Assessing the dynamics of pollutants in the environment is a very complex challenge, primarily because of the large number of variables involved. Thus, in addition to processes that depend on the physicochemical properties of the pollutant and the main characteristics of the contaminated environment, there are less obvious phenomena that also influence the dynamics of pollutants, such as colloid-mediated transport. The objective of this work is to elucidate the main characteristics of this process and its influence on the transport of pollutants through the soil, taking glyphosate as an example. Although this pollutant is strongly retained by soil components, its presence in groundwater is quite frequent, often due to this facilitated transport by colloids. challenge involved Thus colloidmediated colloid mediated example components frequent colloids

Abstract Hygrothermal computer simulations consider transient and simultaneous exchanges of heat and moisture between the building elements and the environment. They are an important tool to support the design and performance assessment of buildings. These simulations require the description of the building element, the environmental conditions to which it is exposed, and the hygrothermal characteristics of the materials that compose it as input data. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the results of the hygrothermal simulation of a concrete wall varying the hygrothermal characteristics of the material. The internal environmental conditions were obtained using EnergyPlus ® and the hygrothermal simulation was done in WUFI ® Pro, with post-processing in WUFI ® Bio to evaluate the risk of mold occurrence. The hygrothermal behavior of the walls varied significantly with the variation in hygrothermal characteristics of the materials, especially for one type of concrete that had a very different capillary transport function. The results indicate the importance of analyzing hygrothermal characteristics and functions for hygrothermal simulations and the need to experimentally determine such characteristics for Brazilian building materials. environment buildings element exposed data material Pro postprocessing post processing occurrence function

Resumo Simulações computacionais higrotérmicas consideram trocas transientes e simultâneas de calor e umidade entre os elementos construtivos e o ambiente, sendo uma ferramenta importante de apoio ao projeto e à avaliação de desempenho de edifícios. Essas simulações requerem como dados de entrada a descrição do elemento construtivo, as condições ambientais às quais ele está exposto e as características higrotérmicas dos materiais. Este artigo apresenta uma análise exploratória dos resultados da simulação higrotérmica de uma parede de concreto variando-se as características higrotérmicas do material. As condições ambientais internas foram obtidas utilizando o EnergyPlus™ e a simulação higrotérmica foi feita no WUFI® Pro, com pós-processamento no WUFI® Bio para avaliar o risco de ocorrência de fungos emboloradores. Houve diferenças significativas no comportamento higrotérmico das paredes em função da variação das características higrotérmicas dos materiais, sobretudo para o tipo de concreto cuja função de transporte capilar mostrou-se diferente dos demais. Os resultados indicam a importância de analisar as características e funções higrotérmicas para simulações higrotérmicas e a necessidade de sua determinação experimental para os materiais de construção brasileiros. ambiente edifícios construtivo variandose variando se material EnergyPlus WUFI Pro pósprocessamento pós processamento emboloradores mostrouse mostrou demais brasileiros

Abstract: The integration of electric mobility is real nowadays. Government policies increasingly focus on encouraging the use of electric vehicles (EVs); particularly, replacing conventional public mobility with electric buses. An adequate energy management of electric bus systems must optimize resource usage, and extend the lifespan of transport units and charging stations, while providing quality service to users. The performance of the EV transport system depends on various deterministic and stochastic variables that need to be accurately simulated to analyze its behavior as closely as possible to real conditions. In this study, a model for the energy analysis of EVs has been implemented, by using the software SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) and applying it to public transport routes in Quito, Ecuador. Through the executed simulations, energy consumption has been estimated and, a sensitivity analysis of the energy consumption of electric bus units to the variations in relevant parameters in the energy management of public transport systems, has been carried out. The impact of certain parameters on energy consumption has been verified, by indicating a significant decrease in the autonomy of EVs on the simulated route under very similar to reality operating conditions. For study case, autonomy reduction of electric bus is around 27% in comparison with manufacturer's specifications. The analysis of energy performance under various traffic scenarios will allow future optimizations of the electric public transport system operation, since traffic levels, variable traffic flow, and pronounced changes in terrain elevation, are considered.

Resumen: La integración de la movilidad eléctrica es una realidad en el mundo actual, las políticas gubernamentales se enfocan cada vez más en incentivar el uso de vehículos eléctricos (VE) particulares, pero, principalmente en reemplazar la movilidad pública convencional por el uso de buses eléctricos. Una adecuada gestión energética de los sistemas de buses eléctricos debe optimizar el uso de recursos, prolongando la vida útil de las unidades de transporte, estaciones de carga y brindando siempre un servicio de calidad a sus usuarios. El desempeño del sistema de transporte mediante VE depende de diversas variables determinísticas y estocásticas que necesitan ser debidamente simuladas a fin de analizar su comportamiento, lo más cercano a las condiciones reales. En el presente trabajo, mediante la aplicación del software SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility), se ha implementado un modelo para el análisis energético de VE y se lo ha aplicado en rutas de transporte público en Quito-Ecuador. A partir de las simulaciones realizadas se ha estimado el consumo energético y se ha efectuado un análisis de sensibilidad del consumo energético de las unidades de buses eléctricos ante variaciones de parámetros relevantes en la gestión energética de sistemas de transporte público. Para el caso de estudio se comprueba la reducción de la autonomía del bus eléctrico en 27% de acuerdo con la información del fabricante. El análisis del desempeño energético realizado bajo diversos escenarios de tráfico permitirá en futuros trabajos optimizar la operación de los sistemas de transporte público eléctrico, considerando niveles de tráfico, flujo vehicular variable y pronunciados desniveles en su relieve.

RESUMO A avaliação da marcha na esteira pode ser relevante para a tomada de decisões clínicas. No entanto, fatores demográficos como idade e IMC podem alterar a interpretação dos resultados. Nosso objetivo foi obter variáveis espaço-temporais, energéticas e custo de transporte durante a velocidade de caminhada autoselecionada na esteira para uma amostra representativa de adultos uruguaios (n = 28) e avaliar se diferentes faixas etárias e IMC podem ser fatores a serem considerados em testes clínicos que envolvam essas variáveis. Dezessete homens e onze mulheres participaram (39,3 ± 14,8 anos, 75,9 ± 12,5 kg, 1,74 ± 0,09 m, IMC 25,2 ± 4,06). Foi realizada uma reconstrução tridimensional do movimento sincronizada com o consumo de energia. Foram obtidos valores de referência e os dados foram comparados usando testes t (p≤0,05), após agrupar os participantes por IMC e faixa etária. Os resultados revelaram discrepâncias significativas nas medidas espaço-temporais e energéticas dos adultos uruguaios ao caminhar na esteira, em comparação com a literatura. A marcha diferiu entre adultos jovens e de meia-idade em sua velocidade autoselecionada (p=0,03), comprimento da passada (p=0,01), trabalho mecânico externo (<0,001) e recuperação de energia mecânica (0,009), destacando a importância de considerar a idade em avaliações clínicas. O IMC não influenciou significativamente essas variáveis. Esses achados destacam a necessidade de ajustar as interpretações dos testes clínicos de marcha na esteira em adultos uruguaios de meia- idade (45 a 65 anos).

RESUMEN La evaluación de la marcha en cinta caminadora puede resultar relevante para la toma de decisiones clínicas. No obstante, factores demográficos como la edad y el IMC pueden alterar la interpretación de los resultados. Nuestro objetivo fue obtener variables espacio- temporales, energéticas y costo de transporte durante la velocidad autoseleccionada en cinta caminadora para una muestra representativa de adultos uruguayos (n=28) y evaluar si diferentes rangos de edades e IMC pueden ser factores a tener en cuenta en pruebas clínicas donde se consideren dichas variables. Participaron 17 hombres y 11 mujeres (39,3 ± 14,8 años, 75,9 ± 12,5 kg, 1,74 ± 0,09 m, IMC 25,2 ± 4,06). Se realizó una reconstrucción 3D del movimiento en forma sincronizada con el consumo energético. Se obtuvieron valores de referencia y luego de agrupar los participantes según su IMC y rango de edad se compararon los datos mediante test de t (p≤0.05). Los resultados revelaron discrepancias significativas en las medidas espacio-temporales y energéticas de los adultos uruguayos al caminar en cinta con respecto a la literatura. La marcha difiere entre adultos jóvenes y de mediana edad en su velocidad autoseleccionada (p=0,03), longitud de zancada (p=0,01), trabajo mecánico externo (<0,001) y recuperación de energía mecánica (0,009), destacando la importancia de considerar la edad en evaluaciones clínicas. El IMC no influyó significativamente en estas variables. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de ajustar las interpretaciones de las pruebas clínicas de la marcha sobre cinta caminadora en adultos uruguayos de mediana edad (45 a 65 años).

ABSTRACT Treadmill gait assessment can be relevant for clinical decision-making. However, demographic factors such as age and BMI may alter result interpretation. Our aim was to obtain spatiotemporal, energetic, and cost of transport variables during self-selected treadmill walking speed for a representative sample of Uruguayan adults (n=28) and to assess if different age ranges and BMI could be factors to consider in clinical tests involving these variables. Seventeen men and eleven women participated (39.3 ± 14.8 years, 75.9 ± 12.5 kg, 1.74 ± 0.09 m, BMI 25.2 ± 4.06). A synchronized 3D motion reconstruction was performed with energy consumption. Reference values were obtained and data were compared using t-tests (p≤0.05), after grouping participants by BMI and age range. Results revealed significant discrepancies in spatiotemporal and energetic measures of Uruguayan adults walking on the treadmill, compared to the literature. Gait differed between young and middle-aged adults in their self-selected speed (p=0.03), stride length (p=0.01), external mechanical work (p<0.001), and mechanical energy recovery (0.009), emphasizing the importance of considering age in clinical evaluations. BMI did not significantly influence these variables. These findings underscore the need to adjust interpretations of treadmill gait clinical tests in middle-aged Uruguayan adults (45 to 65 years).

RESUMEN La compactación del suelo debido al tráfico de maquinaria agrícola es una amenaza para la productividad y las funciones ecológicas del suelo. La predicción de los esfuerzos del suelo y la compactación que soporta el suelo durante la cosecha y el transporte son indicaciones fundamentales en las estrategias de prevención y remediación de la compactación del suelo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue predecir la compactación del suelo causada por cosechadoras y equipos de transporte durante la cosecha de caña de azúcar en suelos blandos. El tráfico de maquinaria se simuló utilizando el modelo TASC V3.0, se utilizó el Módulo 1 “Propagación de Esfuerzos y Daño al Suelo”. El sistema de máquinas utilizado para la cosecha de caña de azúcar estuvo formado por cosechadoras CASE IH 8800, y remolques basculantes 7CX (SC)-10 tirados por tractores YTO 1608 o XTZ 150K-09. Se introducen como datos parámetros de maquinaria y suelo. El uso del modelado TASC V3.0 permitió predecir la compactación del suelo causada por cosechadoras y equipos de transporte durante la cosecha de caña de azúcar en suelos blandos. Se obtuvo una compactación del suelo más severa durante el uso del remolque basculante 7CX (SC)-10 debido a la alta presión media de contacto y la alta carga de los neumáticos, lo que provocó una compactación severa del suelo hasta una profundidad de 0,37 m. El neumático trasero del tractor YTO 1604 provocó una fuerte compactación del suelo alcanzando 0,31 m de profundidad. En sentido general todos los equipos ocasionaron una severa compactación del suelo en la capa de labranza, por lo que se deben realizar trabajos de descompactación con el objetivo de aflojar el suelo en profundidad hasta 0.37 m para un buen desarrollo de los retoños de caña de azúcar.

ABSTRACT Soil compaction due to agricultural machinery traffic is a threat to soil productivity and soil ecological functions. The prediction of soil stresses and compaction that soil bear during the harvest and transport are fundamental indications in the prevention strategies and remediation of the soil compaction. The objective of this research was to predict soil compaction caused by harvesters and transport equipment during sugarcane harvest on soft soil. Machinery traffic was simulated using the TASC V3.0 model, Module 1 "Stress Propagation and Soil Damage" was used. The machine system used for harvest sugarcane were formed by harvesters CASE IH 8800, and tipping tows 7CX (SC)-10 pulling by tractors YTO 1608 or XTZ 150K-09. Parameters from machinery and soil are introducing as data. The use of modelling TASC V3.0 permitted to predict soil compaction caused by harvesters and transport equipment during sugarcane harvest on soft soil. More severe soil compaction was obtained during use of tipping tow 7CX (SC)-10 due to high mean contact pressure and high tire load, which caused severe soil compaction until a depth of 0.37 m. Rear tire of tractor YTO 1604 caused severe soil compaction too reaching 0.31 m of depth. In general sense all equipment caused severe soil compaction in tillage layer, therefore must be make decompactions works with the objective to loose soil in depth for a good developed of sugarcane ratoons.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar la aplicación móvil que permite determinar la cantidad de medios de transporte, en el proceso de cosecha mecanizada de la caña de azúcar, para diferentes distancias de transportación, rendimiento del campo y capacidad de los medios de transporte empleados (20 y 60 t). Es una aplicación móvil, diseñada en Android, basada en la modelación analítica que realiza el software SMCTCA, elaborado por un grupo de autores en el Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria (CEMA). Con la aplicación CMT es posible la evaluación del proceso mecanizado de cosecha y transporte de caña de azúcar, para diferentes condiciones de explotación, posibilitando la organización racional del sistema con el incremento del coeficiente de utilización del tiempo, la productividad y la disminución de los gastos de explotación.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to develop the mobile application that allows determining the number of means of transport, in the process of mechanized harvesting of sugar cane, for different transportation distances, field performance and capacity of the means of transport used (20 and 60 t). It is a mobile application, designed in Android, based on the analytical modeling carried out by the SMCTCA software, developed by a group of authors at the Center for Agricultural Mechanization (CEMA). With the CMT application it is possible to evaluate the mechanized process of harvesting and transporting sugar cane, for different operation conditions, enabling the rational organization of the system with an increase in the time utilization coefficient, productivity and a decrease in expenses of operation.

Abstract: The research addresses the study of heat exchange between heavy crude oil and the environment during surface pumping, specifically of a crude oil with an API gravity of 17.5, under the particular atmospheric conditions of Eastern Ecuador. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the temperature loss in a 50-meter segment of SCH-80 pipe, with a diameter of 4 inches, used for the transportation of heavy crude. This aims to understand how heavy crude loses temperature and to determine the convective coefficient, knowing that the heat loss from the fluid to the environment occurs mainly by convection. This is to determine what the temperature losses will be in longer pipe sections. For this purpose, a methodology using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was employed, a key tool for predicting the thermal behavior of crude in interaction with the environment. It was determined that the convective coefficient is 52 W/m2.K, and there is a temperature loss of 3.2 K in the 50-meter section. With this data, future research could evaluate potential heating technologies that facilitate the transport of heavy crude oil. This approach would allow for exploring innovative solutions to improve efficiency and effectiveness in managing heavy crude, facing one of the main challenges in its transport: managing its high viscosity

Resumen: La investigación aborda el estudio del intercambio de calor del crudo pesado con el ambiente en el bombeo superficial, específicamente de un crudo con gravedad API de 17.5, bajo las condiciones atmosféricas particulares del Oriente ecuatoriano. El principal objetivo del estudio es evaluar la pérdida de temperatura en un segmento de 50 metros de tubería SCH-80, con 4 pulgadas de diámetro, utilizado para el transporte de crudo pesado. Con esto se busca entender cómo el crudo pesado pierde temperatura y determinar el coeficiente convectivo sabiendo que el calor que pierde el fluido con el ambiente se da principalmente por convección. Esto permitirá determinar cuáles van a ser las pérdidas de temperatura en tramos de tubería mayores. Para ello se empleó una metodología que utiliza la simulación por dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD), una herramienta clave para predecir el comportamiento térmico del crudo en interacción con el ambiente. Se determinó que el coeficiente convectivo es de 52 W/m2.K, y que existe una pérdida de temperatura de 3.2 K en el tramo de 50 metros. Con esta base de datos se podría en investigaciones futuras evaluar potenciales tecnologías de calefacción que faciliten el transporte del crudo pesado. Este enfoque permitiría explorar soluciones innovadoras para mejorar la eficiencia y efectividad en el manejo del crudo pesado, enfrentando uno de los principales desafíos en su transporte: la gestión de su alta viscosidad.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to offer empirical evidence on the characteristics of demographic dynamics and physical expansion of urban development in Mexico between 1990 and 2020, in order to identify patterns of urban form and to contribute to the debate on the compact urban growth or sprawl. The general question is whether contemporary urbanization in Mexico has been compact or dispersed. To achieve this purpose and to answer the question, statistical and cartographic information from population and housing censuses are used. The general conclusion is that cities with compact or sprawl pattern coexist in Mexico. In the context of a decline in the country’s demographic dynamics, the share of the population residing in discontinuous settlements increased discreetly, an indicator of sprawl, and population density increased marginally, an indicator of compact urbanization. These results confirm the concentrated or sprawl pattern of urbanization in Mexico, where the intra-urban and intra-metropolitan organization of the population has been closely linked to the patterns of the urban housing market and has had an effect on the performance of urban labour and transport markets.

Resumen: El propósito de este artículo consiste en ofrecer evidencia empírica sobre las características de la dinámica demográfica y de la expansión física del desarrollo urbano en México entre 1990 y 2020, con el fin de identificar patrones de forma urbana y de contribuir al debate sobre la configuración compacta o dispersa del crecimiento. La pregunta general es si la urbanización contemporánea en México ha sido compacta o dispersa. Para lograr dicho propósito y contestar el cuestionamiento, se utiliza información estadística y cartográfica de los censos de población y vivienda. La conclusión general es que en México coexisten ciudades compactas y ciudades dispersas. En el marco de un descenso en la dinámica demográfica del país, la participación de la población que reside en asentamientos discontinuos se incrementó de manera discreta, indicador de la urbanización dispersa, además de que la densidad de población aumentó marginalmente, indicador de la urbanización compacta. Estos resultados matizan el patrón concentrado o disperso de la urbanización en México. La organización intraurbana e intrametropolitana de la población ha estado estrechamente relacionada con las modalidades del mercado urbano de vivienda y ha tenido efecto en el funcionamiento de los mercados urbanos de trabajo y de transporte.

Resumen La presente investigación se desarrolló en la Empresa de Transporte Agropecuario de la provincia de Pinar del Río, por la necesidad de definir las vulnerabilidades del sistema de gestión integral de riesgos que implementa dicha organización. El objetivo del presente artículo se centra en analizar el estado actual de la gestión integral de riesgos en la empresa de Transporte Agropecuario de Pinar del Río, lo que permitirá conocer las vulnerabilidades en el proceso para mejorar la calidad, protección y seguridad sin comprometer la eficiencia y la sustentabilidad. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico a fin de analizar la evolución, funcionamiento y desarrollo de la gestión integral de riesgos en empresas del sector del transporte y el análisis-síntesis, que permitió revelar las relaciones esenciales y características más generales de la gestión integral de riesgos. Entre las técnicas de investigación empleadas, se encuentran la entrevista, encuesta, las listas de verificación y el análisis documental, cuyos resultados fueron procesados para arribar a conclusiones con ayuda del método estadístico, así como el diagrama de Ishikawa, para determinar las relaciones causa-efecto en el proceso de gestión integral de riesgos. Como principales resultados del diagnóstico, resalta la insuficiente gestión integral de los riesgos en la empresa, donde las causas y subcausas están determinadas por cada etapa del ciclo de vida de la gestión de riesgos, siendo la etapa de identificación la de mayor número, sin embargo, cada una de las problemáticas detectadas impactan en las demás funciones debido al carácter sistémico del proceso.

Resumo Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Empresa de Transporte Agropecuário de Pinar del Río, na província de Pinar del Río, devido à necessidade de definir as vulnerabilidades do sistema de gerenciamento integrado de riscos implementado por essa organização. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o estado atual do gerenciamento integrado de riscos na Empresa de Transporte Agrícola de Pinar del Río, o que nos permitirá identificar as vulnerabilidades do processo para melhorar a qualidade, a proteção e a segurança sem comprometer a eficiência e a sustentabilidade. O método histórico-lógico foi usado para analisar a evolução, o funcionamento e o desenvolvimento do gerenciamento integrado de riscos em empresas do setor de transportes, e o método de análise-síntese foi usado para revelar as relações essenciais e as características mais gerais do gerenciamento integrado de riscos. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas incluíram entrevistas, pesquisas, listas de verificação e análise documental, cujos resultados foram processados para se chegar a conclusões usando o método estatístico, bem como o diagrama de Ishikawa para determinar as relações de causa e efeito no processo de gerenciamento integrado de riscos. Os principais resultados do diagnóstico destacam a insuficiência do gerenciamento integrado de riscos na empresa, em que as causas e subcausas são determinadas por cada etapa do ciclo de vida do gerenciamento de riscos, sendo a etapa de identificação a que apresenta o maior número; no entanto, cada um dos problemas detectados tem impacto sobre as outras funções devido à natureza sistêmica do processo.

Abstract This research was carried out in the Agricultural Transportation Company of Pinar del Río province, due to the need to define the vulnerabilities of the risk integral management system implemented by this organization. The objective of this article is focused on analyzing the current state of the risk integral management in the Agricultural Transportation Company of Pinar del Río, which will allow knowing the vulnerabilities in the process to improve quality, protection and safety without compromising efficiency and sustainability. The historical-logical method was used in order to analyze the evolution, operation and development of risk integral management in companies of the transport sector; the analysis-synthesis, which allowed revealing the essential relations and more general characteristics of risk integral management. Among the research techniques used were the interview, survey, checklists and documentary analysis, whose results were processed to arrive at conclusions with the help of the statistical method, as well as the Ishikawa diagram, to determine the cause-effect relationships in the risk integral management process. As main results of the diagnosis, the insufficient risk integral management in the company stands out, where the causes and subcauses are determined by each stage of the risk management life cycle, being the identification stage the one with the highest number, however, each of the problems detected have an impact on the other functions due to the systemic nature of the process.

ABSTRACT This work aims to identify innovations, technological advances, and best practices to migrate towards a circular economy in air transport. The relevance of the research lies in the contribution to the generation of circular economy knowledge in the field of administration with application in the aeronautical industry. By analyzing literature and best practices, the circular economy could be a viable solution to reduce the use of natural resources in aircraft manufacturing and airport operations. Among the main findings are innovations and technological developments in new materials, fuels, building methods, and best practices implemented at airports to obtain energy and generate less waste. It has also been identified that applying circular economy principles in this mode of transport would contribute to sustainability efforts and increase the competitiveness of organizations in the sector.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar innovaciones, avances tecnológicos y mejores prácticas para migrar hacia una economía circular en el transporte aéreo. La relevancia de la investigación radica en el aporte a la generación de conocimiento sobre economía circular en el campo de la administración con aplicación en la industria aeronáutica. Al analizar la literatura y las mejores prácticas, la economía circular podría ser una solución viable para reducir el uso de recursos naturales en la fabricación de aeronaves y las operaciones aeroportuarias. Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentran innovaciones y desarrollos tecnológicos en nuevos materiales, combustibles, métodos de construcción y mejores prácticas implementadas en los aeropuertos para obtener energía y generar menos residuos. También se ha identificado que aplicar principios de economía circular en este modo de transporte contribuiría a los esfuerzos de sostenibilidad y aumentaría la competitividad de las organizaciones del sector.

Emergency medical services (EMS) are a vital component of the health system and provide pre-hospital emergency care and specialised transport for patients requiring access to health facilities, thereby contributing to universal health coverage and improving health outcomes. Evidence regarding the current state of EMS within South Africa to fulfil this role is lacking and was the motivation for this review. Our objective was to describe the current state of EMS in South Africa. A literature search was conducted using keywords, BOOLEAN operating terms, and eligibility criteria on Sabinet, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases to find articles related to the components of the EMS system in South Africa. The articles were critically assessed, and six themes emerged: leadership and governance; resources; preparedness (knowledge, attitude, and practices) of the emergency care provider; health and safety; training; and communications. Challenges were found in all themes at a provincial EMS level despite improvements in legislation, leadership, and governance from the National Department of Health. These themes demonstrate that all components in the EMS system are not functioning optimally and may be affecting its contribution to improving universal health coverage and health outcomes. The current state of EMS appears to be constrained and requires greater leadership and governance from the Provincial Departments of Health to improve poorly functioning components of the EMS system. SIGNIFICANCE: The current state of EMS in South Africa lacks efficiency in its role to provide emergency care and transportation for patients wanting to access health facilities. Poorly functioning components of the EMS system have been identified and provide an opportunity for health authorities to make improvements so that the goal of universal health coverage and improved health outcomes can be realised.

RESUMEN Introducción. El síndrome post COVID (SPC), que se caracteriza por síntomas que se extienden superando las 4 semanas post-infección, podría desencadenar aumento en el riesgo cardiovascular. Las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) presentan funciones antiaterogénicas, como su capacidad para promover el transporte inverso del colesterol (TIC) y su actividad antioxidante, en la que es clave la enzima paraoxonasa 1 (PON 1). Objetivo. Evaluar funcionalidad de HDL en pacientes con SPC comparados con pacientes asintomáticos (PA) y controles. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron 9 individuos con SPC, 18 PA y 10 controles. Se midieron el hemograma, el perfil lipoproteico básico, las apolipoproteínas A-I y B, y marcadores inflamatorios por métodos automatizados. La actividad de PON 1 se evaluó empleando un método espectrofotométrico y los 3 pasos del TIC, eflujo de colesterol (ECC), y actividades de lecitina:colesterol aciltransferasa (LCAT) y proteína transportadora de colesterol esterificado (CETP), por métodos radiométricos. Resultados. No se observaron diferencias en sexo, edad, ni parámetros generales. El grupo PA presentó mayor actividad PON que los controles (94±76 vs. 183±111 vs. 148±58 nmol/mL.min, en controles, PA y SPC, respectivamente; p=0,049). No se observaron diferencias en el TIC. El ECC (r=-0,45; p=0,049) y CETP (r=-0,38; p=0,028) correlacionaron negativamente con el índice neutrófilos/linfocitos. LCAT correlacionó inversamente con la ferritina (r=-0,34; p=0,046). Conclusiones. El incremento de PON 1 en el grupo PA representaría un mecanismo de defensa frente al estrés oxidativo post-infección. Todos los pasos del TIC mostraron una correlación negativa con marcadores inflamatorios. Nuestros resultados podrían explicar, en parte, el vínculo entre COVID y ateroesclerosis.

ABSTRACT Background. Post-COVID syndrome (PCS), characterized by symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after initial infection, could increase cardiovascular risk. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have antiatherogenic functions, such as the ability to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and antioxidant activity. In this regard, paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) plays a key role. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate HDL functions in patients with PCS and compare them with asymptomatic patients (AP) and controls. Methods. The study included 9 patients with PCS, 18 AP and 10 controls. Complete blood count, basic lipoprotein profile, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and inflammatory markers were measured using automated methods. PON 1 activity was evaluated by a spectrophotometric assay, and the 3 steps of RCT, cellular cholesterol (efflux CCE), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity were evaluated by radiometric assays. Results. There were no differences in sex, age, or general parameters. The AP group had higher PON activity than the control group (94±76 vs. 183±111 vs. 148±58 nmol/mL.min, in controls, AP and PCS, respectively; p=0.049). There were no differences in RCT. Cellular cholesterol efflux (r=-0.45; p=0.049) and CETP (r=- 0.38; p=0.028) had a negative correlation with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. LCAT had an inverse correlation with ferritin (r=-0.34; p=0.046). Conclusions . Increased antioxidant activity of PON 1 would represent a defensive mechanism against oxidative stress after infection. All the RCT steps had a negative correlation with inflammatory markers. Our findings may explain, at least in part, the link between COVID-19 and atherosclerosis.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives The legislation gives the possibility for pregnant women with jobs where there are night shifts, to avoid doing them during this stage. However, sometimes the workers themselves question whether this has concrete scientific validity and what this could entail for themselves and their descendants. Not being a topic with much published literature, this review allows to consult a summary of the most up-to-date records at this level, in order to make assertive and scientific decisions regarding conditioning, as well as whether these should be mandatory or optional. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in May 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Night shifts during pregnancy may be associated with greater family-work conflict, tiredness and sleep disturbance; as well as cancers, weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases; in addition to preterm delivery, low birth weight and congenital anomalies. Discussion and Conclusions Night shifts during pregnancy, especially if numerous and/or consecutive, seem to allow for some alterations, whose pathophysiology is reasonably explained/theorized. However, the probability and eventual severity of these issues must be considered by the pregnant woman herself, so that she (duly informed with regard to current medical knowledge on the subject) choose whether she wishes to continue to do some night shifts and, if so, how; since anxiety and disruption of routines can also be harmful, especially on an emotional and/or economic level (more prominently in companies where the pregnant woman has empathy with the tasks, the work team and/or I have a shared transport). It should be decided on a case-by-case basis, as a team, taking into account pregnant´s opinion. It would be interesting for professionals working in a hospital environment, in an institution that has Obstetric service, to focus a little on the topic, portraying the national reality and publishing their research in a magazine in the area, to disseminate knowledge. and national level, with international extrapolation.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A legislação consagra a possibilidade de as grávidas com postos de trabalho em que existam turnos noturnos, os evitem durante esta etapa. Contudo, por vezes, as próprias trabalhadoras questionam a validade científica concreta dessa medida e o que isso poderá acarretar para si e para a descendência. Não sendo um tema com muita bibliografia publicada, esta revisão permite consultar uma síntese do que mais atualizado se registou a este nível, de forma a se tomarem decisões assertivas e científicas em relação a condicionamentos, bem como se estes devem ser obrigatórios ou opcionais. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em maio de 2023, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo Os turnos noturnos durante a gravidez poderão associar-se a maior conflito família-trabalho, cansaço e perturbação do sono; bem como cancros, aumento de peso, diabetes, hipertensão arterial e outras doenças cardiovasculares; para além de parto pré-termo, baixo peso ao nascer e anomalias congénitas. Discussão e Conclusões Os turnos noturnos durante a gravidez, sobretudo se numerosos e/ou seguidos, parecem possibilitar algumas alterações, cuja fisiopatologia se encontra razoavelmente explicitada/teorizada. Contudo, a probabilidade e eventual gravidade dessas questões devem ser ponderadas pela própria grávida (devidamente informada relativamente aos conhecimentos médicos atuais), para que possa optar se deseja continuar a fazer alguns turnos noturnos e, em caso positivo, de que forma; uma vez que a ansiedade e perturbação de rotinas pode ser também perniciosa, sobretudo a nível emocional e/ou económico (com maior destaque em empresas onde a grávida tenha empatia com as tarefas e com a equipa de trabalho e/ou tenha meio de transporte partilhado). Caberá decidir caso a caso, em equipa, considerando a opinião da própria. Seria aliciante que profissionais a exercer em ambiente hospitalar, em instituição que tenha serviço de Obstetrícia, se debruçassem um pouco sobre o tema, retratando a realidade nacional e publicando a sua investigação em revista da área, para difusão de conhecimentos e nível nacional, com extrapolação internacional.

Abstract (Introduction): Coastal areas constitute the interface between land and marine environments, connected through multiple natural and socioecological processes that contribute to human well-being. (Objective): Identify land and marine uses and activities with mutual implications and biophysical processes in the northern region of the Bonaerense Coastal Ecosystem (Argentina), in order to evaluate the degree of compatibility or conflict between these activities, with emphasis on the fishing activity. (Methodology): The land-sea-land (T-M-T) methodological analysis was applied. Uses and activities (U&A) and biophysical processes of marine and land origin were determined. Interactions between marine-land and biophysical processes T-M-T were identified for further categorization and analysis. (Results): A total of 121 U&A sea-land-sea (L-S-L) interactions related to fishing were detected. Medium conflicts were mainly caused by competition for space or resources and were associated with the coexistence of U&A (tourism, fishing, and communication activities), both spatially and temporally. Of the total, 68 negative interactions were observed between biophysical processes and U&A L-S-L, which were linked to climatic events and the effects of climate change (variation in sea surface temperature, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, as well as variations in sediment transport and coastal erosion). (Conclusions): The analysis carried out constitutes an advancement in the study of U&A T-M-T in coastal-marine areas of the Atlantic coast and their interactions, with emphasis on fishing activities, as a contribution to their management with an ecosystemic approach.

Resumen (Introducción): Los espacios litorales constituyen la interfaz entre los ambientes terrestres y marinos, conectados por múltiples procesos naturales y socioecológicos, proporcionando bienes y servicios ecosistémicos para el bienestar humano. (Objetivo): Identificar los usos y actividades tanto terrestres como marinos con implicancias mutuas y los procesos biofísicos en la región norte del Ecosistema Costero Bonaerense (Argentina), con el fin de evaluar el grado de compatibilidad o conflicto entre estas actividades, con énfasis en el sector pesquero. (Metodología): Se aplicó el análisis metodológico tierra-mar-tierra (T-M-T). Se determinaron los usos y actividades (UyA), así como procesos biofísicos de origen marino y terrestre. Se identificaron las interacciones entre UyA marinos y terrestres, y procesos físicos T-M-T, para su posterior categorización y análisis de las interacciones previamente identificadas. (Resultados): Se notaron 121 interacciones de UyA T-M-T vinculadas con la pesca. Predominaron los conflictos medios por competencia de espacio o recursos y se relacionaron con la coexistencia espacial y temporal de UyA (turísticas, pesquera y comunicaciones). Se detectaron 68 interacciones negativas entre los procesos biofísicos y UyA asociados a eventos climáticos e impactos derivados del cambio climático (modificaciones en la temperatura superficial del mar, circulación atmosférica y oceánica, así como variaciones en el transporte de sedimentos y erosión costera). (Conclusiones): El análisis efectuado constituye un avance en el estudio entre UyA T-M-T en zonas litorales costero-marinas de la costa atlántica y de sus interacciones, con énfasis en la actividad pesquera, como aporte a la gestión de aquellos, con un enfoque ecosistémico.

Abstract: Following the economic complexity methodology introduced by Hausmann et al. (2013), this study establishes an order of crime evolution in Mexico. This ordering is based on the complexity of crimes, as determined by the capabilities required to commit them. According to the study, the least complex crimes in Mexico include robbery in collective public transport, robbery in individual transport, counterfeiting, and auto parts theft. On the other hand, the crimes characterized by the highest complexity involve organized crime, intentional and unintentional homicide, and the trafficking of minors. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that femicide and rape exhibit the most significant centrality or influence within the criminal network. According to the model, crimes associated with violence against women are those that most increase the probability of committing another crime. Therefore, targeted prevention efforts aimed at reducing femicide and rape may substantially impact overall levels of criminality in Mexico. This study also highlights the importance of addressing violence against women in designing crime prevention policies in Mexico. Moreover, the methodology adopted in this study can be reinterpreted as a spectral clustering algorithm and thus also contributes to the literature on machine learning applications in public policy design.

Resumen: Bajo la metodología de complejidad económica propuesta por Hausmann et al. (2013), esta investigación estableció un ordenamiento de la evolución del crimen en México. Este ordenamiento se basa en la complejidad de los delitos, determinada por las capacidades requeridas para cometerlos. De acuerdo con esta investigación, los delitos con menor complejidad en México incluyen el robo en transporte público colectivo, robo en transporte individual, falsificación y robo de autopartes. Por otro lado, los delitos con mayor complejidad están relacionados con el crimen organizado, el homicidio intencional e involuntario y el tráfico de menores. Además, el análisis reveló que el feminicidio y la violación exhiben la centralidad o influencia más significativa dentro de la red criminal. Según el modelo, los delitos asociados con la violencia contra las mujeres son los que más aumentan la probabilidad de cometer otro delito. Por lo tanto, los esfuerzos de prevención dirigidos a reducir el feminicidio y la violación pueden tener un impacto sustancial en los niveles generales de criminalidad en México. Este estudio también destaca la importancia de abordar la violencia contra las mujeres en el diseño de políticas de prevención del delito en México. Además, la metodología adoptada en este estudio puede ser reinterpretada como un algoritmo de agrupamiento espectral y, por lo tanto, también contribuye a la literatura sobre aplicaciones de aprendizaje automático en el diseño de políticas públicas.