RESUMEN Introducción: La toxoplasmosis es una enfermedad de distribución universal producida por el toxoplasma gondii. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular, que son atendidos en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. La población estudiada estuvo conformada por los 29 pacientes de ambos sexos diagnosticados con toxoplasmosis ocular, que fueron atendidos en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba, entre diciembre del 2020 y diciembre del 2022. Se analizaron variables tales como edad, sexo, condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de la vivienda, zona de residencia, ojo afectado, afectación visual, topografía, forma de presentación de la lesión y complicaciones. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (5,2 %), en las edades de 34 a 49 años (44,4 %). Según las condiciones de vida, 48 % eran regulares y 70 % vivían en zona rural. La afectación visual fue grave (55,5 %) con localización en zona I (81.5 %). Predominaron las lesiones recurrentes (55,6 %) y 92,6 % un solo ojo afectado. Dentro de las complicaciones, el glaucoma secundario (22,2 %). Conclusiones: La toxoplasmosis ocular es la causa más frecuente de uveítis posterior. La presencia de animales domésticos y los hábitos alimentarios no adecuados se erigieron como factores de riesgo fundamentales en este estudio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a universally distributed disease caused by toxoplasma gondii. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis who were treated at the Santiago de Cuba Opthalmological Center Juan Bruno Zayas Alonso. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population consisted of 29 patients of both sexes diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis, who were treated at the Santiago de Cuba Opthalmological Center, between December 2020 and December 2022. Variables such as age, sex, sanitary and hygienic conditions of the house, area of residence, affected eye, visual impairment, topography, presentation of the lesion and complications were analyzed. Results: The majority of the population was men (5.2 %) aged 34-49 (44.4 %). According to conditions of the houses, 48 % were regular and 70 % lived in rural areas. The visual impairment was severe (55.5 %) with location in zone I (81.5 %). Recurrent lesions (55.6 %) and one eye affected (92.6 %) predominated. Among the complications, secondary glaucoma (22.2 %). Conclusions: Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis. The presence of domestic animals and inappropriate eating habits were identified as key risk factors in this study.

Introdução: O canal inguinal é região propensa a hérnias que podem ter indicação cirúrgica. Embora a videocirurgia possa ser menos agressiva, a identificação dos ramos nervosos é necessária para diminuir a incidência de inguinodinia que pode ocorrer mesmo com essa via minimamente invasiva. Objetivo: Revisar a incidência e os motivos da inguinodinia nos procedimentos cirúrgicos laparoscópicos na correção das hérnias inguinais. Método: Revisão sistemática, realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS e Google Scholar no período de 2018 a 2024, incluindo artigos em português e inglês. De 1.758 artigos, 10 foram selecionados. Resultado: Os principais achados da pesquisa comprovaram que o reconhecimento e a devida identificação anatômica dos principais nervos da região inguinal durante a operação – ílio-hipogástrico, ilioinguinal e ramo genital do genitofemoral - são capazes de diminuir as chances de os pacientes desenvolverem dor crônica na região inguinal após hernioplastia. A perícia e experiência do cirurgião ao evitar trauma nos nervos locais garante qualidade de vida aos pacientes e reduz a exposição deles a eventuais novas intervenções subsequentes para tratamento de inguinodinia. Conclusão: A prevenção é a medida mais importante tratando-se de erradicar a inguinodinia. Dessa maneira, o profissional deve ter conhecimento suficiente da topografia mais frequente da passagem dos principais nervos e seus ramos para evitar lesões iatrogênicas.

Introduction: The inguinal canal is a region prone to hernias that may require surgery. Although videosurgery may be less aggressive, the identification of nerve branches is necessary to reduce the incidence of inguinodynia that can occur even with this minimally invasive route. Objective: To review the incidence and reasons for inguinodynia in laparoscopic surgical procedures for the correction of inguinal hernias. Method: Systematic review, carried out in the PubMed, BVS and Google Scholar databases from 2018 to 2024, including articles in Portuguese and English. From initial number of 1,758 articles 10 were selected. Result: The main findings of the research proved that the recognition and proper anatomical identification of the main nerves of the inguinal region during the operation - iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal and genital branch of the genitofemoral - are able to reduce the chances of patients developing chronic pain in the inguinal region after hernioplasty. The surgeon's expertise and experience in avoiding trauma to local nerves guarantees quality of life for patients and reduces their exposure to possible new subsequent interventions to treat inguinodynia. Conclusion: Prevention is the most important measure when it comes to eradicating inguinodynia. Therefore, the professional must have sufficient knowledge of the most frequent topography of the passage of the main nerves and their branches to avoid iatrogenic injuries

Abstract Background: In tropical pines forest, fire favors the maintenance of biodiversity. Hypotheses: Fires favor tree regeneration; the increase in fire severity and topography affect forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration. Study site and dates: A tropical pine forest in El Fresno, Morelos, one year after a fire. Methods: Forest structure, composition and tree regeneration were evaluated in 13 plots in an unburned forest and in 45 of 500 m2 plots affected by low, medium, and high fire severity. Results: We registered 4,727 trees, 1,134 dead trees and 2,130 resprouts from 11 species in eight families: three species were seeders, and seven species were resprouters. The highest abundance of recruits was registered in the low fire severity: > 98 % were Pinus pringlei (Pinaceae) seedlings. The highest abundance of resprouters was registered in the high severity: > 72 % were Quercus spp (Fagaceae) resprouts. With the increase in fire severity, basal area and tree cover decreased. At higher altitudes, there was a higher density of adult trees and juveniles while at places with higher slopes, a higher basal area of dead trees was registered. Conclusions: The fire event increased regeneration and changed forest composition. In medium fire severity, the density of pine seedlings increased while high fire severity favored oak resprouts.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En los bosques tropicales de pino, los incendios propician el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad. Hipótesis: Los incendios favorecen la regeneración natural; el aumento en la severidad de incendio y la topografía afectan la estructura, composición y regeneración del bosque. Sitio y años de estudio: El bosque tropical de pino en El Fresno, Morelos un año después de un incendio. Métodos: La estructura, composición y regeneración se evaluaron en 13 parcelas en un bosque no quemado y en 45 parcelas de 500 m2 que experimentaron severidad de incendio baja, media y alta. Además, la estructura del bosque antes del incendio se reconstruyó incluyendo a los árboles muertos. Resultados: Se registraron 4,727 individuos vivos, 1,134 muertos y 2,130 rebrotes de 11 especies en ocho familias: tres especies son reclutadoras y siete rebrotadoras. La mayor abundancia de plántulas se registró en la severidad media: > 98 % fueron plántulas de Pinus pringlei (Pinaceae). La mayor abundancia de rebrotes se registró en la severidad alta: > 72 % fueron rebrotes de Quercus spp. (Fagaceae). El aumento en la severidad de incendio disminuyó el área basal y la cobertura del dosel. A mayor altitud hubo mayor densidad de árboles adultos y juveniles mientras que en superficies con mayor pendiente se registró un aumento en el área basal de árboles muertos. Conclusiones: El evento de incendio aumentó la regeneración y cambió la composición del bosque. La severidad media de incendio aumentó la densidad de plántulas de pino, mientras que la severidad alta de incendio favoreció el rebrote de encinos.

Resumen El Pico de Orizaba es un área natural protegida en la que destacan bosques de Pinus hartwegii sometidos a presiones naturales y antrópicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los parámetros dasométricos de ocho rodales con cuatro exposiciones (N, S, E y O) y dos altitudes (3 700 y 3 900 m). Se ubicaron áreas con cobertura representativa y se establecieron tres sitios de dimensiones fijas de 1 000 m2 por cada combinación de exposición-altitud. La obtención de información se complementó con imágenes de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT). Se obtuvo mayor densidad de arbolado (593 árboles ha-1) en la combinación E-3 700 y la mínima en la zona O-3 900 (113 árboles ha-1). Los extremos de área basal mínima (11.9 m2 ha-1) y máxima (35.2 m2 ha-1) correspondieron a las combinaciones S-3 900 y E-3 700, respectivamente. El área basal y volumen disminuyeron con la altitud. La estructura horizontal mostró mayor número de individuos en categorías diamétricas bajas (10-40 cm) y la estructura vertical en las de 25 a 30 m de altura. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis evidenció diferencias significativas entre las ocho combinaciones para las variables diámetro (DN), altura total (AT) y volumen (VOL), cuya reducción más notable fue sobre la exposición sur al incrementar la altitud de 3 700 a 3 900 m, lo que indica que la combinación S-3 900 es menos favorable para el crecimiento del arbolado. Las combinaciones exposición-altitud con parámetros dasométricos superiores y más potencial de crecimiento fueron N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700 y O-3 900.

Abstract Pico de Orizaba is a natural protected area with Pinus hartwegii forests subjected to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this study was to compare the mensuation parameters of eight stands with four exposures (N, S, E, and W) at two different altitudes (3 700 and 3 900 m). Areas with representative coverage were located and three sites of fixed dimensions of 1 000 m2 were established for each exposure-altitude combination. The collected information was complemented with images from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The highest tree density (593 trees ha-1) was obtained in the E-3 700 combination, and the lowest, in the W-3 900 area (113 trees ha-1). The extremes of minimum (11.9 m2 ha-1) and maximum (35.2 m2 ha-1) basimetric area corresponded to combinations S-3 900 and E-3 700, respectively. The basimetric area and volume decreased with the altitude. The horizontal structure showed a greater number of individuals in low diameter categories (10-40 cm), and the vertical structure in the 25 to 30 m height categories. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences between the eight combinations for the diameter (DN), total height (TA) and volume (VOL) variables. The most notable reduction was on the southern exposure, as the altitude increased from 3 700 to 3 900 m, indicating that the S-3 900 combination is less favorable for tree growth. The exposure-elevation combinations with superior mensuration parameters and more growth potential were N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700, and W-3 900.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Globally, there is an increase of the keratoconus prevalence and its diagnosis in early ages. A great number of subclinical cases and others with a quick progression are notified, conditioned by the early onset of the disease and the association with risk factors. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical aspects and the result of diagnostic means involved in the early detection of infant keratoconus. Development: There are elements that alert the presence of a keratoconus as a cause of the refractive defect in children with ametropia. From the epidemiologic point of view they are: geographical distribution, heredity role and environmental factors. History of previous diseases are clinically pointed out, such as allergies, myopia or myopic astigmatism with refractive instability and the clinical signs related to cone progression. In risk patients it is necessary to carry out exams by means of different diagnostic means according to their availability, being essential the refractive, keratometric and topographic analysis. Conclusions: In the evaluation of children with ametropia, epidemiological and clinical elements should be taken into account that allow to suspect and early diagnose the keratoconus. In the interpretation of results of the diagnostic means involved in their detection the most frequent findings in the infant population, should be considered according to the ectasia degree of progression.

RESUMEN Introducción: Globalmente, existe un aumento de la prevalencia del queratocono y su diagnóstico en edades tempranas. Se notifican un gran número de casos subclínicos y otros con una rápida progresión, condicionada por el inicio precoz de la enfermedad y la asociación a factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y el resultado de los medios de diagnóstico implicados en la detección precoz del queratocono infantil. Desarrollo: En niños con ametropía hay elementos que alertan la presencia de un queratocono como causa del defecto refractivo. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico se encuentran: distribución geográfica, rol de la herencia y factores ambientales. Clínicamente se señalan los antecedentes de enfermedades, tales como las alergias, la presencia de miopía o astigmatismo miópico con inestabilidad refractiva y los signos clínicos relacionados con la progresión del cono. En los pacientes de riesgo es preciso realizar exámenes mediante diferentes medios de diagnóstico según su disponibilidad, siendo primordial el análisis refractivo, queratométrico y topográfico. Conclusiones: En la evaluación de los niños con ametropía se deben tener en cuenta elementos epidemiológicos y clínicos que permiten sospechar y diagnosticar precozmente el queratocono. En la interpretación de los resultados de los medios de diagnóstico involucrados en su detección, se deben considerar los hallazgos más frecuentes en la población infantil según el grado de progresión de la ectasia.

Resumen: Las unidades habitacionales, el edificio, la manzana, la ciudad. El Complejo Habitacional Heliópolis y la Villa Panamericana y Parapanamericana nos permiten hablar de escalas en la construcción de colectividad. En ambos proyectos, que comprenden múltiples edificios y espacios públicos, la atención se centra en la cuidadosa articulación entre estas escalas. En Heliópolis la consideración de la topografía del sitio guía buena parte de las relaciones ente las unidades, los espacios colectivos y la ciudad. Grandes accesos y puentes atraviesan los espacios patios interiores generando plazas y espacios colectivos. En la Villa Panamericana, la posición de las torres y sus circulaciones interiores se articulan con el diseño del paisaje y los programas de los espacios públicos. En ambos proyectos prima la idea de construir conjuntos diferenciados, esto es, espacios que se perciben como unidades cohesivas pero que, a través de un cuidadoso diseño de su programa, materialidad, ubicación o selección de especies vegetales, buscan atraer a grupos específicos, fomentando así un sentido de inclusión y pertenencia dentro del conjunto de gran escala.

Abstract: Housing units, buildings, blocks, the city. The Heliópolis Housing Complex and the Villa Panamericana and Parapanamericana offer insights into the construction of collectivity across various scales. In both projects, comprising multiple buildings and public spaces, attention is focused on the careful articulation between these scales. In Heliópolis, the site’s topography shapes the interplay between residential units, communal areas, and the broader urban fabric. Here, expansive accesses and soaring bridges traverse the interior courtyards, engendering vibrant squares and communal gathering spots. In the Villa Panamericana, the design of the landscape and the programs of public spaces are articulated with the location and circulations within the buildings. Both projects share the overarching principle of differentiated complexes, in other words, both offer spaces that are perceived as cohesive entities, yet their nuanced programs, materiality, location, or selection of plant species, are carefully curated to cater to specific user groups, thereby fostering a sense of inclusivity and belonging within the larger complexes.

Resumen: Las unidades habitacionales, el edificio, la manzana, la ciudad. El Complejo Habitacional Heliópolis y la Villa Panamericana y Parapanamericana nos permiten hablar de escalas en la construcción de colectividad. En ambos proyectos, que comprenden múltiples edificios y espacios públicos, la atención se centra en la cuidadosa articulación entre estas escalas. En Heliópolis la consideración de la topografía del sitio guía buena parte de las relaciones ente las unidades, los espacios colectivos y la ciudad. Grandes accesos y puentes atraviesan los espacios patios interiores generando plazas y espacios colectivos. En la Villa Panamericana, la posición de las torres y sus circulaciones interiores se articulan con el diseño del paisaje y los programas de los espacios públicos. En ambos proyectos prima la idea de construir conjuntos diferenciados, esto es, espacios que se perciben como unidades cohesivas pero que, a través de un cuidadoso diseño de su programa, materialidad, ubicación o selección de especies vegetales, buscan atraer a grupos específicos, fomentando así un sentido de inclusión y pertenencia dentro del conjunto de gran escala.

Abstract: Housing units, buildings, blocks, the city. The Heliópolis Housing Complex and the Villa Panamericana and Parapanamericana offer insights into the construction of collectivity across various scales. In both projects, comprising multiple buildings and public spaces, attention is focused on the careful articulation between these scales. In Heliópolis, the site’s topography shapes the interplay between residential units, communal areas, and the broader urban fabric. Here, expansive accesses and soaring bridges traverse the interior courtyards, engendering vibrant squares and communal gathering spots. In the Villa Panamericana, the design of the landscape and the programs of public spaces are articulated with the location and circulations within the buildings. Both projects share the overarching principle of differentiated complexes, in other words, both offer spaces that are perceived as cohesive entities, yet their nuanced programs, materiality, location, or selection of plant species, are carefully curated to cater to specific user groups, thereby fostering a sense of inclusivity and belonging within the larger complexes.

Resumen En la exploración geofísica, el análisis del terreno es fundamental para planificar la adquisición de datos de gravimetría y magnetometría. No obstante, en la actualidad dichos análisis requieren el uso supervisado de información secundaria extensa. Por este motivo, en este estudio se propone una metodología que utiliza el aprendizaje profundo para evaluar el impacto de la cobertura vegetal y la topografía en la adquisición geofísica. Se usó una red neuronal artificial perceptrón multicapa para considerar cinco variables terrestres, y una red neural convolucional para la clasificación automatizada de coberturas vegetales sobre imágenes satelitales. A partir de esto, se obtuvieron puntos para la localización de estaciones de levantamiento geofísico que cumplen con un criterio de favorabilidad por accesibilidad, distancias, restricciones por cuerpos de agua y coberturas boscosas. La geometría obtenida se evaluó en la exploración del Granito de Durania en Colombia, y los resultados se analizaron utilizando transectas de adquisición y modelado computacional de anomalías magnéticas y de gravedad. Finalmente, se aplicaron técnicas de interpolación donde el método Ponderación de Distancia Inversa (IDW) mostró la mejor imagen para interpretar la delimitación del cuerpo intrusivo.

Abstract In geophysical exploration, terrain analysis is fundamental for planning the gravity and magnetic surveys. However, current analyses necessitate supervised use of extensive secondary information. Consequently, this study proposes a methodology that leverages deep learning to assess the impact of vegetation coverage and topography in geophysical acquisition. An artificial neural network multilayer perceptron was used to consider five terrain-related variables, while a convolutional neural network is used for automated classification of vegetation cover on satellite imagery. From this, geophysical acquisition points are obtained, adhering to criteria involving accessibility favourability, distances, restrictions imposed by bodies of water, and forested cover. The obtained geometry was tested in the exploration of the Granito de Durania in Colombia, and the results were analysed using acquisition transects and computational modelling of gravity and magnetic anomalies. Interpolation techniques were applied, with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method yielding the most informative map for interpreting the delineation of the intrusive body.

Resumen Se llevó a cabo un estudio de gravimetría y magnetometría en la zona de influencia del volcán Puracé y la cadena volcánica de Los Coconucos (Colombia), con el fin de obtener dos modelos geofísicos 2D de las principales estructuras geológicas presentes en el área estudiada. En 2017 se midieron 272 puntos con datos de gravimetría, magnetometría y coordenadas con el Sistema Global de Navegación por Satélite (GNSS por sus siglas en inglés) en la zona mencionada, condicionada por su topografía montañosa, vegetación densa de bosque alto andino y vías de difícil acceso. A partir de las anomalías gravimétricas y magnéticas obtenidas y con la información geológica disponible, se formularon dos modelos 2D con base en dos perfiles, uno paralelo al trazo del Lineamiento Coconucos y el otro perpendicular al primero, ambos pasando por el cono activo del volcán Puracé. La interpretación de estos modelos, en conjunto con la geología de la zona, permitieron modelar cuerpos que se proponen como las estructuras internas de la caldera de Chagartón, de los volcanes Pre-Puracé y el Puracé Actual y parte de las cámaras magmáticas de los otros centros eruptivos de la cadena volcánica de Los Coconucos. Estas estructuras volcánicas al parecer están separadas por límites o zonas de debilidad que sugieren fallas en profundidad por donde se emplazaron dichos cuerpos de magma. La configuración interna del volcán Puracé y los centros eruptivos cercanos, propuesta en este trabajo, también proporciona información importante para la interpretación de la evolución de la Cadena Volcánica de Los Coconucos.

Abstract A gravimetry and magnetometry study was performed in the Puracé volcano and Los Coconucos volcanic chain (Colombia) influence zone, in order to obtain two 2D geophysical models of the main geological structures beneath of the studied area. During 2017, 272 points were measured, with data of gravimetry, magnetometry and coordinates with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the field work was conditioned by the mountainous topography, dense high Andean forest vegetation and difficult access roads. Founded on the gravity and magnetic anomalies and with the available geological information, two 2D models were formulated with two profiles, one parallel to Coconucos Lineament and the other perpendicular to the first, both passing through the active cone of the Puracé volcano. The interpretation of these models, together with the geology of the area, allowed the modeling of bodies that are proposed as the internal structures of the Chagartón caldera, the Pre-Puracé and Actual Puracé volcanoes, and part of the magmatic chambers of the other eruptive centers of the Los Coconucos volcanic chain. These volcanic structures are apparently separated by limits or zones of weakness that suggest faults in depth and where these magma bodies were emplaced. The internal configuration of the Puracé volcano and the nearby eruptive centers, proposed in this work, also provides important information for the interpretation of the evolution of the Los Coconucos Volcanic Chain.

Abstract Background: Pilomatrixoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a benign cutaneous neoplasm that demonstrates differentiation towards the matrix portion of hair follicles. It is the most common benign cutaneous neoplasm in childhood and youth, although it can occur at any age. With a general incidence ranging from 0.001% to 0.0031% of all cutaneous tumors. There is a slight predilection for females, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.15:1. Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional study conducted using the electronic database of the dermatopathology department of Dr. Manuel Gea González General Hospital, from January 1992 to July 2023. Only cases with a histopathological diagnosis of pilomatrixoma, pilomatricoma, and Malherbe’s calcifying epithelioma were included. Results: A total of 200 pilomatrixomas were recorded in 177 patients. The tumor predominantly affected females in the pediatric age group, with an average age of 22.98 years in the studied population. The most common location was the head (periorbital region), followed by the upper extremities and trunk. Upon separating the population into pediatric and adult groups, 111 and 89 cases were identified, respectively. Conclusions: We present a detailed study on pilomatrixomas with a comprehensive overview of the demographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of this benign cutaneous neoplasm. The results revealed robust statistical data highlighting the distribution by age, gender, topography, morphology, accompanying symptoms, and frequency of clinical differential diagnoses. This study significantly contributes to the existing knowledge of pilomatrixomas and serves as a valuable reference for future research and clinical practice.

Resumen Introducción: El pilomatrixoma o epitelioma calcificado de Malherbe es una neoplasia cutánea benigna que muestra diferenciación hacia la porción de la matriz de los folículos pilosos. Es la neoplasia cutánea benigna más frecuente en la infancia y la juventud, aunque puede ocurrir a cualquier edad. Tiene una incidencia general que oscila entre el 0.001% y el 0.0031% de todos los tumores cutáneos. Se reporta una ligera predilección por el sexo femenino, con una relación mujer: hombre de 1.15:1. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal en el que se utilizó la base de datos electrónica del departamento de dermatopatología del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, entre enero de 1992 y julio de 2023. Para la búsqueda de los casos solo se incluyeron aquellos con diagnóstico histopatológico de pilomatrixoma, pilomatricoma o epitelioma calcificado de Malherbe. Resultados: Se registraron 200 pilomatrixomas en 177 pacientes. El tumor predominó en mujeres de edad pediátrica; el promedio de edad de la población estudiada fue 22.98 años. La topografía más frecuente fue la cabeza (región periorbitaria), seguida de las extremidades superiores y el tronco. Al separar la población en pediátricos y adultos, se encontraron 111 y 89 casos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Presentamos un estudio detallado sobre pilomatrixomas con una visión exhaustiva de las características demográficas, clínicas y epidemiológicas de esta neoplasia cutánea benigna. Los resultados revelaron datos estadísticos sólidos, destacando la distribución por edades, sexo, topografía, morfología, síntomas acompañantes y frecuencia de diagnósticos diferenciales clínicos. Este estudio contribuye significativamente al conocimiento existente sobre los pilomatrixomas y sirve como una referencia valiosa para futuras investigaciones y para la práctica clínica.

Abstract Vegetation dynamics in forest ecosystems are commonly attributed to climatic factors. However, there is still limited knowledge on how topography influences the climatic sensitivity of forest species. The response of dendroecological indicators of Pinus arizonica to exposure and climatic variability was determined. Indices of ring width (RWI) and Basal area increments (BAI) were obtained. The correlation between RWI and monthly records of accumulated precipitation (PP) and mean temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) was calculated for three periods: 1990-2000 (B1), 2001-2011 (B2), and 2012-2021 (B3). Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis tests were performed to test for differences in BAI by exposure (northwest, NW and northeast, NE) and by time period, respectively. Tmax limited growth in all three periods, Tmin restricted it in B2 and PP favored it in B1 and B2. A higher BAI was detected in the NW exposure (224.7 mm2 yr-1) compared to the NE (143.9 mm2 yr-1). There was a significant increase in BAI in periods B2 (62.1 mm2 yr-1) and B3 (56.9 mm2 yr-1) compared to B1 (51.2 mm2 yr-1). This highlights the importance of considering topography when analyzing climate-growth associations of forest species. Considering the interaction of climatic factors and microclimates associated with site-specific topography generates an integrated view of ecological processes. This allows proposing better forest management strategies to mitigate the effects of Climate Change.

Resumen La dinámica de la vegetación en ecosistemas forestales, comúnmente, se atribuye a factores climáticos. Sin embargo, aún existe un conocimiento limitado sobre cómo la topografía influye en la sensibilidad climática de especies forestales. Se determinó la respuesta de indicadores dendroecológicos de Pinus arizonica a la exposición y la variabilidad climática. Se obtuvieron índices de ancho de anillo (IAA) e incrementos de área basal (IAB). Se calculó la correlación entre los IAA, registros mensuales de precipitación acumulada (PP) y temperaturas medias (Tmáx y Tmín) en tres periodos: 1990-2000 (B1), 2001-2011 (B2) y 2012-2021 (B3). Se realizaron las pruebas de Mann-Whitney y de Kruskall-Wallis para comprobar diferencias en el IAB por exposición (noroeste, NO y noreste, NE) y por bloque temporal, respectivamente. La Tmáx limitó el crecimiento en los tres periodos, la Tmín lo restringió en el B2 y la PP lo favoreció en los B1 y B2. Se detectó un mayor IAB en la exposición NO (224.7 mm2 año-1) en comparación con la NE (143.9 mm2 año-1). Existió un aumento significativo en el IAB en los periodos B2 (62.1 mm2 año-1) y B3 (56.9 mm2 año-1) en comparación con el B1 (51.2 mm2 año-1). Esto resalta la importancia de considerar la topografía al analizar las asociaciones clima-crecimiento de especies forestales. Considerar la interacción de factores climáticos y microclimas asociados a la topografía específica del sitio, genera una visión integral de los procesos ecológicos, lo que permite proponer mejores estrategias de manejo forestal para la mitigación de los efectos del Cambio Climático.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do ar com base no fluxo veicular das cidades localizadas em diferentes altitudes na microrregião da Bodoquena, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para tal, foi realizado o teste de micronúcleo, por meio do bioensaio TRAD-MCN em botões jovens de Tradescantia coletadas no período entre fevereiro a novembro de 2018 em sete cidades da microrregião da Bodoquena, com diferentes intensidades de fluxo veicular. Foram avaliados os parâmetros meteorológicos, os veículos foram contados para determinar o tráfego de veículos em cada cidade e altitude. A partir da topografia Shuttle Radar (SRTM) e processamento no software Esri ArcGIS® versão 10.5.1 foi possível mapear a área com base no Modelo de Elevação. As análises morfoanatômicos foram realizadas conforme metodologia padrão. As mensurações de espessura, comprimento, largura dos tecidos e estruturas como a cutícula superior, cutícula inferior, face superior e face inferior da epiderme, hipoderme e mesófilo foram avaliadas. O maior fluxo veicular foi encontrado nas cidades de Bodoquena, Guia Lopes da Laguna, Jardim e Porto Murtinho. O horário das 17:00 às 18:00h foi o que apresentou maiores fluxo de veículos. A maior frequência de alterações mutagênicas foi encontrada na cidade de Guia Lopes, não diferindo de Bonito, Caracol e Jardim. Ao longo do biomonitoramento observou-se que as estações de verão e outono foram as que apresentaram maiores frequências de micronúcleo independente da cidade avaliada. Observou-se que a correlação entre a frequência de micronúcleos e o fluxo veicular foi baixa, apoiando a tese de que essa microrregião, embora apresente alterações mutagênicas em T. pallida, as alterações numericamente são pequenas quando comparadas a outras regiões do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Observou-se uma variação na espessura dos tecidos/estruturas que é variável entre as diferentes cidades e estações do ano. De forma geral os tecidos/estrutura apresentaram redução na espessura para as cidades de Nioaque e Porto Murtinho quanto aos aspectos anatômicos e morfológicos, sendo que, para o comprimento e espessura foliar não foi observado diferenças entre as cidades. Em relação as estações do ano, observou-se que no outono a espessura dos tecidos/estruturas são menores. Diante dos fatores genotóxicos e morfoanatômicos aqui avaliados, a microrregião da Bodoquena parece estar bem preservada em termos de qualidade do ar, apresentando baixa frequência de micronúcleos e redução limitada de tecidos e estruturas foliares, independentemente da estação do ano.

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess air quality in relation to vehicular traffic flow in cities located at different elevations in the Bodoquena microregion, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. To do so, a micronucleus test was carried out using the TRAD-MCN bioassay on young Tradescantia buds collected from February to November 2018 in seven cities of the microregion with different traffic flow intensities. Meteorological parameters were evaluated, and vehicular traffic was counted to determine traffic flow in each city. With data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and processing in Esri ArcGIS® software version 10.5.1, the regions was mapped based on an Elevation Model. Morphoanatomical analyses were performed according to standard methodology. Measurements were taken of thickness, length and width of tissues and structures, including the upper and lower cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, hypodermis and mesophyll. The greatest traffic flow was found in the cities of Bodoquena, Guia Lopes da Laguna, Jardim, and Porto Murtinho, with the period from 5:00 to 6:00 p.m. showing the highest traffic flow. The greatest frequency of mutagenic alterations was found in the city of Guia Lopes da Laguna, although the results did not differ significantly from Bonito, Caracol, and Jardim. Throughout the biomonitoring, the summer and autumn seasons showed the greatest micronuclei frequencies in all evaluated cities. Variations in the tissue/structure thickness was observed across cities and seasons, but with a decrease in thickness during autumn. In general, the tissues/structures were smaller for the cities of Nioaque and Porto Murtinho, while the anatomical and morphological characteristics of leaf length and thickness showed no differences among cities. We found limited correlation between micronuclei frequency and traffic flow, supporting the hypothesis that although mutagenic alterations are observed in T. pallida, in this microregion the changes are numerically lower when compared to other regions of the state. In light of the genotoxic and morphoanatomical factors assessed herein, the Bodoquena microregion appears to be well preserved in terms of air quality, presenting low micronuclei frequency and a limited reduction in tissues and leaf structures, regardless of the season.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of unilateral corneal collagen cross-linking treatment on visual acuity and the topographic findings of the fellow untreated eye of patients who had bilateral progressive keratoconus. Methods: Patients with progressive keratoconus who underwent cross-linking treatment were screened retrospectively. A total of 188 untreated eyes of 188 patients whose eyes were treated unilaterally with either standard or accelerated cross-linking and refused cross-linking procedure for the fellow eye were included. Visual acuity and topographic findings of the fellow untreated eyes were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 30th, and 36th months. Results: The change over time of variables examined was similar in the untreated eyes of patients who received standard and accelerated cross-linking methods (p>0.05). At the 12th month, 136 (95.8%) untreated eyes were stable according to progression criteria. Only 4 (8%) eyes were progressive at the 24th month. No progression was observed in any of the 16 patients with a 36-month follow up. Conclusions: The results showed that the fellow untreated eyes of patients with bilateral progressive keratoconus did not have significant progression rates after unilateral cross-linking treatment. Purpose crosslinking cross linking Methods retrospectively 18 included 1st st 3rd rd 6th th 30th months Results p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 . 0 05 (p>0.05) month 13 95.8% 958 95 8 (95.8% criteria 8% (8% 1 36month 36 up Conclusions p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 95.8 9 (95.8 (8 3 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 95. (95. ( p>0 (p>0. (95 p> (p>0 (9 (p> (p

RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar os efeitos do tratamento de reticulação unilateral do colágeno corneano na acuidade visual e os achados topográficos em olhos não tratados de pacientes com ceratocone progressivo bilateral. Métodos: Foram rastreados retrospectivamente pacientes com ceratocone progressivo submetidos a tratamento de reticulação. Foram incluídos no estudo 188 olhos não tratados de 188 pacientes tratado unilateralmente com reticulação padrão ou acelerada e que recusaram o procedimento de reticulação no outro olho. A acuidade visual e os achados topográficos dos olhos não tratados foram obtidos no pré- e pós-operatório no 1º, 3º, 6º, 12º, 24º, 30º e 36º mês. Resultados: As alterações ao longo do tempo foram semelhantes para as variáveis examinadas nos olhos não tratados de pacientes tratados com métodos de reticulação padrão e acelerado (p>0,05). No 12º mês, 136 olhos não tratados (95,8%) estavam estáveis, de acordo com os critérios de progressão. Apenas quatro olhos (8%) mostraram progressão no 24º mês. Nenhuma progressão foi observada nos 16 pacientes que tiveram um acompanhamento de 36 meses. Conclusões: O estudo mostrou que os olhos não tratados de pacientes com ceratocone progressivo bilateral não apresentaram taxas de progressão significativas após o tratamento unilateral com reticulação. Objetivo Métodos 18 olho pré pósoperatório pós operatório 1º º 3º 6º mês Resultados p>0,05. p005 p p>0,05 . 0 05 (p>0,05) 13 95,8% 958 95 8 (95,8% estáveis 8% (8% 1 3 meses Conclusões p00 p>0,0 (p>0,05 95,8 9 (95,8 (8 p0 p>0, (p>0,0 95, (95, ( p>0 (p>0, (95 p> (p>0 (9 (p> (p

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine normal corneal tomographic parameters in children and adolescents without corneal disease or atopy diagnosis. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated patients aged 8-16 years who underwent a complete slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination and tomographic corneal evaluation by a dual Scheimpflug analyzer, excluding those with ocular disease (including allergic conjunctivitis) or a positive prick test for systemic atopies. Results: A total of 170 patients were evaluated, and 34 patients (68 eyes) were analyzed once the exclusion criteria were applied. The sample’s mean age was 10.76 ± 2.31 years; with 19 (55.9%) men and 15 (44.1%) women. The mean keratometry in the flat meridian (Kflat), steep meridian (Ksteep), and maximum (Kmax) were 42.37 ± 1.63D, 43.53 ± 1.65D, and 43.90 ± 1.73D, respectively. The mean values for corneal asphericity (ε2) and thinnest point were 0.28 ± 0.11 and 550.20 ± 37.90 μm, respectively. The inferior-superior asymmetry ratio (I-S) and coma were 0.74 ±0.59D and 0.28 ± 0.12D, respectively. Conclusion: The knowledge of normal corneal tomographic parameters and their variation in children and adolescents without corneal disease or atopy may be useful for diagnosing keratoconus and initiating early disease treatment. Purpose diagnosis Methods crosssectional cross sectional 816 8 16 8-1 slitlamp slit lamp analyzer including conjunctivitis atopies Results 17 3 68 (6 eyes applied samples sample s 1076 10 76 10.7 231 2 31 2.3 1 55.9% 559 55 9 (55.9% 44.1% 441 44 (44.1% women Kflat, Kflat , (Kflat) Ksteep, Ksteep (Ksteep) Kmax (Kmax 4237 42 37 42.3 163D D 63D 1.63D 4353 43 53 43.5 165D 65D 1.65D 4390 90 43.9 173D 73D 1.73D respectively ε2 ε (ε2 028 0 28 0.2 011 11 0.1 55020 550 20 550.2 3790 37.9 μm inferiorsuperior inferior superior IS I S (I-S 074 74 0.7 059D 59D 012D 12D 0.12D Conclusion treatment 81 8- 6 ( 107 7 10. 23 2. 55.9 5 (55.9 44.1 4 (44.1 (Kflat (Ksteep 423 42. 435 43. 439 (ε 02 0. 01 5502 550. 379 37. 07 55. (55. 44. (44. (55 (44 (5 (4

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar parâmetros tomográficos de normalidade em córneas de crianças e adolescentes sem a presença de atopias sistêmicas e alergias oculares. Métodos: Este estudo descritivo transversal avaliou pacientes com idade entre 8 e 16 anos que foram submetidos a exame biomicroscópico completo por lâmpada de fenda e avaliação tomográfica da córnea por tomógrafo dual Scheimpflug, excluindo pacientes com doença ocular (incluindo conjuntivite alérgica) ou prick test positivo para atopias sistêmicas. Resultados: Cento e setenta pacientes foram avaliados e após cumpridos os critérios de exclusão, 34 (68 olhos) foram analisados. A média etária da amostra foi 10,76 ± 2,31 anos; 19 (55,9%) eram meninos e 15 (44,1%) meninas. A média da ceratometria em dioptrias (D) no meridiano mais plano (Kflat), mais curvo (Ksteep) e máxima (Kmax) foram 42,37 ± 1,63D, 43,53 ± 1,65D e 43,90 ± 1,73D, respectivamente. Os valores médios da asfericidade corneana (ε2) e do ponto mais fino da córnea foram 0,28 ± 0,11 e 550,20 ± 37,90 micras (μm). A assimetria corneana inferior-superior (I-S) e coma foi em média 0,74 ± 0,59D e 0,28 ± 0,12D, respectivamente. Conclusão: O conhecimento dos valores médios e sua variação de parâmetros tomográficos da córnea em crianças e adolescentes sem atopias sistêmicas ou alergias oculares pode ser útil para o diagnóstico precoce do ceratocone e o seu tratamento em estágio inicial. Objetivo Métodos 1 Scheimpflug incluindo alérgica Resultados exclusão 3 68 (6 olhos analisados 1076 10 76 10,7 231 2 31 2,3 55,9% 559 55 9 (55,9% 44,1% 441 44 (44,1% meninas D (D Kflat, Kflat , (Kflat) Ksteep (Ksteep Kmax (Kmax 4237 42 37 42,3 163D 63D 1,63D 4353 43 53 43,5 165D 65D 4390 90 43,9 173D 73D 1,73D respectivamente ε2 ε (ε2 028 0 28 0,2 011 11 0,1 55020 550 20 550,2 3790 37,9 μm. μm . (μm) inferiorsuperior inferior superior IS I S (I-S 074 74 0,7 059D 59D 012D 12D 0,12D Conclusão inicial 6 ( 107 7 10, 23 2, 55,9 5 (55,9 44,1 4 (44,1 (Kflat 423 42, 435 43, 439 (ε 02 0, 01 5502 550, 379 37, (μm 07 55, (55, 44, (44, (55 (44 (5 (4

ABSTRACT Keratoconus is a progressive disorder that manifests as a cone-like steepening of the central or paracentral inferior cornea and irregular stromal thinning. There is a gradual decrease in visual acuity due to corneal asymmetry, irregular astigmatism, and increased optical aberrations, consequently impacting the quality of life. Several procedures have been developed in an attempt to slow or reverse the progression. The Bader procedure, which includes a pattern of incisions around the circumference of the cornea and at the base of the protruding cone, is one such surgery. These incisions penetrate 70-90% of the cornea’s depth. Its goal is to flatten the topography and reduce corneal asymmetry and irregular astigmatism. Though prior research found these to be highly promising, we report a patient who was given contact lenses to restore and maintain his vision while his corneal ectasia and thinning progressed over the following decade. conelike cone like astigmatism aberrations life progression procedure surgery 7090% 7090 70 90% 90 70-90 corneas s depth promising decade 709 7 9 70-9 70-

RESUMO O ceratocone é uma doença progressiva que se manifesta como uma elevação semelhante a um cone da córnea central ou paracentral inferior e é associada a uma redução irregular da espessura do estroma. Há uma diminuição gradual da acuidade visual devido à assimetria da córnea, ao astigmatismo irregular e a um aumento das aberrações ópticas, o que prejudica a qualidade de vida. Foram desenvolvidos vários procedimentos para tentar interromper ou mesmo reverter a evolução da doença. Um deles é o chamado procedimento de Bader, que inclui um padrão de incisões em volta da circunferência da córnea e na base do cone protuberante. Essas incisões penetram até 70%-90% da profundidade da córnea e têm o objetivo de achatar a topografia e diminuir a assimetria da córnea e o astigmatismo irregular. Embora essa técnica seja muito promissora, segundo um estudo anterior, aqui se apresenta o caso de um paciente no qual esses objetivos não foram atingidos. Esse paciente recebeu lentes de contato para restaurar e manter sua visão, enquanto sua ectasia corneana e a redução da espessura progrediram ao longo da década seguinte. estroma ópticas vida Bader protuberante 70%90% 7090 70% 90% 70 90 70%-90 promissora anterior atingidos visão seguinte 70%90 709 7 9 70%-9 70%9 70%-