Human societies depend on services provided by ecosystems, from local needs as clean water and pest control to global services like ozone layer and the ocean biological pump. Ecosystem services are intrinsically linked to the states of the ecosystem, which are, in turn, governed by a complex web of ecological interactions. These interactions and, consequently, the services they support, are increasingly under threat from environmental changes driven by human activities. Therefore, safeguarding these vital services require an understanding of how the structure and dynamics of ecological interactions are affected by environmental change. A critical step towards this goal is the development of an integrative theoretical framework that can elucidate how ecosystem services are sustained or impaired by interactions within these complex ecosystems in fluctuating environments. Recent years have seen significant progress in quantitatively characterizing the organization and the dynamics of ecological interactions through the study of ecological networks. However, linking temporally varying network structure in fluctuating environments, the seascapes of ecological networks, and their impact on ecosystem services remains a challenge. We propose an approach based upon merging empirical ecological network analysis with Boolean functions and modeling techniques accounting for fluctuating environments to tackle how ecosystem services are affected by the changing structure and dynamics of ecological networks. The approach aims to contribute to the study of how the organization of ecological interactions affects the persistence of ecosystem services. Specifically, we discuss how this approach can be used provide new insights into how environmental change affect the relationship between ecological networks and ecosystem services. The combination of information on ecosystem services, Boolean networks and fluctuating environments might allow to enhance the research around conservation strategies for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services in the face of ongoing environmental change.

Abstract Urban environments present less environmental heterogeneity in relation to the natural ones, affecting the biodiversity of bats and the ecological processes in which they participate. In this way, we will identify how urbanization influences the structure of bat communities in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. We compared species composition, guilds and bat richness in a gradient that crossed urban, semi-urban and natural areas in the municipality of Goiânia, contained in the Cerrado biome. We captured a total of 775 bats of 16 species distributed in three families. Urban areas had a higher species abundance, while semi-urban areas had a higher species richness. The three types of environments have different compositions, the urban one being more homogeneous, the fauna in these areas is composed of generalist species, which benefit from this process. The diversity present in semi-urban areas is a consequence of the intersection between urban and natural fauna, which is why urban expansion needs to occur in a planned manner to minimize the impacts of this process and ensure the maintenance of biodiversity. ones participate way Goiânia Goiás Brazil composition semiurban semi biome 77 1 families abundance compositions homogeneous 7

Resumo Ambientes urbanos apresentam uma heterogeneidade ambiental menor em relação aos naturais, afetando a biodiversidade de morcegos e os processos ecológicos dos quais participam. Desta forma, vamos identificar como a urbanização influência na estruturação das comunidades de morcegos no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Comparamos a composição de espécies, guildas e riqueza de morcegos em um gradiente que cruzou áreas urbanas, semiurbanas e naturais no município de Goiânia, contido no bioma Cerrado. Capturamos um total de 775 morcegos de 16 espécies distribuídas em três famílias. Áreas urbanas apresentaram uma abundância maior de espécies, enquanto em áreas semiurbanas tivemos uma riqueza de espécies maior. Os três tipos de ambientes apresentam diferentes composições, sendo o urbano mais homogêneo, a fauna nessas áreas é composta por espécies generalistas, que se beneficiam com esse processo. A diversidade presente nas áreas semiurbanas é consequência do cruzamento entre a fauna urbana e a natural, por isso é necessário que a expansão urbana ocorra de forma planejada para minimizar os impactos desse processo e garantir a manutenção da biodiversidade. participam Goiânia Goiás Brasil Cerrado 77 1 famílias composições homogêneo generalistas natural 7

The structure of food webs is a fundamental attribute of ecosystems, and their characterization provides an intrinsic knowledge of the trophic interactions among organisms and of nutrient and energy transfer within ecosystems. Over the last few decades, several chemical and biogeochemical approaches have been proposed to explore different aspects of food webs. In this sense, this study reviews the application of stable isotopes and mercury as main auxiliary tools to the characterization and modeling of aquatic food webs, including analytical and modeling advances, strengths and limitations. The metanalysis performed showed that the most used tools for trophic ecology studies are stable isotopes, and that they can provide better results when combined with mercury and specific chemical molecules such as amino and fatty acids. In addition, the statistical methods applied in the interpretation of results, such as isotope mixing models, have witnessed significant advances in the last two decades. All approaches have premises and limitations when applied to aquatic ecosystems, which must be well understood prior to results interpretation. The use of multiple tracers in trophic studies provides complementary information and in many cases is an appropriate alternative to overcome some limitations, allowing to expand the knowledge of the food webs. ecosystems decades sense acids addition models

Abstract Aquatic macrophytes are the main autochthonous component of primary production in the Amazon Basin. Floating meadows of these plants support habitats with highly diverse animal communities. Fishes inhabiting these habitats have been assumed to use a broad range of food items and compose a particular food web. We employed carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope analysis to draw the trophic structure of these habitats and to trace the energy flow by its trophic levels. Fishes and other animals from 18 independent macrophyte meadows of a floodplain lake of the Solimões River (Amazonia, Brazil) were analyzed. The food web of macrophyte meadows consists of four trophic levels above autotrophic sources. In general, primary consumers exhibited a broader range of food sources than the upper trophic levels. Some fish species depended on a large number of food sources and at the same time are consumed by several predators. The energy transfer from one trophic level to the next was then mainly accomplished by these species concentrating a high-energy flux and acting as hubs in the food web. The broad range of δ13C values observed indicates that the organisms living in the macrophyte meadows utilize a great diversity of autotrophic sources. Basin communities δC δ C (δ13C δ15N δN N (δ15N 1 Amazonia, Amazonia (Amazonia Brazil analyzed general predators highenergy high

Resumo Objetivo O semiárido tropical brasileiro é um bioma que possui pequenos ecossistemas de água doce, frequentemente intermitentes, que atuam como um mosaico em constante transformação entre as estações seca e chuvosa. As comunidades meiobentônicas desempenham papéis cruciais nesses ambientes, e compreender seus processos de colonização e sucessão é fundamental para entender como esses organismos se estruturam em um habitat defaunado. Além da abordagem taxonômica tradicional, os traços funcionais oferecem perspectivas valiosas sobre a dinâmica desses processos. Neste estudo, testamos as seguintes hipóteses: i) embora a meiofauna seja composta por organismos microscópicos com dispersão ativa limitada, eles colonizam rapidamente novos substratos, aumentando em abundância, riqueza e diversidade; ii) as características funcionais dos Nematoda de água doce são uma boa ferramenta para observar uma sucessão inicial em substrato artificial duro em um reservatório lêntico. Métodos Colocamos 27 placas de cerâmica em um reservatório no semiárido brasileiro e amostramos aleatoriamente três réplicas a cada semana, ao longo de nove semanas. As diferenças semanais na abundância, riqueza e diversidade da comunidade foram testadas com one-way ANOVA e pairwise PERMANOVA. Resultados Os Nematoda predominaram na primeira semana, com os Rotifera dominando a partir da segunda semana de experimento. Não observamos diferenças na estrutura taxonômica da comunidade de Nematoda ao longo das semanas. Entretanto, houve um aumento na complexidade funcional da comunidade de Nematoda ao longo do tempo, conforme indicado pelo índice de maturidade e pela estrutura trófica. Os colonizadores/persistentes surgiram rapidamente na primeira semana. Os comedores de depósito dominaram, mas observou-se um aumento na diversidade trófica com a presença crescente dos mastigadores ao longo das semanas. Conclusões Este estudo destaca que as características funcionais dos Nematoda representam uma ferramenta robusta para avaliar a sucessão ecológica em ambientes lênticos de água doce no semiárido tropical. intermitentes chuvosa defaunado tradicional hipóteses i limitada substratos abundância ii lêntico 2 semanas oneway one way PERMANOVA experimento Entretanto tempo colonizadorespersistentes colonizadores persistentes dominaram observouse observou

Abstract Aim The Brazilian tropical semiarid is a biome with small freshwater ecosystems, often intermittent, acting as a mosaic in constant transformation between dry and rainy seasons. Meiobenthic communities play crucial roles in these environments, and understanding their colonization and succession processes is essential to comprehend how these organisms’ structure in a defaunated habitat. In addition to the traditional taxonomic approach, functional traits provide valuable insights into the dynamics of these processes. In this study, we tested the following hypotheses: i) although meiofauna consists of microscopic organisms with limited active dispersion, they quickly colonize new substrates, increasing in abundance, richness, and diversity; ii) functional traits of freshwater Nematoda are a good tool for view an early succession on hard artificial substrate in a lentic reservoir. Methods We placed 27 ceramic plates in a reservoir in the Brazilian semiarid and randomly sampled three replicates each week over nine weeks. Weekly differences in community abundance, richness, and diversity were tested with one-way ANOVA and pairwise PERMANOVA. Results Nematoda predominated in the first week, with Rotifera taking over from the second week of the experiment. No differences were observed in the Nematode taxonomic structure over the weeks. There was an increase in the functional complexity of the Nematoda community over time, as indicated by the maturity index and trophic structure. Colonizers/persistents emerged quickly in the first week. Deposit feeders dominated, but an increase in trophic diversity was observed with the growing presence of chewers over the weeks. Conclusions This study highlights that the functional traits of Nematoda represent a robust tool for assessing ecological succession in freshwater lentic environments in the tropical semiarid. ecosystems intermittent seasons habitat approach hypotheses i dispersion substrates abundance richness ii 2 weeks oneway one way PERMANOVA experiment time Colonizerspersistents Colonizers persistents dominated

Abstract. Sandy beaches are among the most extensive coastal ecosystems in Brazil and constitute important buffer zones between terrestrial and marine environments. The present study aimed to analyze the distribution and spatiotemporal variation of the meiofaunal community of an urban tropical sandy beach in northeastern Brazil with a particular focus on nematofauna. We set up 4 transects during 2 sampling periods to evaluate different beach zones. The meiofauna comprised 8 taxa, and the nematofauna consisted of 5 orders, 16 families, and 45 genera. The meiofaunal communities followed the qualitative-quantitative standards of those of other tropical sandy beaches in northeastern Brazil. The nematofaunal community showed variation in its composition and trophic structure between dry and rainy months, which were not significantly correlated with granulometric characteristics. This suggests that other variables may influence the structure of nematofaunal communities in Gaibu Beach. Further research on the biodiversity of the meiofaunal communities on sandy beaches in northeastern Brazil is urgently needed given the lack of available information of these environments and the extreme stress they are currently under.

Resumen. Las playas arenosas son uno de los ecosistemas costeros más extensos de Brasil y constituyen importantes zonas de amortiguamiento entre el ambiente terrestre y el marino. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la distribución y la variación espaciotemporal de la comunidad meiofaunal de una playa arenosa tropical urbana con particular énfasis en la nematofauna. Establecimos 4 transectos durante 2 periodos de muestreo para evaluar diferentes zonas de playa. La meiofauna estuvo compuesta por 8 taxones, y la nematofauna consistió en 5 órdenes, 16 familias y 45 géneros. Las comunidades meiofaunales siguieron los estándares cualitativos-cuantitativos de las de otras playas arenosas tropicales en el noreste de Brasil. La comunidad nematofaunal presentó variación en su composición y estructura trófica entre los meses secos y los lluviosos, los cuales no presentaron correlación significativa con las características granulométricas. Esto sugiere que otras variables pueden influir en la estructura de las comunidades nematofaunales en la playa de Gaibu. Se requieren urgentemente más estudios de investigación sobre la biodiversidad de las comunidades meiofaunales en las playas arenosas del noreste de Brasil debido a la falta de información disponible sobre estos ambientes y el estrés extremo bajo al que están sujetas.

Resumen Introducción: La presencia y estructura de la vegetación en áreas urbanas tiene un impacto en la composición de las comunidades de aves. Las áreas verdes con una mayor proporción de vegetación introducida tienden a presentar una homogeneización de avifauna, mientras que las áreas verdes con alta proporción de vegetación nativa presentan mayor diversidad de aves. En varios trabajos realizados en áreas urbanas de México, estos factores no son tomados en cuenta. Por lo tanto, se desconocen las respuestas de las especies en términos de riqueza y diversidad. Objetivo: Analizar la composición de especies de aves en las áreas verdes de Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas y evaluar la respuesta de las comunidades de aves en tres áreas verdes con diferente composición de vegetación. Así como analizar la relación entre los gremios tróficos de aves con los elementos de la vegetación en las áreas urbanas. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en tres sitios de muestreo de Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México, con base en dos criterios: área similar de muestreo (ha) y diferencias en las características de la vegetación. Los monitoreos se realizaron de enero a diciembre de 2020, con tres visitas mensuales en cada sitio para un total de 108 visitas, utilizando el método visual directo. Resultados: Identificamos 98 especies (11 órdenes, 28 familias). Las especies más abundantes fueron Quiscalus mexicanus y Molothrus aeneus. Hubo diferencias en la riqueza de especies para cada sitio. Las insectívoras y granívoras fueron las dominantes. Se determinó una asociación entre los gremios y los sitios de estudio, donde la mayoría están relacionados con la vegetación mixta, comparado con la vegetación homogénea o introducida. Conclusiones: Las áreas urbanas estudiadas mantuvieron un número notable de aves, y varias de ellas presentaron alguna categoría de riesgo o endemismo. Esto demuestra la importancia de estas áreas verdes como refugio de aves y resalta la necesidad de conservar y proteger dichas áreas dentro de Ciudad Victoria y ciudades similares.

Abstract Introduction: The presence and structure of vegetation in urban areas have an impact on the composition of bird communities. Green areas with a higher ratio of introduced vegetation tend to have a greater homogenization of avifauna, whereas green areas with a high ratio of native vegetation have a greater diversity of birds. In several studies carried out in urban areas of Mexico, the factors of vegetation are not considered. Therefore, the responses of the species to vegetation types in terms of richness and diversity are unknown. Objective: To analyze the composition of bird species in the green areas of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, and evaluate the response of bird communities in areas with differences in vegetation composition. As well as to analyze the relationship between the trophic guilds in birds and vegetation in urban areas. Methods: Three sampling sites were established in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, based on two criteria: similar sampling area (ha) and differences in vegetation characteristics. Monitoring took place between January and December 2020, with three monthly visits in each site for a total of 108 visits, using the direct visual method. Results: We identified 98 species (11 orders, 28 families). The most abundant species were Quiscalus mexicanus and Molothrus aeneus. Differences in species richness were found for each site. The insectivorous and granivorous were the dominant guilds. An association between the guilds and the study sites was determined, where most were linked to mixed native vegetation, compared to homogeneous or introduced vegetation. Conclusions: The urban areas studied maintained a notable number of birds, and several of them presented some category of risk or endemism. This demonstrates the importance of these green areas composed of native vegetation as a refuge for birds and highlights the need to conserve and protect these areas within Ciudad Victoria and similar cities.

Resumen Introducción: La variabilidad en la estructura de las comunidades acuáticas se atribuye frecuentemente a cambios ambientales, no obstante, en ambientes estables como ríos regulados, las interacciones tróficas podrían ser otro factor ambiental clave determinante de la estructura de estas comunidades. Estas alteraciones podrían provocar un mayor crecimiento de algas y, a su vez, cambios en los grupos funcionales y en la composición de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados favoreciendo la dominancia de determinados grupos de organismos. Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de los cambios ambientales y de la estructura del ficoperifiton sobre la comunidad de macroinvertebrados de ríos Andinos regulados. Métodos: Se analizaron datos ambientales y biológicos recolectados en muestreos trimestrales realizados entre 2010 y 2018 en dos ríos de los Andes Centrales (Antioquia - Colombia), para un total de 27 muestras. La recolección de muestras empleó métodos estandarizados. Se utilizaron diferentes modelos estadísticos para establecer patrones espaciales y temporales de las variables ambientales, de la abundancia y/o densidad y diversidad de ficoperifiton y de los macroinvertebrados, así como las relaciones tróficas que existen entre ellos. Resultados: Se encontró que los ríos regulados presentan relativamente poca variabilidad ambiental. Los parámetros ambientales con mayor variación fueron: temperatura, turbidez y ortofosfatos; las dos últimas variables abióticas fueron las que más aportaron a la inestabilidad bentónica. Conclusión: La presencia de macroinvertebrados raspadores y recolectores fue más afectada por la estabilidad de la densidad del ficoperifiton que por las variables ambientales, evidenciando la importancia de las interacciones tróficas en ríos regulados y el control bottoom up en estos ecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction: The variability in the structure of aquatic communities is frequently attributed to environmental changes; however, in stable environments such as regulated rivers, trophic interactions could be another key environmental factor determining the structure of these communities. These alterations could cause a greater growth of algae, and in turn, changes in the functional groups and in the composition of the macroinvertebrate community favoring the dominance of certain groups of organisms. Objective: To identify the effects of environmental variations and changes in the structure of the phycoperiphyton on the macroinvertebrate community of regulated Andean rivers. Methods: We analyzed environmental and biological data collected in quarterly samples carried out between 2010 and 2018 in two rivers of the Central Andes (Antioquia - Colombia), for a total of 27 samples. Sample collections used standardized methods. Different statistical models were used to establish spatial and temporal patterns of the environmental variables, of the abundance and/or density and diversity of phycoperiphyton and macroinvertebrates, as well as the trophic relationships that exists between them. Results: We found that regulated rivers present relatively little environmental variability. The environmental parameters with the greatest variation were temperature, turbidity, and orthophosphates; these last two were the abiotic variables with the greatest contribution to benthic instability. Conclusion: The presence of scraping and foraging macroinvertebrates was more affected by the stability of the phycoperiphyton density than by environmental variables, showing the importance of trophic interactions in regulated rivers and the bottom up control in these ecosystems.

ABSTRACT Background. Ecological Network Analysis has been used for defining aspects concerning the structure, health, and dynamics of marine ecosystems. Objectives. Evaluate the ecosystem’s structure, organization, and maturity in the shallow rocky reef ecosystem in Yelapa. Also, we determine the most affected functional groups by disturbances simulated and those which generate less resilience in the ecosystem. Methods. A mass-balance trophic model Ecopath with Ecosim, was constructed, and Ascendency›s theory was used to evaluate the ecosystem properties. A Mixed Trophic Impacts matrix was used to assess direct and indirect trophic effects on the network. The functional groups more sensitive to disturbances were determined using Ecosim dynamics simulations in the short and long term with two mortality scenarios (an increase of 25 % and 50 %). Finally, the System Recovery Timewas used as a measure of resilience. Results. The Yelapa rocky-reef ecosystem exhibits the feature of a mature, organized, and developing ecosystem but is less resistant to disturbances. Several fish groups, zooplankton, and phytoplankton produced the most remarkable effects in the trophic network. In addition, the phytoplankton, chlorophyta, and the group of other benthic invertebrates propagated more effects on other model components. Conclusions. Yelapa rocky reef would lose resilience if the functional groups eels & morays, other benthic invertebrates, snappers, and phytoplankton were disturbed.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los análisis ecológicos de redes han sido usados para definir aspectos relacionados a la estructura, salud y dinámica de los ecosistemas marinos. Objetivos. Evaluar la estructura, organización y madurez en el ecosistema de Yelapa, un arrecife rocoso somero. También, se determinaron los grupos funcionales que podrían ser más sensibles a perturbaciones simuladas y aquellos que generan menor resiliencia en el ecosistema. Métodos. Se construyó un modelo trófico de balance de masas Ecopath con Ecosim y se usó la teoría de Ascendency para evaluar las propiedades ecosistémicas. La matriz de Impacto Trófico Mixto evaluó los efectos tróficos directos e indirectos en la red. Se determinaron los grupos funcionales más sensibles a perturbaciones usando simulaciones dinámicas Ecosim de corto y largo tiempo con dos escenarios de mortalidad (incremento del 25 % y 50 %). Finalmente, se empleó el Tiempo de Recuperación del Sistema como una medida de resiliencia. Resultados. El ecosistema arrecifal rocoso de Yelapa exhibió características de un ecosistema maduro, organizado y desarrollado, pero a su vez menos resistente a perturbaciones. Diferentes grupos de peces, zooplancton y fitoplancton generaron los mayores efectos en la red trófica. Además, el fitoplancton, clorofitas y el grupo de otros invertebrados bentónicos propagaron los mayores efectos hacia los otros componentes del sistema. Yelapa es menos resiliente cuando son perturbados los grupos funcionales de anguilas y morenas, otros invertebrados bentónicos, pargos y fitoplancton. Conclusiones. Grupos funcionales de distintos niveles tróficos fueron prioritarios para preservar la integridad estructural del ecosistema, las condiciones de madurez, desarrollo y resiliencia. Este estudio representa el primer paso para analizar las propiedades de la red trófica y especies ecológicamente relevantes entre el ecosistema de coral somero y profundo en Yelapa.

Resumen Las interacciones interespecificas entre vertebrados de distintos grupos son comunes, pero también complejas y de gran importancia para la estructura de las comunidades. En particular, la depredación, considerada una interacción trófica, desempeña un papel significativo en la estructura de las redes tróficas y en los efectos selectivos sobre las presas en los ecosistemas naturales. En este trabajo aportamos nueva información sobre la relación trófica entre aves y herpetofauna (reptiles y anfibios) en la compleja y biodiversa cuenca del río Usumacinta, a través de 10 observaciones registradas entre 2012 y 2021. Las observaciones muestran interacciones con fines alimenticios de ocho especies de aves, incluyendo garzas (Tigrisoma mexicanum), charas (Psilorhinus morio), rapaces (Caracara cheriway, Pseudastur albicollis, Harpagus bidentatus, Buteo plagiatus), bucos (Malacoptila panamensis), y patos (Dendrocygna autumnalis), con serpientes (Coniophanes quinquevittatus), tortugas (Chelydra rossignonii, Trachemys venusta), lagartijas (Iguana iguana, Sceloporus serrifer), cocodrilos (Crocodylus moreletii), y ranas (Smilisca baudinii).

Abstract Interspecific interactions between vertebrates of different groups are common but also complex and of great importance for community structure. In particular, predation, considered a trophic interaction, plays a significant role in food webs structure and selective effects on prey in natural ecosystems. In this paper we provide new information on the trophic relationship between birds and herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians) in the complex and biodiverse Usumacinta river basin, through 10 observations recorded between 2012 and 2021. The observations show interactions for feeding purposes of eight bird species, including herons (Tigrisoma mexicanum), jays (Psilorhinus morio), raptors (Caracara cheriway, Pseudastur albicollis, Harpagus bidentatus, Buteo plagiatus), puffbirds (Malacoptila panamensis), and ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis), with snakes (Coniophanes quinquevittatus), turtles (Chelydra rossignonii, Trachemys venusta), lizards (Iguana iguana, Sceloporus serrifer), crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii), and frogs (Smilisca baudinii).

Abstract Sharks are among the marine organisms most impacted by intense fisheries, a worrying fact since they are key components in the trophic structure of ecosystems. In this context, fish landing data can help managers in shark conservation. This study characterized the landings of Carcharhinus acronotus, Mustelus cf. canis, and Sphyrna mokarran in the Mucuripe Embayment, Ceará, Brazil, along three study periods (1998–1999, 2006–2008, and 2015–2016). A total of 223 specimens were recorded from 227 site visits. Carcharhinus acronotus specimens measured from 50 to 139 cm in total length (TL), with a 1.3:1 sex ratio in favor of males. Most of the specimens recorded were adults (55.1% of males and 62.9% of females). Mustelus cf. canis varied from 64 to 133 cm in TL, with a sex ratio in favor of females (3.1:1). Most of the specimens recorded were adults (50% of males and 68% of females). Sphyrna mokarran specimens varied from 116 to 380 cm in TL, with a sex ratio of 7:1 in favor of males. Most of the specimens recorded were juveniles. This is the first fishery-dependent study to provide information on size and sex composition of these species for most of the southwestern equatorial Atlantic. fisheries ecosystems context conservation cf Embayment Ceará Brazil 1998–1999, 19981999 1998 1999 (1998–1999 20062008 2006 2008 2006–2008 2015–2016. 20152016 2015–2016 . 2015 2016 2015–2016) 22 visits 5 13 TL , (TL) 1.31 131 1.3 1 3 1.3: 55.1% 551 55 (55.1 629 62 9 62.9 females. females) 6 3.11. 311 3.1 (3.1:1) 50% (50 68 11 38 71 7 7: juveniles fisherydependent fishery dependent Atlantic 1998–1999 1998199 199 (1998–199 2006200 200 2006–200 2015201 2015–201 201 2 (TL 31 1. 55.1 (55. 62. 3.11 3. (3.1:1 (5 1998–199 199819 19 (1998–19 200620 20 2006–20 201520 2015–20 55. (55 (3.1: ( 1998–19 19981 (1998–1 20062 2006–2 20152 2015–2 (3.1 1998–1 (1998– 2006– 2015– (3. 1998– (1998 (3 (199 (19 (1

Resumo Os tubarões estão entre os organismos marinhos mais impactados pela pesca intensa, fato preocupante uma vez que são componentes fundamentais na estrutura trófica dos ecossistemas. Nesse contexto, dados de desembarques pesqueiros podem auxiliar gestores na conservação dos tubarões. Este estudo caracterizou os desembarques de Carcharhinus acronotus, Mustelus cf. canis e Sphyrna mokarran na enseada do Mucuripe, Ceará, Brasil, ao longo de três períodos de estudo (1998–1999, 2006–2008 e 2015–2016). Um total de 223 espécimes foi registrado em 227 visitas ao local. Espécimes de Carcharhinus acronotus mediram de 50 a 139 cm de comprimento total (CT), com razão sexual de 1,3:1 a favor dos machos. A maioria dos espécimes registrados era adulta (55,1% dos machos e 62,9% das fêmeas). Mustelus cf. canis variou de 64 a 133 cm em CT, com razão sexual a favor das fêmeas (3,1:1). A maioria dos espécimes registrados era adulta (50% dos machos e 68% das fêmeas). Espécimes de Sphyrna mokarran variaram de 116 a 380 cm em CT, com razão sexual de 7:1 a favor dos machos. A maioria dos espécimes registrados era juvenil. Este é o primeiro estudo dependente da pesca a fornecer informações sobre tamanho e composição sexual dessas espécies para a maior parte do sudoeste do Atlântico Equatorial. intensa ecossistemas contexto cf Mucuripe Ceará Brasil 1998–1999, 19981999 1998 1999 (1998–1999 20062008 2006 2008 2006–200 2015–2016. 20152016 2015–2016 . 2015 2016 2015–2016) 22 local 5 13 CT , (CT) 1,31 131 1,3 1 3 1,3: 55,1% 551 55 (55,1 629 62 9 62,9 fêmeas. fêmeas) 6 3,11. 311 3,1 (3,1:1) 50% (50 68 11 38 71 7 7: juvenil Equatorial 1998–1999 1998199 199 (1998–199 2006200 200 2006–20 2015201 2015–201 201 2 (CT 31 1, 55,1 (55, 62, 3,11 3, (3,1:1 (5 1998–199 199819 19 (1998–19 200620 20 2006–2 201520 2015–20 55, (55 (3,1: ( 1998–19 19981 (1998–1 20062 2006– 20152 2015–2 (3,1 1998–1 (1998– 2015– (3, 1998– (1998 (3 (199 (19 (1

Abstract Aim We investigated trophic and reproductive traits of feral guppy Poecilia reticulata and southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus in a headwater creek located in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. Methods Fish were collected bimonthly from January to December 2017 using sieve in Lopes Creek. Stomach items were analyzed and developmental stages of females were classified as 1 (Non-gravid), 2 (Yolked ova), 3 (Eyed embryos), and 4 (Mature embryos). The mean values of fecundity and population structure for each developmental stage were determined for females using six length classes. Bimonthly mean values of gonadosomatic index of females were overlayed with average bimonthly rainfall, water level/temperature, and the sex ratio was calculated. The juvenile-to-adult proportion was calculated bimonthly, and the phenotype (ornamental-type × wild-type) was also analyzed. Results The guppy and southern platyfish fed, primarily, on detritus, and both species showed reproductive activity during all the sampling period. The mean fecundity of P. reticulata and X. maculatus was high and the smallest gravid female of guppy measured 0.8 cm SL, and southern platyfish 1.0 cm. The GSI of both species showed peaks coinciding with the highest rainfall, water level/temperature, and females were significantly more frequent than males. Juveniles were found during all the sampling period, and both species were represented by wild-type forms. Conclusions P. reticulata and X. maculatus presented opportunistic feeding, long reproductive period, high fecundity and early maturity. The year-round presence of reproductive females, juveniles and wild-type phenotypes suggests establishment of populations in the study area. We hypothesize that the introduction of both species has occurred several years ago, and the continued exposure to predation seems to have molded their life-history traits and phenotype. basin Brazil 201 Creek Nongravid, Nongravid Non , (Non-gravid) Yolked ova, ova ova) Eyed embryos, embryos embryos) Mature embryos. . classes rainfall leveltemperature level temperature level/temperature juveniletoadult juvenile adult ornamentaltype ornamental type wildtype wild fed primarily detritus period P X 08 0 8 0. SL 10 1. males forms feeding maturity yearround year round area ago lifehistory life history 20 (Non-gravid

Resumo Objetivo Investigamos as características tróficas e reprodutivas de populações do guppy Poecilia reticulata e plati Xiphophorus maculatus ferais em um riacho de cabeceira localizado na bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, sudeste do Brasil. Métodos Exemplares foram coletados bimestralmente de janeiro a dezembro de 2017 utilizando-se peneira no riacho Lopes. Os itens alimentares foram analisados e os estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário de fêmeas foram classificados como 1 (Não grávida), 2 (Ovo), 3 (Embrião com olhos) e 4 (Embrião formado). Os valores médios da fecundidade e estrutura populacional para cada estágio de desenvolvimento embrionário foram determinados para as fêmeas usando seis classes de comprimento. Os valores médios bimestrais do Índice Gonadossomático de fêmeas foram associados com a precipitação média bimestral, nível/temperatura da água e a razão sexual foi calculada. A proporção juvenil-adulto foi calculada bimestralmente, e os fenótipos ornamental/selvagem também foram analisados. Resultados O guppy e plati se alimentaram especialmente de detritos, e ambas espécies apresentaram atividade reprodutiva durante todo o período amostral. A fecundidade média de P. reticulata e X. maculatus foi alta e a menor fêmea grávida de guppy mediu < 1,0 cm e plati 1,0 cm CP. O IGS de ambas as espécies apresentaram picos coincidindo com maior precipitação, nível/temperatura da água, sendo as fêmeas mais numerosas que machos. Juvenis foram encontrados durante todo o período amostral, e ambas as espécies foram representadas pelo fenótipo selvagem. Conclusões P. reticulata e X. maculatus apresentaram alimentação oportunista, longo período reprodutivo, alta fecundidade e maturidade precoce. A presença de fêmeas reprodutivas, juvenis e do fenótipo selvagem durante todo o período amostral sugere estabelecimento das espécies na área de estudo. Hipotetizamos que a introdução do guppy e plati ocorreu há vários anos, e que a contínua exposição à predação parece ter moldado aspectos de sua história de vida e fenótipo. Sul Brasil 201 utilizandose utilizando Lopes Não grávida, , grávida) Ovo, Ovo (Ovo) Embrião olhos formado. formado . formado) comprimento bimestral níveltemperatura nível temperatura juveniladulto juvenil adulto ornamentalselvagem ornamental detritos P X 10 0 1, CP machos oportunista reprodutivo precoce estudo anos 20 (Ovo

Resumen Introducción: El análisis de grupos funcionales de alimentación (GFA) en macroinvertebrados acuáticos es importante para comprender la estructura, función y dinámica de los ecosistemas de procesos ecológicos. La modularidad se refiere al grado de compartimentación de las redes alimentarias y varía entre -1 y 1. Una red con un valor de modularidad cercano a 1 es resistente a las alteraciones y puede interpretarse como un factor indicativo para la estabilidad de las comunidades. Objetivo: En este estudio se analizó la estructura trófica de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos, un elemento importante en la calidad ambiental, en el arroyo La Nitrera, el río San Juan y el río Cauca. Métodos: El estudio contó con el apoyo de técnicas de redes ecológicas utilizando el software Gephi. En 2017 y 2018, estudiamos nueve sitios en estaciones secas, lluviosas y de transición, monitoreando cambios en el gradiente de altitud. En cada uno de los sitios se capturaron y determinaron los organismos y se recogió información fisicoquímica e hidráulica. Resultados: El análisis de componentes de varianza permitió explicar la variabilidad de los datos relacionando las siguientes variables ambientales: GFA, diversidad, riqueza, modularidad, estación y tiempo. La ANOVA simple multifactorial indicó que existen cambios significativos en los GFA en relación con la altitud, y la modularidad con el tiempo. La asignación de los GFA se realizó mediante análisis estomacal e información secundaria. Conclusión: La temporada de transición tuvo la mayor modularidad, posiblemente debido a la recolonización de algunos biotopos provocada por la disminución de la velocidad del cauce. La Nitrera y San Juan presentaron valores superiores a los del Cauca, lo que puede indicar que el cambio altitudinal y la velocidad de las corrientes de agua influyen en la compartimentación de la red.

Abstract Introduction: Analysis of functional feeding groups (FFG) in aquatic macroinvertebrates is important in understanding the structure, function, and dynamics of ecological processes in ecosystems. Modularity refers to the degree of compartmentalization of food webs and varies between -1 and 1. A network with a modularity value close to 1 is resilient to disturbances and can be interpreted as an indicating factor for the stability of communities. Objective: In this study, we analyzed the trophic structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in La Nitrera stream, the San Juan River, and the Cauca River in the Colombian Andes. Methods: The study was supported by ecological networking techniques using Gephi software. We studied nine sites in dry, rainy, and transition seasons in 2017 and 2018, monitoring changes in the altitude gradient. At each of the sites, the organisms were captured and determined, and physicochemical and hydraulic information was obtained. Results: The variance component analysis allowed to explain the variability of the data by relating the following environmental variables: FFG, diversity, richness, modularity, season, and time. Simple multifactorial ANOVA indicated that significant changes in FFG were associated with altitude, and modularity to time. The allocation of the FFG was done by stomach analysis and secondary information. Conclusion: The transition season had the highest modularity, possibly due to the recolonization of some biotopes caused by the decrease in the velocity of water currents. La Nitrera and San Juan presented higher values than the Cauca, which may indicate that the altitudinal change and velocity of water currents affects the compartmentalization of the network.

Resumen. Los copépodos, como uno de los principales grupos que componen el zooplancton marino, juegan un papel importante por su posición en la red trófica. Se evaluó la biomasa de copépodos en un vórtice ciclónico durante 2 estaciones climáticas contrastantes en la bahía de La Paz, al sur del golfo de California, la cual se caracteriza por una alta productividad biológica. Durante 2 campañas oceanográficas en invierno de 2006 y verano de 2009, se determinó la estructura física de la columna de agua mediante un CTD y se recolectaron muestras de zooplancton mediante arrastres oblicuos. Se utilizaron datos de satélite para visualizar los patrones de distribución de clorofila a (Cla). Los resultados mostraron un vórtice ciclónico en ambas estaciones, con un diámetro de ~25 km y velocidades geostróficas >50 cm·s-1 en su periferia, con elevada Cla (~3 mg·m-3 en invierno). La máxima biomasa de calanoides ocurrió en invierno, con hasta 6.6 mg·100 m-3 en el oeste de la bahía, cerca de la costa; además, su distribución coincidió con el patrón de Cla y circulación, ya que formó un anillo siguiendo la periferia del vórtice, con un segundo pico cerca de la conexión con el golfo. Los valores medios de biomasa de copépodos mostraron un patrón de alternancia calanoides-ciclopoides entre invierno y verano dentro del vórtice ciclónico, con más biomasa de calanoides que ciclopoides en invierno y lo contrario en verano. Los resultados resaltan el impacto del vórtice en el ecosistema planctónico a través de su influencia sobre las condiciones hidrográficas en la columna de agua. Otros factores, como las interacciones ecológicas, la dinámica poblacional y los hábitos alimenticios, también pueden jugar un papel importante. El comportamiento alimentario es afectado por altas concentraciones de Cla, que representan una fuente de alimento para copépodos observados alrededor del vórtice.

Abstract. As one of the main groups comprising marine zooplankton, copepods play an important role due to their position in the trophic web. We assessed the copepod biomass in a cyclonic eddy during 2 contrasting seasons in the Bay of La Paz, southern Gulf of California, which is characterized by high biological productivity. Two oceanographic expeditions took place in the winter of 2006 and the summer of 2009; a CTD probe was used to determine the physical structure of the water column, and oblique zooplankton hauls collected zooplankton samples. Satellite data were used to visualize the chlorophyll a (Chla) distribution patterns. The results showed a well-defined cyclonic eddy in both seasons, with a diameter of ~25 km and geostrophic velocities >50 cm·s-1 in its periphery. At the edges of the eddy, Chla was high, reaching ~3 mg·m-3 in winter. The maximum calanoid copepod biomass occurred in winter, reaching 6.6 mg·100 m-3 in the western bay close to the coast; moreover, their distribution corresponded well with the Chla and circulation patterns, forming a belt shape following the periphery of the eddy, with a second peak close to the connection with the gulf. The mean values of copepod biomass exhibited a pattern with alternating calanoids-cyclopoids between winter and summer within the cyclonic eddy, with calanoid biomass higher than cyclopoid biomass in winter, which was the opposite of summer. The results highlight the impacts of the eddy on the planktonic ecosystem through its influence on the hydrographic conditions in the water column. Other factors, such as ecological interactions, population dynamics, and feeding habits, may also play a role. Feeding behavior is affected by the high concentrations of Chla, which represent a source of food for copepods observed around the eddy.

Resumen. Como base de supervivencia y desarrollo, el alimento de los peces representa una línea base para investigaciones sobre aspectos ecológicos relacionados con la estructura y la función de comunidades marinas. El presente estudio se orientó hacia los hábitos alimentarios del huachinango del Pacífico, Lutjanus peru, en Santa Rosalía, Baja California sur (México), durante agosto de 2016 hasta octubre de 2017. Un total de 403 especímenes fueron analizados y categorizados de acuerdo con el sexo, la madurez sexual y la estación climática. El intervalo de tallas fue de 21 a 60 cm de longitud total, y el peso varió de 195 a 1,920 g. En total, se identificaron 29 especies presa, incluidos peces (13 ítems), crustáceos (11 ítems), moluscos (4 ítems) y tunicados (1 ítem). De acuerdo con el índice porcentual de importancia relativa, las principales presas fueron Sardinops sagax (47.65%), Nycthiphanes simplex (38.50%), Harengula thrissina (11.21%), Myctophidae (0.68%) y Benthosema panamense (0.52%). Las presas fueron consumidas en diferentes proporciones de acuerdo con el sexo (F = 2.01, P < 0.049), la madurez sexual (F = 4.99, P < 0.001) y la estación climática (F = 45.52, P < 0.001). La amplitud trófica fue estrecha (B i = 0.16); esta fue consistente con la gráfica de Costello, la cual mostró un consumo principal sobre presas gregarias de origen pelágico-costero y mesopelágico. El huachinango del Pacífico en Santa Rosalía fue un consumidor terciario. Su alimentación oportunista incluyó pocos, pero abundantes ítems presa, y la composición trófica fue distinta a la de L. peru en otras áreas del golfo de California y la costa mexicana del Pacífico.

Abstract. A biological basis for survival and development, the diet of fish represents a baseline for research on ecological aspects related to the structure and function of marine communities. This study focused on the feeding habits of the Pacific red snapper, Lutjanus peru, in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur (Mexico), during August 2016 through October 2017. A total of 403 specimens were analyzed and categorized by sex, sexual maturity, and season. The size interval ranged from 21 to 60 cm total length, and the weight ranged from 195 to 1,920 g. A total of 29 prey items were identified, including fish (13 items), crustaceans (11 items), mollusks (4 items), and tunicates (1 item). According to the index of relative importance, the main prey were Sardinops sagax (47.65%), Nycthiphanes simplex (38.50%), Harengula thrissina (11.21%), Myctophidae (0.68%), and Benthosema panamense (0.52%). Prey were consumed in different proportions according to sex (F = 2.01, P < 0.049), sexual maturity (F = 4.99, P < 0.001), and season (F = 45.52, P < 0.001). The trophic width was narrow (B i = 0.16); this was consistent with the Costello graph, which showed the consumption of mainly pelagic-coastal and mesopelagic gregarious prey. The Pacific red snapper in Santa Rosalía functioned as a tertiary consumer. Its opportunistic diet included few highly abundant prey items, and the diet composition differed from that of L. peru in other areas of the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast of Mexico.