Abstract Body condition may be an important additional tool for ecological studies. However, this information is still lacking for many arachnids such as scorpions. In addition, sex can be considered as a determining factor in the body condition of individuals since it can present differences in life history traits. Thus, we evaluated the body condition of the litter-dwelling scorpion Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893. For this, 88 individuals (44 by sex) were used, where the following body condition parameters were measured: body size, fresh, dry, lipid and muscle mass. Our results showed that females have a significantly higher values than males in all parameters of body condition measured. Differences in life-history traits between sexes, such as foraging activity and reproductive investment may be directly related to these findings. Finally, our results suggest that females possess a higher environmental requirement to maintain body condition.

Resumen La condición corporal puede ser una herramienta adicional importante para estudios ecológicos. Sin embargo, esta información aún falta para muchos arácnidos como los escorpiones. Además, el sexo puede considerarse como un factor determinante en la condición corporal de los individuos, ya que este puede presentar diferencias en los rasgos de historia de vida. Así, se evaluó la condición corporal del escorpión de hojarasca Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893. Para ello, se utilizaron 88 individuos (44 por sexo), donde se midieron los siguientes parámetros de condición corporal: tamaño corporal, masa fresca, masa seca, masa lipidica y masa muscular. Los resultados mostraron que las hembras tienen valores significativamente más altos que los machos en todos los parámetros de condición corporal medidos. Las diferencias en los rasgos de historia de vida entre los sexos, como la actividad de forrajeo y la inversión reproductiva, pueden estar directamente relacionadas con estos hallazgos. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las hembras tienen un mayor requisito ambiental para mantener la condición corporal.

Abstract Scorpions are an important predator group in the habitats where they live, due to their voracity. However, their predatory habits are not well recorded, particularly in Amazonian species. Here we report four intraspecific predation events involving Tityus metuendus Pocock, 1987. In all cases, larger individuals acted as predators of smaller ones. These are the first reports of cannibalism involving scorpions in the Brazilian Amazon. Our findings are important to allow a better understanding of intraspecific interactions in tropical scorpion assemblages.

Resumen Debido a su voracidad los escorpiones son un grupo importante de depredadores en los hábitats donde viven. Sin embargo, sus hábitos depredadores no están bien registrados, especialmente en especies amazónicas. Aquí se informan cuatro eventos de depredación intraespecífica que involucran a Tityus metuendus Pocock, 1987. En todos los casos, los individuos de mayor tamaño actuaron como depredadores de los más pequeños. Estos son los primeros registros de canibalismo en escorpiones de la Amazonia brasileña. Estos hallazgos son importantes porque permiten una mejor comprensión de las interacciones intraespecíficas en los ensambles de escorpiones tropicales.

Abstract Tityus serrulatus scorpion is responsible for a significant number of envenomings in Brazil, ranging from mild to severe, and in some cases, leading to fatalities. While supportive care is the primary treatment modality, moderate and severe cases require antivenom administration despite potential limitations and adverse effects. The remarkable proliferation of T. serrulatus scorpions, attributed to their biology and asexual reproduction, contributes to a high incidence of envenomation. T. serrulatus scorpion venom predominantly consists of short proteins acting as neurotoxins (α and β), that primarily target ion channels. Nevertheless, high molecular weight compounds, including metalloproteases, serine proteases, phospholipases, and hyaluronidases, are also present in the venom. These compounds play a crucial role in envenomation, influencing the severity of symptoms and the spread of venom. This review endeavors to comprehensively understand the T. serrulatus scorpion venom by elucidating the primary high molecular weight compounds and exploring their potential contributions to envenomation. Understanding these compounds' mechanisms of action can aid in developing more effective treatments and prevention strategies, ultimately mitigating the impact of scorpion envenomation on public health in Brazil. Brazil fatalities modality effects T scorpions reproduction α β, β , β) channels Nevertheless metalloproteases proteases phospholipases hyaluronidases strategies

Abstract Background: In Colombia, several species of Buthidae scorpions belonging to the genera Centruroides and Tityus coexist, and their stings are considered life-threatening to humans because of their venom neurotoxins. Despite previous studies focusing on neurotoxins from these scorpion genera, little is known about the enzymes present in their venoms and their relationship with whole venom toxicity. Methods: Here, using proteomic and biochemical protocols the enzymatic activities of the venoms of three Colombian scorpion species, C. margaritatus, T. pachyurus, and T. n. sp. aff. metuendus, were compared to establish the presence and absence of enzymes such as phospholipases, hyaluronidases, and proteases that could be related to venom toxicity. Results: C. margaritatus was positive for hyaluronidases, T. n. sp. aff. metuendus for proteases, and T. pachyurus exhibited activity for all three mentioned enzymes. Conclusion: This information provides valuable insights into the specific enzyme diversity of each species’ venom and their potential role in venom toxicity, which could contribute to the development of better treatments and prevention strategies for scorpion envenomation. Background Colombia coexist lifethreatening life threatening toxicity Methods Here C T n sp aff phospholipases hyaluronidases Results Conclusion envenomation

ABSTRACT Background: Pathophysiological mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis arise because of a proinflammatory environment, generated by the interaction of autoreactive lymphocytes and proinflammatory mediators. Current strategies to mitigate the progression of the disease produce adverse effects, so there is a need for new therapeutic strategies and molecular targets to treat this disease. In this context, evidence suggests that scorpion venoms could modulate the immune response and some important cellular mechanisms of pharmacological interest. To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the venom of Tityus sp. (a possible new species close to Tityus metuendus) peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women diagnosed with RA were compared to cells of a control group. Methods: A case-control study was conducted with a sample of 10 women with a confirmed diagnosis of RA and controls matched by sex and age. The cytotoxicity of the venom was evaluated to find sublethal concentrations of the venom, and subsequently, their immunomodulatory capacity in terms of percentage of proliferation, cell activation, and cytokines production. Results: the venom of Tityus sp. produced a decrease in the percentage of proliferation in the CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ cell subpopulations of RA patients and healthy controls, at concentrations of 252 and 126 µg/mL. However, the venom did not induce significant differences in the percentage of cell activation markers. The venom caused a decrease in IL-10 at a concentration of 252 µg/mL compared to untreated cells from patients and controls. The remaining cytokines did not show significant differences. Conclusion: the venom of Tityus sp. is a potential source of molecules with immunomodulatory ability in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. This result directs venom characterization studies to identify pharmacological targets with immunomodulatory capacity in T lymphocytes to enhance research in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as RA. Background environment mediators effects context interest sp metuendus group Methods casecontrol case 1 age subsequently production Results CD3 CD CD3+ CD3CD4 CDCD CD3+CD4+ CD3CD8 CD3+CD8 25 12 µgmL µg mL However markers IL10 IL IL-1 Conclusion CD3CD CD3+CD4 CD3+CD 2 IL1 IL-

ABSTRACT Scorpion envenoming is considered a public health problem in Brazil. A recent study described a variation in the clinical outcome of envenoming by Tityus obscurus in two populations separated by 850 km in the northeastern Amazon region. Our aim was to evaluate whether such clinical and toxinological variations are associated with underlying differences in genetic diversity between these two T. obscurus populations. We obtained DNA from five individuals of each population, in the municipalities of Belém and Santarém, located east and west of the state of Pará, Brazil, respectively. Gene regions encoding mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal 16S RNA (16S) were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inferences (BA) for both molecular data (COI and 16S). The sampled T. obscurus populations corresponded to two distinct mtDNA lineages (genetic distance COI K2 P = 0.08 to 0.13; 16S K2 P = 0.10 to 0.11) with no shared mutations between groups and well supported by ML and BA inferences. Based on the divergence values found between eastern and western populations (COI, 0.07 to 0.12; 16S, 0.10), our study confirms the genetic heterogeneity of T. obscurus populations within the state of Pará, which correlates with observed venom and clinical differences, and reinforces the need for mapping the distribution of haplotypes throughout the geographic range of T. obscurus, to aid in future epidemiological, toxinological, and evolutionary studies.

RESUMO O envenenamento por escorpiões é considerado um problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Um estudo recente descreve a variação do quadro clínico de envenenamento por Tityus obscurus em duas populações separadas por uma distância de 850 km no nordeste da Amazônia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se tais variações clínicas e toxicológicas estão associadas a diferenças subjacentes na diversidade genética entre essas duas populações de T. obscurus. Obtivemos DNA de cinco indivíduos de cada população nos municípios de Belém e Santarém, localizados a leste e oeste do estado do Pará, Brasil, respectivamente. Regiões gênicas que codificam marcadores de DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) citocromo oxidase subunidade I (COI) e RNA ribossômico 16S (16S) foram amplificadas e sequenciadas. As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas por máxima verossimilhança (ML) e inferência Bayesiana (BA) para ambos os dados moleculares (COI e 16S). As populações de T. obscurus amostradas corresponderam a duas linhagens distintas de mtDNA (distância genética COI K2 P = 0,08 a 0,13; 16S K2 P = 0,10 a 0,11) sem mutações compartilhadas entre os grupos, e bem corroboradas por inferências ML e BA. Com base nos valores de divergência encontrados entre as populações oriental e ocidental (COI, 0,07 a 0,12; 16S, 0,10), nosso estudo confirma a heterogeneidade genética das populações de T. obscurus no estado do Pará. Os resultados são congruentes com as diferenças observadas no quadro clínico dos acidentes e toxicidade do veneno, e reforçam a necessidade de mapear a distribuição de haplótipos em toda a distribuição geográfica de T. obscurus, para auxiliar em futuros estudos epidemiológicos, toxinológicos e evolutivos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: scorpion stings are common in different parts of the world and are a real public health problem. Objective: to describe scorpion species, venom characteristics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, severity classification, diagnosis and management in the intensive care unit. Methods: a search for information was carried out in the period February-March 2023 in the SciELO, Scopus, PubMed/MedLine databases, the Google Scholar search engine, as well as in the ClinicalKeys services. The resulting documents were selected from those written in the last 10 years, in Spanish or English. Development: There are approximately 2584 species of scorpions. The species Tityus (Tityus) sorataensis was described for Bolivia. Scorpion venoms have been studied for more than a century. The main clinical manifestations: urticarial plaques, swelling, erythema, ecchymosis and cellulitis with edema. Systemic manifestations range from one to two days after envenomation and may develop systemic signs: fever, pallor, fatigue, generalized edema. Diagnosis is based on a history of a scorpion sting and characteristic signs of envenomation. Treatment can be empirical, applying general measures, pain management and if some complications such as pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock are present, management in an intensive care unit is necessary Conclusions: intoxication by scorpion sting is a therapeutic challenge. It is advisable to administer antivenom together with supportive treatment. A better knowledge of scorpions may encourage interest in further research.

RESUMEN Introducción: las picaduras de escorpión son comunes en diversas partes del mundo y son un verdadero problema de salud pública. Objetivo: describir las especies de alacranes, características del veneno, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, clasificación de la gravedad, diagnóstico y su manejo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de información en el periodo febrero-marzo de 2023 en las bases de datos SciELO, Scopus, PubMed/MedLine, el buscador Google Académico, así como en los servicios ClinicalKeys. De los documentos resultantes se seleccionaron aquellos redactados en los últimos 10 años, en idioma español o inglés. Desarrollo: aproximadamente existen 2584 especies de alacranes. La especie Tityus (Tityus) sorataensis fue descrita para Bolivia. Los venenos de escorpión se han estudiado durante más de un siglo. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas: placas de urticaria, hinchazón, eritema, equimosis y celulitis con edema. Las manifestaciones sistémicas van de uno a dos días después del envenenamiento y pueden desarrollar signos sistémicos: fiebre, palidez, fatiga, edema generalizado. El diagnóstico se basa en una historia de una picadura de escorpión y signos característicos de envenenamiento. El tratamiento puede ser empírico, aplicar medidas generales, manejo del dolor y si está presente algunas complicaciones como edema pulmonar, choque cardiogénico es necesario su manejo en una sala de cuidados intensivos Conclusiones: la intoxicación por picadura de alacrán, es un reto terapéutico. Es recomendable la administración del antídoto (antiveneno) junto al tratamiento de sostén. un mejor conocimiento de los escorpiones, puede alentar el interés en realizar nuevas investigaciones.

Abstract Information on the breeding of scorpions in captivity is scarce, so the procedure for keeping these arthropods in captivity is not properly known. This research seeks to know the effect of varying food types and food frequencies in Tityus asthenes. Five types of food consisting of live insects and four different feeding frequencies were used. The result shows that a mixed insect diet and one made up exclusively of the cockroach Shelfordella lateralis, in addition to frequencies of one and twice a week generate greater growth and weight in the scorpions evaluated.

Resumen Información sobre la cría de escorpiones en cautiverio es escasa, por lo que no se conoce adecuadamente el procedimiento para la mantención de estos artrópodos en condiciones de captividad. Esta investigación busca conocer el efecto que provoca variar los tipos de alimentos y frecuencias alimenticias en Tityus asthenes. Se utilizaron cinco tipos de alimentos conformados por insectos vivos y cuatro frecuencias alimenticias diferentes. El resultado muestra que una dieta insectil mixta y otra conformada exclusivamente por la cucaracha Shelfordella lateralis, además de frecuencias de una y dos veces por semana generan un mayor crecimiento y peso en los escorpiones evaluados.

Abstract In this work, we analyzed cytogenetically eight Chactidae and Buthidae, including the localization of repetitive DNA sequences. The chactids possess monocentric chromosomes and the highest diploid numbers (2n=50 in Brotheas amazonicus, 2n=36 in Chactopsis amazonica, 2n=30 in Neochactas sp.) when compared with buthids (2n=10 in Tityus bahiensis, 2n=14 in Tityus apiacas and Tityus metuendus, 2n=18 in Tityus aba, 2n=26 in Ischnotelson peruassu). The localization of rDNA genes and (TTAGG)n sequences exhibited a conserved pattern of two terminal/subterminal ribosomal cistrons and terminal telomere signals. However, the comparison between the data of C-banding, DAPI after FISH and Cot-DNA fraction indicated a variable quantity and distribution of these regions, as follow: (i) positive heterochromatin and Cot-DNA signals (B. amazonicus and I. peruassu), (ii) small blocks of heterochromatin with large Cot-DNA signals (T. metuendus), (iii) positive heterochromatic regions and absence of Cot-DNA signals (T. aba and T. apiacas), and (iv) negative heterochromatin and Cot-DNA signals (T. bahiensis). Therefore, our results revealed that there still is not a clear relation between quantity of heterochromatin and presence of monocentric or holocentric chromosomes and occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements, indicating that repetitive regions in scorpions must be analyzed using different cytogenetic approaches. work Buthidae 2n=50 2n50 n 2n 50 (2n=5 2n36 36 2n=3 amazonica 2n30 30 sp. sp 2n=10 2n10 10 (2n=1 bahiensis 2n14 14 2n=1 metuendus 2n18 18 2n26 26 2n=2 peruassu. peruassu . peruassu) TTAGGn TTAGG terminalsubterminal subterminal However Cbanding, Cbanding C banding, banding C-banding CotDNA Cot follow i (i B. B (B I peruassu, , ii (ii T (T metuendus) iii (iii apiacas, apiacas) iv (iv bahiensis. bahiensis) Therefore rearrangements approaches 2n=5 2n5 5 (2n= 2n3 3 2n= 2n1 1 2n2 2 (2n

ABSTRACT Background: Scorpions are a leading cause of envenomation in Brazil. The species Tityus serrulatus is associated with the most severe cases, especially in children. Despite not being endemic to the state of Santa Catarina, such occurrences have increased more than 500% in the state recently. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the occurrence of envenomation by T. serrulatus, attended by the Center for Toxicological Information and Assistance of Santa Catarina. Methods: This was a retrospective and descriptive study of the occurrence of T. serrulatus, identified by the agency, from 2014 to 2021 in Santa Catarina, using data obtained by the BI-DATATOX system. Results: A total of 112 occurrences were classified as envenomation. Of these cases, 48.2% were recorded in the Itajaí Valley region and 33% in Greater Florianópolis. Men were involved in 59.8% of these, and the most common age group was 20-39 years (39.3%). Most envenomation occurred in urban areas (89.3%) under non-occupational circumstances (83%). Stings were more frequent on the hands (50.9%). Care was sought within 1 h after the event in 75.9% of the cases, and 94.6% were classified as mild. Conclusions: Occurrence of envenomation involving T. serrulatus in Santa Catarina increased significantly during the study period. Most cases occurred in urbanized areas, which suggests that they might have been transported from other states, and it must be considered that, in the urban environment, scorpions find a large supply of food and shelter and a reduced number of specific predators, allied to parthenogenesis. Background Brazil children 500 recently Therefore T Methods agency 201 202 BIDATATOX BI DATATOX system Results 11 482 48 2 48.2 33 Florianópolis 598 59 8 59.8 2039 20 39 20-3 39.3%. 393 39.3% . 3 (39.3%) 89.3% 893 89 (89.3% nonoccupational non occupational 83%. 83 83% (83%) 50.9%. 509 50.9% 50 9 (50.9%) 759 75 75.9 946 94 6 94.6 mild Conclusions period states environment predators parthenogenesis 4 48. 5 59. 203 20- 39.3 (39.3% 89.3 (89.3 (83% 50.9 (50.9% 7 75. 94. 39. (39.3 89. (89. (83 50. (50.9 (39. (89 (8 (50. (39 ( (50 (3 (5

Abstract Leishmaniasis is a vector-transmitted zoonosis caused by different species of the genus Leishmania, with a wide clinical spectrum. It is a public health problem aggravated by a series of limitations regarding treatment. In the search for new therapeutic alternatives, scorpion venoms are a source of multifunctional molecules that act against the natural resistance of pathogens. This work evaluated the antileishmanial potential of Brotheas amazonicus and Tityus metuendus venoms against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis e Leishmania guyanensis. The venoms of B. amazonicus and T. metuendus were evaluated for their constituents using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Growth inhibition and death of promastigotes were evaluated in the presence of diferente crude venom concentrations (100 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL) after one hour of incubation at 25 °C. The FTIR spectra of both venoms exhibited bands in approximate regions, revealing that both exhibit similar functional groups. Crude venom from both scorpion species showed similar or superior leishmanicidal effects to the standart drug N-methylglucamine antimoniate. At the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL, cultures of L. guyanensis treated with the venom of B. amazonicus showed the highest mortality percentages, above 28%, while T. metuendus venom showed the highest activity against L. amazonensis, with mortality above 7%. This preliminar study demonstrates that B. amazonicus and T. metuendus venoms can be important tools in the search for new drugs Against leishmaniasis. Next step involves evaluating the activity against the amastigote forms and purifying the venom proteins in order to identify the best anti-leishmania candidates.

Resumo A leishmaniose é uma zoonose de transmissão vetorial causada por diferentes espécies do gênero Leishmania, com amplo espectro clínico. É um problema de saúde pública agravado por uma série de limitações quanto ao tratamento. Na busca por novas alternativas terapêuticas, os venenos de escorpiões são uma fonte de moléculas multifuncionais que atuam contra a resistência natural dos patógenos. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial antileishmania dos venenos de Brotheas amazonicus e Tityus metuendus contra as formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis e Leishmania guyanensis. Os venenos de B. amazonicus e T. metuendus foram avaliados quanto aos seus constituintes usando espectrometria no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A inibição do crescimento e a morte de promastigotas foram avaliadas na presença de diferentes concentrações de veneno bruto (100 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL) após uma hora de incubação a 25 °C. Os espectros de FTIR de ambos os venenos exibiram bandas em regiões aproximadas, revelando que ambos exibem grupos funcionais semelhantes. O veneno bruto de ambas as espécies de escorpiões mostrou efeitos leishmanicidas semelhantes ou superiores ao antimoniato de N-metilglucamina padrão. Na maior concentração de 100 µg/mL, as culturas de L. guyanensis tratadas com o veneno de B. amazonicus apresentaram os maiores percentuais de mortalidade, acima de 28%, enquanto o veneno de T. metuendus apresentou a maior atividade contra L. amazonensis, com mortalidade acima de 7%. Este estudo preliminar demonstra que os venenos de B. amazonicus e T. metuendus podem ser ferramentas importantes na busca de novos fármacos contra a leishmaniose. O próximo passo envolve avaliar a atividade contra as formas amastigotas e purificar as proteínas do veneno para identificar os melhores candidatos anti-leishmania.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize scorpion accidents at the Information and Toxicological Assistance Center (CIATox) in Campinas, to analyze risk factors related to the moderate and severe classification, and to determine the age group at greatest risk for this classification. Method: Cross-sectional and retrospective study, with patients assisted in person at CIATox, who had a scorpion accident, from January 2015 to December 2019. Descriptive and inferential analysis was conducted. For the age variable, a ROC curve was constructed to determine cutoff points in relation to the severity classification. Poisson regression models were adjusted considering severity classification as the dependent variable. Results: A total of 754 cases with a mean age of 36.05 years, mostly female and non-occupational accidents that occurred in the urban area, was analyzed. The most frequent scorpion was the Tityus serrulatus. The risk factors found for greater severity were age group up to 22 years and previous care in other health services. Conclusion: The age range up to 22 years old should be used as a predictive factor of severity in the clinical evaluation of patients stung by scorpions to carry out adequate management of cases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os acidentes escorpiônicos do Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, analisar fatores de risco relacionados à classificação moderada e grave e determinar faixa etária de maior risco para esta classificação. Método: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo, com pacientes atendidos presencialmente pelo CIATox, que sofreram acidente escorpiônico, de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2019. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial. Para a variável idade foi construída uma curva ROC com o intuito de determinar pontos de corte em relação à classificação de gravidade. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão Poisson considerando a classificação de gravidade como variável dependente. Resultados: Foram analisados 754 casos com idade média de 36,05 anos, maioria do sexo feminino e acidentes não ocupacionais ocorridos na zona urbana. O escorpião mais frequente foi o Tityus serrulatus. Os fatores de risco encontrados para maior gravidade foram faixa etária até 22 anos e atendimento prévio em outros serviços de saúde. Conclusão: A faixa etária até 22 anos deve ser usada como fator preditivo de gravidade na avaliação clínica dos pacientes picados por escorpião para realização de manejo adequado dos casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar los accidentes de escorpiones en el Centro de Información y Asistencia Toxicológica (CIATox) de Campinas, analizar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la clasificación moderada y severa y determinar el grupo etario de mayor riesgo para esta clasificación. Método: Estudio transversal y retrospectivo, con pacientes atendidos presencialmente por el CIATox, que sufrieron un accidente de escorpión, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Para la variable edad se construyó una curva ROC con el fin de determinar puntos de corte en relación a la clasificación de severidad. Los modelos de regresión de Poisson se ajustaron considerando la clasificación de severidad como variable dependiente. Resultados: Se analizaron 754 casos con edad media de 36,05 años, en su mayoría mujeres y accidentes no laborales ocurridos en la zona urbana. El escorpión más frecuente fue el Tityus serrulatus. Los factores de riesgo encontrados para mayor gravedad fueron el grupo etario hasta 22 años y la atención previa en otros servicios de salud. Conclusión: El grupo etario hasta los 22 años debe ser utilizado como factor predictivo de severidad en la evaluación clínica de los pacientes picados por escorpiones para realizar un manejo adecuado de los casos.

Abstract The scorpions of the genus Tityus are a group widely distributed throughout the world, having greater richness and diversity in South America, they are of medical importance in the region, however they have been little studied in Bolivia. A review of the specimens of the Immunoglobulin Production Laboratory of INLASA was carried out, using different dichotomous keys of the genus from Latin America, as well as the study of the original descriptions of some species described for Bolivia. An updated list of Tityus species from Bolivia is presented, 9 species are mentioned with their respective localities: T argentinus (Villa Tunari and Chapare in Cochabamba, Buena Vista and Campeche in Santa Cruz and in the Chaco of Chuquisaca), T. birabeni (Villa Tunari, Cochabamba), T. bolivianus (Tipuani, La Paz), T. confluens (Villa Montes, Tarija), T. horacioi (San Mateo, Cochabamba), T. kaderkai (Rurrenabaque and San Joaquín, Beni), T. proseni (Locotal, Cochabamba), T. sorataensis (Sorata, Cheje and Quime, La Paz) and the presence of T. metuendus is confirmed for Bolivia in the department of Pando. Thus, the number of Tityus species for the Bolivian territory was updated, as well as the distribution of T. metuendus.

Resumen Los escorpiones del genero Tityus son un grupo ampliamente distribuido a lo largo del mundo teniendo mayor riqueza y diversidad en Sudamérica, estos son de importancia medica en la región sin embargo han sido poco estudiados en Bolivia. Se realizó una revisión de los ejemplares del Laboratorio de Producción de Inmunoglobulinas de INLASA, mediante el uso de diferentes claves dicotómicas del genero provenientes de Latinoamérica, así como el estudio de las descripciones originales de algunas especies descritas para Bolivia. Se presenta una lista actualizada de las especies de Tityus de Bolivia se mencionan 9 especies con sus respectivas localidades: T argentinus (Villa Tunari y Chapare en Cochabamba, Buena Vista y Campeche en Santa Cruz y en el Chaco de Chuquisaca), T. birabeni (Villa Tunari, Cochabamba), T. bolivianus (Tipuani, La Paz), T. confluens (Villa Montes, Tarija), T. horacioi (San Mateo, Cochabamba), T. kaderkai (Rurrenabaque y San Joaquín, Beni), T. proseni (Locotal, Cochabamba), T. sorataensis (Sorata, Cheje y Quime, La Paz) y se confirma la presencia de T. metuendus para Bolivia en el departamento de Pando. De esta forma, se actualizó el número de especies de Tityus para el territorio boliviano, como la distribución de T. metuendus.

Abstract Bites are frequent and are considered a real public health problem. Objective: describe the species of scorpions, properties of the venom, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and its management in the intensive care unit. Methodology: a literature search was carried out in the SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, PubMed-MedLine, Google Scholar databases, as well as in the ClinicalKeys services, in the period February-April 2023. Relevant information was extracted, They selected case series studies, original articles or narrative, scoping and systematic reviews. Development: in Bolivia, the species Tityus (Tityus) sorataensis was described. 66 to 90 percent of bites have signs and symptoms limited to local pain, paresthesias, and skin changes. Systemic effects become apparent within 30 minutes and generally within four hours of being bitten. The treatment can be empirical, apply general measures, pain management and if some complications are present such as pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, it is necessary to manage it in an intensive care room. Conclusions: Scorpion sting poisoning is rare, it is a therapeutic challenge, it seems to be advisable to administer the antidote (antivenoin) together with supportive treatment. a better understanding of scorpions may encourage interest in further research.

Resumen Las picaduras son frecuentes y se consideran un verdadero problema de salud pública. Objetivo: describir las especies de escorpiones, propiedades del veneno, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y su manejo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, PubMed-MedLine, Google Académico, así como en los servicios ClinicalKeys, se extrajo la información relevante, se seleccionaron aquellos estudios de tipo serie de casos, artículos originales o revisiones narrativas, de alcance y sistemáticas. Desarrollo: en Bolivia, fue descrita la especie Tityus (Tityus) sorataensis. El 66 al 90 por ciento de las picaduras tienen signos y síntomas limitados a dolor local, parestesias y cambios en la piel. Los efectos sistémicos se hacen evidentes a los 30 minutos y por lo general, dentro de las cuatro horas posteriores a la picadura. El tratamiento puede ser empírico, aplicar medidas generales, manejo del dolor y si está presente algunas complicaciones como edema pulmonar, choque cardiogénico es necesario su manejo en una sala de cuidados intensivos. Conclusiones: la intoxicación por picadura de escorpión, es rara, es un reto terapéutico, parece ser recomendable la administración del antídoto (antiveneno) junto al tratamiento de sostén. un mejor conocimiento de los escorpiones, puede alentar el interés en realizar nuevas investigaciones.

Resumen: El escorpionismo, como se denomina al cuadro clínico producido por la picadura de escorpiones tóxicos en humanos, es un problema de salud pública en áreas urbanas y rurales de la América Tropical, incluyendo Paraguay, asociado a pobreza y a la falta de acceso a antivenenos específicos. Aunque su prevalencia en Paraguay no ha sido aún evaluada, la presencia de especies de reconocida toxicidad que son propias del país junto a otras especies compartidas con los países limítrofes y el registro de envenenamientos severos en niños en el Departamento Central, demandan la revisión de esta patología para su conocimiento por los profesionales de salud y de investigación sobre el tema. En esta revisión, se describen el conocimiento actual sobre esta patología en Paraguay, las alteraciones fisiopatológicas ocasionadas por los componentes tóxicos presentes en el veneno escorpiónico en los principales sistemas fisiológicos que sirven de blanco farmacológico de las toxinas, además de aportar a su diagnóstico diferencial, con el fin de contribuir con el adecuado tratamiento de las víctimas de estos envenenamientos y a la comprensión holística de esta emergente enfermedad desatendida en el país.

Abstract: Scorpionism, or the medical consequence of scorpion stings in humans, is a public health problem in urban and rural areas of Tropical America, including Paraguay, associated with poverty and the lack of access to specific antivenoms. Despite its prevalence, scorpionism in Paraguay has not been assessed before. The local distribution of toxic scorpion species that are endemic to Paraguay and shared with neighboring countries, and also the record of severe cases in children from the Central Department, demand a review of this pathology to enlighten health professionals and biomedical researchers on the subject. In this review, the current status of scorpionism in Paraguay is presented, along with the physiopathological alterations elicited by scorpion venoms on the various organ systems targeted by the toxins, and its differential diagnosis, with the intent to contribute with the adequate treatment of victims and the holistic understanding of this emerging neglected disease in the country.