This work aims to synthesize the alloy Co64Nb30B6 through mechanical alloying using a planetary ball mill. A disc rotation per minute and a ball/powder weight ratio of 300 rpm and 10:1 were used, with a milled time of 10 h, respectively. The characterization of the Co64Nb30B6 alloy was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), examined by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), thermoanalytical techniques (TGA/DTA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and confirmed by Braunauer, Emmet e Teller (BET) method type IV isotherms with a hysteresis loop for mesoporous materials. The results indicated that the evolution of the amorphous phase in the Co64Nb30B6 composition through the mechanical alloying process exhibited good soft magnetic properties with the addition of the metalloid element B and its excellent unique ferromagnetic properties. Through thermoanalytical analysis (TGA/DTA), it was shown that at higher temperatures, Co and Nb ions are oxidized by the environment and, therefore, the mass can be slightly increased to 14.9% and a probable contribution of boron in evolution stability thermal and magnetic in the amorphous phase, respectively. This suggests that the newly developed high-performance amorphous alloy Co64Nb30B6 has great application potential. CoNbB Co64Nb30B mill ballpowder powder 30 101 1 10: used h respectively Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) microscopeenergy microscope energy SEMEDS, SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS) TGA/DTA, TGADTA TGA/DTA TGA DTA (TGA/DTA) VSM (VSM Braunauer BET (BET materials temperatures therefore 149 14 9 14.9 highperformance high performance potential 3 (XRD (SEM-EDS (TGA/DTA 14.

As nanopartículas (NPs) à base de óxido de ferro, como magnetita e maguemita, têm grande destaque em diversas áreas da ciência, inclusive na medicina. Há décadas, elas são usadas na reposição de ferro para pacientes com anemia, como agentes de contraste em ressonância magnética (MRI – “Magnetic Resonance Imaging”), na entrega de agentes terapêuticos mediada ou não por gradiente de campo magnético, em terapias térmicas foto e magnetoestimuladas, entre outras. Neste artigo, apresentamos suas propriedades magnéticas. Discutimos de forma breve seu ordenamento ferrimagnético, a importância da anisotropia magnética e sua relação com a histerese magnética (modelo de Stoner-Wohlfarth) e o regime superparamagnético. As diferenças entre superparamagnetismo e paramagnetismo são enfatizadas, além da importância da estabilidade coloidal dessas nanoestruturas para aplicações biomédicas. Finalmente, diversas aplicações biomédicas são discutidas, entre elas hipertermia magnética, terapia fototérmica, imunoterapia e uma nova técnica de imagem com potencial clínico, conhecida como “Magnetic Particle Imaging” (MPI). NPs (NPs maguemita ciência medicina décadas anemia MRI Magnetic Imaging, Imaging , Imaging”) magnético magnetoestimuladas outras artigo magnéticas ferrimagnético modelo StonerWohlfarth Stoner Wohlfarth Stoner-Wohlfarth superparamagnético enfatizadas Finalmente discutidas fototérmica clínico MPI. MPI . (MPI) (MPI

Iron oxide-based nanoparticles (NPs), such as magnetite and maghemite, are highly prominent in various scientific fields, including medicine. For decades, they have been used for iron supplementation in patients with anemia, as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in the delivery of therapeutic agents mediated or not by magnetic field gradients, and in photo- and magneto-stimulated thermal therapies, among other applications. In this article, we present their magnetic properties. We briefly discuss their ferrimagnetic ordering, the importance of magnetic anisotropy and its relation to magnetic hysteresis (Stoner-Wohlfarth model), and the superparamagnetic regime. The differences between superparamagnetism and paramagnetism are emphasized, as well as the importance of the colloidal stability of these nanostructures for biomedical applications. Finally, various biomedical applications are discussed, including magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, and a new imaging technique with clinical potential known as Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI). oxidebased oxide based NPs, NPs , (NPs) maghemite fields medicine decades anemia MRI, MRI (MRI) gradients photo magnetostimulated magneto stimulated therapies article properties ordering StonerWohlfarth Stoner Wohlfarth model, model model) regime emphasized Finally discussed hyperthermia therapy immunotherapy MPI. MPI . (MPI) (NPs (MRI (MPI

Abstract Wetting of metal droplet on the solid substrate is a fundamental phenomenon which is applicable to the surface chemistry. When an oscillation field is included in the wetting condition, the wetting process shows significant advancing and receding behaviors. Also, the use of ultrasonic oscillation field is promising in welding. However, some odd morphologies led by the ultrasonic-treatment have shown wetting kinetics which have not been fully investigated. The high frequency ultrasonic vibration brings hysteresis to the contact angle, whose extra energy is attributed by the oscillation field. The ultrasonic wetting process is excited by the 20 kHz frequency periodic oscillation, during which droplet is swaying cyclically. However, after capturing the transformation of droplet morphologies, it is found that the frequency of each swaying cycle is identified to be 180 ms. Theoretical investigations have also quantitively proved that the energy for the contact angle decrease origins from the ultrasonic field, and the wettability is in a great enhancement. Thermal and kinetic effects of ultrasonic are investigated by making theoretical calculations, the 20 kHz ultrasonic field lasting for 5 seconds. Thermodynamics, vibrational mechanics, and interfacial phenomena affect the sonochemistry of wetting.

ABSTRACT This research was conducted with the objective of evaluating the thermal inertia and hysteresis of the following materials in a wind tunnel: hollow copper sphere with 150.0 mm diameter used as standard in globe thermometers, hollow brass sphere with 75.0 mm diameter, and two hollow plastic spheres with 115.5 and 69.7 mm diameter. The results showed that the thermal inertia and hysteresis for the hollow copper sphere were approximately 24 and 28 min, respectively; these values were bigger than those obtained for the other spheres, implying faster responses of these. While there were no statistical differences in the measurements conducted by globe thermometers which are used to indicate the black globe temperature with the different types of spheres mentioned above under indoor environment conditions, i.e., with no wind and solar radiation, the wind causes faster cooling in smaller spheres under outdoor environment conditions, which may denote erroneous interpretations of the measurements at those instants. It was concluded that it is possible to replace the hollow copper sphere of diameter 150 mm by other types of spheres to measure the black globe temperature. However, this requires knowledge of the response times of the spheres as well as corrections to be made in the measurements with respect to the globe thermometer standard.

The influence of Nb content variation on the microstructural and thermal characteristics of NiTiNb alloys was evaluated since these aspects are relevant to the control and adequacy of its shape memory properties for application purposes. The aim of this study was to observe how the Nb content acts in the formation of Nb-rich precipitates and the eutectic structures, which can make this alloys more complex. Microstructural characterization of the alloys was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microanalysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), besides the thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the comparison between the Nb alloys and the NiTi binary alloy. The results demonstrated a proportional dependence between the amount of β-Nb phase in the microstructures and the amount of Nb dissolved in the NiTi matrix with the Nb content. Although it was found that the increase in the Nb content causes the decrease of the martensitic (Mi) and reverse (Ai) transformation temperatures, the magnitude of thermal hysteresis was not significantly changed.

The material parameters of an automotive truck tire were experimentally determined and validated for use in a thermal finite element analysis to determine the temperature distribution in the tire due to different operating conditions. Uni-axial tensile tests were performed on tire samples. The force displacement response of each was used to determine material properties by means of direct curve-fitting and iterative numerical procedures. Equivalent finite element simulation models were used to validate the properties. Hysteresis behaviour of the rubber regions were identified by dynamic mechanical analysis. Material definitions were incorporated into a finite element model to predict the steady-state heat generation and temperature distribution within a tire due to hysteresis. Experimental rolling tire temperature measurements were taken on a test bench. A comparison of the results with those obtained from the equivalent thermal models was used to validate the numerical models.

Porous carbon materials were prepared at low temperatures via thermal decomposition of iron, nickel and cobalt N, N -diethyldithiocarbamates (DDT). X-ray diffraction data showed two peaks at 2θ (25.5º and 43.5º) that indicate the presence of graphite-like structures. Raman spectra displayed D and G bands in the range from 1312 to 1321 cm-1 and 1587 to 1593 cm-1, respectively, which were fitted with 4 components. All spectra showed two low intensity D* (1190 cm-1) and D’’ (1500 cm-1) bands, assigned to sp2–sp3 bonds in disordered carbonaceous materials and amorphous carbon, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy images showed agglomerates of spherical particles formed by graphitic segments. The results showed that the carbon material obtained from iron N, N -diethyldithiocarbamate, Fe(DDT)3, is structurally better organized than the others and the pore size distribution curves confirmed that this material presents high degree of mesoporosity. Voltammetric curves obtained using KOH and H2SO4 electrolytes showed hysteresis behavior typical of capacitors charge/discharge process. The carbon material prepared from Fe(DDT)3 displayed the highest specific capacitance in acidic media, 59 F g-1, which was associated to its high degree of mesoporosity.

Resumen Se presenta un estudio magnético acerca de la transformación térmica de hematita dopada con CuO (Fe2O3 + CuO). El tratamiento térmico se realizó a una temperatura de 375±1 oC, en una atmosfera controlada compuesta por 20% de hidrógeno y 80% de nitrógeno. Las muestras fueron caracterizadas por espectroscopia Mössbauer a temperatura ambiente, magnetización en función de la temperatura y ciclos de histeresis a 10K. Los resultados sugieren que los campos hiperfinos y los anchos de línea A y B permanecen esencialmente constantes con el aumento de la concentración de CuO, mientras que a la vez surge una componente paramagnética, lo cual es indicativo de la aparición de un precipitado o nueva fase de Fe - Cu, i.e. no hay una incorporación efectiva del cobre en la estructura de la magnetita. La magnetización de saturación cae aproximadamente de 87 emu/g a 78 emu/g, consistente con la presencia de dicha fase paramagnética. Se presenta también un aumento de la coerctividad desde ~576 Oe hasta ~621 Oe con el aumento del %CuO desde 2% hasta 20%. Tal aumento se atribuye también a dicha fase paramagnética actuando como centro de anclaje de las paredes de dominio, sumado al efecto de anclaje de las posibles vacancias inducidas por el tratamiento térmico. Finalmente, se observa una inversión de la magnetización en la temperatura de Verwey. Los datos sugieren que mediante el método de síntesis empleado se obtienen partículas de magnetita Fe3O4 coexistiendo con precipitados de Fe - Cu, lo cual modifica las propiedades magnéticas y genera un efecto interesante en la magnetización a la temperatura de Verwey.

Abstract A magnetic study about the thermal transformation of hematite doped with CuO (Fe2O3 + CuO) is presented. The heat treatment was carried out at a temperature of 375±1 oC, in a controlled atmosphere composed by 20 % hydrogen and 80 % nitrogen. Samples were characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature, magnetization as a function of temperature and hysteresis loops at 10K. Our results suggest that both the hyperfine fields and linewidths of the A and B sites remain essentially constant with increasing the CuO concentration, while at the same time a paramagnetic component arises, which is indicative of the appearance of a precipitate or a new phase of Fe - Cu, i.e. there is not an effective incorporation of the copper into the structure of the magnetite. The saturation magnetization falls from approximately 87 emu/g to 78 emu/g, consistent with such a paramagnetic phase. Also, an increase in the coercivity from ~576 Oe up to ~621 Oe by increasing the percentage of CuO from 2 % up to 20 % is observed. Such increase is also attributed to the paramagnetic phase acting as pinning center for domain walls, besides also de pinning effect due to vacancies induced by the thermal treatment. Finally, an inversion of the magnetization in the Verwey temperature is observed. The data suggest that by means of the synthesis method employed, it is possible to obtain Fe3O4 magnetite particles coexisting with precipitates of Fe - Cu, giving rise to a modification in the magnetic properties and generating an interesting effect in the magnetization at the Verwey temperature.

ABSTRACT The magnetic response, coercive force and magnetic induction, in Fe-10at.% Si, Fe-6at.% Al-9at.% Si and Fe-4at.% Al-8at.% Ge alloys as a function of the annealing temperature was determined and correlated to the microstructural state. The microstructural characterization was made through differential thermal analysis, mechanical spectroscopy and neutron thermodiffraction studies. It has been determined that the increase in the order degree and the decrease in the mobility of structural defects lead to a deterioration of the magnetic quality of the alloys above detailed.

In the southern of Brazil the coal is composed of a large amount of pyrite (FeS2), an environmental problem for this region because the pyrite turns a waste. This work investigated the behavior of pyrite in CO2 and N2 atmospheres, aiming to identify better thermal treatment conditions of the pyrite waste that favor obtaining a material with magnetic properties. The results show that the samples treated in both conditions presented hysteresis and some magnetic properties. The best results were obtained from N2 because it is an inert gas, avoiding the pyrite oxidation and, consequently, favoring a major amount of pyrrhotite. The X-ray diffraction analyses showed that partial thermal decomposition of the pyrite occurs at 600 ºC. The total decomposition was reached at 800 oC and the pyrrhotite phase was obtained. Such findings are relative new and can help enhance the utilization of pyrite, contributing to the environmental sustainability of the coal mining industry.

Abstract The good damping performance and inherent stability of viscoelastic materials in relatively broad frequency bands, besides cost effectiveness, offers many possibilities for practical engineering applications. However, for viscoelastic dampers subjected to dynamic loadings superimposed on static preloads, especially when good isolation characteristics are required at high frequencies, traditional design guidelines can lead to poor designs due to the rapidly increasing rate of temperature change inside the material. This paper is devoted to the numerical and experimental investigation in the degradation of the stiffness and capacity of a viscoelastic material induced by the thermal runaway phase, when it is subjected to dynamic and static loads simultaneously. After the theoretical background, the obtained results in terms of the temperature evolutions at different points within the volume of the material and the hysteresis loops for various static preloads are compared and the main features of the proposed study are highlighted.

Resumo Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a obtenção de uma ferrita de chumbo e cobre com a estrutura do espinélio, a caracterização da sua microestrutura e a determinação das suas propriedades magnéticas. A ferrita de cobre e chumbo é um material com baixa coercividade magnética, alta resistividade elétrica e alta permeabilidade magnética. Amostras com estequiometria PbxCu1-xFe2O4, com (x= 0, 0,1 e 0,2), foram produzidas pelo processo de metalurgia do pó e sinterizadas a 800 °C por 6 h em atmosfera ambiente. As caracterizações estrutural, microestrutural e magnética foram realizadas utilizando as técnicas de difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, magnetômetro de amostra vibrante e análise termogravimétrica magnética. Os resultados mostram que as amostras são formadas exclusivamente pela estrutura do espinélio tetragonal. As curvas de histerese mostram características de materiais magnéticos moles e sua magnetização de saturação aumentou com a concentração de chumbo. O valor da temperatura de Curie diminuiu com o aumento da concentração de chumbo.

Abstract The objectives of this work were to obtain a lead and copper ferrite with spinel structure, characterizing the microstructure and the determination of their magnetic properties. The copper and lead ferrite is a material with low magnetic coercivity, high electrical resistivity and high magnetic permeability. Samples with stoichiometry PbxCu1-xFe2O4 with (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2) were prepared by powder metallurgy process and sintered at 800 ºC for 6 h in air. The structural, microstructural and magnetic characterizations were performed using the techniques of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and magnetic thermal gravimetric analysis. The results showed that samples are formed exclusively by the tetragonal spinel structure. Hysteresis loops show the characteristics of a soft magnetic material and the saturation magnetization increased with the lead concentration. The value of the Curie temperature decreased with increasing lead concentration.

This study provides the sorption isotherm, its hysteresis and their mass transfer properties of four Central Africa Tropical woods widely used for building construction: frake (Terminalia superba), lotofa (Sterculia rhinopetala), sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum) and ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon). Characterization of these four species in particular and Central Africa tropical woods in general were necessary to develop conservation and treatment of wood after first transformation using the drying. Also, moisture transport on wooden material used such as wall buildings can be facilitating to found the thermal comfort. Measurements of isotherms were performed using a dynamic vapor sorption apparatus (Surface Measurement Systems) at 20 and 40°C with air relative humidity ranged from 0% to 90%. Mass diffusivity was determined in steady state using a specific vaporimeter. Air permeability was determined using a specialized device developed to measure over a wide range of permeability values. Permeability and mass transfer properties were determined in the tangential direction with a "false" quartersawn board (sapele and lotofa) and in the radial direction with a flatsawn board (ayous and frake). Samples of sapele, ayous and frake are heartwood when lotofa contains as well as heartwood than sapwood. Results obtained showed that the temperature effect on sorption behavior was quite low. We observed also a low difference between the sorption behavior of these different species and hysteresis of sorption decreases when temperature increases. Hailwood-Horrobin model´s explains plausibly the experimental sorption isotherms data. Results on characterization of mass transfer properties showed that, in the steady state, mass diffusivity decreases exponentially when basal density increases. Mass diffusivity was higher in desorption than in adsorption phase. The gaseous permeability of these species was between than those of Australian hardwoods and temperate woods. It was difficult to define a relationship between permeability and mass diffusivity.

Abstract: Statistical models for surface-atmosphere energy balance components (net radiation, sensible heat, and soil-stored heat) as functions of global radiation are proposed. This study was carried out during three seasons (winter, spring, and summer) in Mexicali, an arid city of northwest México, by means of representative measurement campaigns of three types of land use in the study zone: urban, rural (desert), and farmed suburban. The hysteresis pattern in the proposed models between the global radiation and net radiation was found during summer at suburban and urban sites, which seems to be originated by atmospheric moisture introduced by artificial irrigation and the thermal inertia of land cover. The coefficient of determination (R 2) and the mean square error are used as indicators of the quality of models.

Resumen: Se proponen modelos estadísticos para componentes del balance de energía superficie-atmósfera (radiación neta, calor sensible y calor almacenado en el suelo) como funciones de la radiación global. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo a lo largo de tres estaciones del año (invierno, primavera y verano) en Mexicali, una ciudad árida del noroeste de México, mediante campañas representativas de medición en tres tipos de uso del suelo en el área de estudio: urbano, rural (desértico) y suburbano cultivado. El patrón de histéresis en los modelos propuestos, entre la radiación global y la neta se encontró en verano en sitios urbanos y suburbanos, lo que al parecer se debe a la humedad atmosférica ocasionada por la irrigación artificial y la inercia térmica de la cubierta vegetal. Para evaluar la calidad de los modelos se utilizaron el coeficiente de determinación (R 2) y el error cuadrático medio.

Fe-based magnetic metallic amorphous and nanocomposites have excellent soft magnetic properties including greater magnetization and magnetic permeability compared with crystalline alloys, especially at high operation frequency and temperature. The high magnetic field (HMF) up to 12T is introduced to the heat annealing of Fe71(Nb0.8Zr0.2)6B23 bulk metallic glass (BMG). The 12T HMF annealing shows the effect of improve the thermal stability of amorphous state during annealing in the BMG's supercooled liquid region as compared with the annealing without magnetic field. The HMF annealing inhibits the brittleness of BMG during the structural relaxation, due to the increment of the activation energy under the HMF. The HMF annealing also results in squared hysteresis loops after the structural relaxation and lower coercivity.