Resumen (Introducción): Las zonas ribereñas proveen una amplia gama de servicios ecosistémicos, y en contextos urbanos de alta intervención humana, esta provisión puede ser especialmente importante. Sin embargo, a nivel mundial, los ecosistemas ribereños urbanos han sido altamente degradados. (Objetivo): Esta investigación analizó la dinámica espaciotemporal de cambio de cobertura de la tierra para un periodo de 30 años (1992-2022) en la microcuenca urbana del río Ipís, en la Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) costarricense, y realizó una valoración de la condición ecológica de sus zonas ribereñas. (Metodología): Esto se realizó mediante técnicas geoespaciales de clasificación de imágenes satelitales y fotos aéreas, álgebra de mapas, cálculo de métricas de paisaje y utilización de un índice para evaluar integridad ecológica de riberas (índice QBR). (Resultados): En el periodo estudiado, en la microcuenca del río Ipís hubo un aumento significativo de las coberturas impermeables (66.6 %) a expensas de coberturas con mayor funcionalidad ecológica, y ha habido una mayor fragmentación y aislamiento de parches de coberturas más permeables. Los valores del índice QBR, además, sugieren una severa alteración y deficiente integridad ecológica en las zonas ribereñas de la microcuenca en general. (Conclusiones): La expansión de coberturas asociadas a usos urbanos ha sido prominente en la microcuenca del río Ipís en las últimas tres décadas, y la alta degradación en sus zonas ribereñas compromete la capacidad de proveer servicios ecosistémicos en este contexto de alta alteración antropogénica.

Abstract (Introduction): Riparian zones provide a wide range of ecosystem services, and in urban contexts with high human intervention, this provision can be especially important. However, urban riparian zones worldwide have been highly degraded. (Objective): This research analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover change over a period of 30 years (1992-2022) in the urban micro-basin of the Ipís River in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) of Costa Rica and evaluated the ecological condition of its riparian zones. (Methodology): This was done using geospatial techniques such as satellite image and aerial photo classification, map algebra, landscape metrics, and the use of an index for evaluating riparian ecological integrity (QBR index). (Results): During the study period, in the Ipís River micro-basin there was a significant increase in impervious cover (66.6%) at the expense of more pervious cover with greater ecological functionality, and there has been greater fragmentation and isolation of patches of more pervious covers. The QBR index values also suggest high alteration and poor ecological integrity in the riparian zones of the micro-basin in general. (Conclusions): The expansion of cover associated with urban uses has been prominent in the Ipís River micro-basin over the last three decades, and the high degradation in its riparian zones compromises the ability to provide ecosystem services in this context of high anthropogenic alteration.

Abstract (Introduction): Within the framework of the present capitalist system, human beings have become an important polluting agent. Current production and consumption processes do not consider the existence of finite natural resources and a planet incapable of treating the waste that the prevailing way of life generates. Given these circumstances, the study of non-linear models is of interest, which make a more rational use of the waste that the productive activity generates, favoring recycling mechanisms. The phenomenon of recycling becomes particularly relevant in the case of electrical and electronic devices, whose ability to be degraded and metabolized by planet Earth is extremely difficult. (Objective): Evaluate the feasibility of installing and starting a recycling plant for electrical and electronics items in the town of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), during 2021. (Methodology): The conventional method for evaluating investment projects was used, considering technical, legal and economic aspects. (Results): The project is not acceptable according to the profitability intended by the investor. The possibility of financing was also included, which made the project even less profitable, and the sensitivity of the results was measured, finding that the price should be 1.48 % higher than that used in the analysis. (Conclusions): Other alternatives must be explored to make this proposal profitable from an economic and financial point of view.

Resumen (Introducción): En el marco del sistema capitalista vigente, el ser humano se ha transformado en un agente significativo de contaminación. Las dinámicas productivas y de consumo actuales no contemplan la existencia de recursos naturales finitos y de un planeta incapaz de procesar los desperdicios que el modo de vida habitual genera. Dadas estas circunstancias, cobra interés el estudio de modelos no lineales, que hagan un uso más racional de los residuos derivados de la actividad productiva, los cuales favorezcan mecanismos de reciclaje. El fenómeno del reciclaje se vuelve, en particular, relevante para el caso de los artefactos eléctricos y electrónicos; la capacidad del planeta Tierra para degradarlos y metabolizarlos resulta sumamente difícil. (Objetivo): Evaluar la factibilidad de la instalación y puesta en marcha de una planta recicladora de artículos eléctricos y electrónicos en la localidad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), durante el 2021. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología convencional de evaluación de proyectos de inversión, considerando aspectos técnicos, legales y económicos. (Resultados): El proyecto no es aceptable según la rentabilidad pretendida por el inversor. También se incluyó la posibilidad de un financiamiento, lo que hizo que el plan fuera menos rentable aún, y se midió la sensibilidad de los resultados: se halló que el precio debiera ser 1.48 % superior al utilizado en el análisis. (Conclusiones): Se deben explorar otras alternativas para lograr que el proyecto sea rentable desde el punto de vista económico-financiero.

La proyección cartográfica es el proceso matemático de convertir la superficie de la Tierra, considerada como una esfera o un elipsoide, en un mapa. Esta conversión se realiza proyectando puntos de la Tierra sobre una superficie, que puede ser un plano, un cono o un cilindro. Así, su objetivo es crear una base matemática para la creación de mapas, imprescindible para la cartografía, geodesia y navegación. Sería ideal que todos los mapas fueran isométricos, sin embargo, para áreas grandes, la curvatura de la Tierra genera distorsiones. Por las razones expuestas, las matemáticas de las proyecciones cartográficas son complejas, pero es importante comprenderlas. Entre los varios tipos que existen, la proyección Mercator, creada por Gerard Mercator en 1569, es una proyección cilíndrica conforme, muy utilizada en navegación, ya que representa las líneas de rumbo en el mapa como líneas rectas, pero, a pesar de conservar los ángulos, genera otras distorsiones. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una derivación matemática la más completa posible de la proyección de Mercator sobre la esfera, con el fin de evitar al máximo simplificaciones y omisiones, y, como aplicación, utilizar las ecuaciones deducidas para implementar una visualización de los continentes en Python.

Map projection is the mathematical process of converting the Earth's surface, considered as a sphere or an ellipsoid, into a map. This conversion is performed by projecting the Earth's points onto a surface, which can be a plane, a cone, or a cylinder. Its basic objective is to develop a mathematical basis for creating maps, essential in areas such as cartography, geodesy, and navigation. It would be ideal if all maps were isometric, but for large areas, the curvature of the Earth makes it impossible, causing distortions. For the reasons above, the mathematics behind map projection is complex, but it is important to understand it. Among the most varied types, the Mercator projection, created by Gerard Mercator in 1569, is a conformal cylindrical projection, widely used in navigation, as it represents the rhumb lines on the map as straight lines, but, despite preserving angles, it generates other distortions. The objective of this article is to present a mathematical derivation as complete as possible of the Mercator projection on the sphere, with the purpose of avoiding simplifications and omissions as much as possible, and, as an application, to use the deduced equations to implement in Python a visualization of the continents.

Map projection is the mathematical process of converting the Earth's surface, considered as a sphere or an ellipsoid, into a map. This conversion is performed by projecting the Earth's points onto a surface, which can be a plane, a cone, or a cylinder. Its basic objective is to develop a mathematical basis for creating maps, essential in areas such as cartography, geodesy, and navigation. It would be ideal if all maps were isometric, but for large areas, the curvature of the Earth makes it impossible, causing distortions. For the reasons above, the mathematics behind map projection is complex, but it is important to understand it. Among the most varied types, the Mercator projection, created by Gerard Mercator in 1569, is a conformal cylindrical projection, widely used in navigation, as it represents the rhumb lines on the map as straight lines, but, despite preserving angles, it generates other distortions. The objective of this article is to present a mathematical derivation as complete as possible of the Mercator projection on the sphere, with the purpose of avoiding simplifications and omissions as much as possible, and, as an application, to use the deduced equations to implement in Python a visualization of the continents.

Abstract The study analyzed the socio-environmental determination of health in five sugarcane-producing municipalities in Pernambuco. This participatory, qualitative research was conducted from January to August 2022. Workshops were held in the participating communities to build the Participatory Rural Diagnosis of protective and destructive processes of global, community, and individual socio-environmental health dimensions. The communities pointed to social inequalities, productive deregulation, environmental degradation, labor exploitation, violence, and illness as the main processes affecting the territories. Despite this, protective processes were related to the social function of land and the right to agrarian reform, family farming, solidarity and community organization ties, and individual and family self-care practices. The diagnosis points to the need to build public policies for equity, protection, and reparation of the eco-social health of territories affected by sugarcane cultivation, burdened with intense use of pesticides and burning and over-exploited labor, among other socio-environmental problems.

Resumo O estudo analisou a determinação socioambiental da saúde em cinco municípios produtores de cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco. Trata-se de uma pesquisa participante com abordagem qualitativa, realizada no período de janeiro a agosto de 2022. Foram realizadas oficinas nas comunidades participantes para a construção do Diagnóstico Rural Participativo dos processos protetores e destrutivos de dimensão global, comunitária e individual da saúde socioambiental. As comunidades apontaram as iniquidades sociais, a desregulamentação produtiva, degradação ambiental, exploração pelo trabalho, violência e adoecimento como os principais processos que acometem os territórios. Apesar disso, os processos protetores foram relacionados à função social da terra e o direito à reforma agrária; à agricultura familiar; aos laços de solidariedade e organização comunitária, bem como às práticas de autocuidado individual e familiar. O diagnóstico aponta para a necessidade da construção de políticas públicas de equidade, proteção e reparação da saúde ecossocial dos territórios afetados pelo cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, onde há intenso uso de agrotóxicos, prática de queimadas e superexploração do trabalho, dentre outros problemas socioambientais.

Resumen El estudio analizó la determinación socioambiental de la salud en cinco municipios productores de caña de azúcar de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se trata de una investigación participativa con enfoque cualitativo, realizada de enero a agosto de 2022. Se realizaron talleres en las comunidades participantes para construir el Diagnóstico Rural Participativo de procesos protectores y destructivos de las dimensiones global, comunitaria e individual de la salud socioambiental. Las comunidades señalaron las inequidades sociales, la desregulación productiva, la degradación ambiental, la explotación laboral, la violencia y las enfermedades como los principales procesos que afectan los territorios. Pese a ello, los procesos protectores estuvieron relacionados con la función social de la tierra y el derecho a la reforma agraria; a la agricultura familiar; vínculos de solidaridad y organización comunitaria, así como prácticas de autocuidado individual y familiar. El diagnóstico apunta a la necesidad de construir políticas públicas de equidad, protección y reparación de la salud eco-social de los territorios afectados por el cultivo de la caña de azúcar, donde existe un uso intenso de pesticidas, quemas y sobreexplotación del trabajo, entre otros problemas socioambientales.

The study proposes to characterize the teaching-learning of earthquakes in a didactic sequence to analyze the scientific explanations of third-year students of Science for Citizenship in a multipurpose school in the central-south zone, Chile. The research was carried out following a qualitative approach according to Design Based Research (DBR), therefore, the learning designs are contextualized. The design used modeling as a strategy and was developed in four phases: sharing knowledge, testing knowledge, structuring core learning, and applying core learning. The explanations were categorized according to performance in three levels: descriptive; relational; causal; and the school models of representing and interpreting and application model. The results indicate that through the proposed learning activities the students progressed from a static representation model of the earth to a final dynamic model. The explanations of an initial descriptive level changed to a causal level because they incorporated cause-effect on earthquakes based on scientific evidence, and the students expressed preventive actions for personal and citizen mitigation in case of earthquakes.

El estudio propone caracterizar la enseñanza-aprendizaje de sismos en una secuencia didáctica para analizar las explicaciones científicas del estudiantado de tercer año de Ciencias para la Ciudadanía en un colegio polivalente en zona centro sur, Chile. La investigación sigue un enfoque cualitativo según Design Based Research (DBR), por tanto, los diseños para el aprendizaje están contextualizados. El diseño utilizó como estrategia la modelización y se desarrolló en cuatro fases: compartir saberes, poner a prueba los saberes, estructurar el aprendizaje nuclear, aplicar el aprendizaje nuclear. Las explicaciones se categorizaron según desempeño en tres niveles: descriptivo; relacional; causal y los modelos escolares de representar e interpretar y modelo de aplicar. Los resultados indican que a través de las actividades de aprendizaje propuestas el estudiantado progresó desde un modelo de representación estático de la tierra a un modelo final dinámico. Las explicaciones en un nivel inicial descriptivo cambiaron a un nivel causal debido a que incorporaron causa-efecto sobre sismos basados en evidencias científicas, además, el estudiantado expresó acciones preventivas de mitigación personal y ciudadana en caso de ocurrencia de sismos.

Na Amazônia, o mercado de terras se impõe pela conversão da floresta em terras para o mercado. Parte dessas terras é fruto do ilícito, com uso de diferentes níveis de violência, e produzem alterações na paisagem florestal. Argumentamos que os conflitos por terra são sinalizadores nos territórios de ação dos mecanismos geradores de terra, como mercadoria, que operam na região. Partindo das situações de conflitos por terra mapeadas pela Comissão Pastoral da Terra no período de 2012 a 2021 e as categorias analíticas da economia agrária (trajetórias tecnológicas, TT), para 2006 e 2017, construímos uma análise em nível municipal baseada em dois períodos. De 2012 a 2017, buscamos identificar e caracterizar os territórios onde esses mecanismos estiveram presentes, observando-os em conjunto às transições de estado das TTs de 2006 para 2017. De 2018 a 2021, buscou-se identificar processos e tendências para o período mais recente. Municípios que convergiram para economias baseadas em sistemas patronais de pecuária e de agricultura de grãos concentraram mais de 60% dos conflitos ocorridos na década. Os resultados mostram a persistência dos conflitos em áreas históricas, como no sudeste paraense, e em novas fronteiras, como em municípios da fronteira Amazonas, Rondônia e Acre. Há, também, a interiorização das violências em direção à Amazônia ocidental, em municípios de economias baseadas no bioma em arranjos diversos, revelando novas frentes de interesse do recurso terra. Os resultados contribuem para o debate das violências na Amazônia, a partir das escolhas pelo modelo de desenvolvimento agrário, que pode resultar no adoecimento de indivíduos e comunidades aprisionados em disputas para o controle dos modos de viver e produzir.

En la Amazonia, el mercado de tierras se impone convirtiendo la selva en tierras para el mercado. Parte de estas tierras es resultado de actividades ilícitas, con el uso de diferentes niveles de violencia, y produce cambios en el paisaje forestal. Sostenemos que los conflictos por la tierra son señales en los territorios de acción de mecanismos generadores de tierra, como mercancía, que operan en la región. Con base en las situaciones de conflicto por tierra mapeadas por la Comisión Pastoral de la Tierra en el período del 2012 al 2021 y las categorías analíticas de la economía agraria (trayectorias tecnológicas, TT), para el 2006 y el 2017, construimos un análisis a nivel municipal con base en dos períodos. Del 2012 al 2017, buscamos identificar y caracterizar los territorios en los que estos mecanismos estaban presentes, observándolos junto con las transiciones estatales de las TT del 2006 al 2017. Del 2018 al 2021, buscamos identificar procesos y tendencias para el período más reciente. Los municipios que convergieron hacia economías basadas en sistemas patronales de ganadería y agricultura de granos concentraron más del 60% de los conflictos que tuvieron lugar en la década. Los resultados muestran la persistencia de conflictos en áreas históricas, como en el sudeste del Pará, y en nuevas fronteras, como en municipios en la frontera de Amazonas, Rondônia y Acre. También está la internalización de las violencias hacia la Amazonia occidental, en municipios con economías basadas en el bioma en diferentes arreglos, revelando nuevos frentes de interés para el recurso tierra. Los resultados contribuyen al debate sobre las violencias en la Amazonia, con base en opciones de modelo de desarrollo agrario, que pueden resultar en la enfermedad de individuos y comunidades atrapados en disputas para el control de las formas de vida y de producción.

In the Amazon, the land market is imposed by the conversion of the forest into land for economic purposes. Part of this land is the result of illicit actions, using different levels of violence and producing changes in the forest landscape. We argue that conflicts over land are signs in the territories of the action of mechanisms to generate land as a commodity in the region. Based on the situations of land conflicts mapped by the Pastoral Land Commission in the period from 2012 to 2021 and the analytical categories of the agrarian economy (technological trajectories, TTs) for 2006 and 2017, an analysis was built at the municipal level based on two periods. From 2012 to 2017, we sought to identify and characterize the territories where these mechanisms were present, observed in conjunction with the state transitions of the TTs from 2006 to 2017. From 2018 to 2021, we sought to identify processes and trends for the most recent period. Municipalities that converged to economies based on livestock and grain farming systems concentrated more than 60% of the conflicts that occurred in the decade. The results show the persistence of conflicts in historical areas, such as in the southeast of Pará, and in new borders, such as in municipalities on the Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre borders. There is also the internalization of violence towards the western Amazon, in municipalities with economies based on the biome in different arrangements, revealing new fronts of interest for the land resource. The results contribute to the debate on violence in the Amazon, based on the choices for the agrarian development model, which can result in illnesses of individuals and communities trapped in disputes, to control the ways of living and producing.

Resumo O estudo analisou a determinação socioambiental da saúde em cinco municípios produtores de cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco. Trata-se de uma pesquisa participante com abordagem qualitativa, realizada no período de janeiro a agosto de 2022. Foram realizadas oficinas nas comunidades participantes para a construção do Diagnóstico Rural Participativo dos processos protetores e destrutivos de dimensão global, comunitária e individual da saúde socioambiental. As comunidades apontaram as iniquidades sociais, a desregulamentação produtiva, degradação ambiental, exploração pelo trabalho, violência e adoecimento como os principais processos que acometem os territórios. Apesar disso, os processos protetores foram relacionados à função social da terra e o direito à reforma agrária; à agricultura familiar; aos laços de solidariedade e organização comunitária, bem como às práticas de autocuidado individual e familiar. O diagnóstico aponta para a necessidade da construção de políticas públicas de equidade, proteção e reparação da saúde ecossocial dos territórios afetados pelo cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, onde há intenso uso de agrotóxicos, prática de queimadas e superexploração do trabalho, dentre outros problemas socioambientais.

Resumen El estudio analizó la determinación socioambiental de la salud en cinco municipios productores de caña de azúcar de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se trata de una investigación participativa con enfoque cualitativo, realizada de enero a agosto de 2022. Se realizaron talleres en las comunidades participantes para construir el Diagnóstico Rural Participativo de procesos protectores y destructivos de las dimensiones global, comunitaria e individual de la salud socioambiental. Las comunidades señalaron las inequidades sociales, la desregulación productiva, la degradación ambiental, la explotación laboral, la violencia y las enfermedades como los principales procesos que afectan los territorios. Pese a ello, los procesos protectores estuvieron relacionados con la función social de la tierra y el derecho a la reforma agraria; a la agricultura familiar; vínculos de solidaridad y organización comunitaria, así como prácticas de autocuidado individual y familiar. El diagnóstico apunta a la necesidad de construir políticas públicas de equidad, protección y reparación de la salud eco-social de los territorios afectados por el cultivo de la caña de azúcar, donde existe un uso intenso de pesticidas, quemas y sobreexplotación del trabajo, entre otros problemas socioambientales.

Abstract The study analyzed the socio-environmental determination of health in five sugarcane-producing municipalities in Pernambuco. This participatory, qualitative research was conducted from January to August 2022. Workshops were held in the participating communities to build the Participatory Rural Diagnosis of protective and destructive processes of global, community, and individual socio-environmental health dimensions. The communities pointed to social inequalities, productive deregulation, environmental degradation, labor exploitation, violence, and illness as the main processes affecting the territories. Despite this, protective processes were related to the social function of land and the right to agrarian reform, family farming, solidarity and community organization ties, and individual and family self-care practices. The diagnosis points to the need to build public policies for equity, protection, and reparation of the eco-social health of territories affected by sugarcane cultivation, burdened with intense use of pesticides and burning and over-exploited labor, among other socio-environmental problems.

RESUMEN Diversos deslizamientos de tierra afectan viviendas a lo largo de la Ciudad de México (CDMX), por lo cual la resiliencia urbana es muy importante para adaptarse a dichas adversidades de manera momentánea, con el objetivo de que a corto plazo se establezcan medidas de protección civil. El punto central en el presente análisis es la adaptación de personas por medio de resiliencia urbana y la solución breve ante algún riesgo ocurrido; sin embargo, la atención preventiva del gobierno con la población es la que establece realmente el resguardo y cuidado real en los habitantes. A manera de ejemplo, se eligió como zona de estudio la colonia Las Águilas perteneciente a la alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, donde aconteció un deslizamiento de tierra, mismo que afectó una vivienda parcialmente. Por lo anterior, se generó un modelo preventivo por medio de álgebra de mapas, elaborado con Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), el cual revela el grado de erosividad y posible afectación con base en las características geográficas del suelo. Los resultados cartográficos revelaron diversos niveles de riesgo, mismos que podrán implementarse en dicha zona de estudio por medio de reestructuración urbana y reubicación consensuada, visualizándose que la resiliencia urbana no es el único camino por ejecutar; por el contrario, es solo un momento que deberá tomarse en cuenta para establecer protección en la población, replicándose a futuro en otras partes de México e inclusive en otros países de América Latina donde acontezca dicha problemática.

ABSTRACT Various landslides affect homes throughout Mexico City (CDMX), making urban resilience crucial for adapting these adversities in the short term, aiming for civil protection measures to be established shortly after an incident. The central point in this analysis is the adaptation of individuals through urban resilience and short-term solutions to address any risk encountered; however, governmental preventive preparedness with the population is what genuinely establishes protection and actual care for residents. As an example, the Las Águilas neighborhood in the Álvaro Obregón municipality was chosen for study, where a landslide affected a house partially. Therefore, a preventive model was generated using map algebra, developed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which reveals the degree of erosivity and potential impact based on soil geographic characteristics. Cartographic results revealed different risk levels, which can be implemented in this study area through urban restructuring and agreed relocation, visualizing that urban resilience is not the only course of action; on the contrary, it is just a moment to be taken into account to establish protection in the population, replicating it in the future in other parts of Mexico and even in other Latin American countries where this problem occurs.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este articulo es analizar las encrucijadas jurídicas respecto de la interpretación de la prescripción establecida en el literal d del articulo 83 del Decreto Ley 2811 de 1974, que establece la prohibición de adjudicación de tierras baldías al interior de las rondas hídricas. Desde hace 50 años en el ordenamiento se encuentra vigente la prohibición de apropiación de terrenos baldíos cuando estuvieren localizados dentro de las fajas de terreno conocidas como rondas hídricas, sin embargo, en las tierras rurales por la falta de una política de monitoreo y protección del recurso hídrico, esta figura ha tenido poca efectividad. Debido a la actualización de las políticas de gestión del recurso hídrico y el impulso de la reforma rural integral, ha adquirido notoriedad la reglamentación y aplicación de la referida norma: las autoridades ambientales y la autoridad de tierras han ampliado su estrategia de intervención para acotar dichas fajas. Sin embargo, resulta necesario revisar los fundamentos de la prohibición de adjudicación de baldíos en esta clase de zonas y superar las interpretaciones que han realizado algunas autoridades que obstaculizan el reconocimiento efectivo de derechos a campesinos que históricamente han habitado las riberas de ríos y lagos, y cuya participación en la gestión del territorial y adaptación al cambio climático puede ser una pieza clave en los procesos de reconciliación ambiental y social.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze legal crossroads regarding the interpretation of the prescription established in literal d of article 83 of Decree-Law 2811 of 1974which prohibits the allocation of vacant lands within water circuits. For 50 years, the prohibition of appropriation of vacant lands has been in force in the ordinance when they are located within the strips of land known as water rings; however, in rural lands, due to the lack of a monitoring and protection policy. of water resources, this figure has had little effectiveness. Due to the updating of water resource management policies and the promotion of comprehensive rural reform, the regulation and application of the standard has gained notoriety: the environmental authorities and the land authority have expanded their intervention strategies to limit these areas. However, it is necessary to review the foundations of the prohibition of allocating vacant land in such of areas and overcome the interpretations made by some authorities that hinder the effective recognition of rights to peasants who have historically inhabited the banks of rivers and lakes and whose Participation in territorial management and adaptation to climate change can be a key piece in environmental and social reconciliation processes.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a encruzilhada jurídica sobre a interpretação da prescrição estabelecida no artigo 83, "d", do Decreto-Lei 2.811 de 1974, que proíbe a adjudicação de terras não cultivadas próximas das margens de rios. Há 50 anos, a proibição de apropriação de terras não cultivadas vigora no ordenamento jurídico quando localizadas dentro das faixas de terra conhecidas como "beiras/margens/ entorno hídrico", porém, em terras rurais, devido à falta de uma política de monitoramento e proteção dos recursos hídricos, essa figura tem tido pouca eficácia. Em virtude da atualização das políticas de gestão de recursos hídricos e da promoção da reforma rural integral, a regulamentação e a aplicação da referida norma ganharam notoriedade: as autoridades ambientais e a autoridade fundiária ampliaram sua estratégia de intervenção para delimitar essas faixas. No entanto, é necessário revisar a base da proibição da adjudicação de terras devolutas nesse tipo de zonas e superar as interpretações feitas por algumas autoridades que impedem o reconhecimento efetivo dos direitos dos camponeses que historicamente habitaram as margens de rios e lagos e cuja participação na gestão territorial e na adaptação às mudanças climáticas pode ser um elemento-chave nos processos de reconciliação ambiental e social.

RESUMEN A través del presente artículo se realiza un análisis constitucional del tipo penal de invasión de tierras contenido en el artículo 263 del Código Penal colombiano. Se demuestra que, en principio, de tal enunciado normativo puede concluirse la prohibición de invadir un terreno estatal o privado para obtener un provecho ilícito. Sin embargo, de manera paralela, la Corte Constitucional colombiana ha venido desarrollando una serie de elementos que se constituyen en una verdadera protección para aquellas personas que se encuentran en asentamientos humanos ilegales, lo que materialmente son invasiones. La investigación termina haciendo un análisis de proporcionalidad, que junto al estudio de otras categorías dogmáticas permiten concluir la necesidad de un condicionamiento constitucional.

ABSTRACT Through this article, a constitutional analysis of the criminal type of land invasion contained in article 263 of the Colombian Criminal Code is made; demonstrating that, in principle, from such normative statement can be concluded the prohibition of invading a state or private land to obtain an illicit profit; however, in parallel, the Colombian Constitutional Court has been developing a series of elements that constitute a real protection for those people who are in illegal human settlements, which materially are invasions. The research ends with an analysis of proportionality, which, together with the study of other dogmatic categories, allows concluding the need for constitutional conditioning.

RESUMO Neste artigo, faz-se uma análise constitucional do delito de invasão de terras contido no artigo 263 do Código Penal colombiano, demonstrando que, em princípio, a proibição de invadir terras estatais ou privadas para obter lucro ilícito pode ser concluída a partir desse enunciado normativo; no entanto, paralelamente, a Corte Constitucional colombiana vem desenvolvendo uma série de elementos que constituem uma proteção real para as pessoas que se encontram em assentamentos humanos ilegais, que são materialmente invasões. A pesquisa termina com uma análise da proporcionalidade, que, juntamente com o estudo de outras categorias dogmáticas, permite concluir a necessidade de um condicionamento constitucional.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la base de datos "Jueces y Reforma Agraria" (JRA), que corresponde a un panel municipal y anual de la entrega de 11.761 baldíos -alrededor de 260.000 hectáreas- a particulares a través de una vía judicial distinta a la creada por la reforma agraria, esto es, la prescripción adquisitiva de dominio. Nuestro análisis estadístico y geográfico sugiere que este fenómeno ha tenido dos efectos contradictorios: la acumulación de tierras y el acceso a la tierra por campesinos sin ella. Enfatizamos en el primero para los casos de Córdoba y Casanare. La base JRA ofrece datos nacionales novedosos para explicar las causas y las consecuencias del rol de los jueces en la implementación de la reforma agraria en Colombia.

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the Judges and Agrarian Reform (JAR) dataset, a municipality-year panel that records the allocation of 11761 public land lots -up to approximately 260000 hectares- to private actors through a judicial mechanism distinct from the way established by the land reform, to wit, adverse possession. Our statistical and GIS analysis suggests that the judicial allocation of public land has had two opposing effects: Land accumulation and access to land for landless peasants. We focus on the former effect through the case studies of Córdoba and Casanare. The JAR database provides novel nationwide data to explain the determinants and effects of the role of the judiciary in land reform implementation in Colombia.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta a base de dados "Juízes e Reforma Agrária" (JRA), que corresponde a um painel municipal e anual da entrega de 11.761 terras do Estado -cerca de 260.000 hectares- a indivíduos por via judicial diferente daquele criado pela reforma agrária, ou seja, a prescrição aquisitiva de propriedade. Nossa análise estatística e geográfica sugere que esse fenômeno teve dois efeitos contraditórios: a acumulação de terras e o acesso a elas por parte dos camponeses sem terra. Enfatizamos o primeiro para os casos de Córdoba e Casanare. A JRA oferece novos dados nacionais para explicar as causas e as consequências do papel dos juízes na implementação da reforma agrária na Colômbia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar desde una perspectiva etnográfica los procesos étnicos-identitarios y la organización etnopolítica de la población indígena en la localidad de Carhué, provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Para ello fueron atendidas diversas cuestiones, como las estrategias, los reclamos y las formas de resistencia llevadas a cabo por las familias que la componen. En este análisis resulta central atender a la emergencia étnica de la década de 1990 en espacios urbanos y las legislaciones que tienen como principales destinatarios a los pueblos originarios del país. Materiales y métodos: El trabajo con las familias mapuches de Carhué comenzó en 2018 a partir de una demanda específica para colaborar en la tramitación de su personería jurídica y las pautas de trabajo fueron definidas en conjunto. De esta manera, la metodología parte y se sustenta en el trabajo colaborativo. La perspectiva etnográfica se nutrió de entrevistas formales y dirigidas, charlas informales y observación participante, lo cual se trianguló con la búsqueda de fuentes en diversos archivos y la lectura bibliográfica de antecedentes teóricos en el tema. Resultados: En este trabajo hemos mostrado la necesaria movilización y elaboración de estrategias de las comunidades indígenas para hacer cumplir sus derechos como pueblos preexistentes ante la ausencia de respuestas de los diversos niveles del Estado y la falta de implementación de las leyes y normativas concernientes a los pueblos indígenas. Conclusiones: Pudimos observar que, a pesar de la falta de respuesta en relación con los reclamos indígenas, la organización etnopolítica de la comunidad de Carhué sigue creciendo en pos de visibilizar su presencia en el ámbito local, reclamar por el cumplimiento de derechos y por el acceso a la tierra para disponer de espacios propios para su reproducción y fortalecimiento.

ABSTRACT Objective: This paper seeks to contribute, from the perspective of Social Anthropology, to the analysis of the ethnopolitical organization and identity revaluation of indigenous communities in Argentina. For this purpose, we will focus on the organization process of the families of the Mapuche Kalfulafken community in the urban region of Carhué, province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), which has gained momentum in the last decades. In short, the aim is to analyze how indigenous claims in Carhué are constituted around territory, ethnic identity and living conditions by considering resistance strategies and access to resources over time and in relation to the different levels of the State -municipality, province and nation-. Central to this analysis is the indigenous emergence of recent times, which began in the 1990s and is characterized by a growing ethnic awareness and emergence. Additionally, reanalyzing the legislations that principally address the original pueblos of the country and the legal and regulatory advances that, in many cases, are due to the continued mobilization and organization of indigenous groups have been very important in the processes of identity reconstruction. Materials and methods: The approach from which we start this research corresponds to the perspective of Social Anthropology. The fieldwork with the Mapuche families of Carhué began in 2018 from a specific demand to the research/outreach group to collaborate in their request for recognition before the provincial State (through the processing of their legal status). The steps to be followed in the research and the work guidelines were defined together with the community, so that the methodology is based on collaborative work. A bibliographic survey of theoretical antecedents was carried out. The research question focused on the forms of organization of the Mapuche families and their relationship with the processes of ethnic-identity reconfiguration in Carhué, framed in the context of the indigenous emergence and resurgence of ethnic and territorial demands in the area. Returning to the field on several occasions, deepening the topics and reworking the methodological strategies allowed us to construct the objectives and better orient the research. The methodology was ethnographic and a diverse group of actors were interviewed: the members of the indigenous organization, inhabitants of Carhué, governmental and non-governmental officials, and others. Open and in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, individual, and group interviews were carried out. The aim was to reconstruct life histories and trajectories in order to try to understand social phenomena from the perspective of the actors. Thus, participant observation was an importantpart of the fieldwork. The perspective was nurtured and triangulated with the search for primary and secondary sources and complementary cases through the work in the local archive at the request of Kalfulafken, given the importance of making an approach with some historical depth to reconstruct the facts of persecution and violence against indigenous peoples in Argentina. Results: The work is framed within the resurgence of the demands and processes of identity reconstruction that have been gaining strength in the country since the 1990s. The large presence of the indigenous population in urban spaces is highlighted in the face of the historically constructed ideas of denial, discrimination and exclusion that have their roots in the colonial period and continued with the formation of the National State. We focus on the history of ethnopolitical organization and the forms of resistance ofthefamilies of Carhué, which has gained momentum in the last decades and seeks to assert their presence in the urban environment. From which, the members appeal to distance themselvesfrom and question the discourses promoted by state institutions that sought to dominate and make the indigenous population in the region invisible. In this way, we address the strategies and activities implemented by the Kalfulafken community that seek to question the 'official history' and demonstrate the subjugation, discrimination and invisibilization suffered and to reaffirm their current presence in Carhué. Such processes have led, on the one hand, to new links with other ethnopolitical groups, universities, national and local institutions, and on the other hand, to the generation of new spaces for participation and networks in the area in order to have greater visibility and strengthen their claims. In addition, we highlight the community's search for support and recognitionfrom local authorities in order to make their claims viable. Conclusions: From the analysis on the organizational processes of a Mapuche community in the province of Buenos Aires we can make several conclusions. On the one hand, in the absence of responses from the various levels of the State and the lack of implementation of laws and regulations concerning indigenous peoples, it is the communities that must mobilize and develop strategies to enforce their rights as pre-existing peoples. Despite the lack of response to the indigenous claims, the ethnopolitical organization of the community of Carhué continues to grow in order to make its presence visible at the local level and to claim the fulfillment of their rights and the recovery of their territories in order to have their own spaces and cultural autonomy for their reproduction. Another issue that was highlighted was the need forgreater access to funds and social projects that would allow these objectives to be carried out and that wouldprovide scholarships for the younger generations to study. That is to say that these requests that have arisen in the organization are linked, since in order to have autonomy they must have territories and funds to sustain it. In summary, the above allows us to account for the local ethnopolitical work and the impact of the productions and materials produced within the framework of university extension to accompany such processes. Likewise, the presence of indigenous movements makes it clear that the state projects of a homogeneous Argentina have not been achieved. In the case of Kalfulafken we have been able to see that in addition to the processing of their legal status, the community seeks to generate new spaces for intervention and networks in the region to achieve greater visibility and strengthen their claims.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

Resumen En la región Oriental de Paraguay, la deforestación ha persistido en los últimos años, a pesar de la Ley N° 2524/04, conocida como Ley de Deforestación Cero, que prohíbe en la región oriental de las actividades de transformación y conversión de superficies con cobertura de bosques. En la Zona Norte del país, la deforestación provocada por actividades agropecuarias responde a diversos factores coyunturales que influyen en la decisión de conservar o no los bosques. Estos factores no son exclusivos de la actividad agropecuaria, sino que también influyen en otros sectores, afectando la dinámica de conservación de los recursos naturales en la región. Por esta razón, este estudio se enfoca en los departamentos de Concepción, San Pedro y Amambay para analizar la influencia de las actividades agropecuarias sobre la deforestación. La metodología utilizada en esta investigación fue descriptiva con enfoque mixto cualitativo-cuantitativo, empleando datos secundarios provenientes de la Dirección de Censos y Estadísticas Agropecuarias del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG), Censo Agropecuario Nacional (CAN), y Cámara Paraguaya de Cereales y Oleaginosa (CAPECO). La clasificación del uso de la tierra en áreas deforestadas se realizó mediante técnicas de teledetección, utilizando imágenes de los satélites Landsat 5 TM y Landsat 8 OLI, y se complementó con el análisis geoestadístico índice Kappa. El período de estudio abarco desde 2005 hasta 2018, y las variables analizadas incluyeron a la soja como por ejemplo el principal rubro de agricultura empresarial, actividad ganadera y la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC) en áreas deforestadas. Los resultados revelaron que la ganadería fue el tipo de actividad predominante en las áreas deforestadas de la Zona Norte, alcanzando un promedio de 47 %, seguida por la agricultura empresarial con un promedio de 26 % y la AFC con un promedio de 25 % entre los años 2005 y 2018. Es importante destacar que la expansión de las áreas de la AFC depende en gran medida de la cobertura boscosa. Este estudio subraya la necesidad urgente de políticas de conservación efectivas para abordar este desafío creciente.

Abstract In the Eastern region of Paraguay, deforestation has persisted in recent years despite Law No. 2524/04, known as the zero deforestation law, which prohibits the transformation and conversion of forested areas in the eastern region. In the Northern Zone of the country, deforestation caused by agricultural activities is influenced by various situational factors that affect the decision to conserve or not conserve forests. These factors are not exclusive to agricultural activities but also impact other sectors, affecting the dynamics of natural resource conservation in the region. For this reason, this study focuses on the departments of Concepción, San Pedro, and Amambay to analyze the influence of agricultural activities on deforestation. The methodology used in this research was descriptive with a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach, utilizing secondary data from the Directorate of Agricultural Census and Statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), the National Agricultural Census (CAN), and the Paraguayan Chamber of Cereals and Oilseeds (CAPECO). Land use classification in deforested areas was carried out using remote sensing techniques, with images from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI satellites, and complemented with geo-statistical analysis using the Kappa index. The study period covered from 2005 to 2018, and the analyzed variables included soybeans as the main crop of agricultural enterprises, livestock activity, and family farming (AFC) in deforested areas. The results revealed that livestock was the predominant activity in deforested areas of the Northern Zone, with an average of 47%, followed by agricultural enterprises with an average of 26% and AFC with an average of 25% between 2005 and 2018. It is important to note that the expansion of AFC areas largely depends on forest cover. This study underscores the urgent need for effective conservation policies to address this growing challengdepends on forest cover. This study underscores the urgent need for effective conservation policies to address this growing challenge.