In the water/triethanolamine/ethanol system, TiCl4 aqueous solution is used as the precursor to regulate the conversion rate of TiCl4 by changing the reaction temperature, water volume, pH value, and ethanol amount. The experiment uses a single-factor method to investigate the dynamic relationship between Ti4+ concentration and time under various factors, thereby achieving controllable TiO2 production. The experimental results showed that under a single factor, the conversion rate showed a trend of first steep and then slow growth within 180 min. After 180 min, the conversion rate tended to stabilize. Considering various factors, it was found that VTiCl4:VC6H15NO3:VH2O:VC2H5OH = 1:6:15:30, pH = 7, reaction time at room temperature was 4 h, and the hydrolysis effect was good. The final conversion rate was 90.46%, and the hydrolysis reaction conforms to the first-order reaction equation. Kinetic parameters: pre-factor (A) = 0.107, activation energy (Ea) = 4488.65 J mol-1. watertriethanolamineethanol triethanolamine system TiCl volume value amount singlefactor factor Ti4 Ti factors TiO production 18 min stabilize VTiCl4VC6H15NO3VH2OVC2H5OH VTiClVCHNOVHOVCHOH VTiCl4 VC6H15NO3 VH2O VC2H5OH VTiCl VC H NO VH O OH 161530, 161530 1 6 15 30, 30 1:6:15:30 7 h good 9046 90 46 90.46% firstorder order equation parameters prefactor pre A (A 0107 0 107 0.107 Ea (Ea 448865 4488 65 4488.6 mol1. mol1 mol 1. mol-1 OVC VCHNO VC6H15NO VHO VCHOH 16153 3 1:6:15:3 904 9 90.46 010 10 0.10 44886 448 4488. mol- 1615 1:6:15: 90.4 01 0.1 44 161 1:6:15 90. 0. 16 1:6:1 1:6: 1:6 1:

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a sazonalidade da bronquiolite aguda no Brasil durante a temporada 2020–2022 e compará-la com a das temporadas anteriores. Métodos: Os dados de incidência de internações por bronquiolite aguda em lactentes <1 ano de idade foram obtidos do Departamento de Informática da base de dados da Saúde Pública Brasileira para o período entre 2016 e 2022. Esses dados também foram analisados por macrorregiões do Brasil (Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste). Para descrever características sazonais e de tendência ao longo do tempo, utilizamos o Modelo de Médias Móveis Integradas Autorregressivas Sazonais. Resultados: Em comparação com o período pré-COVID-19, a incidência de hospitalizações relacionadas com bronquiolite aguda diminuiu 97% durante as intervenções não farmacológicas (março de 2020 – agosto de 2021), mas aumentou 95% após a flexibilização das intervenções não farmacológicas (setembro de 2021 – dezembro de 2022), resultando no aumento geral de 16%. Durante o período pré-COVID-19, as hospitalizações por bronquiolite aguda seguiram um padrão sazonal, que foi interrompido em 2020–2021, mas recuperaram-se em 2022, com um pico ocorrido em maio, aproximadamente 4% superior ao pico pré-COVID-19. Conclusões: Este estudo ressalta a influência significativa das intervenções contra a COVID-19 nas hospitalizações por bronquiolite aguda no Brasil. A restauração de um padrão sazonal em 2022 sublinha a interação entre as medidas de saúde pública e a dinâmica das doenças respiratórias em crianças pequenas. Objetivo 20202022 2020–202 comparála compará la anteriores Métodos 1 < 201 Norte, Norte (Norte Nordeste Sudeste CentroOeste. CentroOeste Centro Oeste . Centro-Oeste) tempo Sazonais Resultados préCOVID19, préCOVID19 préCOVID pré COVID 19, 19 pré-COVID-19 97 março 202 2021, , 2021) 95 setembro 2022) 16 16% 20202021 2020–2021 recuperaramse recuperaram se maio 4 préCOVID19. 19. Conclusões COVID19 COVID-1 pequenas 2020202 2020–20 20 Centro-Oeste préCOVID1 pré-COVID-1 9 COVID1 COVID- 202020 2020–2 2 pré-COVID- 20202 2020– pré-COVID

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the seasonality of acute bronchiolitis in Brazil during the 2020–2022 season and compare it with the previous seasons. Methods: Data from the incidence of hospitalizations due to acute bronchiolitis in infants <1 year of age were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Public Health database for the period between 2016 and 2022. These data were also analyzed by macro-regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest). To describe seasonal and trend characteristics over time, we used the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages Model. Results: Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, the incidence of hospitalizations related to acute bronchiolitis decreased by 97% during non-pharmacological interventions (March 2020 – August 2021) but increased by 95% after non-pharmacological interventions relaxation (September 2021 – December 2022), resulting in a 16% overall increase. During the pre-COVID-19 period, hospitalizations for acute bronchiolitis followed a seasonal pattern, which was disrupted in 2020–2021 but recovered in 2022, with a peak occurring in May, approximately 4% higher than the pre-COVID-19 peak. Conclusions: This study underscores the significant influence of COVID-19 interventions on acute bronchiolitis hospitalizations in Brazil. The restoration of a seasonal pattern in 2022 highlights the interplay between public health measures and respiratory illness dynamics in young children. Objective 20202022 2020–202 seasons Methods 1 < 201 macroregions macro regions North, North (North Northeast Southeast South Midwest. Midwest . Midwest) time Model Results preCOVID19 preCOVID pre COVID 19 pre-COVID-1 97 nonpharmacological non pharmacological March 202 95 September , 2022) 16 increase 20202021 May 4 Conclusions COVID19 COVID-1 children 2020202 2020–20 20 preCOVID1 pre-COVID- 9 COVID1 COVID- 202020 2020–2 2 pre-COVID 20202 2020–

What motivates voters to support candidates with backgrounds in public security for Brazil’s National Congress, the so-called Law & Order (L&O) politicians? The 2018 elections witnessed a surge in parliamentarians from police and military backgrounds and the election of a president closely aligned with this agenda. We explore whether this trend correlates with municipal-level violence indicators and the presence of municipal capacity in the security sector, employing various regression models that account for socioeconomic, demographic, political, and geographic factors. Our findings from the additive model reveal a negative association between the level of violence and votes for L&O candidates. This suggests a potential disconnection between fear, victimization, and support for repressive policies, while also indicating that local capacity in the security sector tend to enhance L&O candidates’ performance. However, our model incorporating the interaction between both variables uncovers that violence exacerbates the negative impact on L&O voting when the city has capacity in the security sector. This may reflect a municipal-level preference for preventive measures, particularly in more violent areas, which contrasts with the generally repressive stance of L&O candidates. Brazils Brazil s Congress socalled so called LO L O (L&O politicians 201 agenda municipallevel socioeconomic demographic political factors fear victimization policies performance However measures areas 20 2

Résumé Les études sur les coalitions se concentrent exclusivement sur l’aspect partisan des alliances politiques du président. Cet article analyse la présence proportionnelle des États dans les bureaux ministériels formés durant les gouvernements de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva et Dilma Rousseff. À partir du lieu d’origine politique de 265 ministres, nous avons développé un indice pour mesurer le taux de coalescence fédérative des cabinets. Cet indice estime la proportionnalité de la représentation des État au sein des équipes ministérielles année par année durant ces gouvernements. Au-delà de la surreprésentation de certains États par rapport au poids effectif de leurs caucus au Congrès national, nos résultats permettent de comparer les valeurs de la coalescence fédérative avec la coalescence partisane au fil du temps. L’indice montre que le président de la République cherche à privilégier certaines factions étatiques au sein des partis de la base alliée, exprimant ainsi une nouvelle dimension du présidentielle de coalition. laspect l aspect Cardoso Rousseff dorigine d origine 26 ministres cabinets Audelà Au delà national temps Lindice L alliée coalition 2

Resumo Estudos sobre coalizões estão focados exclusivamente no aspecto partidário das alianças políticas do presidente. O artigo analisa a presença proporcional dos estados nos gabinetes ministeriais formados nos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva e Dilma Rousseff. A partir do local de origem política de 265 ministros, desenvolvemos um índice para mensurar a taxa de coalescência federativa dos gabinetes. Esse índice estima a proporcionalidade da representação estadual das equipes ministeriais ano a ano nesses governos. Mais do que a sobrerrepresentação de alguns estados em relação ao peso efetivo de suas bancadas no Congresso Nacional, nossos resultados permitem comparar os valores da coalescência federativa com a coalescência partidária ao longo do tempo. O índice mostra que o presidente da República procura privilegiar certas facções estaduais dentro dos partidos da base aliada, expressando assim uma nova dimensão do presidencialismo de coalizão. Cardoso Rousseff 26 ministros Nacional tempo aliada coalizão 2

Resumen Los estudios sobre las coaliciones se centran exclusivamente en el aspecto partidista de las alianzas políticas del presidente. El artículo analiza la presencia proporcional de los estados en los gabinetes ministeriales formados por los gobiernos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva y Dilma Rousseff. Basándonos en el lugar de origen político de 265 ministros, desarrollamos un índice para medir la tasa de coalescencia federativa de los gabinetes. Este índice estima la proporcionalidad de la representación estatal de los equipos ministeriales año tras año en estos gobiernos. Más que la sobrerrepresentación de algunos estados en relación con el peso efectivo de sus grupos en el Congreso Nacional, nuestros resultados nos permiten comparar los valores de la coalescencia federal con la coalescencia de los partidos a lo largo del tiempo. El índice muestra que el Presidente de la República busca favorecer a determinadas facciones estatales dentro de los partidos de la base aliada, expresando así una nueva dimensión del presidencialismo de coalición. presidente Cardoso Rousseff 26 ministros Nacional tiempo aliada coalición 2

Abstract While existing studies on coalitions focus primarily on the party-level dynamics of a president’s political alliances, this paper examines the proportional representation of states within ministries during the terms of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, and Dilma Rousseff. Based on the political origins of 265 ministers, we developed an index to measure the extent of state-level coalescence of the ministries. This index allows us to assess the year-by-year proportionality of state-level representativeness within the ministries. More than merely identifying over-representation of certain states relative to their congressional influence, our results enable a comparative analysis of federative coalescence as compared to party coalescence over time. Our findings signal a trend in which the President of the Republic tends to favor specific state factions within allied parties, shedding light on a previously unexplored dimension of coalition presidentialism. partylevel level presidents president s alliances Cardoso Silva Rousseff 26 ministers statelevel yearbyyear year by overrepresentation influence time parties presidentialism 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: toxoplasmosis is a parasitosis that causes serious infections in immunocompromised patients and newborns. The serological status of the mother influences the possibility of transmission to the fetus if the infection is contracted during pregnancy. It is necessary to know the prevalence of this condition in pregnant women as a first step to carry out actions aimed at knowing the real burden of the disease and reducing this pathology. Objective: determine the IgG and IgM seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and newborns from January 2017 to January 2021. Methodology: pregnant women in their immediate peripartum period and newborns up to one week of extrauterine life were included. IgG and IgM were measured in peripheral blood by the ECLIA method. The calculated sample size was 800 per group, for the study period. Results: 2524 newborns and 2029 pregnant women were included. The prevalence of IgG was 97.5 % and 97 % for pregnant women and newborns, respectively, and IgM: 4.7 % and 1.9% for women and newborns, respectively. The seroprevalence trends remained constant for IgG for both groups, while IgM showed a slight increasing trend. Conclusions: IgG seroprevalence was close to 100% in both populations, probably due to the transplacental transfer of IgG, however, a small percentage of IgM was noted, a probable marker of acute infection.

RESUMEN Introducción: la toxoplasmosis es una parasitosis que causa infecciones graves en inmunocomprometidos y recién nacidos. El estado serológico de la madre influye en la posibilidad de transmisión al feto si la infección es contraída durante el embarazo. Es necesario conocer la prevalencia de esta afección en gestantes como primer paso para realizar acciones tendientes a conocer la carga real de la enfermedad y disminuir esta patología. Objetivo: determinar la seroprevalencia IgG e IgM de toxoplasmosis de gestantes y recién nacidos periodo de enero 2017 a enero 2021. Metodología: se incluyeron las gestantes en su periodo periparto inmediato y recién nacidos hasta la semana de vida extrauterina. Se midió IgG e IgM en sangre periférica por método ECLIA. El tamaño muestral calculado fue de 800 por grupo, para el periodo de estudio. Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Resultados: fueron incluidos 2524 recién nacidos y 2029 gestantes. Las prevalencias de IgG fueron de 97,5 % y 97 % para gestantes y recién nacidos respectivamente, y la IgM: 4,7% y 1,9 % para mujeres y recién nacidos respectivamente. Las tendencias de las seroprevalencias se mantuvieron constantes para IgG para ambos grupos, mientras que la IgM presentó una leve tendencia al aumento. Conclusiones: la seroprevalencia de IgG fue cercana al 100 % en ambas poblaciones, probablemente debido a la transferencia transplacentaria de IgG, sin embargo, se nota un porcentaje pequeño de IgM, probable marcador de infección aguda.

Abstract Given the environmental impacts associated with the production of conventional Portland cement, the study of special cements with reduced environmental impact has been a trend. In this context, cements containing ye'elimite (YCC) stand out due to their low CO 2 emissions. Despite the environmental advantages, the high demand for aluminum economically limits the production of these cements.An alternative to making its production feasible is using residual raw materials as a source of Al 2 O 3 , such as SFCC (spent fluidized catalytic cracking).In view of this, this work aims to evaluate hydration at the initial age of cements. For this, six clinkers were produced with different ye'elimite contents, with and without SFCC. These were characterized by XRD/Rietveld. The pastes were evaluated by TG/DTG and XRD/Rietveld to understand the hydration mechanism on the third day of these cements. It was possible to synthesize the main phases of YCC, in clinkers with and without SFCC. In addition, at the age evaluated, the pastes with and without SFCC presented comparable phase composition, indicating the potential for co-processing this residue. cement trend context yeelimite ye elimite YCC (YCC emissions advantages cementsAn An spent cracking.In crackingIn cracking .In contents XRDRietveld XRD Rietveld TGDTG TG DTG addition composition coprocessing co processing residue

Resumo Diante dos impactos ambientais associados à produção do cimento Portland convencional, o estudo de cimentos especiais de reduzido impacto ambiental tem sido uma tendência. Neste contexto, os cimentos contendo ye’elimita (YCC) se destacam devido à baixa emissão de CO2. Apesar das vantagens ambientais, a alta demanda por alumínio limita economicamente a produção destes cimentos. Uma alternativa para viabilizar a sua produção é o uso de matérias-primas residuais como fonte de Al2O3, a exemplo do SFCC (catalizador gasto do craqueamento catalítico de leito fluidizado). Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a hidratação na idade inicial de cimentos YCC produzidos a partir do coprocessamento do SFCC. Para isso, foram produzidos seis clínqueres com diferentes teores de ye’elimita, com e sem SFCC. Estes foram caracterizados por DRX/Rietveld. As pastas foram avaliadas por TG/DTG e DRX/Rietveld para compreender o mecanismo de hidratação em idade inicial destes cimentos. Foi possível sintetizar as principais fases dos YCC, nos clínqueres com e sem SFCC. Além disso, na idade avaliada, as pastas com e sem SFCC apresentaram composição de fases comparáveis indicando o potencial de coprocessamento do SFCC neste tipo de cimento. convencional tendência contexto yeelimita ye elimita (YCC CO2 CO matériasprimas matérias primas Al2O3 AlO Al O catalizador fluidizado. fluidizado . fluidizado) disso isso yeelimita, elimita, DRXRietveld DRX Rietveld TGDTG TG DTG avaliada Al2O

Abstract The conservation of cultural heritage needs to be aligned with current sustainability policies. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using kaolin residue, either totally or partially replacing bentonite, in Mário Mendonça de Oliveira's formulation for cleaning stone surfaces, in order to measure possible changes in the appearance or structure of Lioz stone. The influence of some variables, such as the application time of the plaster and the concentration of the clay minerals used, was evaluated. The experimental methodology consisted of drying and pulverizing the residue; quantifying and weighing the reagents; wet cleaning the rock; synthesis, application, and removal of the plaster. Throughout the research, analysis techniques were employed to characterize the starting materials, the products formed, and the alterations produced on the rock surface. After the wet cleaning process, there was a trend for increased brightness in all studied ranges, and an increase in brightness in all ranges where 100% kaolin plaster was applied during 7 and 14 days. policies Therefore residue bentonite Oliveiras Oliveira s surfaces variables used evaluated reagents synthesis research materials formed surface process 100 1 days 10

Resumo A conservação de bens culturais necessita estar alinhada com a política de sustentabilidade da atualidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do resíduo do caulim substituindo total ou parcialmente a bentonita, na formulação de Mário Mendonça de Oliveira, para a limpeza de superfícies pétreas. E dessa forma avaliar possíveis alterações no aspecto ou na estrutura do lioz. Para tanto foram avaliadas a influência de algumas variáveis, como tempo de aplicação do emplastro e a concentração dos argilominerais utilizados. A metodologia experimental consistiu em: secagem e pulverização do resíduo; quantificação e pesagem dos reagentes; limpeza úmida da rocha; síntese, aplicação e remoção do emplastro. Ao longo da pesquisa foram empregadas técnicas de análise, para caracterizar os materiais de partida, os produtos formados e as alterações produzidas na superfície da rocha. Após a limpeza por via úmida houve uma tendência de elevação de brilho em todas as faixas estudadas; e um aumento do mesmo em todas as faixas em que foi aplicado o emplastro de 100% caulim, para os tempos de 7 e 14 dias. atualidade Assim bentonita Oliveira pétreas lioz variáveis utilizados reagentes rocha síntese análise partida estudadas 100 1 dias 10

Abstract This article analyzes the relationship between gentrification and the economic-gastronomic landscape in two neighborhoods in downtown Mexico City. The objective is to conceptually readjust these terms and to recognize the singularities of their manifestations in Latin America. To this end, a theoretical framework is constructed that outlines the three epistemological cores for the analysis of gentrification in the region and that articulates such concept with cultural commodification and gourmetization. Through a descriptive quantitative analysis, we examine the transformation of the food landscape through the presence and diversification of gastronomic and retail businesses in the Condesa and Santa María La Ribera neighborhoods. The results show that there is a trend towards an increase in commercial activity under the model of mini-supermarkets and other businesses that diversify and, at the same time, homogenize cultural and gastronomic offerings in these neighborhoods. However, the pandemic affected these neighborhoods in a particular way: while in Condesa the proliferation of these businesses slowed down, in Santa María La Ribera they increased their presence. It is concluded that this analytical argument offers a view that can strengthen the qualitative study of the effects developed by gentrification and its consequences in other areas of urban daily life.

Resumen En el presente artículo se analiza la relación entre la gentrificación y el paisaje económico-gastronómico en dos colonias del centro de la Ciudad de México. El objetivo es reajustar conceptualmente dichos términos y reconocer las singularidades de su manifestación en América Latina. Con ese fin, se construye un marco teórico que esboza los tres núcleos epistemológicos para el análisis de la gentrificación en la región y que articula tal concepto con la mercantilización cultural y la gourmetización. Mediante un análisis cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo, se examina la transformación del paisaje alimentario a través de la presencia y la diversificación de comercios gastronómicos y comercios al por menor en las colonias Condesa y Santa María La Ribera. Los resultados muestran que existe una tendencia al incremento de la actividad comercial bajo el modelo de los minisúper y otros negocios que diversifican y, a la vez, homogenizan la oferta cultural y gastronómica en estas colonias. Sin embargo, la pandemia afectó de manera particular dichos barrios: mientras que en Condesa se ralentizó la proliferación de estos comercios, en Santa María La Ribera aumentaron su presencia. Se concluye que esta propuesta analítica ofrece una mirada que puede fortalecer el estudio cualitativo de los efectos desarrollados por la gentrificación y sus consecuencias en otras áreas de la cotidianidad urbana.

RESUMEN En Paraguay en el periodo 2002 al 2022, los cambios en las familias se dieron por influencia de procesos de modernización y modernidad que se estudian teniendo como eje explicativo principal a los avances en la condición de la mujer, para los cuales también se analizan sus autonomías (económica, política y física). Se estudian: diversidad de tipos de los hogares, cre- cimiento de las uniones consensuales y crecimiento y bases de la jefatura femenina de hogar. Los datos del censo de 2002 y las encuestas de hogares del 2012 y 2022 del INE se compararon, porcentualmente. La orientación general es hacia la modernidad, pero no en las tres áreas; paralelamente se observa un aceleramiento de los procesos en el último decenio. Entre los tipos de hogares se halla el crecimiento del monoparental y el decrecimiento del extendido. La explosión de las uniones consensuales en la última década no necesariamente es modernidad; es un fenómeno tardío en la región. En 2022 ya se tiene un equilibrio entre uniones formales e informales. La creciente jefatura femenina de hogar es un indicador de modernidad; son casi 4 de cada 10 hogares familiares en 2022 habiendo crecido casi 2,5 veces en el lapso estudiado; inclusive en hogares nucleares completos. Para alcanzar esta condición política, las mujeres debieron integrarse al mercado de trabajo y lo hacen según su estado civil; por ejemplo, sepa- radas y divorciadas se ubican en el más alto nivel en ambos indicadores. Corresponde mayor estudio a las familias e incorporar a la agenda pública la diversidad familiar y sus cambios en curso para políticas públicas más precisas.

ABSTRACT In Paraguay (2002-2022), families undergone changes due to modernization and modernity processes that are studied based upon woman´s progress as main explanatory axis, and taking also in account her economic, political, and physical autonomies. Diversity of types of households, consensual unions growth, and feminine household headship, growth and its base are studied. INE´s census 2002 and 2012 and 2022 surveys data are compared (%). A general trend towards modernity is underway but it is not uniform within these three areas, and an acceleration pace during the last ten years is a parallel process. Within types of households, the one-parent and children household increase and the extended household decrease are noted. Consensual unions exploded during the last decade does not necessarily mean modernity; it is a late process in the region. By 2022, an equilibrium has arrived between formal and informal (consensual) unions. A growing feminine headship is a modernity sign, it has reached almost 4 out of every 10 households in 2022 and it has grown almost 2,5 times within 20 years, included two-parents and children family, ”the” model. For reaching this political level, wo- men should be within the labor market, and they do according to their civil-conjugal state; for instance, separated and divorced women are on the peak at both variables. Within the public agenda, more studies on families are required as well as to include families´ diversity and their ongoing changes for more precise public policies.

Abstract Introduction. Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in agricultural activities. Improper management of these products poses a potential risk to human health and the environment. Objective. To evaluate the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides on tobacco crops (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materials and methods. A database from the Provincial Directorate of Plant Health for the period 2016-2019 was used, where the pesticides assigned to the province for this crop were compared with those reported by interviewed farmers. The dual indicator POCER was used to obtain the results, determining the pressure exerted by different pesticides and their harmful reference on humans and the environment. Results. The trend in pesticide consumption (summarized in tables and graphs) showed 50 % decrease, corresponding to the country’s crop protection policy. Farmers mentioned the use of authorized and unauthorized active ingredients in the conducted surveys, and sixteen high-risk active ingredients were detected in the analyzed samples. Evaluating the POCER results and analyzed samples, a significant (eco)toxicological pressure was observed on both the environment and human health, exerted by a group of high-toxicity active ingredients used in tobacco cultivation in the province. Conclusion. Using the dual indicator POCER provides an evaluation of the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides used in the tobacco cultivation (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, for the study period.

Resumen Introducción. Los plaguicidas son utilizados para controlar las plagas y enfermedades en las actividades agrícolas. El manejo inadecuado de estos productos constituye un riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Objetivo. Evaluar la presión toxicológica (eco) ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos en los cultivos de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó una base de datos de la Dirección Provincial de Sanidad Vegetal para el período 2016-2019, donde se tomaron los plaguicidas asignados a la provincia para este cultivo y se compararon con los declarados por los agricultores entrevistados. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el indicador dual POCER, que determinó la presión ejercida por los diferentes plaguicidas y su referencia nociva sobre el ser humano y el medio ambiente. Resultados. La tendencia del consumo de plaguicidas (resumida en tablas y gráficos) mostró una disminución del 50 %, que corresponde a la política de protección de los cultivos del país. Los agricultores mencionaron el uso de ingredientes activos autorizados y no autorizados en las encuestas realizadas, y en las muestras analizadas se detectaron dieciséis ingredientes activos de alto riesgo. Al evaluar los resultados de POCER y muestras analizadas se observó que existe una gran presión (eco)toxicológica tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana ejercida por un grupo de ingredientes activos de alta toxicidad utilizados en el cultivo de tabaco de la provincia. Conclusión. Con la utilización del indicador dual POCER, se obtiene una evaluación de la presión (eco)toxicológica ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos utilizados en el cultivo del tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba para el período de estudio.

ABSTRACT One of the consequences of climate change is sea level change in coastal systems, which function as a baseline, where a variety of coastal processes operate at different time and space scales. The objective of the present research is to calculate the historic and current rate of sea level rise, from Limon tide gauge station’s data. Two methods were utilized for this purpose: Simple linear regression analysis and time series decomposition; with the first method, a rate of 2.32 mm/yr of sea level change was obtained for the time period 1952 to 1968; with the second one, a rate result of 3.41 mm/yr which is consequent with the existing publications. In the current period (2009 - 2021) a rate of 4.18 mm/yr was obtained with the first method and 4.28 mm/yr with the second method. The results gathered confirm the existence of an upward trend in sea level rise in the studied region. This situation should be considered when studying the transformation taking place in the coast, such as the coastal erosion identified in some of the Costa Rican Caribbean zone.

RESUMEN Entre las consecuencias del cambio climático en los sistemas costeros está el cambio del nivel del mar, el cual funciona como una línea base sobre la cual opera una variedad de procesos costeros, a diferentes escalas de tiempo y espacio. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo calcular la tasa histórica y actual de ascenso del nivel del mar a partir de datos de la estación mareográfica Limón. Para esto se utilizaron dos métodos: el análisis de regresión lineal simple y una descomposición de series temporales. Como resultado se obtuvo una tasa de cambio del nivel del mar para el período 1952 a 1968 de 2.32 mm/año con el primer método y 3.41 mm/año para el segundo método, que es consecuente con las publicaciones existentes. En el caso del período actual (2009 a 2021) se obtuvo una tasa de 4.18 mm/año para el primer método y 4.28 mm/año con el segundo método. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que existe una tendencia al aumento del nivel del mar en la región estudiada, situación que debe ser considerada al estudiar las transformaciones que están ocurriendo en la costa, como lo son la erosión costera identificada en algunas zonas del Caribe costarricense.

Resumen Este estudio, se centra en la cobertura forestal de tres distritos en el ámbito urbano de la provincia de Andahuaylas, región Apurímac en Perú, la cual afronta problemas de deforestación. El objetivo fue determinar la cobertura forestal en el área urbana de la provincia de Andahuaylas hasta el 2030, para la revelación de los escenarios futuros de la cobertura forestal, contribuyendo al desarrollo de la planificación urbana y a la creación de ciudades sostenibles. Para el área de estudio, se utilizaron datos registrados entre los años 2017-2023, a partir de las imágenes NDVI del portal Sentinelhub. Permitiendo disponer de información de bosques tropicales y templados; arbustos y pastizales; zonas áridas de roca; áreas urbanas o artificiales que han cambiado como consecuencia del proceso de urbanización. Se determinaron las superficies de bosque en el área de estudio. Posteriormente se utilizó la regresión lineal con un p valor = 0,046, alcanzando un R2 de 0,583 en un rango medio, logrando estimar los escenarios futuros del bosque al 2030. Se concluye que la tendencia es decreciente en la cobertura forestal en 26,50% al año 2030.

Absttract This study focuses on the forest cover of three districts in the urban area of the province of Andahuaylas, Apurímac region, Peru, which is facing deforestation problems. The objective was to determine the forest cover in the urban area of the province of Andahuaylas until 2030, to reveal future scenarios of forest cover, contributing to the development of urban planning and the creation of sustainable cities. For the study area, data recorded between the years 2017-2023 were used, based on NDVI images from the Sentinelhub portal. This allowed for the availability of information on tropical and temperate forests, shrubs and grasslands, arid rock zones, and urban or artificial areas that have changed due to the urbanization process. The forest surfaces in the study area were determined. Subsequently, linear regression was used with a p-value = 0,046, reaching an R2 of 0,583 in a medium range, managing to estimate future forest scenarios by 2030. It is concluded that the trend is decreasing in forest cover by 26,50% by the year 2030.

Resumen La corrosión es un problema recurrente en la industria del gas natural, debido a la presencia de gases corrosivos como el CO2 y el H2S que en presencia de agua pueden atacar el acero y producir daños y fugas que generen accidentes y contaminación, es por ello que la predicción de la tendencia del gas natural hacia la corrosión es fundamental para desarrollar estrategias de inhibición y mitigación de este proceso. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar una Red Neuronal Artificial (RNA) entrenada con datos de composición de muestras de gas natural para predecir la tendencia corrosiva, como método alternativo que pueda ser utilizado como una herramienta predictiva eficiente. La RNA se entrenó con una muestra de 46 gases naturales y 11 componentes por cada una, además de la presión y la temperatura como condiciones operacionales, lo que representa un total de 598 datos de entrenamiento de la RNA, además se utilizaron 8 muestras adicionales para la validación externa del modelo. La RNA que desarrolló fue dentro de los principios de la estadística Bayesiana, con una arquitectura de Perceptrón Multicapa. Se obtuvo que la RNA es capaz de clasificar correctamente el 95,65% de la tendencia corrosiva de las muestras, siendo aquellas con tendencia no corrosiva las que presentaron el menor porcentaje de predicción (75%). La predicción de las muestras externas siguió la tendencia esperada, con menor capacidad para clasificar a las no corrosivas, y las muestras con posible corrosión y corrosivas fueron predichas en 80%. Se concluye que la RNA es una herramienta eficiente para la predicción de la tendencia corrosiva del gas natural en presencia de CO2 y su efectividad depende de que se utilicen muestras con todos los componentes necesarios para entrenar la misma, además puede ser mejorada al introducir otros parámetros como la cantidad de agua presente.

Abstract Corrosion is a recurrent problem in the natural gas industry, due to the presence of corrosive gases such as CO2 and H2S that in the presence of water can attack steel and produce damages and leaks that generate accidents and contamination, that is why the prediction of the tendency of natural gas towards corrosion is essential to develop strategies to inhibit and mitigate this process. The objective of the study was to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with composition data of natural gas samples to predict the corrosive tendency, as an alternative method that can be used as an efficient predictive tool. The ANN was trained with a sample of 46 natural gases and 11 components for each one, in addition to pressure and temperature as operational conditions, representing a total of 598 training data of the ANN, also 8 additional samples were used for external validation of the model. The ANN that developed was within the principles of Bayesian statistics, with a Multilayer Perceptron architecture. It was obtained that the ANN is able to correctly classify 95.65% of the corrosive tendency of the samples, being those with non-corrosive tendency the ones that presented the lowest prediction percentage (75%). The prediction of the external samples followed the expected trend, with lower capacity to classify the non-corrosive ones, and the samples with possible corrosion and corrosive were predicted in 80%. It is concluded that ANN is an efficient tool for predicting the corrosive tendency of natural gas in the presence of CO2 and its effectiveness depends on using samples with all the necessary components to train it, and it can be improved by introducing other parameters such as the amount of water present.

Summary: Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key indicator of soil health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been shown to increase SOC and respond to SOC content, which in turn, is directly related to land use. We investigated the relationships between land use and Glomeromycotina AMF spore abundance of two AMF functional guilds, rhizophilic (having high root internal AMF hyphal length) and edaphophilic (with high external soil hyphal length) to SOC content in agroforestry systems (AS) and seasonal forest (SF) of Tzucacab, Yucatan, Mexico. Our results indicate greater SOC values in SF than AS of the same age with a trend of increasing SOC with system age. Rhizophilic spore abundance correlated with SOC content, showing differences among land uses and system ages but not between seasons. No relationship was observed between edaphophilic spore abundance to SOC. Thus, we suggest that Glomeromicotyna spore abundance (measured at any time of the year) of rhizophilic fungi could be a good indicator of SOC and, a tool to monitor soil health due to land use changes.

Resumen: El carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) es un indicador clave de la salud del suelo. Se ha demostrado que los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) pueden aumentar el COS, y también responder al contenido de COS; el cual, a su vez, está directamente relacionado con el uso del suelo. Investigamos las relaciones entre el uso del suelo y la abundancia de esporas de HMA de dos grupos funcionales de HMA, los rizófilos (con alta longitud hifal interna de HMA en las raíces) y los edafófilos (con alta longitud hifal externa del suelo) con el contenido de COS en sistemas agroforestales (SAF) y un bosque estacional (BE) en Tzucacab, Yucatán, México. Nuestros resultados indican valores de COS más altos en BE que en SAF de la misma edad, con una tendencia a aumentar el COS con la edad del sistema. La abundancia de esporas rizofílicas se correlaciona con el contenido de COS, mostrando diferencias entre los usos del suelo y las edades del sistema, pero no entre las estaciones. No se observó relación entre la abundancia de esporas edafófilas y el COS. Por lo tanto, sugerimos que la abundancia de esporas (medida en cualquier momento del año) de hongos rizófilos podría ser un buen indicador del COS y una herramienta para monitorear la salud del suelo debido a cambios en el uso del suelo.

Abstract: This research aims to describe and interpret teachers' subjective theories about idiosyncratic characteristics associated with the use of non-teaching time. The study is part of a larger investigation into teachers' subjective theories regarding school time. It employs a case study design within an interpretive, mixed-methods framework, conducted in Chile with 12 teachers who were interviewed using a semi-structured format and a time perspective instrument. Data analysis involved open coding and a secondary comparison of qualitative results with findings from the time perspective scale. The results highlight common challenges such as taking work home, which impacts mental health. While some teachers describe themselves as structured and efficient, others struggle to balance family and work responsibilities. Experience influences their time management, showing a variety in the perception of personal versus work time, and revealing a trend toward a future-oriented view, though some exhibit a fatalistic present attitude

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir e interpretar las teorías subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiosincráticas de los profesores asociadas al uso del tiempo no lectivo. El estudio se enmarca en una investigación mayor sobre teorías subjetivas de docentes acerca del tiempo escolar. El diseño es un estudio de casos bajo un paradigma interpretativo, mixto, realizado en Chile con 12 profesores a los que se les aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y un instrumento de perspectiva temporal. El análisis de los datos consistió en codificación abierta y secundariamente la contrastación de los resultados cualitativos con los hallazgos derivados de aplicar la escala de perspectiva temporal. Los resultados destacan desafíos comunes como el llevar trabajo a casa, lo que afecta la salud mental. Aunque algunos docentes se describen como estructurados y eficientes, otros luchan por equilibrar responsabilidades familiares y laborales. La experiencia influye en su manejo del tiempo, mostrando variedad en la percepción del tiempo personal frente al laboral, y revelando una tendencia hacia una visión más orientada al futuro, pero con una actitud presente fatalista en algunos casos

Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever e interpretar as teorias subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiossincráticas dos professores associadas ao uso do tempo não letivo. O estudo está inserido em uma pesquisa maior sobre teorias subjetivas dos docentes sobre o tempo escolar. A metodologia aplicada foi de estudo de casos sob um paradigma interpretativo, misto, realizado no Chile com 12 professores, aos quais foram aplicados uma entrevista semiestruturada e um instrumento de perspectiva temporal. A análise dos dados envolveu codificação aberta e, secundariamente, a comparação dos resultados qualitativos com os achados derivados da aplicação da escala de perspectiva temporal. Os resultados destacam desafios comuns, como levar trabalho para casa, o que afeta a saúde mental. Embora alguns docentes se descrevam como estruturados e eficientes, outros lutam para equilibrar responsabilidades familiares e profissionais. A experiência influencia sua gestão do tempo, mostrando variação na percepção do tempo pessoal versus profissional e revelando uma tendência para uma visão mais orientada para o futuro, mas com uma atitude presente fatalista em alguns casos