Abstract There are several characteristics that influence fire resistance of load-bearing masonries, wherein stand out the bricks compressive strength. Verification of wall systems fire behavior was conducted as prescribed by NBR 5628. This research aims to comparatively analyze fire resistance in real scale load-bearing walls, considering thermal insulation, structural stability, and airtightness. The thickness of the coating and laying mortar were standardized for all specimens just varying brick geometry and septs design in blocks of EST 60, 100, and 140 class. The obtained results show that the compressive strength of the bricks can induce both the structural stability of the constructive systems and its thermal insulation, being a typically critical characteristic for clay brick walls in a building fire. The sample with the highest compressive strength obtained the shortest local displacement, contributing to mitigate the generation of fissures in the system, enhancing the thermal insulation of the clay brick wall, and, thereby, its fire resistance.

Resumo Diversas características influenciam a resistência ao fogo de sistema de parede em alvenaria estrutural, dentre as quais pode se incluir sua resistência à compressão. O comportamento desse sistema é validado experimentalmente conforme a norma NBR 5628. Esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente a resistência ao fogo obtida através de ensaios em escala real em alvenaria estrutural, envolvendo as características de isolamento térmico, estanqueidade a passagem de gases e fumaça e estabilidade estrutural. Foram avaliados componentes com a mesma configuração em termos de revestimento e assentamento, assumindo como variável a resistência a compressão dos blocos, tendo sido considerados neste estudo blocos de classe EST 60, 100 e 140. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a resistência à compressão da alvenaria pode influenciar, além da estabilidade estrutural do sistema, também seu isolamento térmico, critério tipicamente crítico para alvenarias de blocos cerâmicos em situação de incêndio. A amostra de maior resistência à compressão apresentou menor deslocamento horizontal, contribuindo para mitigar a geração de fissuras, aumentando a oposição da alvenaria à passagem da temperatura ao longo de sua seção transversal e assim aumentar sua resistência ao fogo.

Abstract: This research proposes two models for the problem of short-term economic dispatch of electrical power systems through nonlinear programming (NLP). The problems raised will be resolved through the cost function of the classic economic dispatch where thermal and hydraulic generation plants will be considered to obtain the electrical power generated in each of the nodes. The proposed methodology will be used for a short-term period of 24 hours with different hourly demand, as it is a short-term dispatch, it focuses on the delivery of power that covers the designated demand in each schedule, so it will not consider a deficit cost or uncertainty in the variables in any of the cases. In the first instance, the model will be developed for a single node with cascade reservoirs, while the second case will be developed in the IEEE 14-bus system. The non-linear programming shows satisfactory results, complying with the operational restrictions implemented in the mathematical model, in addition, the participation of thermal generation is considerably reduced, which represents a lower cost. The first model of a node is validated through bibliography, obtaining an operating cost of $904,990. In the same way, complying with all the designated parameters, the second model obtains a total cost of $129,800, satisfying the total demand in both cases, subject to each of its restrictions.

Resumen: La presente investigación propone dos modelos al problema de despacho económico a corto plazo de los sistemas eléctricos de potencia por medio de la programación no lineal (PNL). Los problemas planteados serán resueltos mediante la función de costo del despacho económico clásico en donde se considerarán centrales de generación térmica e hidráulicas para obtención de la potencia eléctrica generada en cada uno de los nodos, la metodología propuesta será utilizada para un periodo a corto plazo de 24 horas con diferente demanda horaria, al ser un despacho a corto plazo este se enfoca en la entrega de potencia que cubra la demanda designada en cada horario, por lo que no considerará para ninguno de los casos un costo de déficit o incertidumbre en las variables. En primera instancia se desarrollará el modelo para un solo nodo con embalses en cascada, mientras que el segundo caso será desarrollado en el sistema de 14 buses de la IEEE. La programación no lineal muestra resultados satisfactorios cumpliendo con las restricciones operativas implementadas en el modelo matemático, además se reduce considerablemente la participación de generación térmica lo que representa menor costo, el primer modelo de un nodo es validado mediante bibliografía obteniendo un costo de operación de $904.990. De la misma forma, cumpliendo con todos los parámetros designados, el segundo modelo llega a obtener un costo total de $129.802,16 satisfaciendo el total de la demanda en ambos casos, sujeto a cada una de sus restricciones.

Resumen En el ámbito de las tecnologías no térmicas para el procesamiento de alimentos, la aplicación de plasma frío destaca por su rápido crecimiento y amplias proyecciones. El plasma frío se genera aplicando energía que ioniza un gas específico, lo que produce especies altamente reactivas como las reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno, además de ozono, iones, radicales libres y radiación ultravioleta. Las configuraciones más comunes para su generación incluyen la descarga de barrera dieléctrica y la descarga corona. Sus aplicaciones y efectos clave abarcan la destrucción de biofilms, inactivación de microorganismos, descontaminación de micotoxinas, degradación de pesticidas y modificación de almidones, entre otros. Los mecanismos de acción propuestos varían desde modificaciones químicas y moleculares hasta lisis celular y daño genético. Este artículo proporciona una visión general actualizada sobre los principios, generación y aplicaciones del plasma frío en la industria alimentaria.

Abstract In the field of non-thermal food processing technologies, the application of cold plasma stands out for its rapid growth and broad prospects. Cold plasma is generated by applying energy to ionize a specific gas, producing highly reactive species such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as ozone, ions, free radicals, and ultraviolet radiation. The most common configurations for generating cold plasma include dielectric barrier discharge and corona discharge. Key applications and effects include the destruction of biofilms, inactivation of microorganisms, decontamination of mycotoxins, degradation of pesticides, and modification of starches, among others. Proposed mechanisms of action range from chemical and molecular modifications to cellular lysis and genetic damage. This article provides an updated overview of the principles, generation, and applications of cold plasma technology in the food industry.

RESUMEN Los concentradores solares lineales son una tecnología prometedora para la generación de energía térmica en el sector industrial. Estos sistemas pueden generar agua caliente o vapor, con temperaturas dentro de un amplio rango en función del proceso o demanda. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño, construcción, montaje y ensayo experimental de un concentrador Fresnel lineal de 1.44 m2 de superficie de espejos. El equipo fue capaz de elevar la temperatura del agua a valores superiores a los 70 ºC, para caudales inferiores a 1 l/min, desarrollando una potencia térmica de 2000 W. A su vez, el equipo ensayado desarrolló potencias superiores a los 5000 W para caudales elevados. Los resultados indican que los concentradores solares lineales son una tecnología viable para la generación de energía térmica en el sector industrial, y que la normalización o modularización en función de la capacidad de producción (l/m2dia) permite proponer a esta tecnología como alternativa a los sistemas de calentamiento pasivo (calefones) disponibles en el mercado.

ABSTRACT Linear solar concentrators are a promising technology for thermal energy generation in the industrial field. These systems can generate hot water or steam, with temperatures within a wide range depending on the process or demand. This work shows the design, construction, assembly, and experimental testing of a linear Fresnel concentrator with a collecting area of 1.44 m2. The device was able to raise the temperature of water to values above 70 °C for flow rates below 1 l/min, developing a thermal power of 2000 W. Additionally, the concentrator developed thermal power output above 5000 W for higher flow rates. The results indicate that linear solar concentrators are a viable technology for the generation of thermal energy in the industrial field, and that standardization based on production capacity (l/m2day) allows this technology to be proposed as an alternative to passive heating systems (water heaters) available on the market.

In this review, we present the versatility of biomass and its derivatives obtained through thermal conversion processes (biochar and hydrochar) for applications in the development of electrochemical devices. This work highlights the generation of carbonaceous materials through pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, in addition to proposing strategies to modify their physicochemical properties through activation methodologies to enhance their application as electrode materials. The processes of monitoring and degrading chemical species are discussed based on the diversity of electrodes that can be obtained with these bioderived coals, according to recent contributions available in the literature (2020-2023), which show the wide applicability of these materials in the field of electrochemistry.

Resumen La arquitectura vernácula de Chuquiribamba responde a las condiciones climáticas del lugar, ligada al uso de tierra transformado en adobe, tapial y bahareque, en donde destaca la práctica y transmisión de saberes ancestrales constructivos que han pasado de generación en generación. Como resultado, la parroquia presenta una arquitectura sencilla que a la vez se integra al paisaje natural, siendo este uno de los aspectos considerados para que el sitio sea declarado como Patrimonio Nacional del Ecuador. Pese a ello, se sigue dejando de lado, este tipo de construcción para optar por nuevas edificaciones con otros materiales desconociendo los beneficios térmicos que pueden presentar. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar aspectos bioclimáticos usados intuitivamente en cuatro tipologías de vivienda en un sitio de clima frío- templado a través del análisis de sus condiciones de diseño y de su ubicación respecto a aspectos ambientales, que son correlacionados con la aplicación de softwares de simulación térmica, que permitan reconocer los beneficios del uso del material.

Abstract The vernacular architecture of Chuquiribamba responds to the climatic conditions of the place, linked to the use of earth transformed into adobe, mud and wattle and daub, where the practice and transmission of ancestral constructive knowledge that has passed from generation to generation stands out. As a result, the parish presents a simple architecture that at the same time is integrated to the natural landscape, being this one of the aspects considered for the site to be declared as National Patrimony of Ecuador. In spite of this, this type of construction continues to be left aside in favor of new buildings with other materials, ignoring the thermal benefits they can provide. The objective of this study was to evaluate bioclimatic aspects used intuitively in four housing typologies in a cold-temperate climate site through the analysis of their design conditions and their location with respect to environmental aspects, which are correlated with the application of thermal simulation software, allowing to recognize the benefits of the use of the material.

Resumo A arquitetura vernácula de Chuquiribamba responde às condições climáticas do lugar, ligadas ao uso da terra transformada em adobe, taipa e pau a pique, onde se destaca a prática e a transmissão de conhecimentos ancestrais de construção que foram passando de geração em geração. Como resultado, a paróquia tem uma arquitetura simples que, ao mesmo tempo, se integra na paisagem natural, sendo este um dos aspectos considerados para que o local seja declarado Património Nacional do Equador. Apesar disso, este tipo de construção continua a ser deixado de lado em favor de novos edifícios com outros materiais, ignorando os benefícios térmicos que podem oferecer. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos bioclimáticos utilizados intuitivamente em quatro tipologias de habitação num local de clima frio-temperado, através da análise das suas condições de conceção e da sua localização em relação aos aspectos ambientais, que são correlacionados com a aplicação de software de simulação térmica, permitindo reconhecer os benefícios da utilização do material.

Abstract Polymers have played a vital role in developing next-generation energy storage devices. In the progress of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), polymers have been widely used in the preparation of electrolytes and electrode binders, in both cases, due to their unique intrinsic properties, such as high thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical resistance. However, the main limitation of this type of material is its poor ionic conductivity at room temperature, which depends on its structural properties and preparation techniques. In this review, the fundamental properties and ion transport mechanisms characteristic of different types of ion- conducting polymers, such as solvent-free polymer electrolytes (SPE), gel polymer electrolytes (GPE), and composite polymer electrolytes (CPE), are reported. A current overview of lithium-ion-based battery systems, which can be improved using ion-conducting polymers, is also presented.

Resumen Los polímeros han tomado un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de dispositivos de almacenamiento de energía de última generación. En el perfeccionamiento de baterías de ion litio LIBs, los polímeros han sido utilizados ampliamente en preparación de electrolitos y aglomerantes para electrodos, en ambos casos debido a sus propiedades intrínsecas especiales como alta resistencia térmica, mecánica y electroquímica. Sin embargo, la principal limitante de este tipo de materiales es su pobre de conductividad iónica a temperatura ambiente, la cual depende de sus propiedades estructurales y técnicas de preparación. En esta revisión son presentadas las propiedades fundamentales y mecanismos de transporte iónico característicos de los diferentes tipos de polímeros conductores de iones, como los electrolitos poliméricos sin disolventes (SPE), electrolitos poliméricos en gel (GPE) y electrolitos poliméricos compuestos (CPE). También se presenta un panorama actual de los sistemas de baterías basadas en iones litio, que pueden ser mejoradas de mediante el uso de polímeros conductores de iones.

Abstract The composition-processing-structure-properties relationship of Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-based geopolymers containing calcium sources is critical for the design of enhanced ceramic binders. This work evaluated the addition of 1-6 wt% of calcium hydroxide (CH) to a metakaolin-based geopolymer (prepared with NaOH 12 M and colloidal silica suspension) and how it affected the performance of the prepared samples after thermal treatments up to 1000 °C. The setting time, mechanical strength, porosity, density, permanent linear change, and phase and bond type evolution of the specimens with temperature were analyzed. The incorporation of 3 or 6 wt% of CH into the designed composition led to a fast hardening of the mixtures (1.7 h), resulting in geopolymers with high green mechanical strength (18.9 to 23.9 MPa). Nepheline and albite generation in the samples containing 6 wt% of CH resulted in a ceramic with improved cold crushing strength (45.2 MPa) and lower linear shrinkage (-10.5%) when compared to the calcium-free composition.

Abstract The zenith of oil and the greenhouse effect are the main reasons why it is necessary to use nonconventional renewable energy (NCRE) sources. Solid urban waste is one of these sources, and the main objective of this research is to determine its main features, including calorific value, as well as the use of modern hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) procedures for the generation of energy and electrical power. For this purpose, it was used the sampling data of urban solid waste from the metropolitan Chiclayo area. A calorimetric bomb was employed for measuring its calorific value and the electrical generation potential was simulated. In addition, the main objective was fulfilled, and it was also possible to steadily generate energy and power. This will help to avoid greenhouse gas emissions, and thus contribute to meet the commitments signed by Peru to reduce greenhouse gases, and follow the path to a new sustainable energy matrix, while simultaneously providing a potential solution to the problem of managing solid urban waste, which is the main environmental problem of the city of Chiclayo Peru.

Resumen El cenit del petróleo y el efecto invernadero son las razones que justifican la necesidad de utilizar energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC). Los residuos sólidos urbanos constituyen una de esas fuentes, por lo que la determinación de las principales características, incluido el poder calorífico, fue el primer objetivo de la presente investigación, así como la utilización de los modernos procedimientos de carbonización hidrotermal (CHT) y licuefacción hidrotermal (LHT), para la generación de energía y potencia eléctrica. Se trabajó con los datos de muestreo de los residuos sólidos urbanos del área de Chiclayo metropolitano. Se empleó una bomba calorimétrica para la medición del poder calorífico y la simulación numérica del potencial de generación eléctrica. Además, se obtuvo como resultado el cumplimiento del objetivo principal, y el hecho de que es posible obtener energía y potencia firme, que ayude a evitar las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, contribuyendo a los compromisos firmados con tal efecto y a seguir el camino a una nueva matriz energética sostenible; a la vez se da una posible solución al problema del manejo de residuos sólidos urbanos, principal problema ambiental de la ciudad de Chiclayo, Perú.

Abstract Nowadays, the study of simulation models of hybrid energy systems has been increasing due to the fact that, among renewable energy sources, the sun is considered one of the highest potential. This situation makes it more promising for us to study the modeling of systems based on solar energy and its reference applications. Using simulation models in solar energy applications, it is possible to design more complex and efficient hybrid systems by evaluating their behavior as a function of incoming energy. This document shows the mathematical modeling of a hybrid thermal photovoltaic system where the energy behavior of the system is evaluated, with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell by using a residual heat capture system. The simulation model integrates a simple photovoltaic cell model coupled to a simple solar collector model where the initial parameters of the hybrid system and its various control variables are entered. Thus, it is possible to estimate the generation of thermal and electrical energy through a time-based simulation. Finally, to evaluate the sensitivity of the model, various scenarios are considered by modifying the flow rate and temperature of the fluid at the inlet to compare the energy behavior of the hybrid system.

Resumo Atualmente, o estudo de modelos de simulação de sistemas híbridos de energia vem aumentando, pois, dentre as fontes renováveis de energia, o sol é considerado uma das de maior potencial. Esta situação torna mais promissor para nós estudar a modelagem de sistemas baseados em energia solar e suas aplicações de referência. Usando modelos de simulação em aplicações de energia solar, é possível projetar sistemas híbridos mais complexos e eficientes, avaliando seu comportamento em função da energia recebida. Este documento mostra a modelagem matemática de um sistema fotovoltaico térmico híbrido onde o comportamento energético do sistema é avaliado, a fim de aumentar a eficiência da célula fotovoltaica através do uso de um sistema de coleta de calor residual. O modelo de simulação integra um modelo simples de célula fotovoltaica acoplado a um modelo simples de coletor solar onde são inseridos os parâmetros iniciais do sistema híbrido e suas diversas variáveis de controle. Assim, é possível estimar a geração de energia térmica e elétrica por meio de uma simulação baseada no tempo. Finalmente, para avaliar a sensibilidade do modelo, vários cenários são considerados, modificando a vazão e a temperatura do fluido na entrada para comparar o comportamento energético do sistema híbrido.

ABSTRACT The rheological and nutritional properties of giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) surimi prepared by acid-saline leaching and the generation of a sol colloid with sodium citrate were evaluated. The application of 0.25, 1.27, 2.0, 3.0 and 7.0% sodium citrate produced a sol colloid from giant squid myofibrillar proteins. The addition up to 3.0% of sodium citrate presents a positive linear correlation with the properties of hardness and strength, from 2.0% there is a directly proportional increase with the modulus of elasticity of the gel. The addition of citrate as a cryoprotectant in the product did not improve the protective effect during storage at -20 °C for 72 hours. The replacement of NaCl by sodium citrate improved the texture of the surimi, a change that in terms of healthy eating contributes to the cleanliness of the nutritional label of the product by reducing its sodium content to 57.8% and not exceeding the limit of 800 mg/100 g of solid food.

RESUMEN Se evaluaron las propiedades reológicas y nutricionales en surimi de calamar gigante o pota (Dosidicus gigas) elaborado mediante lixiviación ácida-salina y la generación de un coloide sol con citrato sódico. La aplicación de 0.25, 1.27, 2.0, 3.0 y 7.0% de citrato sódico produjo un coloide sol a partir de las proteínas miofibrilares de calamar gigante. La adición hasta 3.0% de citrato sódico presenta una correlación lineal positiva con las propiedades de dureza y fuerza, y a partir de 2.0% se produce un incremento directamente proporcional con los módulos de elasticidad del gel. La adición de citrato como crioprotector en el producto no mejoró el efecto protector durante el almacenamiento a 20 °C por 72 horas. El reemplazo de NaCl por citrato sódico mejoró la textura del surimi, cambio que en términos de alimentación saludable contribuye con la limpieza de la etiqueta nutricional del producto al reducir su contenido de sodio a 57.8% y no superar el límite de 800 mg/100 g de alimento sólido.

Abstract The organic geochemistry of organic-rich facies including shales, marls, and carbonates (Assistência Member) of the Irati Formation, Paraná Basin, Brazil, were analyzed to evaluate the thermal effects of igneous intrusions upon the kerogen present in these facies. Total organic carbon (TOC) content and hydrocarbon source potential (S2) of the Irati source rocks range from 0.03 to 20.4% and 0.01 to 112.1 mg HC/g rock, respectively, indicating excellent potential as a source for hydrocarbon generation. Hydrogen index (HI) values reveal that the kerogen is predominantly type I (HI: up to 892.6 mg HC/g TOC) and, therefore, an oil source, except for samples having low TOC content due to severe maturation caused by the heat from diabase intrusions. The thickness of igneous intrusions in the 64 wells investigated in this study ranged from 2 to 231 m. They clearly had a major impact on TOC, HI, and S2 values, which decrease in the vicinity of intrusions, indicating a gradual increase in maturation toward the igneous body. In wells without the influence of igneous intrusions, Tmax values of Rock-Eval pyrolysis and %Ro indicate that the organic matter is immature for the generation of hydrocarbons.

In this work, iron chloride (FeCl3.6H2O), a single reagent, was used to create the phases of hematite (α-Fe2O3) and akaganeite (β-FeOOH) without the need of organic solvents using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique (HM). X-ray diffraction demonstrated the efficacy of the HM technique in the generation of crystalline phases of α-Fe2O3 at 180oC and β-FeOOH at 120oC. The development of pseudo-cunic and stick-like particles was a result of changes in experimental variables, which also had a substantial impact on the materials structural characteristics. The nitrogen (N2) adsorption/desorption isotherms of the samples containing akaganeite and hematite phase resembled those of mesoporous materials. Hematite has a surface area of 25.44 m2 g-1, while akaganeite has a surface area of 110.60 m2 g-1, according to the calculation. Thermodifferential and thermogravimetric techniques were used to assess thermal degradation. The use of microwave hydrothermal synthesis was promoted as being quick, easy, affordable, and safe for the environment.

The polycrystalline CdS/CdTe thin film solar cell is one of the most important photovoltaic devices for cost-effective generation of solar electricity for terrestrial applications. A typical superstrate structure of CdTe solar cell has been studied through current-voltage (J-V) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements. A close correlation between quality of interphases and its photovoltaic efficiency was determined. It was found an improvement of open circuit voltage (VOC) and efficiency associated to CdS and CdTe thermal treatments, and a reduction of diffusion of S and Cd into CdTe and CdS respectively. An efficiency of 12% has been reached on solar cells with a Te and ZnTe interlayer as part of the back contact. Low diffusion of Cu along absorbent material was observed when Te and ZnTe was used creating a stable back contact along the time. Diffusion and intermixing at each junction SnO2:F/CdS, CdS/CdTe and CdTe/Te or ZnTe/Cu/Au was found, establishing limit values of element diffusion along CdTe solar cells.

Resumen Durante finales del año 2019 e inicios del 2020 ocurrieron incendios de pastizales en las inmediaciones de la ciudad de Las Grutas (Río Negro, Argentina) que afectaron una amplia extensión y generaron impacto en el paisaje local. Un año después recorrimos algunos de estos sectores con el objetivo de realizar un reconocimiento del posible impacto del fuego sobre el registro arqueológico superficial. Si bien en las áreas de observación el material era escaso, se identificaron alteraciones producto del daño térmico en guijarros, tales como cambios de coloración y fracturas in situ sobre diferentes rocas, algunas aptas para la talla. Asimismo, se registraron otros indicadores del efecto del fuego, como madera carbonizada y rubefacción del sedimento de superficie alrededor de arbustos quemados. La extensión y efectos en el paisaje de este evento puntual permiten reflexionar sobre las implicancias que tienen estos sucesos estivales sobre el registro arqueológico superficial en Patagonia. En este caso, la generación de pseudoartefactos producto de las fracturas, y la identificación errónea de estructuras de combustión ante la presencia de agrupamientos de guijarros. Además, estos fenómenos representan un sesgo potencial en la identificación del tratamiento térmico en artefactos líticos, ya que estos pudieron estar expuestos al fuego una vez descartados.

Abstract During late 2019 and early 2020, grassland fires occurred in the vicinity of Las Grutas city (Río Negro, Argentina), which affected a wide area and generated an impact on the local landscape. A year later we walked across some of these areas to recognize the possible impact of the fire on the surface archaeological record. Although the material was scarce in the observation areas, signs of alterations resulting from thermal damage in pebbles were identified, such as changes in color and in situ fractures on different rocks, some of them suitable for knapping. Likewise, other indicators of the effect of the fire were recorded, such as charred wood and reddening of the surface sediment around burned bushes. The extension and effects on the landscape of this punctual event allow us to think about the implications that these summer events have on the superficial archaeological record in Patagonia. In this case, the generation of pseudo-artifacts due to thermal fractures, and the misidentification of clusters of pebbles as combustion structures. In addition, these phenomena represent a potential bias in the identification of heat treatment in lithic artifacts, since these could have been exposed to fire once discarded.