Consuelo Lins, discutem-se questões que remetem ao ofício do pesquisador, na área acadêmica: as relações entre verdade e montagem, real e imaginário, escuta do outro e poesia da palavra, imagem e compromisso ético. pesquisar princípio Coutinho Buscase Busca se diretor criativo filme 8 anos DidiHuberman Foucault Mondzain cineasta Berg Lins discutemse discutem pesquisador acadêmica montagem imaginário palavra ético

RESUMEN Las personas con discapacidad intelectual viven más tiempo y, en algunos casos, envejecen con sus padres. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar cómo las trayectorias de inserción social de los niños, narradas por los padres, contribuyen para la defensa de los procesos de inclusión, en sus múltiples sentidos. Se generaron materialidades empíricas a través de entrevistas narrativas a madres y padres de personas con discapacidad intelectual mayores de 53 años, y el análisis se inspiró en el análisis del discurso de Foucault. El estudio apunta que cada momento histórico articula diferentes nociones de verdad a las formas en que las personas con discapacidad intelectual fueron tratadas, desde la exclusión escolar, laboral, afectiva y, más recientemente, el movimiento por la inclusión. La fragilidad de la mayoría de los padres entrevistados, en términos de salud, protección, seguridad, apunta para la importancia de políticas públicas de apoyo a esa población, para que estos sujetos puedan vivir y envejecer con mayor dignidad. casos niños inclusión sentidos 5 años Foucault tratadas escolar laboral recientemente entrevistados salud protección seguridad población dignidad

RESUMO Pessoas com deficiência intelectual estão vivendo mais e, em alguns casos, envelhecendo com os seus pais. O estudo objetivou analisar como as trajetórias de inserção social dos filhos, narradas pelos pais, contribuem para a defesa dos processos de inclusão em seus múltiplos sentidos. Materialidades empíricas foram geradas por meio de entrevistas narrativas com mães e um pai de pessoas com deficiência intelectual com mais de 53 anos, e a analítica foi inspirada na análise do discurso em Foucault. O estudo demonstra que cada momento histórico articula distintas noções de verdade às formas como pessoas com deficiência intelectual foram tratadas, desde a exclusão da escola, do trabalho, da vida afetiva e, mais recentemente, o movimento pela inclusão. A fragilidade da maioria dos pais entrevistados, em forma de saúde, de proteção, de segurança, aponta para a importância de políticas públicas de apoio a essa população, para que estes sujeitos possam viver e envelhecer com maior dignidade. casos filhos sentidos 5 anos Foucault tratadas escola trabalho recentemente entrevistados saúde proteção segurança população dignidade

ABSTRACT People with intellectual disabilities are living longer and, in some cases, aging with their parents. The study aimed to analyze how these people's trajectories of social insertion, narrated by their parents, contribute to the defense of inclusion processes in their multiple senses. Empirical materialities were generated through narrative interviews with mothers and a father of individuals with intellectual disabilities over 53 years of age, and the analysis was inspired by Foucault's discourse analysis. The study points out that each historical moment articulates different notions of truth to the ways in which people with intellectual disabilities were treated, from exclusion from school, work, affective life and, more recently, the movement for inclusion. The fragility of most of the parents interviewed, in terms of health, protection and security, points to the importance of public policies to support this population, so that these subjects can live and age with greater dignity. cases peoples s insertion senses 5 Foucaults Foucault treated school work recently interviewed health security population dignity

Resumo Este estudo objetivou compreender o processo de comunicação de más notícias na perspectiva de residentes de medicina. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, realizada com 12 residentes de medicina que estão se especializando em Clínica Médica em um hospital do sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram agrupados em quatro categorias: concepção e comunicação de más notícias, formação profissional, critérios utilizados para a comunicação de más notícias e desdobramentos do processo de comunicação. A transmissão de más notícias foi descrita como complexa, devido aos aspectos emocionais associados, exigindo preparação e competência do profissional. A formação médica, na perspectiva dos residentes, foi considerada insuficiente na capacitação para comunicar más notícias. Isso foi justificado pelo enfoque prioritário ao conhecimento técnico-científico no currículo, em detrimento dos aspectos subjetivos da relação médico-paciente-família. Diante dessa dificuldade, a racionalização foi identificada como a estratégia de enfrentamento psicológico comumente usada pelos entrevistados para a manutenção da objetividade e o controle dos próprios sentimentos. Uma formação humanística em medicina busca integrar os aspectos emocionais e relacionais aos conhecimentos biomédicos, o que se configura um investimento complexo e desafiador, mas eminentemente necessário.

Abstract This study aimed to understand the process of communicating bad news from the perspective of medical residents. This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research carried out with 12 medical residents who are specializing in Medical Clinic in a hospital in the south of Brazil. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview and analyzed through content analysis. The results were grouped into four categories: conception and communication of bad news, professional training, criteria used to communicate bad news and unfolding of the communication process. The transmission of bad news was described as complex, due to the emotional aspects associated, requiring professional preparation and competence. Medical training, from the residents' perspective, was considered insufficient in the capacity to communicate bad news. This was justified by the priority focus on technical-scientific knowledge in the curriculum, to the detriment of the subjective aspects of the doctor-patient-family relationship. Faced with this difficulty, rationalization was identified as the psychological coping strategy commonly used by the interviewees, to maintain objectivity and control their own feelings. Humanistic training in medicine seeks to integrate the emotional and relational aspects of biomedical knowledge, which constitutes a complex and challenging investment, but eminently necessary.

Abstract It starts from the premise of establishing the truth as an institutional objective of the judicial process to then analyze the institution of evidentiary stipulations in the Colombian criminal process. Then, the answer to the question about what is meant by negotiated truth is sought? After that, a brief approach to the regulation of evidentiary stipulations in some Latin American legislations is presented. Finally, an approach is offered about the role of the judge in the evidentiary stipulations facing the institutional objective of the criminal process of the search for the truth. Then sought that presented Finally

Resumen Se parte de la premisa de establecer la verdad como objetivo institucional del proceso jurisdiccional para luego analizar la institución de las estipulaciones probatorias en el proceso penal colombiano. Se procura luego la respuesta al interrogante sobre ¿qué se entiende por verdad negociada? para, posteriormente, presentar una breve aproximación a la regulación de las estipulaciones probatorias en algunas legislaciones de Latinoamérica. Finalmente, se ofrece un planteamiento acerca del rol del juez en las estipulaciones probatorias de cara al objetivo institucional del proceso penal de la búsqueda de la verdad. colombiano qué negociada posteriormente Latinoamérica Finalmente

Abstract: This writing aims to address, from analysis of discourse, imagen and Latin American Studies, the Peruvian testimony of the internal war draws. It is originality resides in tracing its genealogy with the Andean vision of the world and with Guaman Poma and José Maria Arguedas’ writing. Among his findings, I understand that the use of occidental categories for the interpretation of the llakis, the peasants’ sore memories, result impossible. Instead, they demand a historicization of violence in the Andes that capture regional specificities. These cries are in the field of the unspeakable and are named through other languages. This occurs in the photographic narration Yuyanapaq, by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the graphic text Rupay, by Cossio, Rossell, and Villar. When the testimonies move from orality to writing, images burst in to process the pain and the unspeakable, and, within that interstice, they configure a rhetoric of pain.

Resumen: este artículo expone, desde el análisis del discurso, la imagen y los estudios latinoamericanos, el testimonio peruano del conflicto armado interno. Su originalidad reside en trazar su genealogía con la visión de mundo andino y la escritura de Guaman Poma y José María Arguedas. Entre sus hallazgos, enuncia que los llakis o recuerdos penosos de los campesinos no se interpretan con categorías occidentales, sino que requieren una historización de la violencia en los Andes que advierta especificidades regionales. Se inscriben en el terreno de lo indecible y se nombran a través de otros lenguajes. Así sucede con el relato fotográfico Yuyanapaq de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación y la historia gráfica Rupay de Cossio, Rossell y Villar. En el pasaje de la oralidad a la escritura, las imágenes irrumpen para tramitar lo indecible y, en ese intersticio, configura una retórica del dolor.

The article critically assesses the quality of the research of four articles published under the theme "Faith and the Natural Sciences" in the Journal of Humanities, 63(2):192-261. Lewis Vaughn's statement in his book The Power of Critical Thinking is taken as cue for assessing the articles. He wrote (Vaughn, 2005:3): "Critical thinking focuses not on what causes a belief, but whether it is worth believing. A belief is worth believing, or accepting, if we have good reasons to accept it." The conclusion of the authors already expressed in the first of the articles, namely that the Bible and the Christian religion support the results of modern science, is scrutinised critically in the current article. In the first section the issue of how researchers are able to distinguish between truth and falsity is discussed. The authors of the articles under discussion answered this question in terms of a scientific method consisting of the following steps: (1) observation, (2) questioning, (3) formulation of a hypothesis, (4) challenging the hypothesis, (5) formulation of a theory. However, they are of the opinion that research done by natural scientists differs from the kind of research done by researchers in the humanities, social sciences and religion. According to them the latter group may commence their research with presuppositions. Research in theology may serve as an example. According to their reasoning religious convictions are allowed to guide the research. They therefore distinguish between religious convictions and interpretations based on religious convictions respectively. Researchers in theology may critically assess the quality of the interpretations - but never the religious convictions themselves since this can lead to questioning of eternal religious truths. While I agree with their exposition of the scientific process as a method of discovering the truth about an aspect of the world in which we live, I argue against their conviction that research done in the humanities, social sciences and religion differs from that done in the natural sciences and that faith convictions are allowed to play a role in the research process. My argument is illustrated with reference to two examples - one from the natural sciences, and one from the human sciences. The example from the natural sciences focuses on astronomy and the paradigm shift brought about by Copernicus's (1774-1543) and Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642) investigations. Prior to their research findings astronomers were convinced that the earth is the centre of the universe and that the sun, moon and planets revolve around the earth. The abovementioned observations led to the discarding of the geocentric model of the universe. However, Copernicus's and Galileo's new hypothesis was not immediately accepted. It took time before the heliocentric model of the universe was accepted. This shift can also be called a shift in perspective. The different scholars looked at the same natural phenomena but saw different pictures. The identification of sources in the Pentateuch serves as an example of a similar process in the human sciences. Jean Astruc (1684-1766) believed that Moses was the author of the Pentateuch. However, his research of the book of Genesis revealed that Moses had used different names for God: Elohim and Yahweh. This led Astruc to formulate the hypothesis that Moses had used two older sources (E and J) to write the book of Genesis. He also identified a third source consisting of smaller fragments in Genesis. This was the beginning of the so-called four-sources hypothesis concerning the origin of the Pentateuch and resulted in the identification of the sources J, E, D, and P. Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) used this hypothesis to argue that the priestly material (the laws, regulations and prescriptions) originated after the prophetic material. He discarded the old conviction that the priestly material originated during the early history of Israel. This also led to questioning of the conviction that Moses was the author of the Pentateuch. It would appear that the authors of the articles under consideration are totally oblivious of recent research findings, since they still refer to Moses as the author of Genesis. In the second section of the current article the relationship between truth and history is discussed. In the first sub-section of this part of the article the dawn of a historical consciousness in the Western world is considered. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) benefitted from such consciousness. He merged history with biology and argued that animal and plant species are not static, but that they do change over time. This led to his book The Origin of Species published in 1859 which the authors of the four articles erroneously referred to as the 18th century. The second sub-section of this part of the article discusses Thomas Kuhn's (1922-1996) identification of paradigms and paradigm shifts in the history of the natural sciences. It is subsequently argued that the history of biblical research reflects similar paradigms and paradigm shifts and concludes that there was a major paradigm shift towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. This shift entails a different look at the Bible. The Bible was no longer regarded as a special book containing the words of God. Rather, scholars became convinced that the Bible was entirely a human book. James Barr (1924-2006) eloquently formulated it as follows (1973:120): "If one wants to use the Word-of-God type of language, the proper term for the Bible would be Word of Israel, Word of some leading early Christians." The previous two sections of the current article identified the defects in the arguments entertained in the articles under discussion (June, 2023). The authors'assumption that research in the humanities and social sciences differs from scientific research is found to be problematical. Furthermore, they would appear to disregard the research history of the subjects they are comparing, since no mention is made of the paradigm shift in biblical studies. But that is not all, the authors also superimposed their convictions onto the text of the Bible as if such convictions were shared by people living in the ancient Near Eastern world. In the third section of the current article Genesis 1:1-2:4a and Genesis 2:4b-3:24 are properly analysed as etiological stories to drive home the nail that the research as reflected in said articles is unconvincing.

In hierdie artikel word die kwaliteit beoordeel van die navorsing wat in die vier artikels, gepubliseer onder die tema "Geloof en Wetenskap" in die Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 63(2):192-261 tot uitdrukking kom. As vertrekpunt dien die oortuiging dat alle standpunte en menings rasioneel en krities beoordeel moet word om die feitelikheid, oftewel waarheidsgehalte daarvan te bepaal. In die ondersoek word die wetenskaplike navorsingsproses in ag geneem en die standpunt verdedig dat natuurwetenskaplike en geesteswetenskaplike navorsing nie wesenlik van mekaar verskil nie. Dit wys die standpunt van die navorsers af dat geesteswetenskaplike navorsing vanuit bepaalde geloofsvoorveronderstellings gedoen mag word. Daar word verder geargumenteer dat waarheid en geskiedenis ten nouste met mekaar saamhang, want wat in een eeu waar mag wees, kan in 'n volgende eeu as onwaar bewys word; daarom is 'n historiese bewussyn van die allergrootste belang. Die gebrek aan 'n sodanige bewussyn kan navorsers duur te staan kom, omdat hulle uitsprake kan maak en standpunte kan inneem wat histories nie korrek is nie. Die navorsers van die onderhawige artikels se poging om te bewys dat Genesis 1-3 met die moderne natuurwetenskaplike resultate versoen kan word, is onoortuigend, omdat hulle nie die historiese en kulturele kontekste van dáárdie verhale in ag neem nie. Voorts lees die navorsers hul oortuigings in die tekste in en laat sodoende die Bybel buikspreek.

ABSTRACT In the context of virtual education, it has been observed that teaching methods can be complex and confusing, which can lead to gaps in learning, extensive and manual calculations, as well as a lack of accountability on the part of those involved, often leading to unreliable results and delays in problem solving. However, with the advancement of technology, it has been identified that the use of Excel software as an additional tool can facilitate the understanding of mathematics education subject matter and increase interest in learning. To address this issue, a qualitative approach was conducted through a literature review of primary sources of information, and a sample of 21 students was used to conduct a parallel analysis. The results obtained indicate that Excel software is easy to use and meets the needs of basic mathematical content. In addition, it offers a wide range of mathematical functions and applications, such as solving equations, matrices and truth tables of molecular statements, which increases learning opportunities and allows putting the mathematical process into practice.

RESUMEN En el contexto de la educación virtual, se ha observado que los métodos de enseñanza pueden resultar complejos y confusos, lo que puede generar lagunas en el aprendizaje, cálculos extensos y manuales, así como una falta de responsabilidad por parte de los involucrados, lo que a menudo conduce a resultados poco confiables y retrasos en la resolución de problemas. Sin embargo, con el avance de la tecnología, se ha identificado que el uso del software Excel como una herramienta adicional puede facilitar la comprensión de la materia de educación matemática y aumentar el interés por aprender. Para abordar esta cuestión, se llevó a cabo un enfoque cualitativo mediante una revisión bibliográfica de las fuentes primarias de información, y se utilizó una muestra de 21 estudiantes para realizar un análisis paralelo. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el software Excel es fácil de usar y satisface las necesidades de contenido matemático básico. Además, ofrece una amplia gama de funciones y aplicaciones matemáticas, como la resolución de ecuaciones, matrices y tablas de verdad de enunciados moleculares, lo que aumenta las oportunidades de aprendizaje y permite poner en práctica el proceso matemático.