ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to analyze variations in intraoperative corneal thickness during corneal cross-linking in patients with keratoconus and to investigate its possible correlation with presurgical maximal keratometry (Kmax) and pachymetry. Methods: This was a prospective case series. We used a method similar to the Dresden protocol, with the application of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.1% hypo-osmolar riboflavin in corneas between 330 and 400 µm after epithelium removal. Corneal thickness was measured using portable calipers before and immediately after epithelium removal, and 30 and 60 min after the procedure. Results: The 30 patients in this study were followed up for one year. A statistically significant difference was observed in pachymetry values during the intraoperative period (p<0.0001) and an increase of 3.05 µm (95%C1: 0.56-5.54) for each diopter was seen after epithelium removal (p0.019). We found an average Kmax difference of —2.12 D between men and women (p0.013). One year after treatment, there was a statistically significant reduction in pachymetry (p<0.0001) and Kmax (p0.0170) values. Conclusions: A significant increase in pachymetry measurements was seen during the procedure, and most patients showed a regression in Kmax and pachymetry values one year after surgery. Purpose crosslinking cross linking (Kmax Methods series protocol 01 0 1 0.1 hypoosmolar hypo osmolar 33 40 3 6 procedure Results p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 (p<0.0001 305 05 3.0 95%C1 95C1 C 95 C1 (95%C1 0.565.54 056554 0.56 5.54 56 5 54 0.56-5.54 p0.019. p0019 p0.019 . p0 019 (p0.019) 2.12 212 2 12 —2.1 p0.013. p0013 p0.013 013 (p0.013) treatment p0.0170 p00170 0170 (p0.0170 Conclusions surgery 0. 4 p<0.000 p0000 000 (p<0.000 3. 95%C 95C 9 (95%C 565 0.565.5 05655 056 0.5 554 5.5 0.56-5.5 p001 p0.01 (p0.019 2.1 21 —2. (p0.013 p0.017 p0017 017 (p0.017 p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 0.565. 0565 55 5. 0.56-5. p00 p0.0 (p0.01 2. —2 p<0.0 (p<0.0 0.565 0.56-5 p0. (p0.0 — p<0. (p<0. 0.56- (p0. p<0 (p<0 (p0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT Purpose: Myopia, or nearsightedness, is one of the most common eye conditions worldwide. However, a comparison of the effectiveness of different laser-assisted interventions is lacking. Thus, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of LASIK and IntraLASIK in addressing myopia. Methods: The study was conducted in two ophthalmology clinics in Beijing, China, in 2022. A total of 84 patients (152 eyes) with different degrees of myopia were examined and underwent LASIK (n=46, 80 eyes) or IntraLASIK (n=38, 72 eyes). Keratometry, corneal topography, pachymetry, visual acuity evaluation, and corneal biomechanical analysis were performed before and after the intervention. Results: IntraLASIK produced more precise flaps than LASIK, with deviations of <8 mm and 0.1 mm from the intended thickness and diameter, respectively. LASIK resulted in nonuniform flaps, with thickness deviations of 5-86 mm. IntraLASIK demonstrated a superior efficacy for patients with severe myopia and thin corneas, with a mean spherical equivalent of 0.9 D at 6 months compared to the 1.4 D for LASIK. Approximately 91% and 83% of the patients with mild to moderate and severe myopia, respectively, achieved results within ± 0.49 D from the refractive target with IntraLASIK. Conclusions: Corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor decreased with an increase in laser intensity, and they decreased faster with thinner corneas. Thus, IntraLASIK is more useful than LASIK in patients with thin corneas and severe myopia. Purpose Myopia nearsightedness worldwide However laserassisted assisted lacking Thus Methods Beijing China 2022 8 152 (15 eyes n=46, n46 n 46 (n=46 n=38, n38 38 (n=38 7 eyes. . Keratometry topography pachymetry evaluation intervention Results < 01 0 1 0. diameter respectively 586 5 86 5-8 09 9 14 4 1. 91 83 049 49 0.4 Conclusions intensity 202 15 (1 n=46 n4 (n=4 n=38 n3 3 (n=3 58 5- 04 20 ( n=4 (n= n=3 2 n= (n

Introdução: O canal inguinal é região propensa a hérnias que podem ter indicação cirúrgica. Embora a videocirurgia possa ser menos agressiva, a identificação dos ramos nervosos é necessária para diminuir a incidência de inguinodinia que pode ocorrer mesmo com essa via minimamente invasiva. Objetivo: Revisar a incidência e os motivos da inguinodinia nos procedimentos cirúrgicos laparoscópicos na correção das hérnias inguinais. Método: Revisão sistemática, realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS e Google Scholar no período de 2018 a 2024, incluindo artigos em português e inglês. De 1.758 artigos, 10 foram selecionados. Resultado: Os principais achados da pesquisa comprovaram que o reconhecimento e a devida identificação anatômica dos principais nervos da região inguinal durante a operação – ílio-hipogástrico, ilioinguinal e ramo genital do genitofemoral - são capazes de diminuir as chances de os pacientes desenvolverem dor crônica na região inguinal após hernioplastia. A perícia e experiência do cirurgião ao evitar trauma nos nervos locais garante qualidade de vida aos pacientes e reduz a exposição deles a eventuais novas intervenções subsequentes para tratamento de inguinodinia. Conclusão: A prevenção é a medida mais importante tratando-se de erradicar a inguinodinia. Dessa maneira, o profissional deve ter conhecimento suficiente da topografia mais frequente da passagem dos principais nervos e seus ramos para evitar lesões iatrogênicas.

Introduction: The inguinal canal is a region prone to hernias that may require surgery. Although videosurgery may be less aggressive, the identification of nerve branches is necessary to reduce the incidence of inguinodynia that can occur even with this minimally invasive route. Objective: To review the incidence and reasons for inguinodynia in laparoscopic surgical procedures for the correction of inguinal hernias. Method: Systematic review, carried out in the PubMed, BVS and Google Scholar databases from 2018 to 2024, including articles in Portuguese and English. From initial number of 1,758 articles 10 were selected. Result: The main findings of the research proved that the recognition and proper anatomical identification of the main nerves of the inguinal region during the operation - iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal and genital branch of the genitofemoral - are able to reduce the chances of patients developing chronic pain in the inguinal region after hernioplasty. The surgeon's expertise and experience in avoiding trauma to local nerves guarantees quality of life for patients and reduces their exposure to possible new subsequent interventions to treat inguinodynia. Conclusion: Prevention is the most important measure when it comes to eradicating inguinodynia. Therefore, the professional must have sufficient knowledge of the most frequent topography of the passage of the main nerves and their branches to avoid iatrogenic injuries

Resumen El Pico de Orizaba es un área natural protegida en la que destacan bosques de Pinus hartwegii sometidos a presiones naturales y antrópicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los parámetros dasométricos de ocho rodales con cuatro exposiciones (N, S, E y O) y dos altitudes (3 700 y 3 900 m). Se ubicaron áreas con cobertura representativa y se establecieron tres sitios de dimensiones fijas de 1 000 m2 por cada combinación de exposición-altitud. La obtención de información se complementó con imágenes de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT). Se obtuvo mayor densidad de arbolado (593 árboles ha-1) en la combinación E-3 700 y la mínima en la zona O-3 900 (113 árboles ha-1). Los extremos de área basal mínima (11.9 m2 ha-1) y máxima (35.2 m2 ha-1) correspondieron a las combinaciones S-3 900 y E-3 700, respectivamente. El área basal y volumen disminuyeron con la altitud. La estructura horizontal mostró mayor número de individuos en categorías diamétricas bajas (10-40 cm) y la estructura vertical en las de 25 a 30 m de altura. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis evidenció diferencias significativas entre las ocho combinaciones para las variables diámetro (DN), altura total (AT) y volumen (VOL), cuya reducción más notable fue sobre la exposición sur al incrementar la altitud de 3 700 a 3 900 m, lo que indica que la combinación S-3 900 es menos favorable para el crecimiento del arbolado. Las combinaciones exposición-altitud con parámetros dasométricos superiores y más potencial de crecimiento fueron N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700 y O-3 900.

Abstract Pico de Orizaba is a natural protected area with Pinus hartwegii forests subjected to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this study was to compare the mensuation parameters of eight stands with four exposures (N, S, E, and W) at two different altitudes (3 700 and 3 900 m). Areas with representative coverage were located and three sites of fixed dimensions of 1 000 m2 were established for each exposure-altitude combination. The collected information was complemented with images from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The highest tree density (593 trees ha-1) was obtained in the E-3 700 combination, and the lowest, in the W-3 900 area (113 trees ha-1). The extremes of minimum (11.9 m2 ha-1) and maximum (35.2 m2 ha-1) basimetric area corresponded to combinations S-3 900 and E-3 700, respectively. The basimetric area and volume decreased with the altitude. The horizontal structure showed a greater number of individuals in low diameter categories (10-40 cm), and the vertical structure in the 25 to 30 m height categories. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences between the eight combinations for the diameter (DN), total height (TA) and volume (VOL) variables. The most notable reduction was on the southern exposure, as the altitude increased from 3 700 to 3 900 m, indicating that the S-3 900 combination is less favorable for tree growth. The exposure-elevation combinations with superior mensuration parameters and more growth potential were N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700, and W-3 900.

Abstract Background: In tropical pines forest, fire favors the maintenance of biodiversity. Hypotheses: Fires favor tree regeneration; the increase in fire severity and topography affect forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration. Study site and dates: A tropical pine forest in El Fresno, Morelos, one year after a fire. Methods: Forest structure, composition and tree regeneration were evaluated in 13 plots in an unburned forest and in 45 of 500 m2 plots affected by low, medium, and high fire severity. Results: We registered 4,727 trees, 1,134 dead trees and 2,130 resprouts from 11 species in eight families: three species were seeders, and seven species were resprouters. The highest abundance of recruits was registered in the low fire severity: > 98 % were Pinus pringlei (Pinaceae) seedlings. The highest abundance of resprouters was registered in the high severity: > 72 % were Quercus spp (Fagaceae) resprouts. With the increase in fire severity, basal area and tree cover decreased. At higher altitudes, there was a higher density of adult trees and juveniles while at places with higher slopes, a higher basal area of dead trees was registered. Conclusions: The fire event increased regeneration and changed forest composition. In medium fire severity, the density of pine seedlings increased while high fire severity favored oak resprouts.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En los bosques tropicales de pino, los incendios propician el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad. Hipótesis: Los incendios favorecen la regeneración natural; el aumento en la severidad de incendio y la topografía afectan la estructura, composición y regeneración del bosque. Sitio y años de estudio: El bosque tropical de pino en El Fresno, Morelos un año después de un incendio. Métodos: La estructura, composición y regeneración se evaluaron en 13 parcelas en un bosque no quemado y en 45 parcelas de 500 m2 que experimentaron severidad de incendio baja, media y alta. Además, la estructura del bosque antes del incendio se reconstruyó incluyendo a los árboles muertos. Resultados: Se registraron 4,727 individuos vivos, 1,134 muertos y 2,130 rebrotes de 11 especies en ocho familias: tres especies son reclutadoras y siete rebrotadoras. La mayor abundancia de plántulas se registró en la severidad media: > 98 % fueron plántulas de Pinus pringlei (Pinaceae). La mayor abundancia de rebrotes se registró en la severidad alta: > 72 % fueron rebrotes de Quercus spp. (Fagaceae). El aumento en la severidad de incendio disminuyó el área basal y la cobertura del dosel. A mayor altitud hubo mayor densidad de árboles adultos y juveniles mientras que en superficies con mayor pendiente se registró un aumento en el área basal de árboles muertos. Conclusiones: El evento de incendio aumentó la regeneración y cambió la composición del bosque. La severidad media de incendio aumentó la densidad de plántulas de pino, mientras que la severidad alta de incendio favoreció el rebrote de encinos.

Abstract Background: Pilomatrixoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a benign cutaneous neoplasm that demonstrates differentiation towards the matrix portion of hair follicles. It is the most common benign cutaneous neoplasm in childhood and youth, although it can occur at any age. With a general incidence ranging from 0.001% to 0.0031% of all cutaneous tumors. There is a slight predilection for females, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.15:1. Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional study conducted using the electronic database of the dermatopathology department of Dr. Manuel Gea González General Hospital, from January 1992 to July 2023. Only cases with a histopathological diagnosis of pilomatrixoma, pilomatricoma, and Malherbe’s calcifying epithelioma were included. Results: A total of 200 pilomatrixomas were recorded in 177 patients. The tumor predominantly affected females in the pediatric age group, with an average age of 22.98 years in the studied population. The most common location was the head (periorbital region), followed by the upper extremities and trunk. Upon separating the population into pediatric and adult groups, 111 and 89 cases were identified, respectively. Conclusions: We present a detailed study on pilomatrixomas with a comprehensive overview of the demographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of this benign cutaneous neoplasm. The results revealed robust statistical data highlighting the distribution by age, gender, topography, morphology, accompanying symptoms, and frequency of clinical differential diagnoses. This study significantly contributes to the existing knowledge of pilomatrixomas and serves as a valuable reference for future research and clinical practice.

Resumen Introducción: El pilomatrixoma o epitelioma calcificado de Malherbe es una neoplasia cutánea benigna que muestra diferenciación hacia la porción de la matriz de los folículos pilosos. Es la neoplasia cutánea benigna más frecuente en la infancia y la juventud, aunque puede ocurrir a cualquier edad. Tiene una incidencia general que oscila entre el 0.001% y el 0.0031% de todos los tumores cutáneos. Se reporta una ligera predilección por el sexo femenino, con una relación mujer: hombre de 1.15:1. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal en el que se utilizó la base de datos electrónica del departamento de dermatopatología del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, entre enero de 1992 y julio de 2023. Para la búsqueda de los casos solo se incluyeron aquellos con diagnóstico histopatológico de pilomatrixoma, pilomatricoma o epitelioma calcificado de Malherbe. Resultados: Se registraron 200 pilomatrixomas en 177 pacientes. El tumor predominó en mujeres de edad pediátrica; el promedio de edad de la población estudiada fue 22.98 años. La topografía más frecuente fue la cabeza (región periorbitaria), seguida de las extremidades superiores y el tronco. Al separar la población en pediátricos y adultos, se encontraron 111 y 89 casos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Presentamos un estudio detallado sobre pilomatrixomas con una visión exhaustiva de las características demográficas, clínicas y epidemiológicas de esta neoplasia cutánea benigna. Los resultados revelaron datos estadísticos sólidos, destacando la distribución por edades, sexo, topografía, morfología, síntomas acompañantes y frecuencia de diagnósticos diferenciales clínicos. Este estudio contribuye significativamente al conocimiento existente sobre los pilomatrixomas y sirve como una referencia valiosa para futuras investigaciones y para la práctica clínica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Globally, there is an increase of the keratoconus prevalence and its diagnosis in early ages. A great number of subclinical cases and others with a quick progression are notified, conditioned by the early onset of the disease and the association with risk factors. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical aspects and the result of diagnostic means involved in the early detection of infant keratoconus. Development: There are elements that alert the presence of a keratoconus as a cause of the refractive defect in children with ametropia. From the epidemiologic point of view they are: geographical distribution, heredity role and environmental factors. History of previous diseases are clinically pointed out, such as allergies, myopia or myopic astigmatism with refractive instability and the clinical signs related to cone progression. In risk patients it is necessary to carry out exams by means of different diagnostic means according to their availability, being essential the refractive, keratometric and topographic analysis. Conclusions: In the evaluation of children with ametropia, epidemiological and clinical elements should be taken into account that allow to suspect and early diagnose the keratoconus. In the interpretation of results of the diagnostic means involved in their detection the most frequent findings in the infant population, should be considered according to the ectasia degree of progression.

RESUMEN Introducción: Globalmente, existe un aumento de la prevalencia del queratocono y su diagnóstico en edades tempranas. Se notifican un gran número de casos subclínicos y otros con una rápida progresión, condicionada por el inicio precoz de la enfermedad y la asociación a factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y el resultado de los medios de diagnóstico implicados en la detección precoz del queratocono infantil. Desarrollo: En niños con ametropía hay elementos que alertan la presencia de un queratocono como causa del defecto refractivo. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico se encuentran: distribución geográfica, rol de la herencia y factores ambientales. Clínicamente se señalan los antecedentes de enfermedades, tales como las alergias, la presencia de miopía o astigmatismo miópico con inestabilidad refractiva y los signos clínicos relacionados con la progresión del cono. En los pacientes de riesgo es preciso realizar exámenes mediante diferentes medios de diagnóstico según su disponibilidad, siendo primordial el análisis refractivo, queratométrico y topográfico. Conclusiones: En la evaluación de los niños con ametropía se deben tener en cuenta elementos epidemiológicos y clínicos que permiten sospechar y diagnosticar precozmente el queratocono. En la interpretación de los resultados de los medios de diagnóstico involucrados en su detección, se deben considerar los hallazgos más frecuentes en la población infantil según el grado de progresión de la ectasia.

Resumen: Las unidades habitacionales, el edificio, la manzana, la ciudad. El Complejo Habitacional Heliópolis y la Villa Panamericana y Parapanamericana nos permiten hablar de escalas en la construcción de colectividad. En ambos proyectos, que comprenden múltiples edificios y espacios públicos, la atención se centra en la cuidadosa articulación entre estas escalas. En Heliópolis la consideración de la topografía del sitio guía buena parte de las relaciones ente las unidades, los espacios colectivos y la ciudad. Grandes accesos y puentes atraviesan los espacios patios interiores generando plazas y espacios colectivos. En la Villa Panamericana, la posición de las torres y sus circulaciones interiores se articulan con el diseño del paisaje y los programas de los espacios públicos. En ambos proyectos prima la idea de construir conjuntos diferenciados, esto es, espacios que se perciben como unidades cohesivas pero que, a través de un cuidadoso diseño de su programa, materialidad, ubicación o selección de especies vegetales, buscan atraer a grupos específicos, fomentando así un sentido de inclusión y pertenencia dentro del conjunto de gran escala.

Abstract: Housing units, buildings, blocks, the city. The Heliópolis Housing Complex and the Villa Panamericana and Parapanamericana offer insights into the construction of collectivity across various scales. In both projects, comprising multiple buildings and public spaces, attention is focused on the careful articulation between these scales. In Heliópolis, the site’s topography shapes the interplay between residential units, communal areas, and the broader urban fabric. Here, expansive accesses and soaring bridges traverse the interior courtyards, engendering vibrant squares and communal gathering spots. In the Villa Panamericana, the design of the landscape and the programs of public spaces are articulated with the location and circulations within the buildings. Both projects share the overarching principle of differentiated complexes, in other words, both offer spaces that are perceived as cohesive entities, yet their nuanced programs, materiality, location, or selection of plant species, are carefully curated to cater to specific user groups, thereby fostering a sense of inclusivity and belonging within the larger complexes.

Resumen: Las unidades habitacionales, el edificio, la manzana, la ciudad. El Complejo Habitacional Heliópolis y la Villa Panamericana y Parapanamericana nos permiten hablar de escalas en la construcción de colectividad. En ambos proyectos, que comprenden múltiples edificios y espacios públicos, la atención se centra en la cuidadosa articulación entre estas escalas. En Heliópolis la consideración de la topografía del sitio guía buena parte de las relaciones ente las unidades, los espacios colectivos y la ciudad. Grandes accesos y puentes atraviesan los espacios patios interiores generando plazas y espacios colectivos. En la Villa Panamericana, la posición de las torres y sus circulaciones interiores se articulan con el diseño del paisaje y los programas de los espacios públicos. En ambos proyectos prima la idea de construir conjuntos diferenciados, esto es, espacios que se perciben como unidades cohesivas pero que, a través de un cuidadoso diseño de su programa, materialidad, ubicación o selección de especies vegetales, buscan atraer a grupos específicos, fomentando así un sentido de inclusión y pertenencia dentro del conjunto de gran escala.

Abstract: Housing units, buildings, blocks, the city. The Heliópolis Housing Complex and the Villa Panamericana and Parapanamericana offer insights into the construction of collectivity across various scales. In both projects, comprising multiple buildings and public spaces, attention is focused on the careful articulation between these scales. In Heliópolis, the site’s topography shapes the interplay between residential units, communal areas, and the broader urban fabric. Here, expansive accesses and soaring bridges traverse the interior courtyards, engendering vibrant squares and communal gathering spots. In the Villa Panamericana, the design of the landscape and the programs of public spaces are articulated with the location and circulations within the buildings. Both projects share the overarching principle of differentiated complexes, in other words, both offer spaces that are perceived as cohesive entities, yet their nuanced programs, materiality, location, or selection of plant species, are carefully curated to cater to specific user groups, thereby fostering a sense of inclusivity and belonging within the larger complexes.

Abstract Vegetation dynamics in forest ecosystems are commonly attributed to climatic factors. However, there is still limited knowledge on how topography influences the climatic sensitivity of forest species. The response of dendroecological indicators of Pinus arizonica to exposure and climatic variability was determined. Indices of ring width (RWI) and Basal area increments (BAI) were obtained. The correlation between RWI and monthly records of accumulated precipitation (PP) and mean temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) was calculated for three periods: 1990-2000 (B1), 2001-2011 (B2), and 2012-2021 (B3). Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis tests were performed to test for differences in BAI by exposure (northwest, NW and northeast, NE) and by time period, respectively. Tmax limited growth in all three periods, Tmin restricted it in B2 and PP favored it in B1 and B2. A higher BAI was detected in the NW exposure (224.7 mm2 yr-1) compared to the NE (143.9 mm2 yr-1). There was a significant increase in BAI in periods B2 (62.1 mm2 yr-1) and B3 (56.9 mm2 yr-1) compared to B1 (51.2 mm2 yr-1). This highlights the importance of considering topography when analyzing climate-growth associations of forest species. Considering the interaction of climatic factors and microclimates associated with site-specific topography generates an integrated view of ecological processes. This allows proposing better forest management strategies to mitigate the effects of Climate Change.

Resumen La dinámica de la vegetación en ecosistemas forestales, comúnmente, se atribuye a factores climáticos. Sin embargo, aún existe un conocimiento limitado sobre cómo la topografía influye en la sensibilidad climática de especies forestales. Se determinó la respuesta de indicadores dendroecológicos de Pinus arizonica a la exposición y la variabilidad climática. Se obtuvieron índices de ancho de anillo (IAA) e incrementos de área basal (IAB). Se calculó la correlación entre los IAA, registros mensuales de precipitación acumulada (PP) y temperaturas medias (Tmáx y Tmín) en tres periodos: 1990-2000 (B1), 2001-2011 (B2) y 2012-2021 (B3). Se realizaron las pruebas de Mann-Whitney y de Kruskall-Wallis para comprobar diferencias en el IAB por exposición (noroeste, NO y noreste, NE) y por bloque temporal, respectivamente. La Tmáx limitó el crecimiento en los tres periodos, la Tmín lo restringió en el B2 y la PP lo favoreció en los B1 y B2. Se detectó un mayor IAB en la exposición NO (224.7 mm2 año-1) en comparación con la NE (143.9 mm2 año-1). Existió un aumento significativo en el IAB en los periodos B2 (62.1 mm2 año-1) y B3 (56.9 mm2 año-1) en comparación con el B1 (51.2 mm2 año-1). Esto resalta la importancia de considerar la topografía al analizar las asociaciones clima-crecimiento de especies forestales. Considerar la interacción de factores climáticos y microclimas asociados a la topografía específica del sitio, genera una visión integral de los procesos ecológicos, lo que permite proponer mejores estrategias de manejo forestal para la mitigación de los efectos del Cambio Climático.

Abstract Soil moisture content can be used to predict drought impact on agricultural yield better than precipitation. Remote sensing is viable source of soil moisture data in instrument-scarce areas. However, space-based soil moisture estimates lack suitability for daily and high-resolution agricultural, hydrological, and environmental applications. This study aimed to assess the potential of the random forest machine learning technique to enhance the spatial resolution of remote soil moisture products from the SMAP satellite. Models were built using random forest for spatial downscaling of SMAP-L3-E, then visually and statistically evaluated for disaggregation quality. The impact of topography, soil properties, and precipitation on the downscaled soil moisture was examined. The relationship between downscaled soil moisture and in-situ soil moisture was analyzed. The results indicate that the proposed method demonstrated spatial and hydrological coherence, along with a satisfactory downscaling quality. Statistical validation indicated suitable generalization error for scientific and practical use (RMSE < 0.05 cm3 cm-3). Random forest effectively achieved spatial downscaling of SMAP-L3-E in the study area. Principal component and spatial analysis revealed dependence of downscaled soil moisture on elevation, soil organic carbon content, clay content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, mainly under near-saturation conditions. Regarding validation against in-situ data, downscaled soil moisture explained in-situ soil moisture well under low soil water content (ρ = 0.624). Downscaling performance deteriorates for water contents between 0.40 to 0.50 cm3 cm-3, suggesting inadequacy under near saturation conditions at a daily temporal frequency. However, coarser temporal aggregations (7 to 10 days) yielded an average 0.98 correlation coefficient, regardless of saturation conditions. These results could potentially be applied in irrigation planning, soil physics studies and hydrology monitoring, to forecasting the occurrence of droughts, leaching of contaminants, surface runoff modeling, carbon cycle studies, soil's capacity to store and provide nutrients. Our results could mainly be applied to understanding the impact of droughts on crop yield.

ABSTRACT Two segments of subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate occur at low angles based on seismic hypocenter locations, approaching nearly horizontal below ~100 km in depth. In contrast with most of the rest of the subduction zone, the two segments, beneath central Chile, and central and northern Peru, lack active volcanoes along the crest of the Andes and have more subdued topography to the east of the Andean crest. Each low-angle subduction segment occurs to the east of the intersection of inferred mantle hotspot traces on the Nazca plate with the Peru-Chile Trench: the Nazca ridge (at the southern part of the Peruvian segment), and the Juan Fernández island-seamount chain (offshore the Chilean segment). A third inferred trace, the Galápagos-Carnegie ridge, may be correlated with a zone on incipient low-angle subduction beneath Colombia. The importance of such hotspot traces in contributing to low-angle subduction beneath the Andes is strengthened by updated South American-Nazca plate reconstructions, including three oceanic hotspot traces, in comparison with a new isotopic date compilation of igneous rocks from the mountain range. The Juan Fernández hotspot trace, reconstructed from Pacific-hotspot models to the Nazca-Farallon plate, encountered the subduction zone offshore southern Peru ∼65 Ma, broadening arc volcanism to the east; the trace-trench intersection migrated gradually and then rapidly southward, widening the arc east to Bolivia and northern Argentina; it then stabilized about 13 Ma offshore central Chile, producing the contemporary low-angle Pampean segment. The Juan Fernández hotspot may also have been responsible for formation of the Manihiki Plateau on the Pacific plate much earlier, ~125 Ma. The Easter-Nazca hotspot trace intersected the subduction zone beneath Colombia before ~50 Ma and migrated southward beneath Ecuador beginning ~15 Ma, with progressive low-angle subduction implied by migrating volcanic cessation along the Andean crest to southern Peru. The Galápagos-Carnegie hotspot trace only recently encountered the subduction zone, apparently inducing a new low-angle segment and cessation of magmatism in Colombia. The reconstructions and magmatic history provided here strongly support a previously proposed genetic relationship of hotspot traces and low-angle subduction. Additionally, the reconstructions suggest remnants of older subducted traces in the asthenosphere may have sourced post-rift magmatism in eastern Brazil and Paraguay, which cannot be explained otherwise by simple hotspot mechanisms.

RESUMEN La placa de Nazca, en su encuentro con la placa Sudamericana, presenta dos segmentos de subducción de bajo ángulo, ubicados en Chile central y el norte y centro de Perú. A diferencia del resto de la zona de subducción, estos segmentos coinciden con sectores carentes de volcanismo activo y regiones topográficamente más deprimidas al este de la cordillera de los Andes. Ambos se ubican geográficamente al este de la intersección de las dorsales oceánicas con la fosa Perú-Chile: la dorsal de Nazca, que se subduce bajo Perú, y la dorsal de Juan Fernández, que hace bajo Chile. Una tercera dorsal, la dorsal de Galápagos-Carnegie, puede tentativamente correlacionarse con una zona de subducción de bajo ángulo en el sur de Colombia. La relación causal entre la subducción de estas dorsales oceánicas y zonas de subducción de bajo ángulo es reafirmada conforme aparecen nuevas reconstrucciones para las placas Nazca y Sudamericana, así como nuevas compilaciones de edades isotópicas para el volcanismo continental. Estos nuevos datos permiten también refinar la historia de migración de ambas dorsales con respecto a la fosa oceánica. La dorsal de Juan Fernández, por ejemplo, habría sido responsable a los ~125 Ma de la formación del plateau oceánico Manihiki en la placa Pacífico, mientras que entre los ~65 y los ~13 Ma habría migrado desde el sur de Perú hacia Chile central, y provocado un ensanchamiento transitorio del arco volcánico hacia el este. La dorsal de Nazca, en tanto, habría intersecado el margen continental colombiano previo a los ~50 Ma, para después, a los ~15 Ma, migrar hacia el sur, lo que produjo el cese momentáneo de la actividad volcánica hasta alcanzar el centro de Perú. Finalmente, se estima que la dorsal de Galápagos-Carnegie alcanzó hace poco tiempo la zona de subducción, y generó un nuevo segmento de subducción de bajo ángulo y un posible cese en la actividad magmática en Colombia. Las reconstrucciones tectónicas y magmáticas provistas en este estudio sugieren una correlación evidente entre la subducción de dorsales oceánicas como responsables de las zonas de subducción de bajo ángulo observadas en el margen continental sudamericano. Además, se sugiere que la fusión de remanentes de antiguas dorsales subducidas y transportadas hacia el este dentro de la astenosfera podrían haber sido la fuente de volcanismo geoquímicamente anómalo en Paraguay y el este de Brasil.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to report an experiment designed to determine anatomical changes in porcine corneas following placement of a novel polymer implant into the cornea. Methods: An ex vivo porcine eye model was used. A novel type I collagen-based vitrigel implant (6 mm in diameter) was shaped with an excimer laser on the posterior surface to create three planoconcave shapes. Implants were inserted into a manually dissected stromal pocket at a depth of approximately 200 μm. Three treatment groups were defined: group A (n=3), maximal ablation depth 70 μm; Group B (n=3), maximal ablation depth 64 μm; and group C (n=3), maximal ablation depth 104 μm, with a central hole. A control group (D, n=3) was included, in which a stromal pocket was created but biomaterial was not inserted. Eyes were evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and corneal tomography. Results: Corneal tomography showed a trend for a decreased mean keratometry in all four groups. Optical coherence tomography showed corneas with implants placed within the anterior stroma and visible flattening, whereas the corneas in the control group did not qualitatively change shape. Conclusions: The novel planoconcave biomaterial implant described herein could reshape the cornea in an ex vivo model, resulting in the flattening of the cornea. Further studies are needed using in vivo animal models to confirm such findings. Purpose Methods used collagenbased collagen based 6 ( diameter shapes 20 μm defined n=3, n3 n n=3 , 3 (n=3) 7 10 hole D, D (D included OCT (OCT Results shape Conclusions findings 2 n= (n=3 1 (n= (n

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um experimento projetado para determinar alterações anatômicas em córneas porcinas após a colocação de um novo implante de polímero na córnea. Métodos: Foi utilizado olho de porco ex vivo. Um novo agente modelador biocompatível, de colágeno tipo 1, com 6mm de diâmetro foi moldado com excimer laser em sua face posterior, para criar três formatos planocôncavos. Os implantes foram inseridos dentro de um bolsão, dissecado manualmente, a 200 micrômetros (μm). Foram definidos três grupos de tratamento: grupo A (n=3), teve a profundidade máxima de ablação de 70 μm; o grupo B (n=3), profundidade máxima de ablação de 64 μm; e o grupo C (n=3), profundidade máxima de ablação de 104 μm, com buraco central. O grupo controle, D (n=3), foi incluído, com a criação do bolsão estromal, porém sem inserir o material. A avaliação desses olhos foi realizada por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e por tomografia corneana. Resultados: A tomografia corneana mostrou uma tendência para diminuição da ceratometria média em todos os 4 grupos. A tomografia de coerência óptica mostrou córneas com implantes localizados no estroma anterior e aplanamento visível, enquanto as córneas não mudaram qualitativamente o formato no grupo controle. Conclusões: O novo implante de biomaterial planocôncavo descrito aqui foi capaz de remodelar a córnea em modelo de animal ex vivo, resultando no aplanamento corneano. Novos estudos são necessários usando modelos animais in vivo para confirmar tais achados. Objetivo Métodos biocompatível 1 mm posterior planocôncavos manualmente 20 μm. μm . (μm) tratamento n=3, n3 n n=3 , 3 (n=3) 7 6 10 central controle incluído estromal material OCT (OCT Resultados visível Conclusões corneano achados 2 (μm n= (n=3 (n= (n

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of unilateral corneal collagen cross-linking treatment on visual acuity and the topographic findings of the fellow untreated eye of patients who had bilateral progressive keratoconus. Methods: Patients with progressive keratoconus who underwent cross-linking treatment were screened retrospectively. A total of 188 untreated eyes of 188 patients whose eyes were treated unilaterally with either standard or accelerated cross-linking and refused cross-linking procedure for the fellow eye were included. Visual acuity and topographic findings of the fellow untreated eyes were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 30th, and 36th months. Results: The change over time of variables examined was similar in the untreated eyes of patients who received standard and accelerated cross-linking methods (p>0.05). At the 12th month, 136 (95.8%) untreated eyes were stable according to progression criteria. Only 4 (8%) eyes were progressive at the 24th month. No progression was observed in any of the 16 patients with a 36-month follow up. Conclusions: The results showed that the fellow untreated eyes of patients with bilateral progressive keratoconus did not have significant progression rates after unilateral cross-linking treatment. Purpose crosslinking cross linking Methods retrospectively 18 included 1st st 3rd rd 6th th 30th months Results p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 . 0 05 (p>0.05) month 13 95.8% 958 95 8 (95.8% criteria 8% (8% 1 36month 36 up Conclusions p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 95.8 9 (95.8 (8 3 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 95. (95. ( p>0 (p>0. (95 p> (p>0 (9 (p> (p

RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar os efeitos do tratamento de reticulação unilateral do colágeno corneano na acuidade visual e os achados topográficos em olhos não tratados de pacientes com ceratocone progressivo bilateral. Métodos: Foram rastreados retrospectivamente pacientes com ceratocone progressivo submetidos a tratamento de reticulação. Foram incluídos no estudo 188 olhos não tratados de 188 pacientes tratado unilateralmente com reticulação padrão ou acelerada e que recusaram o procedimento de reticulação no outro olho. A acuidade visual e os achados topográficos dos olhos não tratados foram obtidos no pré- e pós-operatório no 1º, 3º, 6º, 12º, 24º, 30º e 36º mês. Resultados: As alterações ao longo do tempo foram semelhantes para as variáveis examinadas nos olhos não tratados de pacientes tratados com métodos de reticulação padrão e acelerado (p>0,05). No 12º mês, 136 olhos não tratados (95,8%) estavam estáveis, de acordo com os critérios de progressão. Apenas quatro olhos (8%) mostraram progressão no 24º mês. Nenhuma progressão foi observada nos 16 pacientes que tiveram um acompanhamento de 36 meses. Conclusões: O estudo mostrou que os olhos não tratados de pacientes com ceratocone progressivo bilateral não apresentaram taxas de progressão significativas após o tratamento unilateral com reticulação. Objetivo Métodos 18 olho pré pósoperatório pós operatório 1º º 3º 6º mês Resultados p>0,05. p005 p p>0,05 . 0 05 (p>0,05) 13 95,8% 958 95 8 (95,8% estáveis 8% (8% 1 3 meses Conclusões p00 p>0,0 (p>0,05 95,8 9 (95,8 (8 p0 p>0, (p>0,0 95, (95, ( p>0 (p>0, (95 p> (p>0 (9 (p> (p

ABSTRACT Purpose: In this prospective study, we compared ocular clinical variables in patients with acne vulgaris with those of healthy controls. These variables included tear film break-up time, meibomian gland dropout rate, and anterior chamber parameters. Methods: Our sample comprised 73 eyes from 73 patients with acne vulgaris and 67 eyes from 67 healthy controls. All participants underwent a non-invasive first tear film break-up time test and the average tear film break-up time was evaluated. Meibography was used to identify any meibomian gland dropout. The parameters of the cornea and anterior chamber were measured using Scheimpflug topography imaging. Finally, the ocular surface disease index questionnaire was administered to score each participant on their subjective experience of ocular complaints. Results: The noninvasive first tear film break-up time values of the acne vulgaris Group and the control Group were 4.7 ± 2.8 and 6.4 ± 3.5 sec, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.016). The number of eyes with tear break-up at any time during the measurement period was also significantly higher in the acne Group (p=0.018). In the acne vulgaris Group, the mean meibomian gland dropout rates were 33.21 ± 15.5% in the upper lids and 45.4 ± 14.5% in the lower lids. In the control group, these rates were 15.7 ± 6.9% and 21 ± 9.7% respectively. Dropout was significantly higher in the acne group for both the upper and lower lids (p=0.000). Conclusion: We found impaired tear stability in patients with acne vulgaris and a high rate of meibomian gland dropout. These glands play a key role in tear stability and their dropout is likely to result in evaporative dry eye. Measurement of the variables in this study allows objective diagnosis of this condition using a non-invasive, dye-free methodology, with minimum contact. Purpose controls breakup break up Methods 7 6 non invasive evaluated imaging Finally complaints Results 47 4 4. 28 2 8 2. 64 6. 35 3 5 3. sec respectively p=0.016. p0016 p p=0.016 . 0 016 (p=0.016) p=0.018. p0018 p=0.018 018 (p=0.018) 3321 33 33.2 155 15 15.5 454 45 45. 145 14 14.5 157 15. 69 9 6.9 97 9.7 p=0.000. p0000 p=0.000 000 (p=0.000) Conclusion eye noninvasive, invasive, dyefree dye free methodology contact p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.016 (p=0.018 332 33. 1 14. 9. p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.000 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.01 (p=0.00 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

RESUMO Objetivo: Neste estudo prospectivo, pacientes com acne vulgaris e indivíduos saudáveis do grupo controle foram comparados em relação ao tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, taxa de abandono de glândulas meibomianas e parâmetros da câmara anterior, usando o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal topográfico não invasivo, meibografia não invasiva e fotografia de Scheimpflug, respectivamente. Métodos: Setenta e três olhos de 73 pacientes com acne vulgaris e 67 olhos de 67 indivíduos saudáveis foram incluídos. Todos os participantes submetidos ao primeiro tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal não-invasivo e ao tempo médio de ruptura do filme lacrimal não-invasivo foram avaliados pelo uso do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal; perda de glândulas meibomianas foram avaliadas por meibografia; os parâmetros da córnea e da câmara anterior foram medidos por fotografia de Scheimpflug; e, finalmente, as queixas oculares subjetivas foram pontuadas com o uso do questionário do Indice de doenças de superfície ocular. Resultados: Os valores do tempo de ruptura do primeiro filme lacrimal não-invasivo do Grupo com acne vulgaris e do Grupo controle foram 4,7 ± 2,8 e 6,4 ± 3,5 segundos, respectivamente, refererindo-se a uma diferença significativa entre os valores dos grupos (p=0,016). Qualitativamente, o número de olhos com ruptura lacrimal a qualquer momento durante o período de medição foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes. (p=0,018). No Grupo com acne vulgaris, a perda de glândulas meibomianas nas pálpebras superiores foi de 33,21 ± 15,5% e nas pálpebras inferiores foi de 45,4 ± 14,5%; por outro lado, no Grupo controle foi de 15,7 ± 6,9% e 21 ± 9,7% respectivamente; ambos os casos referem-se a uma diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0,000). Conclusão: Encontramos estabilidade comprometida do filme lacrimal em pacientes com acne vulgaris. No entanto, o comprometimento foi de grau muito menor, em comparação com a taxa de perda das glândulas meibomianas que desempenham um papel fundamental na estabilidade do filme lacrimal. Esta condição pode ser documentada de forma objetiva - uma metodologia parcialmente sem contato, totalmente não-invasiva e livre de corantes. Objetivo prospectivo invasivo Scheimpflug respectivamente Métodos 7 6 incluídos nãoinvasivo finalmente ocular Resultados 47 4 4, 28 2 8 2, 64 6, 35 3 5 3, segundos refererindose refererindo se p=0,016. p0016 p p=0,016 . 0 016 (p=0,016) Qualitativamente p=0,018. p0018 p=0,018 018 (p=0,018) 3321 33 33,2 155 15 15,5 454 45 45, 14,5% 145 14 lado 157 15, 69 9 6,9 97 9,7 referemse referem p=0,000. p0000 p=0,000 000 (p=0,000) Conclusão entanto menor contato nãoinvasiva corantes p001 p=0,01 01 (p=0,016 (p=0,018 332 33, 1 14,5 9, p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,000 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,01 14, (p=0,00 p0 p=0, (p=0,0 p=0 (p=0, p= (p=0 (p= (p