ABSTRACT Samples of bones (humerus) and claws of adult Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) were opportunistically obtained from twenty-seven carcasses at two important nesting sites in northern Chile: Chañaral Island (CHI) and Pan de Azúcar Island (PAI). The concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Se, As, Br, Mn and Cr) were determined by X-ray fluorescence. The highest levels (mean ± standard deviation, µg/g dry weight) of Cu (26.57 ± 4.08), Zn (163.9 ± 42.7), Pb (1.86 ± 1.53), Ni (0.31 ± 0.03), Se (7.70 ± 4.87) and Cr (0.25 ± 0.24) were detected in bones, whereas the highest levels of Fe (3,162 ± 1,579), As (6.75 ± 4.21), Br (0.12 ± 0.06) and Mn (76.7 ± 47.9) were found in claws.In bones, Se and Ni levels were higher (P<0.05) in CHI than in PAI. In claws, the contents of Pb, Fe, and Mn were higher than those at PAI, whereas only As exhibited higher contents at PAI than those found at CHI. The trace element content in the claws and bonesfound herein may be the result of either acute or chronic exposure to penguins, respectively. These findings may serve as a baseline for further studies to design adequate and opportune plans to protect this vulnerable species.

Abstract The Amuyo lagoons, located in the river Camarones basin in the highlands of northern Chile, have geo-tourist appeal due to their hydrothermal fluids and suspended solids, which are deposited in the surroundings with bright colors. The objective was to evaluate and compare, in the three lagoons, the physicochemical properties and the total concentrations of As-B-Cd-Co-Cu-Fe-Mn-Mo-Ni-Sb-Si-V-Zn in samples (n = 12) of red, yellow, and green sediments; the quality of surface waters; geochemical relationships; and the association between As and trace elements. There is a risk of exposure to As, B, Mn, Sb, and Zn. The green and yellow sediments reach 12% As, while the red 4% exceeds the levels of Si, Fe, Mn, and Zn. As correlates positively with Sb and Zn but negatively with Ni, Si, V, Co, and Mn. Sb (98 mg/kg) is concentrated in the green and yellow sediments, and twice B (163 mg/kg) is found in the green. The red sediment can be classified as siliceous (33 g/kg), with higher concentrations of Mn (9.1 g/kg), V (61 mg/kg), Co (41 mg/kg), and Ni (20 mg/kg), but there are no signs of organic matter, unlike the others that presented 3.3%. The three sediments showed similar levels of Fe (11 g/kg), Zn (258–370 mg/kg), and Cu (21.4–32.1 mg/kg), without signs of Mo and Cd. The composition of the waters is similar and is classified as neutral, brackish, and sodium chloride, which mobilize high concentrations of As (15–21 mg/l), B (35–42 mg/l), P-PO4−3 (2.4–3.0 mg/l) and Si (15 mg/l).

Resumen Las tres lagunas de Amuyo, situadas en el altiplano de la cuenca del río Camarones, norte de Chile, tienen atractivo geo turístico por sus fluidos hidrotermales y sólidos suspendidos, que se depositan en los alrededores de colores vistosos. El objetivo fue evaluar y comparar en las tres lagunas, las propiedades fisicoquímicas y las concentraciones totales de As-B-Cd-Co-Cu-Fe-Mn-Mo-Ni-Sb-Si-V-Zn en muestras (n = 12) de sedimentos rojo, amarillo y verde depositados alrrededor; la calidad de las aguas superficiales; las relaciones geoquímicas y la asociación entre As y los elementos traza. Existe riesgo de exposición por As, B, Mn, Sb y Zn. Los sedimentos verde y amarillo alcanzan 12 % de As, mientras que el rojo un 4%, superando los niveles de Si, Fe, Mn y Zn; As correlaciona positivo con Sb y Zn, pero negativo con Ni, Si, V, Co y Mn. En los sedimentos verde y amarillo se concentra Sb (98 mg/kg) y se halló en el verde el doble de B (163 mg/kg). El sedimento rojo puede ser clasificado como silíceo (33 g/kg), con mayores concentraciones de Mn (9,1 g/kg), V (61 mg/kg), Co (41 mg/kg) y Ni (20 mg/kg); pero, no hay indicios de materia orgánica, a diferencia de los otros que presentaron un 3,3%. Los tres sedimentos mostraron niveles similares en Fe (10,5 g/kg), Zn (269 - 375 mg/kg) y Cu (23,7 - 32,8 mg/kg), sin señas de Mo y Cd. Las aguas de las tres lagunas poseen composición semejante, clasificadas como neutras, salobres y clorurada sódica, que movilizan elevadas concentraciones de As (15 - 21 mg/l), B (35 - 42 mg/l), P-PO4−3 (2,4 - 3,0 mg/l) y Si (15 mg/l).

ABSTRACT In current agriculture it is necessary to control the safety of the food that is produced, for this it is vital to take into account the levels of contamination caused by heavy metals. One aspect to consider is the study of soil quality to preserve or improve its productivity, in order to guarantee environmental protection, human health and food safety. Trace elements in high concentrations in soils are food toxins with negative effects on health that manifest themselves in the long term as a result of the consumption of contaminated food and water. The objective of this work is: to study mathematical models to predict the behavior of cobalt, lead and zinc concentrations in agricultural soil, adjacent to the dumping of industrial waste in the San José de las Lajas municipality. For this, the concentration data of heavy metals cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were taken from the year 2005 to the year 2018 to predict their behavior from the use of statistical-mathematical tools until the year 2034. It was obtained that, according to the mathematical models obtained, these soils should not be used to grow vegetables for consumption, at least until 10 years after this investigation.

RESUMEN En la agricultura actual es necesario controlar la inocuidad de los alimentos que se producen, para ello es vital tener en cuenta los niveles de contaminación que provocan los metales pesados. Un aspecto a considerar es el estudio de calidad del suelo para conservar o mejorar su productividad, de forma que se garantice la protección ambiental, la salud humana y la seguridad alimentaria. Elementos traza en concentraciones elevadas en suelos son tóxicos alimentarios con efectos negativos sobre la salud que se manifiestan a largo plazo como resultado del consumo de aguas y alimentos contaminados. El presente trabajo plantea como objetivo: estudiar modelos matemáticos para predecir el comportamiento de las concentraciones de cobalto, plomo y zinc en un suelo agrícola, aledaño al vertimiento de residuos industriales en el municipio San José de las Lajas. Para ello se tomaron los datos de concentración de metales pesados cobalto (Co), plomo (Pb) y zinc (Zn) desde el año 2005 al año 2018 para predecir su comportamiento a partir del uso de herramientas estadístico-matemáticas hasta el año 2034. Se obtuvo que, según los modelos matemáticos obtenidos, estos suelos no deban emplearse para cultivar hortalizas con objeto de consumo, al menos hasta 10 años después de esta investigación.

RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica es uno de los grandes problemas a nivel global. Dentro de los contaminantes ambientales más importantes están las partículas suspendidas, las cuales han sido clasificadas dentro del Grupo 1 como carcinógenas para humanos por la Agencia Internacional sobre la Investigación en Cáncer. A las partículas suspendidas se adosan componentes con relevancia toxicológica como los metales a los que se les atribuyen, al menos en parte, los efectos adversos que las partículas generan en los organismos. Uno de los metales presentes en las partículas es el vanadio, metal que se encuentra como elemento traza abundante en el petróleo mexicano y que se emite a la atmósfera principalmente por la quema de sus derivados, como la gasolina. Sin embargo, aunque el vanadio está presente en la atmósfera, sus concentraciones no se monitorean, ya que ni éste ni algún otro metal están considerados como contaminantes criterio. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo es darle visibilidad a este elemento como contaminante ubicuo adosado a las partículas suspendidas, ya que representa un potencial peligro para la salud de los habitantes de las ciudades contaminadas como la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México y, por otro lado, enfatizar la casi nula de normatividad en México sobre la contaminación por metales, ya que el vanadio es solo un ejemplo de ésta.

ABSTRACT Air pollution is a major global problem. Among the most important environmental pollutants is particulate matter, which has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a human carcinogen within Group 1. Toxicologically relevant components such as metals are added to suspended particulate matter, which is at least partly responsible for the adverse effects of particulate matter on organisms. One of the metals present in particulate matter is vanadium, which is found as an abundant trace element in Mexican petroleum and is emitted into the atmosphere mainly by burning its derivatives, such as gasoline. However, although vanadium is present in the atmosphere, its concentrations are not monitored since neither vanadium nor any other metal are considered criteria pollutants. Therefore, the objective of this work is to give visibility to this element as a ubiquitous pollutant attached to suspended particles, which represents a potential danger to the health of the inhabitants of polluted cities such as the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico; and, on the other hand, to emphasize the near absence of regulations in Mexico on metal pollution, since vanadium is only one example.

Diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) is an attractive method for dynamic studies of metal speciation. Conventional DGT devices consists of diffusion and binding layers that utilize a polyacrylamide hydrogel, a synthetic polymer considered toxic, for the determination of labile metals. In this work, a simple method for the preparation of DGT devices using environmentally friendly and sustainable materials was proposed. Consequently, the polyacrylamide hydrogel was replaced with agarose, a low-cost and non-toxic biopolymer. The modified DGT was employed to determine the labile concentrations of Cd, Cu and CrIII in natural waters. The diffusion coefficients (D) for agarose were determined with a diffusion cell. The obtained values of D ranged from 2.05 to 4.53 × 10−5 cm2 s−1. The relationships between diffusion mass and time were linear for all trace metals. The binding layer with Chelex-100® and agarose was evaluated in retention and extraction of metals. The elution factors were within the range of 0.775 and 0.86 for Cd, Cu and CrIII. The proposed device was evaluated through recovery tests. Recoveries were greater than 80%. DGT devices were deployed in the determination of labile metals in river water from Cará-Cará River (Paraná, Brazil). The concentration of labile species in Cará-Cará sample proceeded as follows: Cd > Cu ≥ CrIII. The results suggest that DGT devices with agarose can be effectively used for speciation analysis. (DGT toxic work Consequently lowcost low cost nontoxic non biopolymer waters (D cell 205 2 05 2.0 453 4 53 4.5 105 10 5 10− cm s1 s 1 s−1 Chelex100® Chelex100 Chelex 100® 100 Chelex-100 0775 0 775 0.77 086 86 0.8 tests 80 80% CaráCará Cará Paraná, Paraná (Paraná Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) follows analysis 20 2. 45 4. s− Chelex10 Chelex-10 077 77 0.7 08 8 0. Chelex1 Chelex-1 07 7 Chelex-

ABSTRACT Cadmium (Cd) toxicity harms photosynthesis, crop nutrition, and crop yield. Here, we submitted five maize cultivars with different tolerance to Cd to a toxic Cd concentration in the nutrient solution to assess their physiological responses. The study aimed at assessing the Cd effect on biomass and Cd and nutrient concentration in maize cultivars, evaluating how the photosynthetic is affected by Cd in maize cultivars exposed to Cd for different lengths of time, and understanding how the antioxidant defense system of different cultivars acts under Cd stress. To evaluate the effects of Cd stress, biomass, tolerance index, and plant mineral composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn), chlorophyll a fluorescence, and enzyme activity were determined. Cd toxicity reduced the biomass by 24% in the most tolerant cultivar and 41% in the most sensitive. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the plants was reduced owing to the Cd application. In contrast, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were unaffected. The chlorophyll a fluorescence variables were not affected by Cd. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase reduced their activities by 69, 20, and 14% in the sensitive CMS36 cultivar. For the tolerant cultivar (Gorutuba), Cd stress altered the peroxidase activity only. The data revealed distinct profiles in the accumulation of Cd, biomass yield, enzyme activity, and photosynthetic efficiency of cultivars. The physiological variables were sensible to physiological alterations and may help monitor Cd toxicity. (Cd photosynthesis nutrition yield Here responses time index N (N P K Ca Fe Mn Cu Zn, , Zn) determined 24 41 application contrast unaffected dismutase 69 20 14 CMS CMS3 Gorutuba, Gorutuba (Gorutuba) only 2 4 6 1 (Gorutuba

Resumo O status elementar do gado é um dos fatores importantes que determinam seu crescimento, fertilidade, desenvolvimento fetal, produção de carne e laticínios, etc. Portanto, o estudo do conteúdo de diferentes elementos nos órgãos e tecidos do gado e sua correlação com as características do gado e dieta é tarefa urgente. Também é importante desenvolver métodos intravitais e pouco invasivos para analisar o conteúdo de elementos em bovinos para regular sua dieta durante a vida. No presente trabalho, estudamos o conteúdo e a distribuição de manganês em gado Hereford de uma zona ecologicamente limpa da Sibéria Ocidental (Rússia). Foram coletadas 252 amostras de 31 touros com idade entre 15 e 18 meses. Eles foram coletados em diversas fazendas pecuárias da região e analisados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (órgãos e tecido muscular) e espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (cabelo). Os valores medianos da concentração de manganês obtidos na umidade natural para cabelo, coração, rins, fígado, pulmões, músculos, baço, testículos e cérebro foram 25, 0,37, 1,0, 2,6, 0,4, 0,2, 0,4, 0,5 e 0,5 ppm. Assim, a concentração de manganês difere significativamente nos órgãos e tecidos dos animais (H = 188,6, df = 8, p <0,0001). Associações estatisticamente significativas de manganês foram reveladas em pares: fígado-testículo, cabelo-testículo, baço-testículo e coração-cérebro. É realizada a classificação dos órgãos e tecidos dos animais de acordo com o nível de conteúdo e variabilidade do manganês. A concentração de manganês no corpo não é uniforme, sendo principalmente depositada nos cabelos e nos órgãos excretores do fígado e dos rins. Em outros órgãos e tecidos musculares, a distribuição do manganês é mais uniforme e fica na faixa de 0,2-0,5 ppm. As faixas resultantes podem ser usadas como orientação para o gado Hereford criado na Sibéria Ocidental. crescimento fertilidade fetal laticínios etc Portanto urgente vida trabalho Rússia. Rússia . (Rússia) 25 3 1 meses muscular cabelo. cabelo (cabelo) coração rins pulmões músculos baço 037 0 37 0,37 10 1,0 26 2 6 2,6 04 4 0,4 02 0,2 05 5 0, ppm Assim H 1886 188 188,6 8 <0,0001. 00001 <0,0001 0001 <0,0001) pares fígadotestículo, fígadotestículo testículo, testículo fígado-testículo cabelotestículo, cabelotestículo cabelo-testículo baçotestículo coraçãocérebro. coraçãocérebro cérebro. coração-cérebro musculares 0,20,5 0205 0,2-0, (Rússia (cabelo 03 0,3 1, 2, 188, 0000 <0,000 000 20 0,20, 020 0,2-0 <0,00 00 0,20 0,2- <0,0 <0, <0 <

Abstract The elemental status of cattle is one of the important factors, which determine its growth, fertility, fetal development, meat and dairy production, etc. Therefore, the study of content of different elements in cattle organs and tissues and its correlation with cattle characteristics and diet is urgent task. It is also important to develop intravital and low-invasive methods to analyze element content in cattle to regulate its diet during lifetime. In the present work, we have studied the content and distribution of manganese in Hereford cattle from an ecologically clean zone of Western Siberia (Russia). 252 samples were taken from 31 bulls aged 15-18 months. They were collected from various livestock farms in the region and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (organs and muscle tissue) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (hair). The median values of manganese concentration obtained in natural moisture for hair, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, spleen, testes, and brain were 25, 0.37, 1.0, 2.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.5 ppm. Accordingly, the concentration of manganese differs significantly in the organs and tissues of animals (H = 188.6, df = 8, p <0.0001). Statistically significant associations of manganese were revealed in pairs: liver-testis, hair-testis, spleen-testis, and heart-brain. The classification of organs and tissues of animals according to the level of content and variability of manganese is carried out. The concentration of manganese in the body is not uniform, most of all it is deposited in the hair and excretory organs of the liver and kidneys. In other organs and muscle tissues, the distribution of manganese is more even and is in the range of 0.2-0.5 ppm. The resulting ranges can be used as a guideline for Hereford cattle bred in Western Siberia. factors growth fertility development production etc Therefore task lowinvasive low invasive lifetime work Russia. Russia . (Russia) 25 3 1518 15 18 15-1 months tissue hair. (hair) heart kidneys lungs muscles spleen testes 037 0 37 0.37 10 1 1.0 26 2 6 2.6 04 4 0.4 02 0.2 05 5 0. ppm Accordingly H 1886 188 188.6 8 <0.0001. 00001 <0.0001 0001 <0.0001) pairs livertestis, livertestis testis, testis liver-testis hairtestis, hairtestis hair-testis spleentestis, spleentestis spleen-testis heartbrain. heartbrain brain. heart-brain out uniform 0.20.5 0205 0.2-0. (Russia 151 15- (hair 03 0.3 1. 2. 188. 0000 <0.000 000 20 0.20. 020 0.2-0 <0.00 00 0.20 0.2- <0.0 <0. <0 <

In this work, babassu FAME samples were synthesized by transesterification reaction under alkaline catalysis with sodium glyceroxide and by two steps process with KOH followed by H2SO4 as catalysts. A sequential multi-element method for determination of Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and K in synthesized babassu FAME by high resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (HR CS FAAS) was developed. The proposed method is based on a microemulsion formation by mixing the babassu FAME samples with 1-propanol and aqueous phase. The mass proportion of the added components was evaluated through a ternary diagram. External and matrix-matching calibration techniques with inorganic and organic standard were investigated. In the five-level spike-recovery test, satisfactory results were obtained by performing the matrix-matching calibration along with inorganic standard solutions. By using the optimized conditions, limits of detection in the range of 0.002-0.12 mg kg-1 were obtained. Accuracy was attested by the agreement of the results obtained in the analysis of three certified reference materials. By applying the microemulsion system and HR-CS FAAS, the sequential determination of six elements was achieved. Therefore, the proposed method was a suitable alternative for metal determination in babassu FAME samples, with good sensitivities, accuracy, and a wide linear working range. work HSO H SO H2SO catalysts multielement multi element Zn Fe Mg Ca HR FAAS developed 1propanol propanol 1 phase diagram matrixmatching matrix matching investigated fivelevel five level spikerecovery spike recovery test solutions conditions 0.0020.12 0002012 0.002 0.12 0 002 12 0.002-0.1 kg1 kg kg- materials HRCS achieved Therefore sensitivities accuracy 0020 0.0020.1 000201 0002 0.00 012 0.1 00 0.002-0. 0.0020. 00020 000 0.0 01 0. 0.002-0 0.0020 0.002-

Resumo: Objetivo O Rio Kallada está exposto a vários tipos de poluição decorrentes de atividades domésticas, cívicas, recreativas, agrícolas e assentamentos humanos. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar a qualidade do sedimento, especialmente a concentração de metais traços, e comparar com relatórios anteriores sobre as fontes de poluentes no Rio Kallada, India. Métodos Um total de 12 descritores de sedimento, incluindo os seguintes metais: ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn), cromo (Cr) e zinco (Zn), foram analisados. Um espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica foi usado para detectar a concentração de metais traços nas amostras de sedimento. Correlação de Pearson, análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise de agrupamento (CA) foram usadas para analisar os dados e fontes de poluentes. Resultados Esta pesquisa indicou que o Fe foi o elemento mais acumulado nos sedimentos, e os locais de meio do rio (K6 e K10) e jusante (K11 a K15) mostraram um nível de concentração muito mais alto do que os locais a montante. As concentrações de metais traços nas amostras de sedimento seguiram a ordem Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn. Conclusões O presente estudo concluiu que as principais fontes de poluentes foram esgotos, efluentes domésticos e descargas agrícolas. Estes podem representar uma ameaça severa ao Rio Kallada e riscos à saúde das populações locais, que dependem principalmente do rio para fins de consumo de água. Portanto, políticas de conservação apropriadas para reduzir a poluição são essenciais. Resumo domésticas cívicas recreativas humanos India 1 Fe, , (Fe) Mn, (Mn) Cr (Cr Zn, Zn (Zn) analisados Pearson PCA (PCA CA (CA sedimentos K6 K (K K10 K11 (K1 K15 montante esgotos água Portanto essenciais (Fe (Mn (Zn K1

Abstract: Aim The Kallada River is exposed to several kinds of pollution from domestic, civic, recreational, and agricultural activities and human settlements. The objectives of the study were to assess sediment quality, especially the trace metal concentration and to compare with the previous reports on the sources of pollutants in the Kallada River. Methods A total of 12 sediment variables including the following metals: iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to detect trace metal concentration in the sediment samples. Statistical tools such as Pearson’s correlation, Principal component analysis (PCA), and Cluster analysis (CA) were employed to analyze the data and source of pollutants. Results This investigation indicated that Fe was the most accumulated element in the sediments, and the midstream (K6 and K10) and downstream sites (K11 to K15) showed a much higher concentration level than the upstream sites. The concentrations of trace metals in sediment samples followed the order Fe> Mn> Cu>Zn. Conclusions The present study concluded that major sources of pollutants were sewage and civic effluents and agricultural discharges. These may cause a severe threat to the Kallada River and health risk to the local populations, which rely on the river, primarily for drinking purposes. Hence, appropriate conservation policies to reduce pollution are therefore essential. Abstract domestic recreational settlements quality 1 Fe, , (Fe) Mn, Mn (Mn) Cr, Cr (Cr) Zn (Zn analyzed AAS (AAS Pearsons Pearson s correlation PCA, PCA (PCA) CA (CA sediments K6 K (K K10 K11 (K1 K15 CuZn Cu Cu>Zn discharges populations river purposes Hence essential (Fe (Mn (Cr (PCA K1

Resumo A acumulação de metais pesados no solo pode levar à deterioração da qualidade do solo, reduzir a fertilidade do solo e o rendimento das colheitas, ameaçando assim a saúde humana e animal. O conteúdo quantitativo de metais pesados, como chumbo (Pb), mercúrio (Hg), arsênio (As) e cádmio (Cd), foi determinado, e as concentrações de oligoelementos, como zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe) e manganês (Mn), foram calculadas para as terras consideradas contaminadas. O índice de risco ecológico potencial (IR) proposto por L. Hakanson foi utilizado no estudo de contaminação do solo por metais pesados. Como resultado, foi demonstrada a presença de oligoelementos e metais pesados nas áreas consideradas da região de Kostanay. Os valores de IR para todos os locais variaram de 137 a 447, correspondendo ao nível de classificação de risco ecológico de baixo a alto. O IR médio para As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, Ni e Cu foi de 328, o que indica um alto risco ecológico. Os níveis detectados de As, Cd, Zn e Pb em áreas mineiras abandonadas há muito tempo estavam bem acima dos limites nacionais, indicando a necessidade iminente de investigar e avaliar exaustivamente a adequação da terra para posterior utilização agrícola. A disponibilidade de tais dados permitirá prever o desenvolvimento baseado em clusters de infraestruturas de processamento nas proximidades de terras agrícolas. colheitas animal , (Pb) Hg (Hg) As (As Cd (Cd) determinado (Zn) Cu, (Cu) Fe (Fe Mn, Mn (Mn) contaminadas (IR L resultado Kostanay 13 447 328 nacionais agrícola agrícolas (Pb (Hg (Cd (Zn (Cu (Mn 1 44 32 4 3

Abstract Accumulation of heavy metals in soil can lead to the deterioration of soil quality, reduce soil fertility and crop yields, and thus threaten human and animal health. The study aimed to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils in Kazakhstan. The study was carried out in 2021 on the soils of the Zhdanovskoye owner-operated farm in the Sokolovsko-Sarybai district of the Kostanay region. The quantitative content of heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd), was determined, and concentrations of trace elements, such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), were calculated for the considered contaminated lands. The potential ecological risk index (RI) proposed by L. Hakanson was used in the study concerning heavy metal contamination of soil. As a result, the presence of trace elements and heavy metals in the considered areas of the Kostanay region was shown. The RI values for all sites ranged from 137 to 447, corresponding to the level of ecological risk grading from low to high. The average RI for As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu amounted to 328, which indicates a high ecological risk. Detected levels of As, Cd, Zn, and Pb in long-term abandoned mining areas were well above national thresholds, indicating the impending need to fully investigate and assess the suitability of the land for further agricultural use. The availability of such data will allow predicting cluster-based development of processing infrastructures in the vicinity of agricultural lands. quality yields health Kazakhstan 202 owneroperated owner operated SokolovskoSarybai Sokolovsko Sarybai , (Pb) Hg (Hg) (As) Cd (Cd) determined Zn (Zn) Cu, (Cu) Fe, Fe (Fe) Mn, Mn (Mn) lands (RI L result shown 13 447 Ni 328 longterm long term thresholds use clusterbased cluster based 20 (Pb (Hg (As (Cd (Zn (Cu (Fe (Mn 1 44 32 2 4 3

To investigate the anthropogenic contamination of the Port of Suape, five surface sediments were collected and subjected to a geochemical characterization based on the determination of environmental biomarkers such as sterols, aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and also metals and arsenic. Sterol analyses point to a moderate level of sewage contamination, while n-alkanes analyses indicated contamination by petroleum in an early stage of biodegradation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analyses pointed to a mixture of contributions for the organic matter, which were predominantly found for petrogenic and pyrolytic sources. The quantification of trace metals indicated a low risk to the environment, except for As, which was identified as displaying moderate contamination. During the analysis of all biomarkers, the sediment collected near one of the shipyards was the most affected. These results enable comprehension of the level of contamination in an important Brazilian port and the need to develop remediation policies. Suape sterols arsenic nalkanes n alkanes biodegradation matter sources environment As affected policies

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ravenia spectabilis is a species of the Rutaceae family, promising in the pharmaceutical field due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant actions. No studies have been described that evaluate the chemical composition of the plant that grows in Cuba. Objective: To evaluate from the pharmacognostic and phytochemical point of view the extracts obtained from the leaves of Ravenia spectabilis with a view to their possible therapeutic Materials and methods: The standardization of drying in the shade and in an oven was carried out. The residual humidity was determined and the total ashes and metals of the vegetal material were quantified. The phytochemical evaluation included a screening of possible metabolites. Thin Layer Chromatography was used under different chromatographic conditions for the identification of metabolites that could contribute to the pharmacological actions. Results and discussion: The drying method in the oven was the most appropriate according to the parameters evaluated. The content of total ash, residual humidity, heavy metals and trace elements were within the permissible limits described in international regulations. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids and coumarins is suggested. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts showed a greater number of stains, with a typical development of phenolic compounds under ultraviolet light. Conclusions: The presence of phenolic compounds was identified in the extracts evaluated by qualitative recognition techniques, with ethyl acetate and methanolic being the ones with the best results; which lays the foundation for the future development of herbal active pharmaceutical ingredients.

RESUMEN Introducción: Ravenia spectabilis es una especie de la familia Rutaceae, promisoria en el campo farmacéutico debido a sus acciones antimicrobiana y antioxidante. No se han descrito estudios que evalúen la composición química de la planta que crece en Cuba. Objetivo: Evaluar desde el punto de vista farmacognóstico y fitoquímico los extractos obtenidos de las hojas de Ravenia spectabilis con vistas a su posible uso terapéutico. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó la estandarización del secado a la sombra y en estufa. Se determinó la humedad residual y se cuantificaron las cenizas totales y metales del material vegetal. La evaluación fitoquímica incluyó un tamizaje de los posibles metabolitos. Se empleó la Cromatografía en Capa Delgada bajo diferentes condiciones cromatográficas para la identificación de los metabolitos que pudieran contribuir a las acciones farmacológicas. Resultados y Discusión: El método de secado en la estufa fue el más adecuado de acuerdo con los parámetros evaluados. El contenido de cenizas totales, humedad residual, metales pesados y oligoelementos se encontraron dentro de los límites permisibles descritos en normativas internacionales. Se sugiere la presencia de flavonoides, taninos, esteroides, alcaloides y cumarinas. Los extractos metanólico y de acetato de etilo mostraron un mayor número de manchas, con un revelado típico de compuestos fenólicos a la luz ultravioleta. Conclusiones: Se identificó la presencia de compuestos fenólicos mediante las técnicas de reconocimiento cualitativo, siendo el de acetato de etilo y el metanólico los de mejores resultados; lo cual sienta las bases para el desarrollo futuro de ingredientes farmacéuticos activos herbarios.

Resumen Los ambientes contaminados con metales pueden inducir a la acumu lación de metales trazas en los tejidos blandos de la fauna marina, resultando en efectos negativos. La estrella de mar incubadora Anasterias minuta es una de las especies de depredadores superiores de macroinvertebrados más conspicuas en las costas rocosas de la Patagonia Atlántica que podría acumular elementos traza y usarse como biomonitor de la contaminación costera por metales. El objetivo de este estudio exploratorio fue cuantificar las concentraciones de metales en las gónadas de poblaciones de A. minuta en un área con impacto antrópico y en un Área Natural Protegida. Las estrellas de mar A. minuta fueron recolectadas de dos poblaciones intermareales rocosas del Golfo San Matías, cerca de un muelle de carga de mineral de hierro en Punta Colorada (PC), y en el Área Natural Protegida Puerto Lobos (PL), ubicada 35 km al sur de PC. Los metales esenciales Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr y Ni, y los metales no esenciales Cd y As estuvieron presentes en las gónadas de ambas poblaciones de A. minuta. Sin embargo, el metal esencial Co y el metal no esencial Pb fueron solo detectados en el Área Natural Protegida PL, con valores inferiores al límite de cuantificación en PC. Dado que las altas concentraciones de metales pueden tener un impacto negativo en las poblaciones de estrellas de mar y los hábitats costeros, estos datos de metales obtenidos de las gónadas de las poblaciones de A. minuta podrían ser útiles como referencia para comenzar un programa de monitoreo en áreas urbanizadas y marinas protegidas.

Abstract Environments contaminated with metals can induce accumulation of trace metals in soft tissues of marine fauna resulting in negative effects. The oral brooding sea star Anasterias minuta is one of the most con spicuous macro-invertebrate top-predator species in the Atlantic Patagonian rocky shores that could accumulate trace elements and be used as biomonitor of coastal metal pollution. The aim of this study was to quantify metals concentrations on gonads of A. minuta populations in an anthropogenic impacted and in a natural protected area. Sea stars A. minuta were collected from two rocky intertidal populations in San Matías Gulf, near an iron-ore loading wharf at Punta Colorada (PC), and in the Natural Protected Area Puerto Lobos (PL), located 35 km south to PC. The essential metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni, and the non-essential metal Cd and As were present in gonads of A. minuta from both populations. However, the essential metal Co and the non-essential metal Pb were only detected in the Natural Protected Area PL, with values below to quantification limit at PC. As high metal concentrations can impact negatively on sea star populations and shore habitats, this metal survey obtained from gonads of A. minuta populations could be useful as a reference to start a monitoring program in urbanized and marine protected areas.

RESUMEN El Zinc (Zn) es un nutriente esencial para las plantas, existe limitada información de su disponibilidad en los suelos de Paraguay. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en evaluar y clasificar la disponibilidad de Zn en suelos de la región Oriental del Paraguay. Para ello fue generada una base de datos con los resultados de análisis de suelo de los laboratorios de la FCA-UNA, CIHB-IPTA y FUCAI-UCA. Se clasificó la concentración de Zn disponible de los suelos en nivel “alto” (>1,2 mg kg-1); “medio” (0,5 - 1,2 mg kg-1) y “bajo” (<0,5 mg kg-1), generándose un mapa de disponibilidad de Zn a nivel distrital. Se evaluó la disponibilidad de Zn a nivel distrital, departamental, así como, con parámetros de estadística descriptiva. Considerando la media de los niveles de Zn a nivel de distrito, de los 234 distritos que conforman la región Oriental del Paraguay, en el 74% de los distritos (174 distritos) presentaron nivel “alto”, 6% nivel “medio” (15 distritos) y el 3% nivel “bajo” de Zn (6 distritos). Considerando el número total de muestras de suelo analizadas (11.395 muestras), el 79% (9.038 muestras) presentaron niveles “alto” de Zn, el 12% (1.316 muestras) presentaron niveles “medio” de Zn, y solo el 9% (1.041 muestras) presentaron niveles “bajo” de Zn. La media nacional considerando las 11.395 muestras de suelo fue de 6,5 mg kg-1 de Zn, por lo tanto, en 79% de los suelos analizados de la región Oriental hay niveles de Zn superior al nivel crítico de Zn para las actividades agrícolas, de forrajes y forestales de producción.

ABSTRACT Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for plants, and there is limited information on its availability in Paraguayan soils. The objective of the research was to evaluate and classify the availability of Zn in soils of the Eastern region of Paraguay. For this, a database was generated with the results of soil analyses from the FCA-UNA, CIHB-IPTA and FUCAI-UCA laboratories. The concentration of available Zn in soils was classified as "high" (>1.2 mg kg-1); “medium” (0.5 - 1.2 mg kg-1) and “low” (<0.5 mg kg-1), generating a Zn availability map at the district level. The availability of Zn was evaluated at the district and departmental levels, as well as with descriptive statistics parameters. Considering the average Zn levels at the district level, of the 234 districts that make up the Eastern region of Paraguay, 74% of the districts (174 districts) presented a "high" level, 6% a "medium" level (15 districts) and 3% “low” level of Zn (6 districts). Considering the total number of soil samples analyzed (11,395 samples), 79% (9,038 samples) presented "high" levels of Zn, 12% (1,316 samples) presented "medium" levels of Zn, and only 9% (1,041 samples) presented “low” levels of Zn. The national average, considering the 11,395 soil samples, was 6.5 mg kg-1 of Zn, therefore, in 79% of the soils analyzed in the Eastern region there are Zn levels above the critical level of Zn for agricultural activities, forage and forestry production.

Trace elements in aquatic ecosystems are considered as major pollutants due to their environmental persistence, toxicity and ability to be incorporated into food webs. Contaminated sediments represent a threat to benthic macroinvertebrates which in turn expose high trophic organisms to hazardous trace elements, therefore metals accumulated in benthic organisms can also be bio concentrated in food webs. Direct toxic effects of metals include changes in diversity and abundance of benthic invertebrates while, indirect effects include modifications of species interactions and reductions in food quality. In this work, we study the potentially toxic metal concentrations in both sediments and benthic macroinvertebrates in the Maipo River basin (central Chile) evaluating the risk assessment of sediment, toxicity to the biota and bioaccumulation in the organisms. Sediments and benthic organisms were sampled in spring (October-December) 2016 from four sites of the Maipo River basin. Twelve trace elements (As, Al, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by AAE. The Geo accumulation index showed that Zn was moderate to strong pollute in all sites and the enrichment factor showed that there were no important anthropic impacts in the river. High level of contamination was found for Cu in PEL and the pollution index showed that PEL was extremely polluted. Three (Cu, Mn and Zn) out of the five metals analyzed were the elements which presented the largest toxicity to organisms in these aquatic systems based on the Threshold Effect Concentration (TEC) and Probable Effect Concentration (PEC) analysis. Most of the metals analyzed did not show bioaccumulation; however, Ni and Pb were the metals with the highest bioaccumulation factor in all the studied sites.