ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Salt production, especially using artisanal methods, does not exist in all countries, given the climatic and logistical requirements. Portugal has some tradition in this sector, but even so, most professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have no experience in the area. The aim of this review was to summarize the most relevant and recent publications, to improve their performance capacity and enhance the productivity, satisfaction and well-being of the workers involved. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Salt pans can be inland (far from the sea, using groundwater with a high salt content) or coastal. The former are scarcer in Portugal and only exist between Lisbon and Coimbra. Over time, in our country, evaporation was carried out by fire and sun. The latter is believed to have been developed by the Romans who created the first version of salt flats. At national level there is evidence of salt production since the end of the Neolithic, but here more frequently with the use of fire. Throughout Europe there has been a decline in artisanal versus industrial salt production, even in sea salt pans (especially on the northwest coast of France and, in Portugal, on the western coasts). Artisanal production in our country is more prevalent in the Figueira da Foz area. The product obtained via artisanal production has better quality, particularly in terms of flavor and nutritionally (via industrial production the taste is more metallic). Portugal is a large producer and consumer of traditional salt. The climatic characteristics suit production, due to summers with frequent high temperatures and strong, hot winds. National salt was and is consumed in other European countries; for presenting superior quality, even though it is more expensive. Production depends on the climate, namely insolation (number of hours in the sun), precipitation, temperature, cloudiness and winds (which affect evaporation). In other words, this is more intense and faster if the air temperature is higher, such as with more dry winds (which are generally more frequent in summer); low precipitation is also favorable. Salt production has been increasing, due to growing industrial needs. To be used in this last situation, it must be at 100% purity. Discussion and Conclusions No bibliography was found that referred the dimension of occupational health and safety in this professional sector. Based on the authors' theoretical and practical experience, the most relevant risk factors and risks in the sector are described: ultraviolet radiation and possible skin cancer, cataracts and other associated injuries; thermal discomfort and eventual higher accident rates associated with motor incoordination, worse cardiovascular adjustment, as well as disorientation and ability to make decisions; forced/maintained loads and/or postures and possible musculoskeletal injuries, emergence/worsening of hernia pathology and falling objects at the same level and possible bruises, skin lacerations and/or fractures. It would be interesting to learn more about the national panorama of this sector, through studies that hierarchically stratify the risk, also accurately describing occupational illnesses and associated accidents, as well as more effective measures to mitigate these issues.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A produção de sal, sobretudo com métodos artesanais, não existe em todos os países, dadas as exigências climáticas e logísticas. Portugal apresenta alguma tradição nesse setor mas, ainda assim, a maioria dos profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais não tem experiência na área. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir o que mais relevante e recente se publicou, de forma a melhorar a capacidade de atuação destes e a potenciar a produtividade, satisfação e bem-estar dos trabalhadores afetos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo As salinas podem ser interiores (afastadas do mar, usando água subterrânea com elevado conteúdo em sal) ou litorais. As primeiras são mais escassas em Portugal e apenas existem entre Lisboa e Coimbra. Ao longo do tempo, no nosso país, a evaporação era realizada pelo fogo e sol. Esta última acredita-se que foi desenvolvida pelos romanos que, de certa forma, criaram a primeira versão das salinas. A nível nacional há evidência de produção de sal desde o final do Neolítico, mas aqui mais frequente com a utilização do fogo. Por toda a Europa tem existido um declínio da produção artesanal de sal, versus industrial, mesmo em salinas marítimas (sobretudo na costa noroeste de França e, em Portugal, na costa ocidental). A produção artesanal no nosso país é mais prevalente na zona da Figueira da Foz. O produto obtido via artesanal tem mais qualidade, nomeadamente a nível de sabor e nutricionalmente (via industrial o paladar é um pouco mais metálico). Portugal é um grande produtor e consumidor de sal tradicional. As caraterísticas climáticas adequam-se à produção, devido aos verões com temperaturas elevadas frequentes e ventos fortes e quentes. O sal nacional era e é consumido noutros países europeus, por apresentar qualidade superior, mesmo tendo um preço mais elevado. A produção depende do clima, nomeadamente a insolação (número de horas ao sol), precipitação, temperatura, nebulosidade e ventos (que condicionam a evaporação). Ou seja, esta é mais intensa e rápida se a temperatura do ar for mais elevada, tal como com mais ventos secos (que geralmente são mais frequentes no Verão); a baixa precipitação também é favorável. A produção de sal tem vindo a aumentar, até pelas crescentes necessidades industriais. Para ser usado nesta última situação, deverá estar no patamar de 100% de pureza. Discussão e Conclusões Não se encontrou bibliografia que fizesse referência à dimensão da saúde e segurança ocupacionais neste setor profissional. Em função de experiência teórica e prática dos autores, descrevem-se os fatores de riscos e riscos mais relevantes do setor: radiação ultravioleta e eventual cancro de pele, cataratas e outras lesões associadas; desconforto térmico e eventual maior sinistralidade associada a descoordenação motora, pior ajuste cardiovascular, bem como desorientação e capacidade de tomar decisões; cargas e/ou posturas forçadas/mantidas e eventuais lesões músculo-esqueléticas, surgimento/agravamento de patologia herniária e queda de objetos e ao mesmo nível e eventuais equimoses, lacerações cutâneas e/ou fraturas. Seria interessante conhecer melhor o panorama nacional deste setor, através de estudos que estratificassem hierarquicamente o risco, descrevendo ainda com rigor as doenças profissionais e acidentes associados, bem como medidas mais eficazes para atenuar essas questões.

Abstract Introduction. Estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc) helps determine water requirements, enabling the proposal of irrigation techniques that save water. Objective. To use remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAs) for greater precision in measuring evapotranspiration in rice fields, aiming to reduce water consumption. Materials and methods. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a factorial structure of two experiments: flooded irrigation (E1) and irrigation with controlled drying (E2), and three rice varieties (IR43, IR71706, Sahod Ulan 12). The study was conducted at the Experimental Irrigation Area (AER) of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Peru. Eight RPAS flights were carried out between January and February 2019, distributed between the tillering and cotton point stages. Results. The combined analysis of treatments using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s test with p < 0.05 revealed a significant difference in ETc between E1 and E2. However, no significant difference was found between the rice varieties. Maximum values of ETc and yield were obtained for E1 at 4.50 mm/day and 10389 kg/ha, and for E2 at 3.7 mm/day and 9710 kg/ha, respectively. Conclusions. The use of a remotely piloted aircraft system improved the temporal and spatial resolution of multispectral and thermal images, providing greater accuracy in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) under two irrigation regimes. Controlled drying irrigation resulted in a A 24% reduction in ETc, allowing for a water saving of 855 m3/ha.

Resumen Introducción. La estimación de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) permite conocer los requerimientos de agua del cultivo, que ayudan a proponer técnicas de riego con ahorro de agua. Objetivo. Usar el sistema de aeronave pilotada remotamente (RPAs) para mayor precisión de la evapotranspiración en arrozales a fin de reducir el consumo de agua. Materiales y métodos. Para el estudio la distribución de parcelas siguió un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con estructura factorial de dos experimentos: riego inundado (E1) y riego con secas controladas (E2), y tres variedades de arroz (IR43, IR71706, Sahod Ulan 12); se llevó a cabo en el Área Experimental de Riego (AER) de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Perú. Entre enero y febrero del 2019 se realizaron ocho vuelos, de un RPAs, distribuidos entre las etapas de macollamiento y punto de algodón. Resultados. El análisis combinado de tratamientos con análisis de varianza y prueba de Duncan con p < 0,05, reveló diferencia significativa de la ETc, entre E1 y E2. Sin embargo, no se encontró diferencia significancia entre las variedades de arroz. Se obtuvo valores máximos de ETc y rendimiento para E1 de 4,50 mm/d y 10 389 kg/ha, y para E2 de 3,7 mm/d y 9710 kg/ha, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El uso de un sistema de aeronave pilotada remotamente permitió mejorar la resolución temporal y espacial de las imágenes multiespectrales y térmicas para obtener mayor precisión en la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) bajo dos regímenes de riego. En el riego con secas controladas se obtuvo una reducción del 24 % de la ETc lo que permitió un ahorro de agua de 855 m3/ha.

Abstract: The building envelope plays a crucial role in interior thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Hence, the importance of implementing the energy efficiency chapter of the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC-HS-EE). This chapter establishes minimum requirements for thermal transmittance of envelope elements. However, it is unknown whether these values guarantee a satisfactory perception of indoor thermal comfort. This study aims to determine the thermal comfort perception in residential buildings in Loja city, through defining typologies and characterizing their envelope. Typologies are defined using information from the National Building Survey (ENED), while the envelope is characterized by surveying construction professionals in the locality. Finally, a thermal perception survey is conducted on occupants of the defined typologies. The results show that several construction packages comply with the NEC-HS-EE standard (except for the use of 7 cm thick brick wall, which is a common practice) and provide satisfactory comfort perception to occupants during the day, achieving a comfort perception within 80% acceptability. However, this is not maintained during the night.

Resumen: La envolvente desempeña un papel crucial en el confort térmico interior y eficiencia energética de las edificaciones, por ello la importancia de la implementación del capítulo de eficiencia energética de la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción (NEC-HS-EE). Este capítulo establece requisitos mínimos de transmitancia térmica para elementos de la envolvente. Sin embargo, se desconoce si estos valores garantizan una percepción satisfactoria del confort térmico interior. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la percepción de confort térmico en edificaciones residenciales en la ciudad de Loja, a través de la definición de la tipologías y caracterización de su envolvente. Para la definición de tipologías se considera la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Edificaciones (ENED), mientras que, para la caracterización de la envolvente se encuesta a profesionales de la construcción en la localidad. Finalmente, se aplica una encuesta de percepción térmica a ocupantes de las tipologías definidas. Los resultados muestran que, varios paquetes constructivos cumplen con la NEC-HS-EE (a excepción del uso de pared de ladrillo de 7 cm de espesor, que representa una práctica común) y brindan una percepción satisfactoria de confort a los ocupantes durante el día, alcanzando una percepción de confort dentro del 80% de aceptabilidad, no obstante, esto no se mantiene durante la noche.

Abstract The aim of the work presented was the design of a metal mould for gravity die casting to obtain brake and clutch handles of aluminium alloys for Suzuki AX-100 motorbike. The maximum stresses to which the part is subjected were determined and evaluated by the finite element method, considering the composition of the existing raw materials, highlighting that the part obtained meets the strength requirements. The results of the simulations showed that the strength was sufficient, and so the design of the metal mould was started. For its design, an established methodology was used, with the Fourier-Kirchhoff models for the thermal regime, resulting in its dimensions. In turn, both filling and solidification were simulated by means of casting software, predicting the thermodynamic behavior and the transient phenomena of the fluid during the pouring process. Positive values were obtained for microporosity, Niyama criterion, flow velocity and solid evolution. The results allowed us to ensure that both the design and the operation of the mould guarantee the production of productive and defect-free handles.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo presentado fue el diseño de un molde metálico de fundición por gravedad, para obtener manillas de freno y embrague, de aleaciones de aluminio, para la moto Suzuki AX-100. Se determinaron los esfuerzos máximos a los que se somete la pieza, además, evaluado por el método de elementos finitos, teniendo en cuenta la composición de las materias primas existentes en una empresa, destacando que la pieza obtenida cumple con los requisitos de resistencia. Los resultados de las simulaciones arrojaron que la resistencia era suficiente, por lo que se pasó al diseño del molde metálico. Para su diseño se empleó una metodología establecida, con los modelos de Fourier-Kirchhoff para el régimen térmico, resultando en las dimensiones de este. A su vez se simuló por medio de software de fundición tanto el llenado como la solidificación, pronosticando los comportamientos termodinámicos y los fenómenos transitorios del fluido durante el proceso de vertido. Se obtuvieron valores positivos para la microporosidad, criterio de Niyama, velocidad del flujo y, evolución del sólido. Los resultados permiten asegurar que tanto el diseño como el funcionamiento del molde garantizan la obtención de manillas de forma productiva y libres de defectos.

Membrane technology offers solutions for separation of complex gas mixtures. Therefore, new efficient and durable membranes are required to produce gas permeation modules with high area/volume for CO2 removal from natural gas. This study aims to develop cost-effective zeolite DD3R alumina composite hollow fibers to achieve these process requirements. A porous hollow fiber support from low-cost alumina was prepared via phase inversion followed by thermal treatment. DD3R zeolite seeds were then implanted over the surface of the microporous hollow fibers to form a selective layer by hydrothermal synthesis. The thickness of the selective layer was controlled by the seed concentration, which also affected the crystal intergrowth and competing zeolite phase formation, Sigma-2, which influenced the membrane performance. A reduced-diameter composite DD3R-alumina hollow fiber was obtained with a selectivity of 203 and a CO2 permeance of 5.4 x 10-8 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 at a pressure of 2 bar. mixtures Therefore areavolume area volume CO costeffective cost effective DDR DD R requirements lowcost low treatment synthesis concentration formation Sigma2, Sigma2 Sigma 2, Sigma-2 performance reduceddiameter reduced diameter DD3Ralumina DDRalumina 20 54 5 4 5. 108 10 8 10- m2 m m− s1 s 1 s− Pa1 Pa Pa− bar Sigma- Ralumina

ABSTRACT. Fig orchard expansion requires knowledge of the thermal requirements of genotypes available in different climatic regions. The budburst of fig cultivars was assessed by biological single-node cutting and exposure to artificial chilling. Cuttings from five cultivars were collected during two crop seasons, subsequently packaged in a horizontal position in a cold chamber (8 ± 0.5ºC), and artificially chilled for 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160h. Cuttings were preserved under controlled conditions (23 ± 1°C, RH 85%, and 16h photoperiod). The variables evaluated were the budding velocity, average time and final rate of sprouting, vigorous shoot rate, and average time to leaf opening. The single-node cutting test allowed the assessment of dormancy, which is influenced by the accumulation of chilling in each crop season. The average time and final budding rate varied depending on the temperature requirements for budding. The cultivars were classified on an increasing scale according to their chilling requirements as follows: Pingo de Mel < Roxo de Valinhos < Brown Turkey < White Genova < Troyano. The traditional cultivar in Brazil is Roxo de Valinhos, but all of the cultivars studied had the potential to diversify the fig orchards in this region. ABSTRACT regions singlenode single node seasons 8 ( 0.5ºC, 05ºC ºC 0.5ºC , 0 5ºC 0.5ºC) 40 80 120 160h h 23 (2 1C C 1 1°C 85 85% photoperiod. photoperiod . photoperiod) velocity sprouting opening dormancy season follows Troyano region 4 12 2

ABSTRACT The replacement of traditional table grape cultivars with seedless genotypes has become common in Brazilian viticulture, especially in non-conventional regions under subtropical conditions. In the context of viticulture, it is crucial to highlight the pivotal role played by rootstocks, which exert a direct influence on phenological cycle, productivity, and grape quality. This study aimed to assess the duration of phenological stages, thermal demand, and maturation of the grape cultivar ‘BRS Isis’ grafted onto different rootstocks in a subtropical climate during three harvest seasons. The results indicated that the duration of phenological stages varied across harvest seasons, notably extending in the third harvest season due to adverse prevailing climatic conditions. Although no significant differences were observed in the rootstocks during the initial phases of the phenological cycle, they influenced the overall duration from pruning to harvest. Particularly noteworthy were the rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘1103P,’ that had earlier maturation in one of the assessed seasons. Consequently, a variation in thermal requirement was higher in the third harvest season. The analysis leads to the conclusion that climatic conditions have impacted the duration of phenological stages, thermal requirements, and the maturation of ‘BRS Isis’ grape bunches in subtropical regions. viticulture nonconventional non conventional cycle productivity quality demand BRS Isis seasons IAC 572 ‘1103P, 1103P P Consequently requirements 57 ‘1103P 5

The resistance of yielding rockbolts to multiple impact loads was tested by means of a drop hammer. The methodology was based on the ASTM D7401-08 standard as well as the requirements specified for rockbolts by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB - a Swedish mining company) and the Safety In Mines Research Advisory Committee of South Africa (project number GAP 423). During the tests, the loading force and bolt elongation were measured with a sampling frequency of f s = 19.2 kHz. In order to analyse the phenomena involved, the tests were recorded using two independent high-speed video cameras (600 and 1000 frames per second) and one thermal camera (128 frames per second). The tests demonstrated that all the samples transferred double the gravitational potential energy of Ep = 50.85 kJ from the impact load of mass m = 2825 kg and impact velocity of v = 6.0 m/s without failure. Damage to the bolt-resin contact in the upper anchoring zone of the bolt in the steel tube occurred after subsequent impacts. As a result, the macro-deformed bolt exhibits additional yield, and its operation following the shearing of the resin bond is similar to that of a 'cone bolt'. Only one test resulted in damage to the threaded bolt rod-nut coupling, during the fourth impact; however, no damage to the bolt-resin contact zone was observed.

Resumen Algunas de las consecuencias del cambio climático se manifestarán en variaciones temporales y espaciales de la precipitación y en un incremento en la demanda evaporativa de la atmósfera, lo que a su vez propiciará un incremento en la demanda de riego de cultivos agrícolas. En este trabajo se analizó la variación temporal de los requerimientos de riego agroclimáticos (RRa) para maíz en el DR001 Pabellón, Aguascalientes, así como el periodo de crecimiento térmico (PCT) con información de cinco estaciones climatológicas con 36 años de registros. Se asumió una temperatura base de 9 °C, para definir tres fechas de siembra: 15 de febrero, 15 de junio y 15 de octubre. Se estimó los RRa con una estación climatológica con más registro (1943-2018), se utilizó el método de Hargreaves para calcular la evapotranspiración de referencia y el método del Servicio de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos para la precipitación efectiva. La variación temporal (media y desviación estándar) de los RRa se realizó por el método de Rodionov, por medio de los índices de cambios de régimen en la media y en la varianza (CSSI). Los valores índices de cambios de régimen en la indican que se inició un incremento en los RRa en el año 1995, para la fecha de siembra 15 de febrero, se apreció un cambio inicial en 2009 para la de 15 de junio, mientras que para el 15 de octubre hay un aumento en el año 1993 con otro en los años 2012 a 2018. Sin cambios en CSSI, con evidencias de los cambios en los RRa, que se relacionan con la variación de la precipitación y temperatura.

Abstract Some of the consequences of climate change will manifest themselves in temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and in an increase in the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, which in turn will lead to an increase in the demand for irrigation of agricultural crops. This work analyzed the temporal variation of agroclimatic irrigation requirements (AIRs) for corn in DR001 Pabellón, Aguascalientes, as well as the thermal growth period (TGP) with information from five climatological stations with 36 years of records. A base temperature of 9 °C was assumed to define three sowing dates: February 15, June 15 and October 15. The AIRs were estimated with a climatological station with more records (1943-2018), the Hargreaves method was used to calculate reference evapotranspiration and the United States Agricultural Service method was used for effective precipitation. The temporal variation (mean and standard deviation) of the AIRs was performed by the Rodionov method, by means of the indices of regime changes in the mean and in the variance (CSSI). The index values of regime changes indicate that an increase in the AIRs began in 1995, for the sowing date February 15, an initial change was observed in 2009 for that of June 15, while for October 15 there is an increase in the year 1993 with another in the years 2012 to 2018. No changes in CSSI, with evidence of changes in the AIRs, which are related to the variation of precipitation and temperature.

RESUMEN La fabricación de bloques con Polietileno de Tereftalato reciclado para la construcción de mampostería no portante, pretende determinar las características físicas y mecánicas del plástico para incluirlos en la mezcla con materiales tradicionales como son el cemento, agua y arena. Se elaboró bloques con dimensiones comerciales en la provincia de Santo Domingo de 40 x 20 x 10 cm con adición de plástico Polietileno de Tereftalato al 20, 40, 60 y 80 por ciento en sustitución del material pétreo grueso. Se realizaron ensayos de compresión y flexión para determinar las propiedades mecánicas de las probetas y compararlas con las características especificadas en la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción y la norma NTE INEN 3066 que determinan los requisitos y métodos de ensayo para bloques de hormigón, también se determinó la inflamabilidad con la muestra al 40 por ciento de plástico reciclado basado en la norma BS EN ISO 11925-2:2010 y por último, se encontró la conductividad térmica del material compuesto, fundamentado en el estándar ISO 8302.

ABSTRACT Blocks manufacture with recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate, for the construction of non-bearing masonry, aims to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of the plastic to include them in the mixture with traditional materials such as cement, water and sand. Blocks based on commercial specifications of 40 x 20 x 6 cm with the addition of Polyethylene Terephthalate plastic at 20, 40, 60 and 80% to replace the thick stone material are made in the province of Santo Domingo. Compression and bending tests are carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the specimens and compare them with the characteristics specified in the Ecuadorian Construction Standard and the NTE INEN 3066 standard that determine the requirements and test methods for concrete blocks. It is also determined the flammability with the sample at 40 percent recycled plastic based on the BS EN ISO 11925-2: 2010 standard. Finally, the thermal conductivity of the composite material based on the ISO 8302 standard is determined.

Abstract In search of new materials from industrial waste, aiming at cost, efficiency and reduction of environmental liabilities, this study aimed to evaluate the physical, mechanical, acoustic and thermal characteristics of sandwich panels produced with sheets of Schizolobium amazonicum (paricá) and egg carton core made of cardboard, glued with adhesive phenol formaldehyde (FF), urea formaldehyde (UF) and interleaved the sheets glued with both. The panels were evaluated through thermal, acoustic, physical and mechanical tests. The FF and UF adhesives influenced the physical-mechanical properties of the panels. For thermal conductivity and thermal resistance, it was found that all panels met the normative requirements of NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005) with emphasis on panels produced with FF. Therefore, the use of paricá sheets 32x12x0.2 cm (length, width and thickness, respectively) and egg box as a core with adhesive, proved to be promising for some uses in civil construction, in addition to adding value to the egg crate residues as thermal and acoustic insulators, can minimize the disposal of raw material in the environment. waste cost liabilities (paricá cardboard FF, , (FF) (UF both tests physicalmechanical resistance 1522 ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2005 Therefore 32x12x02 xx 32x12x0 2 x 32x12x0. length, length (length thickness respectively construction insulators environment (FF 152 200 32x12x 15 20 1

Resumo Em busca de novos materiais a partir de resíduos industriais, visando ao custo, à eficiência e à redução do passivo ambiental, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas, mecânicas, acústicas e térmicas de painéis sanduíche produzidos com lâminas de Schizolobium amazonicum (paricá) e núcleo de caixa de ovos feitos de papelão coladas com o adesivo fenol-formaldeído (FF) e com o adesivo ureia-formaldeído (UF), intercalando-se estas com lâminas coladas com ambos (FF+UF). Os painéis foram avaliados por meio de ensaios térmicos, acústicos, físicos e mecânicos. Os adesivos FF e UF influenciaram nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Para a condutividade térmica e resistência térmica, verificou-se que todos os painéis atingiram as exigências normativas da NBR 15220 (ABNT, 2005), com destaque para os painéis produzidos com FF. Sendo assim, a utilização das lâminas de paricá de 32x12x0,2 cm (comprimento, largura e espessura respectivamente) e de caixa de ovo como núcleo com adesivo se mostrou promissora para algumas aplicações na construção civil, além de agregar valor aos resíduos de caixa de ovo como isolantes térmicos e acústicos, por minimizar o descarte de matéria-prima no meio ambiente. industriais custo ambiental físicas mecânicas (paricá fenolformaldeído fenol formaldeído (FF ureiaformaldeído ureia UF, , (UF) intercalandose intercalando FF+UF. FFUF FF+UF . (FF+UF) acústicos mecânicos físicomecânicas físico verificouse verificou 1522 ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2005, 2005 2005) assim 32x12x02 xx 32x12x0 2 x 32x12x0, comprimento, comprimento (comprimento respectivamente civil matériaprima matéria prima ambiente (UF (FF+UF 152 200 32x12x 15 20 1

Polyimides have attracted considerable attention owing to their excellent properties; however, their hydrophilicity makes them susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. In this study, polyaryletherketones (PAEKs) with different fluorine contents were coated onto the surface of the polyimide films to fabricate the hydrophobic surface. The wettability of the films changed, with a transition from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity, upon coating with PAEKs. Thus, the coated films exhibited low moisture absorption. Due to the excellent thermal stability of fluorinated polyaryletherketones (F-PAEKs), the coated polyimide films retained their hydrophobicity even after extreme treatment. Furthermore, the dielectric properties of the coated polyimide film were superior to those of the unmodified film. The hydrophobic polyimide film can meet the requirements of extreme environments. however degradation study PAEKs (PAEKs changed Thus absorption FPAEKs, FPAEKs F , (F-PAEKs) treatment Furthermore environments (F-PAEKs

Chromolaena odorata (L.) RM King and H Rob. (Asteraceae) has been subject to a biological control programme in South Africa for over three decades. A shoot-tip boring moth, Dichrorampha odorata Brown and Zachariades (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), originating from Jamaica, was released as a biological control agent in 2013 but despite the release of substantial numbers of the insect, it has not established a permanent field population. Because climate incompatibility is a major constraint for classical biological control of invasive plants, and based on the differences in climate between Jamaica and South Africa and field observations at release sites, aspects of the thermal physiology of D. odorata were investigated to elucidate reasons for its failure to establish. Developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C, with incomplete development for immature stages at 18 °C and 32 °C. The developmental threshold, t, was calculated as 8.45 °C with 872.4 degree-days required to complete development (K). A maximum of 6.5 generations per year was projected for D. odorata in South Africa, with the heavily infested eastern region of the country being the most eco-climatically suitable for establishment. The lower lethal temperature (LLT50) of larvae and adults was -4.5 and 1.8 °C, respectively. The upper lethal temperature (ULT50) for larvae was 39.6 °C whilst that of adults was 41.0 °C. Larvae thus had better cold tolerance compared to adults whereas adults had better heat tolerance compared to larvae. The critical thermal (CT) limits for adults were 3.4 ± 0.07 to 43.7 ± 0.12 °C. Acclimation at 20 °C for 7 days resulted in increased cold and heat tolerance with a CTmin. and CTmax of 1.9 ± 0.06 and 44.4 ± 0.07 °C respectively, compared to the relative control, acclimated at 25 °C. Acclimation at 30 °C improved neither cold (CTmin: 5.9 ± 0.08 °C) nor heat tolerance (CTmax: 42.9 ± 0.10 °C). These results suggest that thermal requirements fall within field temperatures and are thus not the main constraining factor leading to poor establishment of D. odorata in South Africa.

RESUMEN Investigaciones previas han permitido desarrollar y caracterizar un material aislante a partir de descartes de poliestireno expandido (EPS) que puede utilizarse para la fabricación de placas, brindando oportunidades laborales a grupos sociales desocupados o vulnerables. Trabajando en articulación con una cooperativa de recicladores local, se determinaron los procesos productivos necesarios para su fabricación en una escala apta para su comercialización. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar estos procesos productivos e identificar los aspectos críticos para la viabilidad de ejecución y gestión de esta tecnología. La metodología utilizada implica: i. la adecuación del producto; ii. la determinación de los insumos y recursos para su viabilidad; iii. la detección de los procesos productivos con mayor criticidad; y iv. la adecuación al caso particular de aplicación. Se obtiene un conjunto de requerimientos considerados mínimos para el desarrollo de un emprendimiento productivo. Además, se identifican en el contexto local los procesos de mayor criticidad, relativos a la separación y la obtención del EPS y su provisión continua en el tiempo. Los resultados condensan aportes para contribuir a la replicación y la sostenibilidad de esta experiencia.

RESUMO Pesquisas anteriores desta equipe permitiram desenvolver e caracterizar um material isolante a partir de poliestireno expandido (EPS) descartado que pode ser utilizado na fabricação de placas, oferecendo oportunidades de trabalho a grupos sociais desempregados ou vulneráveis. Trabalhando em coordenação com uma cooperativa local de recicladores, foram determinados os processos de produção necessários para sua fabricação em escala adequada para a comercialização. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os processos produtivos envolvidos e os aspectos críticos que tornam viável a execução e gestão desta tecnologia. A metodologia utilizada implica: i. a adequação do produto; ii. a determinação dos insumos e recursos para sua viabilidade; iii. a detecção dos processos com maior criticidade; e iv. a adaptação ao caso particular de aplicação. Obtém-se um conjunto de requisitos considerados mínimos para o desenvolvimento de um empreendimento produtivo. Além disso, são identificados no contexto local os processos mais críticos relacionados à separação e obtenção do EPS e seu fornecimento contínuo ao longo do tempo. Os resultados condensam contribuições que têm por objetivo a replicação e sustentabilidade desta experiência.

ABSTRACT Previous research has allowed developing and characterizing an expanded polystyrene waste (EPS) based insulation material that can be used to manufacture plates, providing job opportunities to unemployed or vulnerable social groups. By working together with a local recycling cooperative, the production processes needed for their manufacture on a scale suitable for commercialization were determined. The goal of this research is to analyze these production processes and identify the critical aspects that make the technology’s implementation and management viable. The methodology used involves i. the product’s adaptation; ii. determining supplies and resources for its feasibility; iii. detecting the most critical production processes; and, iv. adapting to the particular case of application. A set of minimum requirements is obtained to develop a productive venture. In addition, the most critical processes related to the separation and obtaining of the EPS and its continuous supply over time, are identified. The results summarize contributions to replicate and make this experience sustainable.

Abstract: Air quality plays a decisive role in the performance of the occupants of indoor spaces; it is estimated that 30% of a person's life corresponds to their academic training. This research aimed to determine if the ventilation systems in the Technological University of Panama buildings provide appropriate air quality for its students. We evaluated the ventilation performance in passive and mechanical mode; the dynamic interface DesignBuilder simulated case studies. The indicators used were CO2 concentration, indoor air renewal rates, and thermal comfort. The minimum requirements of Panamanian and international standards were used as a reference. The results showed insufficient natural ventilation due to thermal discomfort and high CO2 concentrations. In contrast, mechanical ventilation improved thermal comfort levels, but the CO2 concentration remained slightly outside acceptable limits. These results demonstrated that the buildings are not designed to operate passively, restricting their operation exclusively in mechanical mode.

Resumen: La calidad del aire juega un papel decisivo en el rendimiento de los ocupantes de espacios interiores; además, se estima que un 30% de la vida de una persona corresponde a su formación académica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si los sistemas de ventilación de los edificios de la Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá proveen una calidad de aire apropiada para sus alumnos, mediante la evaluación del desempeño de la ventilación en modo pasivo y mecánico; se utilizó la interfaz dinámica DesignBuilder para simular los casos de estudio. Los indicadores utilizados fueron la concentración de CO2, las tasas de renovación de aire interior y el confort térmico. Para esto se tomaron como referencia los requerimientos mínimos de la normativa panameña y normativas internacionales. Los resultados demostraron que el uso de ventilación natural resulta insuficiente debido a la inconformidad térmica y altas concentraciones de CO2. Por el contrario, el uso de ventilación mecánica mejoró los niveles de confort térmico pero la concentración de CO2 se mantuvo ligeramente fuera de límites aceptables. Estos resultados demostraron que los edificios no están diseñados para operar en modo pasivo, lo que restringe su operación exclusivamente en modo mecánico.