ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the reproductive phenology and thermal requirements of two dragon fruit species grown under the climate conditions of northern Amazon. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil, during two production cycles (2020-2021 and 20212022). Two dragon fruit species were used: Hylocereus costaricensis, which produces cylindrical fruits with a red skin and purple pulp; and Hylocereus polyrhizus, which produces elongated fruits with red skin and pulp. Ten plants of each species were selected and divided into four quadrants; ten cladodes were selected per quadrant and two flower buds were selected per cladode, totaling 800 flowers for each species. The plants were monitored from the beginning of flower bud intumescence until fruit harvest. Phenological periods were evaluated from production pruning to fruit harvest, based on the phenological stage descriptions of the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH) scale. Climate conditions affected the species over the years, mainly due to variations in air temperature preceding phenophases. Variations between years increased the production cycle in 20 days for H. costaricensis and 34 days for H. polyrhizus from the first (2020-2021) to the second (2021-2022) production year. Organoleptic properties of species showed excellent results, including soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and SS to TA ratio. Complete physiological maturity of H. costaricensis and H. polyrhizus fruits occurred at 31 and 38 days after anthesis, respectively, when the fruits presented an intense red skin and pulp. Amazon Vista Roraima Brazil 20202021 2020 2021 (2020-202 20212022. 20212022 . 20212022) used pulp quadrants cladode 80 harvest BBCH (BBCH scale phenophases 2 H 3 2022 (2021-2022 year results SS, , (SS) TA, (TA) ratio anthesis respectively 2020202 202 (2020-20 2021202 8 (2021-202 (SS (TA 202020 (2020-2 202120 (2021-20 20202 (2020- 20212 (2021-2 (2020 (2021- (202 (2021 (20 (2 (

RESUMO Objetivou-se estudar a fenologia reprodutiva e o requerimento térmico de duas espécies de pitaia nas condições climáticas do extremo Norte da Amazônia. O experimento foi realizado no município de Boa Vista, Roraima durante dois ciclos produtivos (2020/2021 e 2021/2022). Utilizou-se duas espécies de pitaia, a Selenicereus costaricensis, com frutos de casca vermelha e polpa roxa e formato cilíndrico e a Hylocereus polyrhizus, com frutos de casca e polpa vermelha e formato alongado. Selecionou-se 10 plantas de cada espécie, dividindo-as em quatro quadrantes, sendo selecionado 10 cladódios por quadrante e 2 gemas floral por cladódio, totalizando 800 flores por espécie, as quais foram acompanhadas da intumescência da gema até a colheita dos frutos. Avaliou-se os períodos fenológicos da poda até a colheita dos frutos, baseando-se na descrição dos estádios fenológicos da escala Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH). As condições climáticas influenciaram as espécies entre os anos, principalmente devido as variações de temperatura do ar no momento da que antecede as fenofases. As variações entre os anos ocasionaram um aumento no ciclo produtivo de 20 dias para S. costaricensis e 34 dias para H. polyrhizus entre o primeiro (2020/2021) e segundo (2021/2022) ano produtivo. As propriedades organolépticas das espécies apresentaram excelentes resultados, como sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e relações sólidos solúveis/ acidez titulável, inerente as espécies. A maturidade fisiológica completa de frutos de H. costaricensis e H. polyrhizus ocorre aos 31 e 38 dias após a antese (DAA), quando os frutos apresentam coloração vermelho intenso da casca e da polpa. Objetivouse Objetivou se Amazônia Vista 2020/2021 20202021 2020 2021 (2020/202 2021/2022. 20212022 2021/2022 . 2022 2021/2022) Utilizouse Utilizou alongado Selecionouse Selecionou 1 espécie dividindoas dividindo quadrantes cladódio 80 Avaliouse Avaliou baseandose baseando BBCH. BBCH (BBCH) fenofases S 3 H (2021/2022 resultados solúveis DAA, DAA , (DAA) 2020/202 2020202 202 (2020/20 2021202 2021/202 8 (BBCH (2021/202 (DAA 2020/20 202020 (2020/2 202120 2021/20 (2021/20 2020/2 20202 (2020/ 20212 2021/2 (2021/2 2020/ (2020 2021/ (2021/ (202 (2021 (20 (2 (

This study focuses on optimising the beneficiation process of South African chromite sand for use in rapid sand-casting applications, particularly for three-dimensional printing (3DP). South Africa's vast chromite reserves provide a unique opportunity to produce high-quality chromite sand that is tailored for modern manufacturing needs. By identifying critical steps in the beneficiation process, such as crushing, grinding, and impurity removal, this research aims to enhance the quality and consistency of the final product. The optimised chromite sand demonstrates improved thermal stability and particle distribution, making it suitable for the stringent requirements of 3DP in sand casting.

Hierdie studie fokus op die optimering van die veredelingsproses van Suid-Afrikaanse chromietsand vir gebruik in vinnige sandgiettoepassings, veral vir driedimensionele drukwerk (3DP). Suid-Afrika se groot chromietreserwes bied 'n unieke geleentheid om chromietsand van hoè gehalte te produseer wat aangepas is vir moderne vervaardigingsbehoeftes. Deur kritieke stappe in die veredelingsproses te identifiseer, soos vergruising, maal en verwydering van onsuiwerhede, poog hierdie navorsing om die kwaliteit en konsekwentheid van die finale produk te verbeter. Die geoptimeerde chromietsand toon verbeterde termiese stabiliteit en partikelverspreiding, wat dit geskik maak vir die streng vereistes van 3DP in sandgieting.

Abstract: The building envelope plays a crucial role in interior thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Hence, the importance of implementing the energy efficiency chapter of the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC-HS-EE). This chapter establishes minimum requirements for thermal transmittance of envelope elements. However, it is unknown whether these values guarantee a satisfactory perception of indoor thermal comfort. This study aims to determine the thermal comfort perception in residential buildings in Loja city, through defining typologies and characterizing their envelope. Typologies are defined using information from the National Building Survey (ENED), while the envelope is characterized by surveying construction professionals in the locality. Finally, a thermal perception survey is conducted on occupants of the defined typologies. The results show that several construction packages comply with the NEC-HS-EE standard (except for the use of 7 cm thick brick wall, which is a common practice) and provide satisfactory comfort perception to occupants during the day, achieving a comfort perception within 80% acceptability. However, this is not maintained during the night.

Resumen: La envolvente desempeña un papel crucial en el confort térmico interior y eficiencia energética de las edificaciones, por ello la importancia de la implementación del capítulo de eficiencia energética de la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción (NEC-HS-EE). Este capítulo establece requisitos mínimos de transmitancia térmica para elementos de la envolvente. Sin embargo, se desconoce si estos valores garantizan una percepción satisfactoria del confort térmico interior. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la percepción de confort térmico en edificaciones residenciales en la ciudad de Loja, a través de la definición de la tipologías y caracterización de su envolvente. Para la definición de tipologías se considera la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Edificaciones (ENED), mientras que, para la caracterización de la envolvente se encuesta a profesionales de la construcción en la localidad. Finalmente, se aplica una encuesta de percepción térmica a ocupantes de las tipologías definidas. Los resultados muestran que, varios paquetes constructivos cumplen con la NEC-HS-EE (a excepción del uso de pared de ladrillo de 7 cm de espesor, que representa una práctica común) y brindan una percepción satisfactoria de confort a los ocupantes durante el día, alcanzando una percepción de confort dentro del 80% de aceptabilidad, no obstante, esto no se mantiene durante la noche.

RESUMEN El sobrecalentamiento de la placa de circuito impreso (Printed Circuit Board, PCB) es un problema que puede estar presente en la sección de la fuente de alimentación de los equipos electrónicos. Debido al impacto negativo que este problema puede tener en el rendimiento y la confiabilidad del dispositivo, debe recibir atención especial desde las primeras etapas del diseño del sistema. El uso de herramientas de automatización de diseño electrónico (Electronic Computer-Aided Design, ECAD), para simular la PCB facilita la inclusión de requisitos térmicos durante el proceso de diseño. Este trabajo presenta el análisis de alternativas de diseño de la PCB para una fuente de alimentación con el fin de gestionar las temperaturas disipadas en el circuito y reducir el autocalentamiento y el tamaño de la PCB. Los resultados indican que con el análisis propuesto es posible obtener un diseño con mayor rendimiento y confiabilidad.

ABSTRACT Printed Circuit Board overheating is a problem that can be present in the power supply section of electronic equipment. Due to the negative impact this problem can have on the performance and reliability of the device, it must receive dedicated attention from the early stages of system design. Using Electronic Computer-Aided Design tools, ECAD, to simulate the PCB facilitates the inclusion of thermal requirements during the design process. This work presents the analysis of PCB design alternatives for a power supply to manage the temperatures dissipated in the circuit, to reduce self-heating and the size of the PCB. Results indicate that with the proposed analysis it is possible to obtain a greater performance and reliability design.

Resumen El carábido Abaris basistriata (Coleoptera: Carabidae) se destaca por su potencial depredador y por ser generalista en relación con el hábitat. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia de diferentes temperaturas en el desarrollo de A. basistriata y determinar sus exigencias térmicas. El insecto fue alimentado con larvas de Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) y mantenido a temperaturas de 18 °C, 22 °C, 25 °C y 28 ± 1 °C; 70 ± 10 % de humedad relativa y fotoperíodo de 14 horas. Hubo diferencias significativas en el tiempo de desarrollo de las etapas e instares de A. basistriata en función de la temperatura. Los límites para las etapas de huevo, larva, pupa y desarrollo pre-imaginal fueron 10,68 °C; 11,32 °C; 12,67 °C y 11,73 °C, y las constantes térmicas fueron 82,41; 264,83; 84,57 y 664,89, grados día, respectivamente. El mayor número de individuos de A. basistriata llegó a la fase adulta en el menor tiempo de desarrollo a los 28 °C, cuando se obtuvo 70 % de supervivencia, indicando que esta es la temperatura más favorable para la cría de este carábido en condiciones de laboratorio.

Abstract The carabid beetle Abaris basistriata (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is noteworthy for its predatory capabilities and its generalist function in the habitat. This study aimed to assess the influence of different temperatures on the development of A. basistriata and determine its thermal requirements. The insect was fed with larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and maintained at 18, 22, 25, and 28 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10 % relative humidity, and 14-hour photoperiod. There were significant differences in the development time of stages and instars of A. basistriata as a function of temperature. Threshold temperatures for egg, larva, pupa, and preimaginal development were 10.68, 11.32, 12.67, and 11.73 °C, respectively. The thermal constants were 82.41, 264.83, 84.57, and 664.89 degree-days, respectively. The highest number of A. basistriata individuals reached the adult stage in the shortest time of development at 28 °C, where 70 % of survival was recorded. This finding suggests that 28 °C is the most favorable temperature for rearing this carabid species under laboratory conditions.

RESUMEN Introducción: Entre los principales desafíos en la agricultura está mejorar la eficiencia en la producción de manera sustentable sin provocar impactos negativos al medio ambiente. El empleo de las tecnologías de liberación controlada constituye un enfoque científico novedoso que permite mejorar la actuación de los plaguicidas y los fertilizantes sobre el blanco deseado e incrementan la seguridad y la eficacia de los mismos. Objetivo: Obtener, caracterizar y estudiar 2 biofertilizantes y un herbicida de liberación lenta, a partir de la matriz de base urea-formaldehído. Métodos: La síntesis de los productos se realizó mediante el método de microencapsulación por extracción y evaporación de solvente. Se realizaron análisis cuantitativos de los macro y los micronutrientes. Los productos se caracterizaron por espectroscopía infrarroja, difracción de rayos X, isoterma de adsorción de nitrógeno, microscopía electrónica de barrido y análisis térmico. Además, se realizaron los estudios de los perfiles de liberación y las pruebas en campo. Resultados: Los productos caracterizados presentan una morfología heterogénea con superficies irregulares, son mesoporosos, semicristalinos y estables a temperatura ambiente. Las interacciones entre la matriz y los principios activos son débiles lo que favorece la liberación de los nutrientes. El proceso de liberación se ajusta a los requisitos establecidos internacionalmente para los materiales de liberación lenta que se emplean en la agricultura. Conclusiones: Se obtuvieron 2 biofertilizantes y un herbicida de liberación lenta a partir de la matriz de urea-formaldehído empleando el procedimiento de microencapsulación por extracción y evaporación de solvente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: One of the main challenges in agriculture is to improve production efficiency in a sustainable manner without causing negative impacts on the environment. The use of Controlled Release Technologies (CRT) represents a novel-scientific approach that allows the improvement of the performance of pesticides and fertilizers on the desired target, increasing their safety and efficacy. Objective: To obtain, characterize and study two biofertilizers and a slow-release herbicide from a urea-formaldehyde-based matrix. Methods: It was carried out the synthesis of the products using the microencapsulation method by solvent extraction and evaporation. They were performed quantitative analyzes of macro and micronutrients. The products were characterized by different techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Nitrogen adsorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. In addition, they were carried out release profiles and field tests. Results: The characterized products showed heterogeneous morphology with irregular surfaces. They are mesoporous, semi-crystalline and stable at room temperature. The interactions between the matrix and the principles are weak, which favors the release of nutrients. The release process matches internationally established requirements for slow-release materials used in agriculture. Conclusions: They were obtained two biofertilizers and a slow-release herbicide from the urea-formaldehyde matrix using the microencapsulation procedure by solvent extraction and evaporation. With a single application of these products, they were achieved similar or superior agronomic parameters compared to conventional fertilizers, which need to be applied multiple times.

Membrane technology offers solutions for separation of complex gas mixtures. Therefore, new efficient and durable membranes are required to produce gas permeation modules with high area/volume for CO2 removal from natural gas. This study aims to develop cost-effective zeolite DD3R alumina composite hollow fibers to achieve these process requirements. A porous hollow fiber support from low-cost alumina was prepared via phase inversion followed by thermal treatment. DD3R zeolite seeds were then implanted over the surface of the microporous hollow fibers to form a selective layer by hydrothermal synthesis. The thickness of the selective layer was controlled by the seed concentration, which also affected the crystal intergrowth and competing zeolite phase formation, Sigma-2, which influenced the membrane performance. A reduced-diameter composite DD3R-alumina hollow fiber was obtained with a selectivity of 203 and a CO2 permeance of 5.4 x 10-8 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 at a pressure of 2 bar. mixtures Therefore areavolume area volume CO costeffective cost effective DDR DD R requirements lowcost low treatment synthesis concentration formation Sigma2, Sigma2 Sigma 2, Sigma-2 performance reduceddiameter reduced diameter DD3Ralumina DDRalumina 20 54 5 4 5. 108 10 8 10- m2 m m− s1 s 1 s− Pa1 Pa Pa− bar Sigma- Ralumina

ABSTRACT. Fig orchard expansion requires knowledge of the thermal requirements of genotypes available in different climatic regions. The budburst of fig cultivars was assessed by biological single-node cutting and exposure to artificial chilling. Cuttings from five cultivars were collected during two crop seasons, subsequently packaged in a horizontal position in a cold chamber (8 ± 0.5ºC), and artificially chilled for 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160h. Cuttings were preserved under controlled conditions (23 ± 1°C, RH 85%, and 16h photoperiod). The variables evaluated were the budding velocity, average time and final rate of sprouting, vigorous shoot rate, and average time to leaf opening. The single-node cutting test allowed the assessment of dormancy, which is influenced by the accumulation of chilling in each crop season. The average time and final budding rate varied depending on the temperature requirements for budding. The cultivars were classified on an increasing scale according to their chilling requirements as follows: Pingo de Mel < Roxo de Valinhos < Brown Turkey < White Genova < Troyano. The traditional cultivar in Brazil is Roxo de Valinhos, but all of the cultivars studied had the potential to diversify the fig orchards in this region. ABSTRACT regions singlenode single node seasons 8 ( 0.5ºC, 05ºC ºC 0.5ºC , 0 5ºC 0.5ºC) 40 80 120 160h h 23 (2 1C C 1 1°C 85 85% photoperiod. photoperiod . photoperiod) velocity sprouting opening dormancy season follows Troyano region 4 12 2

ABSTRACT The replacement of traditional table grape cultivars with seedless genotypes has become common in Brazilian viticulture, especially in non-conventional regions under subtropical conditions. In the context of viticulture, it is crucial to highlight the pivotal role played by rootstocks, which exert a direct influence on phenological cycle, productivity, and grape quality. This study aimed to assess the duration of phenological stages, thermal demand, and maturation of the grape cultivar ‘BRS Isis’ grafted onto different rootstocks in a subtropical climate during three harvest seasons. The results indicated that the duration of phenological stages varied across harvest seasons, notably extending in the third harvest season due to adverse prevailing climatic conditions. Although no significant differences were observed in the rootstocks during the initial phases of the phenological cycle, they influenced the overall duration from pruning to harvest. Particularly noteworthy were the rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘1103P,’ that had earlier maturation in one of the assessed seasons. Consequently, a variation in thermal requirement was higher in the third harvest season. The analysis leads to the conclusion that climatic conditions have impacted the duration of phenological stages, thermal requirements, and the maturation of ‘BRS Isis’ grape bunches in subtropical regions. viticulture nonconventional non conventional cycle productivity quality demand BRS Isis seasons IAC 572 ‘1103P, 1103P P Consequently requirements 57 ‘1103P 5

RESUMEN Los conejos se ven afectados fácilmente por el estrés por calor que podría estar relacionado con sistemas de alojamiento inadecuados. La mayoría de los criadores de conejos apenas tienen un sistema de alojamiento estándar para sus conejos. Usaron cualquier diseño que consideraron para alojar a los conejos porque no tienen acceso a diseños de alojamiento apropiados para los conejos. Un sistema de alojamiento apropiado debe considerar adecuadamente el bienestar animal; requisitos de espacio por conejo y la altura de la jaula. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una conejera adecuada para climas tropicales húmedos y evaluar las condiciones térmicas, el índice de estrés por calor y la producción total de calor de conejos sometidos a condiciones climáticas cálidas. La cabaña fue desarrollada y probada. Las condiciones térmicas de la cabina se evaluaron utilizando sensores basados en internet de las cosas (IoT). El resultado mostró que la temperatura del aire interior de la cabina fue 23,79 % inferior a la exterior y la humedad relativa interior 74,07 % superior a la exterior. También se descubrió que con un aumento de una unidad en el índice de estrés por calor, podría haber un aumento de 1342 kW en la producción total de calor de los conejos. Con la conejera en este estudio, existe la posibilidad de que los conejos no estén sujetos al estrés por calor durante las condiciones de clima cálido. La cabaña se desarrolló a un costo total de doscientos veintiocho dólares estadounidenses ($228,00).

ABSTRACT Rabbits are easily affected by heat stress which could be linked to inappropriate housing systems. Most rabbit growers hardly have a standard housing system for their rabbits. They used any design they considered to house the rabbits because they do not have access to appropriate housing designs for the rabbits. An appropriate housing system should adequately consider animal welfare; space requirements per rabbit and the height of the cage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a rabbit hutch suitable for humid tropical climates and to evaluate the thermal conditions, heat stress index and the total heat production of rabbits subjected to hot weather conditions. A hutch was developed and tested. The thermal conditions of the hutch were evaluated using internet of thing (IoT) based sensors. The result showed that the indoor air temperature of the hutch was 23.79 % lower than that of the outdoor and the indoor relative humidity of 74.07 % higher than that of the outdoor. It was also discovered that with a unit increase in heat stress index, there could be an increase of 1.342 kW in the total heat production of rabbits. With the rabbit hutch in this study, there is a possibility for rabbits not to be subjected to heat stress during hot weather conditions since the indoor air temperature was significantly minimised. The hutch was developed at a total cost of two hundred and twenty-eight US dollars ($228.00).

The resistance of yielding rockbolts to multiple impact loads was tested by means of a drop hammer. The methodology was based on the ASTM D7401-08 standard as well as the requirements specified for rockbolts by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB - a Swedish mining company) and the Safety In Mines Research Advisory Committee of South Africa (project number GAP 423). During the tests, the loading force and bolt elongation were measured with a sampling frequency of f s = 19.2 kHz. In order to analyse the phenomena involved, the tests were recorded using two independent high-speed video cameras (600 and 1000 frames per second) and one thermal camera (128 frames per second). The tests demonstrated that all the samples transferred double the gravitational potential energy of Ep = 50.85 kJ from the impact load of mass m = 2825 kg and impact velocity of v = 6.0 m/s without failure. Damage to the bolt-resin contact in the upper anchoring zone of the bolt in the steel tube occurred after subsequent impacts. As a result, the macro-deformed bolt exhibits additional yield, and its operation following the shearing of the resin bond is similar to that of a 'cone bolt'. Only one test resulted in damage to the threaded bolt rod-nut coupling, during the fourth impact; however, no damage to the bolt-resin contact zone was observed.

RESUMEN Las industrias más importantes reconocidas como la aeroespacial, automotriz, entre otras, han estipulado nuevos requerimientos para el comportamiento de los materiales que incluyen altas propiedades específicas, mecánicas, y térmicas. De acuerdo con esto, los nanocompuestos han surgido como una solución. Sin embargo, la manufactura de estos materiales implica problemas de costo-tiempo que no permiten su aplicación industrial, además, el desconocimiento en la predicción de sus propiedades mecánicas es un obstáculo. Por esto mismo, importantes autores se han enfocado en el desarrollo de modelos computacionales para la predicción del comportamiento mecánico en compuestos nano-reforzados. En el presente trabajo, se realiza una evaluación comparativa de los principales modelos computacionales para la predicción de resistencia a tracción de nano-compuestos. En primer lugar, una nueva taxonomía de estos modelos es propuesta, permitiendo identificar las principales variables experimentales, evolución de los modelos y precisión. Con la categorización, se desarrollan algoritmos computacionales para la predicción de resistencia a tracción en nanocompuestos, realizando un análisis comparativo de precisión, robustez y costo-tiempo. La precisión de los modelos se evalúa considerando trabajos experimentales enfocados en la caracterización de la resistencia a tracción de nanocompuestos. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron un error relativo mínimo del 44.7%, 10.1% y 10.6% para los modelos de primera, segunda y tercera generación, respectivamente. Además, se encontraron comportamiento lineales y no lineales, siendo coherentes con el número y tipo de parámetros requeridos para la evaluación.

ABSTRACT Some of the most important industries, such as aerospace, automotive, among others, have stipulated new requirements for materials behavior that include high specific, mechanical, and thermal properties. According to this, nanocomposites have emerged to satisfy these requirements. However, manufacturing these nanocomposites implies cost and time-consuming problems that do not allow their use in technological applications; additionally, the lack of knowledge about the prediction of their mechanical properties is an obstacle to its technological implementation. Therefore, several studies have focused on the development of computational models to predict the mechanical behavior of nano-reinforced composites. In the present work, a comparative assessment of the main computational models for predicting the tensile strength of nanocomposites is carried out. Firstly, a new taxonomy of these models is proposed, which allows identifying the main experimental variables, model evolution, and precision. With the categorization, computational algorithms are developed for these models for predicting the tensile strength of nanocomposites, accomplishing a comparative analysis of accuracy, robustness, and time-cost among them. The precision of these models is evaluated by deeming benchmark experimental works focused on the tensile strength of nanocomposites. The results obtained demonstrated a minimum relative error of 44.7%, 10.1%, and 10.6% for First-Generation, Second-Generation, and Third-Generation models, respectively. Moreover, linear and non-linear behaviors were found in the evaluated models, being coherent with the number and kind of parameters required for the assessment.

Resumen Algunas de las consecuencias del cambio climático se manifestarán en variaciones temporales y espaciales de la precipitación y en un incremento en la demanda evaporativa de la atmósfera, lo que a su vez propiciará un incremento en la demanda de riego de cultivos agrícolas. En este trabajo se analizó la variación temporal de los requerimientos de riego agroclimáticos (RRa) para maíz en el DR001 Pabellón, Aguascalientes, así como el periodo de crecimiento térmico (PCT) con información de cinco estaciones climatológicas con 36 años de registros. Se asumió una temperatura base de 9 °C, para definir tres fechas de siembra: 15 de febrero, 15 de junio y 15 de octubre. Se estimó los RRa con una estación climatológica con más registro (1943-2018), se utilizó el método de Hargreaves para calcular la evapotranspiración de referencia y el método del Servicio de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos para la precipitación efectiva. La variación temporal (media y desviación estándar) de los RRa se realizó por el método de Rodionov, por medio de los índices de cambios de régimen en la media y en la varianza (CSSI). Los valores índices de cambios de régimen en la indican que se inició un incremento en los RRa en el año 1995, para la fecha de siembra 15 de febrero, se apreció un cambio inicial en 2009 para la de 15 de junio, mientras que para el 15 de octubre hay un aumento en el año 1993 con otro en los años 2012 a 2018. Sin cambios en CSSI, con evidencias de los cambios en los RRa, que se relacionan con la variación de la precipitación y temperatura.

Abstract Some of the consequences of climate change will manifest themselves in temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and in an increase in the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, which in turn will lead to an increase in the demand for irrigation of agricultural crops. This work analyzed the temporal variation of agroclimatic irrigation requirements (AIRs) for corn in DR001 Pabellón, Aguascalientes, as well as the thermal growth period (TGP) with information from five climatological stations with 36 years of records. A base temperature of 9 °C was assumed to define three sowing dates: February 15, June 15 and October 15. The AIRs were estimated with a climatological station with more records (1943-2018), the Hargreaves method was used to calculate reference evapotranspiration and the United States Agricultural Service method was used for effective precipitation. The temporal variation (mean and standard deviation) of the AIRs was performed by the Rodionov method, by means of the indices of regime changes in the mean and in the variance (CSSI). The index values of regime changes indicate that an increase in the AIRs began in 1995, for the sowing date February 15, an initial change was observed in 2009 for that of June 15, while for October 15 there is an increase in the year 1993 with another in the years 2012 to 2018. No changes in CSSI, with evidence of changes in the AIRs, which are related to the variation of precipitation and temperature.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a condutividade térmica de diferentes elementos construtivos de terra produzidos com materiais característicos do centro-leste da província de Santa Fé (Argentina) e avaliar sua adequação para uso na construção de envelopes de edifícios que atendam aos requisitos de isolamento térmico dos regulamentos nacionais correspondentes. Para isso, foram feitos corpos de prova de acordo com as diferentes técnicas de construção com terra utilizadas na região (bloco de terra comprimida, adobe, tapia, quincha e gesso) e foi medido seu coeficiente de condutividade térmica, com o qual foi calculada a transmitância térmica de diferentes pacotes construtivos de terra. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as técnicas de construção com terra avaliadas apresentam, em todos os casos, melhor desempenho térmico do que as tradicionais paredes sólidas de tijolos cerâmicos ou blocos de concreto, sendo a quincha a técnica com maior capacidade de isolamento térmico.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to determine the thermal conductivity of different earthen constructive elements produced with materials typical of the central-eastern part of the Province of Santa Fe (Argentina), and to evaluate their suitability to be used in the construction of envelopes that comply with the thermal insulation requirements of the corresponding National Regulations. For this purpose, test specimens were made following the different earth construction techniques used in the region (compressed earth block, adobe, rammed earth (tapia), wattle and daub (quincha), and plaster), and their thermal conductivity coefficient was measured, with which the thermal transmittance of different earth construction packages was calculated. The results obtained indicate that the earth construction techniques evaluated show, in all cases, a better thermal performance than traditional solid ceramic brick or concrete block walls, with wattle and daub being the technique with the highest thermal insulation capacity.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se pretende determinar la conductividad térmica de diferentes elementos constructivos de tierra producidos con materiales característicos del centro este de la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina) y evaluar su aptitud para ser empleados en la construcción de envolventes que cumplan con los requerimientos de aislación térmica solicitados por la normativa nacional correspondiente. Para ello se confeccionaron probetas siguiendo las diferentes técnicas de construcción con tierra empleadas en la región (bloque de tierra comprimida, adobe, tapia, quincha y revoques) y se midió su coeficiente de conductividad térmica, con el cual se calculó la transmitancia térmica de diferentes paquetes constructivos de tierra. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las técnicas de construcción con tierra evaluadas presentan, en todos los casos, un mejor desempeño térmico que los tradicionales muros de ladrillo cerámico macizo o bloques de hormigón, siendo la quincha la técnica con mayor capacidad de aislamiento térmico.

ABSTRACT Blocks manufacture with recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate, for the construction of non-bearing masonry, aims to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of the plastic to include them in the mixture with traditional materials such as cement, water and sand. Blocks based on commercial specifications of 40 x 20 x 6 cm with the addition of Polyethylene Terephthalate plastic at 20, 40, 60 and 80% to replace the thick stone material are made in the province of Santo Domingo. Compression and bending tests are carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the specimens and compare them with the characteristics specified in the Ecuadorian Construction Standard and the NTE INEN 3066 standard that determine the requirements and test methods for concrete blocks. It is also determined the flammability with the sample at 40 percent recycled plastic based on the BS EN ISO 11925-2: 2010 standard. Finally, the thermal conductivity of the composite material based on the ISO 8302 standard is determined.

RESUMEN La fabricación de bloques con Polietileno de Tereftalato reciclado para la construcción de mampostería no portante, pretende determinar las características físicas y mecánicas del plástico para incluirlos en la mezcla con materiales tradicionales como son el cemento, agua y arena. Se elaboró bloques con dimensiones comerciales en la provincia de Santo Domingo de 40 x 20 x 10 cm con adición de plástico Polietileno de Tereftalato al 20, 40, 60 y 80 por ciento en sustitución del material pétreo grueso. Se realizaron ensayos de compresión y flexión para determinar las propiedades mecánicas de las probetas y compararlas con las características especificadas en la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción y la norma NTE INEN 3066 que determinan los requisitos y métodos de ensayo para bloques de hormigón, también se determinó la inflamabilidad con la muestra al 40 por ciento de plástico reciclado basado en la norma BS EN ISO 11925-2:2010 y por último, se encontró la conductividad térmica del material compuesto, fundamentado en el estándar ISO 8302.