Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

Abstract Introduction. “Green mold,” caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the phytosanitary issues that limits citrus production. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used, which have lost effectiveness due to resistance developed by the fungus. An alternative is the use of endophytic fungi with biocontrol action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites (SM) from endophytic fungi (EF) on the mycelial inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and the effectiveness of disease control in mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulata) post-harvest. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2022, using a completely randomized experimental design in the Plant Health Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Peru. For the antibiosis test, secondary metabolites were extracted from ten strains of EF from the genera Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp., where mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (%) was evaluated. SMs were sprayed at 15 % (v/v) concentration on mandarin fruits that were disinfected and inoculated with the pathogen by spraying (1x 105 CFU/cc). Additionally, a commercial biocontrol, a vegetable oil, and a fungicide were used. After 6 and 9 days, disease incidence (%) and severity index (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated. Results. Secondary metabolites from strains the HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium), and HSA-1 (Trichoderma) showed the highest mycelial inhibition with 95.05 %, 87.51 %, and 47.47 %, respectively. In mandarin fruits treated with SMs from strains HEA-109 and HSA-1, there was a control of 80 % and 55 %, respectively. Conclusions. SMs from EF were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. digitatum and reduces disease progression in mandarin fruits post-harvest.

Resumen Introducción. El “moho verde” causado por Penicillium digitatum es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios que limita la producción en los cítricos. Para su control se utilizan fungicidas sintéticos, que han perdido eficacia, debido a la resistencia generada por el hongo. Una alternativa, es el uso de hongos endófitos con acción biocontroladora. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de metabolitos secundarios (MS) de hongos endófitos (HE) en la inhibición micelial de Penicillium digitatum y la eficacia de control de la enfermedad, en frutos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) después de la cosecha. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 2022, bajo un diseño experimental completo al azar, en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Perú. Para la prueba de antibiosis se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios de diez cepas de HE de los géneros Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. y Aspergillus sp., en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno (%). Se asperjaron MS a una concentración del 15 % (v/v) sobre frutos de mandarina que fueron desinfectados e inoculados con el patógeno por aspersión (1x105 UFC/cc). Adicionalmente, se utilizaron un biocontrol comercial, un aceite vegetal y un fungicida. Después de 6 y 9 días, se evaluaron la incidencia (%) y el índice de severidad (0,1,2,3) de la enfermedad. Resultados. Los metabolitos secundarios de las cepas HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium) y HSA-1 (Trichoderma) presentaron la mayor inhibición micelial con 95,05 %, 87,51 % y 47,47 %, respectivamente. En los frutos de mandarina tratados con los MS de las cepas HEA-109 y HSA-1, hubo un control del 80 % y 55 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los MS de HE tuvieron efecto en la inhibición micelial de P. digitatum y redujeron el avance de la enfermedad en frutos de mandarina después de la cosecha.

Abstract Introduction.Soybean establishes a symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum that allows it to fix atmospheric N. Coinoculation with other plant growth-promoting microorganisms can increase Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) and plant growth. Objective. Determine if inoculation with P-solubilizing fungi (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), affects growth and BNF variables in soybeans. Materials and methods. In the greenhouse on an Andisol and an Ultisol, growth variables and BNF were evaluated in soybeans inoculated with B. japonicum and 2 SPs. Five treatments were evaluated: an absolute control (T), addition of phosphate rock (RF), addition of RF and inoculation with B. japonicum (BRF) and the addition of RF, B. japonicum and the 2 SPs independently (BRFS1 and BRFS2). An unrestricted randomized design with 4 repetitions was established and the data was analyzed according to normality, either with ANDEVA and DGC at 5% or Kruskal Wallis at 5%. Results. The responses obtained showed a positive effect on the evaluated variables when soybeans were inoculated with SP in addition with B. japonicum. The effect was a trend in Andisol, for the variables aerial fresh weight and number of nodules and their dry weight, while for Ultisol significance was found for these same variables, as well as for aerial dry weight, leaf area and N content and foliar P, with the greatest effect in BRFS2. In absolute terms, the highest P content in the soil microbial biomass and the highest SP population was found in the treatment with the presence of S2. The populations of N Fixers (NF) in the soil were higher for T and RF that did not have inoculation with B. japonicum. Conclusion. Inoculation with SP fungi can positively affect BNF, foliar N and P amounts as well as soybean plant growth.

Resumen Introducción. La soya establece una simbiosis con Bradyrhizobium japonicum para fijar N atmosférico. La coinoculación con otros microorganismos promotores del crecimiento (MPC) puede incrementar la Fijación Biológica de Nitrógeno (FBN) y el crecimiento de las plantas. Objetivo. Determinar si la inoculación con los hongos solubilizadores de P (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) y Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), afecta variables de crecimiento y de FBN en soya. Materiales y métodos. En un Andisol y un Ultisol en invernadero, se evaluaron variables de crecimiento y FBN en soya inoculada con B. japonicum y 2 SP. Se evaluaron 5 tratamientos: un testigo absoluto (T), adición de roca fosfórica (RF), adición de RF e inoculación con B. japonicum (BRF) y la adición de RF, B. japonicum y los 2 SP de manera independiente (BRFS1 y BRFS2). Se estableció un diseño irrestricto al azar con 4 repeticiones y los datos se analizaron según la normalidad, con ANDEVA y DGC al 5% o Kruskal Wallis al 5%. Resultados. Se obtuvo un efecto positivo sobre las variables evaluadas, cuando la soya se inoculó con los SP además de B. japonicum. El efecto fue tendencia en el Andisol, para las variables peso fresco aéreo y número de nódulos y su peso seco, mientras que para el Ultisol se encontró significancia para estas mismas variables, así como para el peso seco aéreo, área foliar y contenido de N y P foliar, el efecto fue mayor en BRFS2. En términos absolutos el mayor contenido de P en la biomasa microbiana del suelo y la mayor población de SP se encontró en el tratamiento con la presencia de S2. Las poblaciones de Fijadores de N fueron mayores para T y RF. Conclusión. La inoculación con hongos SP puede afectar positivamente la FBN, las cantidades de N y P foliar así como el crecimiento de las plantas de soya.

Abstract The use of alternative tree and shrub species such as Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, for feeding ruminants, can provide high amounts of feed biomass and high protein content. The most commonly used propagation methods for the production of seedlings of this species are by grafting, layering and cuttings, with the latter method standing out, because it allows obtaining a greater number of seedlings per branch in less time. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of alternative rooting agents on wasp flower (H. rosa-sinensis L.) cuttings, under nursery conditions. Five rooting agents were evaluated consisting of Aloe vera, cinnamon, Aloe + molasses + egg (A+M+E), Moringa oleífera and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp, plus a control consisting of the addition of water. The variables evaluated were number of roots per plant, root length, number of regrowths, fresh root weight per plant, dry root weight per plant, root biomass and survival percentage. The data were organized in a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet, then analyzed in the statistical program InfoStat 2020. The treatment with Trichoderma sp favors the vegetative growth of H. rosa-sinensis, followed by the A+M+E, Moringa and cinnamon treatments. The treatments with the highest percentage of survival were Moringa, cinnamon, Aloe, and Trichoderma sp, considered as excellent, while the A+M+H and control treatments were considered good.

Resumen El uso de las especies alternativas de árboles y arbustos como son Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, para la alimentación de rumiantes, puede proporcionar altas cantidades de biomasa alimenticia y alto contenido de proteína. Los métodos de propagación más utilizados para la producción de plántulas de esta especie son por injerto, acodo y esquejes, destacándose este último método, porque permite obtener un mayor número de plántulas por rama en menor tiempo. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de enraizadores alternativos sobre esquejes de flor de avispa (H. rosa-sinensis L.), bajo condiciones de vivero. Se evaluaron cinco enraizadores que consistieron en aloe vera, canela, aloe + melaza + huevo (A+M+H), Moringa oleifera y el hongo antagonista Trichoderma sp, además de un testigo que consistió en la adición de agua. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de raíces por planta, longitud de raíces, número de rebrotes, peso fresco de raíz por planta, peso seco de raíz por planta, biomasa de raíces y porcentaje de sobrevivencia. Los datos fueron organizados en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel 2013, posteriormente fueron analizados en el programa estadístico InfoStat 2020. El tratamiento con Trichoderma sp favorece el crecimiento vegetativo de H. rosa-sinensis, seguido de los tratamientos A+M+H, Moringa y canela. Los tratamientos con mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fueron Moringa, canela, aloe y Trichoderma sp, considerados como excelentes, mientras que los tratamientos A+M+H y testigo fueron considerados buenos.

Abstract In the states of Michoacán, Mexico and California, USA, blackberry (Rubus sp.) production is affected by wilt, which causes the loss of thousands of hectares. In the present work, the causative agent of the disease was identified and control alternatives with antagonistic microorganisms were proposed. In 2022, the causative agent of the disease was isolated and morphologically identified from an orchard in Tocumbo, Michoacán. A preliminary laboratory bioassay was performed with strains of B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, P. fluorescens, and Trichoderma spp., native to Tacámbaro and Taretan, Mich. The outstanding strains were tested in a greenhouse on plants of blackberry cv Tupy as a preventive measure and as a control, under an experimental design of randomized blocks with six repetitions. In the preliminary tests, all the strains used showed an inhibition of the mycelial growth of the pathogen greater than 50%, with Trichoderma sp. from Tacámbaro, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens standing out. In the tests carried out in situ, preventively applied treatments decreased the incidence of wilt by 57% to 66%. In terms of severity and plant height, Trichoderma sp. stood out, while the percentage of root necrosis decreased by 56% to 70% with all treatments. Control treatments also showed antagonistic efficacy, although to a lesser extent, they decreased the incidence of wilt by 2 to 58% and the percentages of root necrosis by 19 to 62%. Antagonistic microorganisms can be incorporated as a comprehensive management strategy with high efficiency.

Resumen En los estados de Michoacán, México y California, EUA, la producción de zarzamora (Rubus sp.) se ve afectada por una marchitez que ocasiona la pérdida de miles de hectáreas. En el presente trabajo se identificó el agente causal de la enfermedad y propuso alternativas de control con microorganismos antagonistas. En el año 2022 de un huerto en Tocumbo, Michoacán, se aisló e identificó morfológicamente al agente causal de la enfermedad. Se realizó un bioensayo preliminar en laboratorio con cepas de B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, P. fluorescens y Trichoderma spp, nativas de Tacámbaro y Taretan, Mich. Las cepas sobresalientes se probaron en invernadero en plantas de zarzamora cv Tupy de forma preventiva y como control, bajo un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con seis repeticiones. En las pruebas preliminares todas las cepas utilizadas mostraron una inhibición del crecimiento micelial del patógeno superior al 50%, sobresaliendo Trichoderma sp. de Tacámbaro, B. subtilis y P. fluorescens. En las pruebas realizadas in situ los tratamientos aplicados de forma preventiva disminuyeron la incidencia de marchitez desde 57 hasta 66%. En términos de severidad y altura de la planta destacó Trichoderma sp., mientras que el porcentaje de necrosis radicular disminuyó desde 56 hasta 70% con todos los tratamientos. Los tratamientos de control también mostraron eficacia antagonista, aunque en menor medida, disminuyeron la incidencia de marchitez desde 2 al 58% y los porcentajes de necrosis radicular desde 19 a 62%. Los microorganismos antagonistas pueden incorporarse como una estrategia de manejo integral con gran eficiencia.

ABSTRACT Tomato is an important economic crop due to its consumption and production worldwide. However, like other crops, it is susceptible to pathogens, being necessary agrochemicals to prevent diseases and improve the production of fruits. Among the sustainable alternatives to crop production, microbial inoculants are used as biofungicide and biostimulants for plant development. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of seven Trichoderma spp. isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, T15, T17, and T19) against tomato pathogens in vitro experiments, and their potential to improve tomato growth. The Trichoderma spp. antagonism was investigated against Alternaria sp. 003/09, Botrytis sp. 006/13, Fusarium sp. 007/09, and Stemphylium sp. A73. Dual culture, volatile, and diffusible compounds activity tests showed that all new Trichoderma spp. tested could reduce the mycelial growth of all tested pathogens, highlighting T15 and T17 isolates. Seed and soil inoculation revealed very contrasting results: Trichoderma sp. T17 showed a beneficial effect when inoculated in soil, reducing the percentage of yellowish leaves, and increasing dry weight and stem diameter. Inoculation of Trichoderma sp. T17 in the seed increases hypocotyl and radicle lengths, and the seed vigor index. Finally, the strains studied present the potential to be used to develop biocontrol products. worldwide However crops fruits development Thus spp T1, T1 T (T1 T2 T3 T4 T19 experiments sp 00309 003 09 003/09 00613 006 13 006/13 00709 007 007/09 A73 A culture volatile results leaves diameter lengths index Finally products (T 0030 00 0 003/0 0061 1 006/1 0070 007/0 A7 003/ 006/ 007/

ABSTRACT Cultivation of eucalyptus is of great importance in Brazil. Ceratocystis wilt is a disease of great economic relevance in the country, affecting eucalyptus, cacao and mango crops. New alternatives are needed for the management of this disease because infected plants frequently have to be removed from the area, causing losses to the farmers. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of biological control agents (Trichoderma harzianum and Purpureocillium lilacinum), applied by different modes, against Ceratocystis fimbriata in the soil. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Dracena – São Paulo State, in two phases: one phase of 4 months with 90-day-old seedlings, and another phase of 2 months with 60-day-old seedlings. The following treatments were performed: Infested soil and soaking (IS + S); Infested soil and hydrogel (IS + H); Infested soil and irrigation (IS + IR); Infested soil and powder (IS + P); Negative Control (NC); Positive Control (CP). Results indicated that plants inoculated with the pathogen and treated with the control agents tended to have a higher chlorophyll index. Treatments with both biological agents applied by irrigation and powder in the soil (IS+IR and IS+P) presented the best and most consistent results for the two tested seedling ages. Brazil country crops area farmers Trichoderma lilacinum, lilacinum , lilacinum) modes State phases 90dayold dayold 90 day old seedlings 60dayold 60 performed IS S S) H H) IR IR) P P) NC (NC) CP. CP . (CP) index IS+IR ISIR IS+P ISP ages 9 6 (NC (CP

RESUMO O cultivo de eucalipto tem grande importância no Brasil. A murcha-de-ceratocystis, é uma doença com grande importância econômica no país nas culturas do eucalipto, cacau e manga. São necessárias novas alternativas para o manejo da doença, pois frequentemente plantas infectadas precisam ser removidas, causando prejuízo aos produtores. Esse estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos agentes de controle biológico (Trichoderma harzianum e Purpureocillium lilacinum) em diferentes modos de aplicação contra Ceratocystis fimbriata no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Dracena – SP em duas fases, uma durante 4 meses com mudas de 90 dias e outra durante 2 meses com mudas de 60 dias. Os seguintes tratamentos foram realizados: Solo infestado e imersão (IS + S); Solo infestado e hidrogel (IS + H); Solo infestado por irrigação (IS + IR); Solo infestado com pó (IS + P); Controle negativo (NC); e Controle positivo (CP). Os resultados indicaram que plantas inoculadas com o patógeno e tratadas com os agentes de controle tendem a apresentam maior índice de clorofila. Os tratamentos com ambos agentes biológicos de controle aplicados em forma de irrigação ou pó no solo (IS+IR e IS+P) apresentaram os melhores e mais consistentes resultados nas duas idades de mudas avaliadas. Brasil murchadeceratocystis, murchadeceratocystis murcha ceratocystis, ceratocystis murcha-de-ceratocystis manga removidas produtores Trichoderma lilacinum fases 9 6 realizados IS S S) H H) IR IR) P P) NC (NC) CP. CP . (CP) clorofila IS+IR ISIR IS+P ISP avaliadas (NC (CP

RESUMO Fungos patogênicos habitantes do solo estão se tornando um dos maiores desafios para o cultivo de melão globalmente. Existe também uma necessidade para uma redução no uso de agroquímicos devido às restrições de resíduos químicos em melões. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes fungicidas (difenoconazol, fluazinam, fludioxonil e procimidona) e Trichoderma spp. (T. asperellum, T. harzianum, e dois isolados de T. longibrachiatum), no controle de Ceratobasidium sp., Fusarium falciforme, Macrophomina phaseolina e Monosporascus cannonballus. Fluazinam (EC50 variando de 0,01 a 0,88 mg/L) e fludioxonil (EC50 variando de 0,01 a 0,07 mg/L) foram os fungicidas mais eficientes, com redução do crescimento micelial, e procimidona (EC50 variando de 2,31 a 9,77 mg/L) foi o menos eficiente nos ensaios in vitro. Ceratobasidium sp., F. falciforme, M. phaseolina e M. cannonballus demonstraram alta sensibilidade a fludioxonil. Os isolados de Trichoderma spp. apresentaram alta eficiência no controle dos patógenos nos ensaios in vitro, com inibição do crescimento micelial acima de 70%. Nos experimentos em campo, os tratamentos com Trichoderma demonstraram um bom potencial para reduzir incidência (28,00 a 69,33%) e severidade (0,95 a 2,25) de doenças. Os resultados encontrados demonstram potencial do uso de diferentes fungicidas e Trichoderma spp. para controle de patógenos, in vitro e em campo. Estas estratégias de controle podem ser usadas isoladamente ou em combinação com outras técnicas de manejo, como enxertia e/ou melhoramento genético para resistência, no campo para manejo desses patógenos que ameaçam a produção de melão em todo o mundo. globalmente melões Assim difenoconazol, difenoconazol (difenoconazol fluazinam spp T (T asperellum harzianum longibrachiatum, longibrachiatum , longibrachiatum) sp sp. falciforme EC50 EC (EC5 001 0 01 0,0 088 88 0,8 mg/L mgL mg L 007 07 eficientes 231 2 31 2,3 977 9 77 9,7 F M 70 70% 28,00 2800 28 00 (28,0 69,33% 6933 69 33 0,95 095 95 (0,9 2,25 225 25 doenças eou resistência mundo EC5 (EC 0, 08 8 23 3 2, 97 7 9, 28,0 280 (28, 69,33 693 6 0,9 09 (0, 2,2 22 28, (28 69,3 (0 (2 69, (

ABSTRACT Soil-borne fungal pathogens pose an increasing challenge to melon cultivation globally. The demand for reduced agrochemical use in melon farming, driven by limitations on chemical residues in the fruit, underscores the need for alternative control strategies. This study assesses the effectiveness of various fungicides-difenoconazole, fluazinam, fludioxonil, and procymidone -and Trichoderma spp. strains (T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and two strains of T. longibrachiatum) in combatting Ceratobasidium sp., Fusarium falciforme, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Monosporascus cannonballus. Fluazinam (EC50 from 0.01 to 0.88 mg/L) and fludioxonil (EC50 from 0.01 to 0.07 mg/L) emerged as the most effective fungicides in suppressing the mycelial growth of the pathogens in vitro, whereas procymidone (EC50 from 2.31 to 9.77 mg/L) was the least effective. Fludioxonil demonstrated significant efficacy against Ceratobasidium sp., F. falciforme, M. phaseolina, and M. cannonballus. In vitro assays revealed that all tested Trichoderma spp. strains significantly inhibited mycelial growth, with over 70% reduction for all pathogens examined. Field trials indicated that Trichoderma treatments could decrease disease incidence (28.00 to 69.33%) and severity (0.95 to 2.25) in melon crops. These findings illuminate the potential of various fungicides and Trichoderma spp. in managing soil-borne pathogens in melon cultivation. Such control methods might be employed independently or synergistically with other strategies like grafting onto resistant rootstocks or breeding for resistance to mitigate the threats these pathogens pose to global melon production. Soilborne Soil borne globally farming fruit fungicidesdifenoconazole, fungicidesdifenoconazole difenoconazole, difenoconazole fungicides-difenoconazole fluazinam spp T (T asperellum harzianum longibrachiatum sp sp. falciforme phaseolina cannonballus EC50 EC (EC5 001 0 01 0.0 088 88 0.8 mg/L mgL mg L 007 07 231 2 31 2.3 977 9 77 9.7 F M 70 examined 28.00 2800 28 00 (28.0 69.33% 6933 69 33 0.95 095 95 (0.9 2.25 225 25 crops soilborne soil production EC5 (EC 0. 08 8 23 3 2. 97 7 9. 28.0 280 (28. 69.33 693 6 0.9 09 (0. 2.2 22 28. (28 69.3 (0 (2 69. (

ABSTRACT In the composition of the soil microbiome, there are numerous microorganisms capable of promoting plant growth, better known as plant growth-promoting microorganisms. The study aimed to determine the effects of multifunctional microorganisms, alone or in combination, on shoot, root, and total biomass production, gas exchange, macronutrient content, yield components, and grain yield of corn plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Twenty-six treatments consisted of isolated or combined microbiolization of corn seeds with the rhizobacteria Bacillus sp. (BRM 32109, BRM 32110, and BRM 63573), Burkholderia cepacea (BRM 32111), Pseudomonas sp. (BRM 32112), Serratia marcenses BRM 32113, Serratia sp. (BRM 32114), Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5), and Azospirillum sp. (BRM 63574), an isolated of fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis (BRM 53736), and a control treatment (without the application of microorganisms). At seven and 21 days, two more applications of the same treatments were carried out in the soil and the plants, respectively. The microorganisms applied alone or in combination promoted significant increases of 49% in corn plant biomass, 30% in gas exchange, 36% in macronutrient content, and 33% in grain yield. Isolates BRM 32114, Ab-V5, BRM 32110, and BRM 32112 and the combinations BRM 32114 + BRM 53736, BRM 63573 + Ab-V5, and BRM 32114 + BRM 32110 promoted better benefits to corn, allowing us to infer that the use of beneficial microorganisms significantly affects the development of corn plants. microbiome growth growthpromoting shoot root production exchange content components plants design replications Twentysix Twenty six sp 32109 63573, , 63573) 32111, 32111 32111) 32112, 32112) 32113 32114) AbV5, AbV5 AbV Ab V5 V (Ab-V5) 63574, 63574 63574) 53736 53736) without . microorganisms) 2 days respectively 49 30 36 33 V5, Ab-V5 3211 6357 3210 (Ab-V5 5373 4 3 Ab-V 321 635 (Ab-V 537 32 63 53 6 5

RESUMO Na composição do microbioma do solo tem-se inúmeros microrganismos, capazes de promover o crescimento vegetal, mais conhecidos como microrganismos promotores de crescimento de plantas. Objetivamos determinar os efeitos de microrganismos multifuncionais, isoladamente ou em combinação, na produção de biomassa da parte aérea, raiz e total, nas trocas gasosas, no teor de macronutrientes, componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de plantas de milho. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Utilizou-se 26 tratamentos que consistiram na microbiolização isolada ou combinada das sementes de milho com as rizobactérias BRM 32109, BRM 32110 e BRM 63573 (Bacillus sp.), BRM 32111 (Burkholderia cepacea), BRM 32112 (Pseudomonas sp.), BRM 32113 (Serratia marcenses) and BRM 32114 (Serratia sp.), Ab-V5 (Azospirillum brasilense) e BRM 63574 (Azospirillum sp.), um isolado de fungo BRM 53736 (Trichoderma koningiopsis) e um tratamento controle (sem a aplicação de microrganismos). Aos sete e 21 dias, foram realizadas mais duas aplicações dos mesmos tratamentos, no solo e nas plantas, respectivamente. Os microrganismos aplicados isoladamente ou em combinação promoveram incrementos significativos de 49% na biomassa das plantas de milho, 30% nas trocas gasosas, 36% no teor de macronutrientes e 33% na produtividade. Os isolados BRM 32114, Ab-V5, BRM 32110 e BRM 32112 e as combinações BRM 32114 + BRM 53736, BRM 63573 + Ab-V5 e 32114 + BRM 32110 promoveram melhores benefícios ao milho, nos permitindo inferir que o uso de microrganismos benéficos afetam significativamente o desenvolvimento das plantas de milho. temse tem se vegetal multifuncionais aérea total gasosas casualizado repetições Utilizouse Utilizou 2 32109 3211 6357 Bacillus sp., sp sp. , sp.) Burkholderia cepacea, cepacea cepacea) Pseudomonas Serratia marcenses AbV5 AbV Ab V5 V Ab-V Azospirillum brasilense 5373 Trichoderma koningiopsis sem microrganismos. . microrganismos) dias respectivamente 49 30 36 33 AbV5, V5, 3210 321 635 537 4 3 32 63 53 6 5

ABSTRACT The increasing demand for using microorganisms in agriculture to improve food production requires constantly assessing microbial diversity. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical properties of individual and combined multifunctional microorganisms, as well as to identify potential applications in biotechnology or agriculture. The experiment comprised 29 treatments, with 7 single and 21 combined microorganisms: M01 (Serratia marcescens), M02 (Bacillus toyonensis), M03 (Phanerochaete australis), M04 (Trichoderma koningiopsis), M05 (Azospirillum brasilense), M06 (Azospirillum sp.), M07 (Bacillus sp.), M08 to M28 (combination among these microorganisms) and M29 (control - no microorganisms). All the single and combined treatments assimilated nitrogen, produced siderophores and indoleacetic acid and solubilized phosphate. Only the treatments M04, M13 and M26 produced HCN. Additionally, all treatments, except for M03, produced biofilm. Only M03, M07, M09, M10, M12 and M13 solubilized potassium. diversity 2 M M0 Serratia marcescens, marcescens , marcescens) Bacillus toyonensis, toyonensis toyonensis) Phanerochaete australis, australis australis) Trichoderma koningiopsis, koningiopsis koningiopsis) Azospirillum brasilense, brasilense brasilense) sp., sp sp. sp.) M2 combination control microorganisms. . nitrogen phosphate M1 HCN Additionally biofilm M09 M10 potassium

RESUMO A crescente demanda pelo uso de micro-organismos na agricultura para melhorar a produção de alimentos exige uma avaliação constante da diversidade microbiana. Objetivou-se investigar as propriedades bioquímicas de micro-organismos multifuncionais individuais e combinados, bem como identificar aplicações potenciais em biotecnologia ou agricultura. O experimento compreendeu 29 tratamentos, com 7 micro-organismos isolados e 21 combinações: M01 (Serratia marcescens), M02 (Bacillus toyonensis), M03 (Phanerochaete australis), M04 (Trichoderma koningiopsis), M05 (Azospirillum brasilense), M06 (Azospirillum sp.), M07 (Bacillus sp.), M08 a M28 (combinação entre esses micro-organismos) e M29 (controle - sem micro-organismos). Todos os tratamentos individuais e combinados assimilaram nitrogênio, produziram sideróforos e ácido indolacético e solubilizaram fosfato. Apenas os tratamentos M04, M13 e M26 produziram HCN. Adicionalmente, todos os tratamentos, exceto M03, produziram biofilme. Somente M03, M07, M09, M10, M12 e M13 solubilizaram potássio. microorganismos micro organismos microbiana Objetivouse Objetivou se 2 combinações M M0 Serratia marcescens, marcescens , marcescens) Bacillus toyonensis, toyonensis toyonensis) Phanerochaete australis, australis australis) Trichoderma koningiopsis, koningiopsis koningiopsis) Azospirillum brasilense, brasilense brasilense) sp., sp sp. sp.) M2 combinação controle microorganismos. . nitrogênio fosfato M1 HCN Adicionalmente biofilme M09 M10 potássio

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to detect endophytic fungi associated with the seeds of 11 forest species. Ten genera of endophytic fungi were found associated with the seeds of those species. The most frequent fungi found in the seed lots were Aspergillus sp., Penicillium and Fusarium. Trichoderma sp. and Phomopsis sp. were also detected. 1 species sp Fusarium detected

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar fungos endofíticos associados às sementes de 11 espécies florestais. Dez gêneros de fungos endofíticos foram associados às sementes dessas espécies. Os fungos encontrados com maior frequência nos lotes de sementes foram Aspergillus sp., Penicillium e Fusarium. Encontrou-se também Trichoderma sp. e Phomopsis sp. 1 florestais sp Fusarium Encontrouse Encontrou se

Abstract The modeling of the growth and detoxification of a mixture of coffee residues (MCR) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) from the quantification of metabolic CO2 as an indirect method, growth stoichiometry solution, and monitoring of polyphenols is described. The SSF was carried out in Raimbault columns with Lentinus strigosus, Trichoderma harzianum and two strains of Aspergillus sp.; one isolated from barley straw (Aspergillus sp. ABS) and another from coffee residues (Aspergillus sp. ACR); the CO2 was trapped in a 1.0 M NaOH solution. The solution of the equation gave the conversion factor 3.53 g of CO2 per gram of biomass, and by the modified Gompertz equation, the modeling of biomass with R2 values greater than 0.95; µ max were 0.12 ± 0.01 h-1 for L. strigosus, 0.20 ± 0.03 h-1 for T. harzianum, 0.21 ± 0.01 h-1 for Aspergillus sp. ABS and 0.42 ± 0.08 h-1 for Aspergillus sp. ACR, however, RMSE values, indicate predictions with considered errors. Finally, detoxification was possible in 75.74 ± 6.07% with L. strigosus at 10 days, 56.13 ± 6.92%, and 50.34 ± 4.82% with T. harzianum and Aspergillus sp. ABS, respectively, at 4 days and 32.89 ± 3.17% with Aspergillus sp. ACR at 10 days. The biomass quantification and modeling strategy provides a new tool for the study of SSF, in addition, detoxification is described as consumption of polyphenols as a substrate.

Resumen Se describe el modelado del crecimiento y detoxificación de una mezcla de residuos de café (MRC) por fermentación en estado sólido (FES) a partir de la cuantificación del CO2 metabólico como método indirecto, solución de ecuación de estequiometría de crecimiento y seguimiento de polifenoles. La FES se realizó en columnas Raimbault con Lentinus strigosus, Trichoderma harzianum y dos cepas de Aspergillus sp.; una aislada de paja de cebada (Aspergillus sp. APC) y otra de residuos de café (Aspergillus sp. ARC); el CO2 se atrapó en solución de NaOH 1.0 M. La solución de la ecuación dio el factor de conversión 3.53 g de CO2 por gramo de biomasa y por la ecuación modificada de Gompertz, el modelado de biomasas con valores de R2 superiores a 0.95; las µ max fueron 0.12 ± 0.01 h-1 para L. strigosus, 0.20 ± 0.03 h-1 para T. harzianum, 0.21 ± 0.01 h-1 para Aspergillus sp. APC y 0.42 ± 0.08 h-1 para Aspergillus sp. ARC, sin embargo, los valores de RMSE, indica predicciones con errores considerados. Finalmente, la detoxificación se logró en 75.74 ± 6.07% con L. strigosus a los 10 días, 56.13 ± 6.92% y 50.34 ± 4.82% con T. harzianum y Aspergillus sp. APC, respectivamente, a los 4 días y 32.89 ± 3.17% con Aspergillus sp. ARC a los 10 días. La estrategia de cuantificación y modelado de biomasas dota de una nueva herramienta para el estudio de FES, además se describe la detoxificación como consumo de polifenoles como sustrato.

Abstract The pepper crop has a high production value in Mexico and is one of the main horticultural products. Wilt is the main crop disease, caused by the phytopathogens Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora capsici. The management of the disease is unsatisfactory to date, therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antagonistic capacity of native isolates of Trichoderma asperellum, T. yunnanense, T. brevicompactum and T. simmonsii against the three agents that cause root rot. In the laboratory, the growth of each phytopathogen was determined when they were placed in dual confrontation, in soluble compounds (SC) assay by the cellophane film method and in volatile organic compounds (VOC) assay. The statistical analysis indicated that, in direct confrontation the four species more inhibited R. solani (52 to 75%) and P. capsici (64 to 69%); to Fusarium sp, only from 19 to 47%. The CS of T. brevicompactum inhibited R. solani by 64%. T. simmonsii CS inhibited P. capsici by 34%. The VOCs produced by T. yunnanense affect the growth of R. solani by more than 60%. Those of T. simmonsii and T. brevicompactum mostly to P. capsici (34-35%). The participation of CS and VOCs in the inhibition varies depending on the Trichoderma species and the phytopathogenic species. Finally, native biocontrol species have the potential to become a solution alternative for root rots of pepper

Resumen El cultivo del chile tiene un alto valor de producción en México y es uno de los principales productos hortícolas. La marchitez es la principal enfermedad del cultivo, causada por los fitopatógenos Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. Y Phytophthora capsici. El manejo de la enfermedad es insatisfactorio a la fecha, por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad antagónica in vitro de aislamientos nativos de Trichoderma asperellum, T. yunnanense, T. brevicompactum y T. simmonsii frente a los tres agentes que causan la pudrición radical. En laboratorio se determinó el crecimiento de cada fitopatógeno cuando fueron colocados en confrontación dual, en pruebas de compuestos solubles (CS) por el método de película de celofán y en pruebas de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV). El análisis estadístico indicó que en confrontación directa las cuatro especies inhibieron más a R. solani (52 a 75%) y a P. capsici (64 a 69%); a Fusarium sp, solo de 19 a 47%. Los CS de T. brevicompactum ejercen un mayor control sobre R. solani con valores de 64%. Los CS de T. simmonsii inhibieron 34% a P. capsici. Los COVs que produce T. yunnanense afectan el crecimiento de R. solani más de 60%. Los de T. simmonsii y T. brevicompactum mayormente a P. capsici (34-35%). La participación de los CS y COVs en la inhibición varía dependiendo de la especie de Trichoderma y de la especie fitopatógena. Finalmente, las especies biocontroladoras nativas tienen el potencial para convertirse en una alternativa de solución de las pudriciones radicales.

Abstract Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) crop is susceptible to many disease-causing agents that affect a plant, like a root rot, reducing its productivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antagonist potential of Trichoderma sp. on Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of root rot in yerba mate. Four Trichoderma spp. isolates and one Fusarium oxysporum isolate were used. The antagonistic action of Trichoderma spp. on F. oxysporum was evaluated through the dual cultures and volatile metabolites tests. The results of the dual cultures assay revealed that Trichoderma spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, with percent inhibition ranging from 13.06 to 14.24%. Moreover, in the volatile metabolites test, T. tomentosum and T. harzianum showed the best inhibition results, 27.70 and 24.46%, respectively. Thus, Trichoderma spp. presented in vitro antagonist potential in the control of Fusarium oxysporum. Ilex paraguariensis diseasecausing disease causing plant productivity sp spp used F tests 1306 13 06 13.0 1424 14 24 14.24% Moreover test T 2770 27 70 27.7 2446 46 24.46% respectively Thus 130 1 0 13. 142 2 14.24 277 7 27. 244 4 24.46 14.2 24.4 14. 24.

Resumo A cultura da erva-mate está exposta a doenças que prejudicam o desenvolvimento da planta, reduzindo a produtividade. Dentre essas doenças têm-se a podridão-de-raízes causada por Fusarium spp. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação antagonista in vitro de Trichoderma spp. sobre Fusarium oxysporum, agente causal da podridão-de-raízes em erva-mate. Foram utilizados quatro isolados de Trichoderma spp. e um isolado de Fusarium oxysporum. A ação antagônica de Trichoderma spp. sobre F. oxysporum foi avaliada por meio do teste de pareamento de culturas e de metabólitos voláteis. No teste de pareamento de culturas, os isolados de Trichoderma spp. inibiram o crescimento micelial de Fusarium oxysporum, com percentual de inibição que variou de 13,06% a 14,24%. No teste de metabólitos voláteis, T. tomentosum e T. harzianum apresentaram os melhores resultados de inibição, com 27,70% e 24,46%, respectivamente. Assim, pode-se concluir que Trichoderma spp. apresenta ação antagonista in vitro contra F. oxysporum, agente causal da podridão-de-raízes em erva-mate. ervamate erva mate planta produtividade têmse têm se podridãoderaízes podridão raízes spp ervamate. mate. F voláteis 1306 13 06 13,06 1424 14 24 14,24% T 2770 27 70 27,70 2446 46 24,46% respectivamente Assim podese pode 130 1 0 13,0 142 2 14,24 277 7 27,7 244 4 24,46 13, 14,2 27, 24,4 14, 24,

Resumen El consumo de papa se realiza en todo el Altiplano de Puno y entre los desechos orgánicos producidos diariamente en el hogar se encuentra la cáscara de papa. El objetivo de la investigación es la producción de tubérculos a partir de yemas presentes en cáscaras de papa con cuatro cepas de Trichoderma sp. El estudio se realizó bajo un diseño experimental con cuatro cepas de Trichoderma sp., en forma al azar con un total de 5 tratamientos distribuidas con dos repeticiones con un total de 12 unidades experimentales, se seleccionó las cáscaras de papa con yemas, incluyendo un abonamiento con cuatro cepas nativas y comerciales de Trichoderma, para favorecer el crecimiento de plántulas, dándose mayor valor a la “producción orgánica”. Los resultados encontrados evidencian que la mayor cantidad de tubérculos se logró con cepa de Trichoderma sp. 3 con 121.50 tubérculos/2.4m2 (10.13 tubérculos/planta); seguido de la cepa de Trichoderma sp. 5 con 107.50 tubérculos/2.4m2 (8.96 tubérculos/planta), los cuales estadísticamente fueron similares y superiores a los demás tratamientos. Mientras el testigo tuvo menor cantidad de tubérculos con 18.50 tubérculos/2.4m2 (1.54 tubérculos/planta). Por tanto, en la práctica milenaria de la sabiduría andina rescatamos el uso de cepas nativas de Trichoderma sp., para así contribuir en la solución de los problemas humano-ambientales y el uso sostenible de la cascara de papa en la región.

Abstract Potato consumption occurs throughout the Altiplano of Puno and among the organic wastes produced daily at home is potato peelings. The objective of this research is the production of tubers from buds present in potato peels with four strains of Trichoderma sp. The study was carried out under an experimental design with four strains of Trichoderma sp, in a randomized way with a total of 5 treatments that were distributed with two repetitions with a total of 12 experimental units, the potato peels with buds were selected, including a fertilization with four native and commercial strains of Trichoderma, some of them were codified since the species has not yet been identified, to support the growth of seedlings so, in this way, it gives value to the "organic production". The results found evidenced that the greater quantity of tubers was obtained with the strain of Trichoderma sp. 3 with 121.50 tubers/2.4m2 (10.13 tubers/plant). Followed by the strain of Trichoderma sp. 5 with 107.50 tubers/2.4m2 (8.96 tubers/plant), which statistically were similar and superior to the other treatments, while the control had less quantity of tubers with 18.50 tubers/2.4m2 (1.54 tubers/plant). Therefore, in the millenary practice of Andean wisdom, we rescued the use of native strains of Trichoderma sp. in order to contribute to the solution of human-environmental problems and the sustainable use of potato peelings in the region.