ABSTRACT This research article focuses its efforts on understanding the adverse effect of corruption within state procurement. This situation is becoming a nuisance for civil society because it has a negative impact on the progress of the nation. Legal and documentary hermeneutics is used as a tool to interpret with a critical basis the norms that regulate the conduct of free competition and the defense of collective rights promulgated in the Political Constitution of 1991, when reviewing the foundations of Law 80 of 1993 and the other regulations that delimit state contraction, sanctions for corruption and the SECOP disclosure system necessary to monitor it. Concluding in the need to maintain an assertive criterion among public officials when selecting a contractor, since the State has great difficulties monitoring each contract's progress in the country.

RESUMEN El presente artículo de investigación centra sus esfuerzos en comprender el efecto adverso de la corrupción dentro de la contratación estatal, situación que se está convirtiendo en una molestia para sociedad civil puesto que, repercute negativamente en el progreso de la nación. Se emplea la hermenéutica jurídica y documental como herramienta para interpretar con un sustento crítico las normas que regulan el proceder de la libre competencia y la defensa de los derechos colectivos promulgado en la Constitución Política de 1991, al revisar los fundamentos de la ley 80 de 1993 y las demás normas que delimitan la contracción estatal, las sanciones al corrupto y el sistema de divulgación SECOP necesario para darle seguimiento. Concluyendo en la necesidad de mantener un criterio asertivo entre los funcionarios públicos al momento de seleccionar un contratista, ya que el Estado posee grandes dificultades para estar vigilando el progreso de cada contrato en el país.

Resumo:A Universidade da Costa Rica (UCR) tem como um dos pilares fundamentais do seu trabalho a ação social e nela, a educação continuada. Pensando no anterior, a Escola de Engenharia Topográfica cria o projeto ED3550 Atividades de Formação e Atualização em Engenharia Topográfica. Este projeto representa a oportunidade de oferecer opções de formação e atualização sobre temas relevantes e inovadores para as populações interessadas, e assim estabelecer uma ligação com a sociedade no fortalecimento das suas competências e habilidades profissionais. Para promover atividades de formação continuada, foram implementadas estratégias de marketing digital baseadas em redes sociais, e-mails e dispositivos móveis, o que permitiu projeção nacional e internacional aos cursos e palestras que foram organizados, o que se manifestou numa ampla participação de profissionais. não só da engenharia topográfica, mas de carreiras afins como: engenharia civil, geografia, biologia, direito e engenharia ambiental, só para mencionar alguns exemplos. Apresentamos uma sistematização da experiência com base no método de cinco pontos proposto por Jara (2018), no qual uma análise quantitativa das conquistas alcançadas é realizada durante o período de 2020 a 2022. Em síntese, a conquista obtida ao longo de dois anos de implementação do projeto é creditada ao uso de meios digitais para promover as atividades do programa. Isso possibilitou uma exposição significativa a diversas comunidades, permitindo ao EIT estabelecer conexões sociais e fomentar a atualização profissional. Conclui-se então que o marketing digital contribui significativamente para o conhecimento da população alvo, o que nos permite oferecer soluções adequadas às suas necessidades formativas.

Resumen: La Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) tiene como uno de los pilares fundamentales de su quehacer la acción social y dentro de esta la educación continua. Con sustento en lo anterior, es que la Escuela de Ingeniería Topográfica (EIT) crea el proyecto ED3550 Actividades de Capacitación y Actualización en Ingeniería Topográfica. Dicho proyecto representa la oportunidad de ofrecer opciones de capacitación y actualización en temas relevantes e innovadores a las poblaciones interesadas, y con ello establecer un vínculo con la sociedad en el fortalecimiento de sus habilidades y destrezas profesionales. Para la promoción de las actividades de educación continua, se han implementado estrategias de mercadeo digital basado en redes sociales, correo electrónico y dispositivos móviles, lo cual ha permitido darle proyección nacional e internacional a los cursos y charlas que se han organizado, lo que se ha manifestado en una amplia participación de profesionales no solo de ingeniería topográfica, sino de carreras afines, tales como ingeniería civil, geografía, biología, derecho e ingeniería ambiental, por mencionar algunos ejemplos. En este estudio, se presenta una sistematización de la experiencia basada en el método de los cinco puntos propuesto por Jara (2018), en la cual se realiza un análisis cuantitativo de los logros alcanzados durante el período de 2020 a 2022. En síntesis, el éxito que se ha logrado en dos años de ejecución del proyecto es atribuido al uso de medios digitales para la divulgación de las actividades programadas, lo que ha permitido tener una exposición importante ante poblaciones diversas y le ha posibilitado a la EIT establecer un vínculo social y el fomento de actualización profesional. Se concluye, entonces, que el mercadeo digital aporta significativamente en el conocimiento de la población meta, lo que permite ofrecer soluciones adecuadas a sus necesidades de formación

Abstract: One of the fundamental pillars of the University of Costa Rica (UCR) is social action, which includes continuing education. In this sense, the School of Topographic Engineering has created the project ED3550 Training and Updating Activities in Topographic Engineering. This project is an opportunity to provide training and updating in relevant and innovative topics to those interested, and to create a link with society to strengthen professional skills and abilities. The training activities are promoted through digital marketing on social networks, e-mail and mobile devices. This has given a national and international projection to the courses and lectures organized, resulting in a wide participation of professionals not only from topographic engineering, but also from other professions such as civil engineering, geography, biology, law and environmental engineering, among others. A systematization of the experience is presented, based on the five-point method proposed by Jara (2018), in which a quantitative analysis of the achievements during the period from 2020 to 2022 is carried out. In summary, the success achieved in two years of project implementation is attributed to the use of digital media for the dissemination of program activities, which has provided an important exposure to different populations and has allowed the EIT to establish a social link and promote professional updating. It is therefore concluded that digital marketing contributes significantly to the knowledge of the target population, which makes it possible to provide adequate solutions to their training needs.

Resumen: Durante el siglo XVIII se empezaron a definir los parámetros de la moderna codificación penal y del sistema judicial y penológico. El replanteamiento global de la economía, la organización social, las formas de convivencia y, en general, las diversas facetas de la vida del hombre, propio de esta centuria, no podían no abarcar la legislación criminal. Dicha rama normativa era una herramienta clave para reafirmar la autoridad del Estado, proteger el orden social que él mismo había establecido, disciplinar socialmente a los individuos como también sus prácticas de comportamientos. Al mismo tiempo, las élites ilustradas tenían muy claro que el replanteamiento de la normativa criminal habría favorecido el amplio proceso de regulación e instrucción social, que, por afectar todos los ámbitos de la vida, habría permitido contrarrestar todas aquellas prácticas y costumbres que se contraponían a su discurso y visión sistémica. Así lo demuestra la tipificación como delito penal del incendio involuntario: si durante la época medieval y moderna el incendio ocasionado por imprudencia o negligencia, es decir, sin dolo, se consideró únicamente un cuasidelito civil, y como tal obligaba el responsable únicamente a la indemnización de los daños, con la codificación penal decimonónica terminó por ser elevado a delito penal. Este artículo se propone reconstruir las etapas principales de esta transición, y explicar los motivos sociales y culturales que la impulsaron. Resumen penológico economía general hombre centuria Estado establecido comportamientos tiempo sistémica involuntario negligencia decir dolo civil daños transición impulsaron

Abstract: During the 18th century, the parameters of modern penal codification and the judicial and penological system began to be defined. The global rethinking of the economy, social organization, forms of coexistence, and, in general, the various aspects of human life characteristic of this century, inevitably involved criminal legislation. This normative branch was a key tool for reaffirming the authority of the State, protecting its social order, and socially disciplining individuals and their behavioural practices. At the same time, the enlightened elites were well aware that the rethinking of criminal regulations would have favoured the extensive process of social regulation and discipline, which, by affecting all areas of life, would have allowed counteracting those practices and customs that contradicted their discourse and systemic vision. This is demonstrated by the typification of involuntary fire as a criminal offense: if during the medieval and modern era, fire caused by imprudence or negligence, in other words, without intent, was considered merely a cuasidelito, and the responsible party was only required to provide compensation for damages, with 19th-century penal codification, it being elevated to a criminal offense. This article aims to reconstruct the main stages of this transition and explain the social and cultural reasons that pushed it. Abstract th century defined economy organization coexistence general legislation State order time discipline which vision offense era negligence words intent cuasidelito damages 19thcentury thcentury 19th

Confidentiality is important in legal practice as it obligates legal practitioners to protect clients' information. It is often linked to the right to privacy entrenched in section 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The link is made on the basis of clients' entitlement to attorney-client confidentiality. Furthermore, the rules of courts in civil proceedings require legal practitioners to include clients' personal or confidential information in court documents, including their identity numbers. The requirement of clients' personal information in court documents is found in particular in Rule 3(A)(1)(b)(i) of the Uniform Rules of Court, 2009 as amended. This personal information is uploaded online in the CaseLines system, as required by Practice Direction 1 of 2023, a situation which poses a significant risk because such information may be hacked and used to commit cybercrimes. Current legislation, such as the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013, seeks to provide guidelines on how courts should protect confidential information which is included in the pleadings or affidavits. The Practice Directives, however, are silent on measures that should be taken to protect confidential information. Item 18 of the E-Rules and the Draft Amended Magistrates' Courts Rules seek to protect confidential information to a certain extent, but these have not yet been implemented. The article examines current legislation, the respective rules of court, and the approach followed by the courts, in order to determine whether confidentiality does indeed exist in civil proceedings. In addition, it briefly compares the online civil proceedings of South Africa and the United Kingdom to ascertain their differences and similarities.

Abstract In civil engineering, the stability of many structures depends on the physical properties of the contact between the concrete seated on the rocky foundation surface. Usually, they are critical structures of great importance to society, such as: bridges, tunnels and dams. Thus, the shear behavior of rock-concrete joints is a key factor of the structural stability. The method of cohesive zones (CZM) allows to simulate the beginning of the formation of a crack and its propagation, without knowing the crack location or when it will start. Thus, in this work, a numerical model was developed capable of simulating the failure due to interfacial delamination of the contact between a structure formed by mortar seated on a rocky granite leaning surface. The calibration of the numerical model was performed using the experimental test results of simple compression on a block of rock in contact with the mortar by an inclined interface. The test was monitored using a high-resolution digital camera. The data were processed using the digital image correlation method (DIC) to obtain displacement data of the laboratory test. The DIC results were used to calibrate the nonlinear numerical model of the test using the bilinear method of cohesive zone in the rock-mortar interfacial contact elements. By a parametric analysis varying the maximum shear stress parameter of the contact cohesive elements, the bilinear law was adjusted (Maximum tensile stress and critical displacement and damage rate). Indirectly, the rate of release of energy of critical deformation from the rupture of the contact was also estimated.

Resumo Na engenharia civil, a estabilidade de muitas estruturas depende das propriedades físicas do contato entre o concreto assentado na superfície rochosa de fundação. Geralmente são estruturas críticas e de grande importância para a sociedade, tais como: pontes, túneis e barragens. Assim, o comportamento ao cisalhamento das juntas rocha-concreto é um fator chave da estabilidade estrutural. O método das zonas coesivas (MZC) permite simular o início da formação de uma fissura e a sua propagação, sem saber a localização da fissura ou quando esta irá começar. Assim, neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico capaz de simular a ruptura por descolamento interfacial do contato entre uma estrutura formada por argamassa assentada sobre uma superfície inclinada de granito rochoso. A calibração do modelo numérico foi realizada através dos resultados de ensaios experimentais de compressão simples sobre um bloco de rocha em contato com a argamassa por uma interface inclinada. O teste foi monitorado por meio de uma câmera digital de alta resolução. Os dados foram processados utilizando o método de correlação de imagens digitais (CID) para obtenção dos dados de deslocamento do ensaio laboratorial. Os resultados do método CID foram utilizados para calibrar o modelo numérico não linear do ensaio utilizando o método bilinear de zona coesiva nos elementos de contato interfacial rocha-argamassa. Através de uma análise paramétrica variando o parâmetro de tensão cisalhante máxima dos elementos coesivos de contato, determinou-se a lei bilinear ajustada (tensão máxima de tração, deslocamento crítico e taxa de dano). Indiretamente, também foi estimada a taxa de liberação de energia de deformação crítica proveniente da ruptura do contato.

Abstract The purpose of this research work was to analyze whether the registration of the declaration of a building at the expense of the social estate violates the property right of the spouse who owns the land in the Peruvian legal system. A qualitative design of dogmatic analytical type was used, through the review of norms, doctrine, pertinent jurisprudence and analysis of two relevant cases. The results highlight that there is a violation of the property right of the spouse owner of the land, due to an erroneous interpretation of the second paragraph of article 310 of the Civil Code. In conclusion, there is an urgent need for a legislative modification of the corresponding civil and registry regulations, in order to protect the right of ownership, recognized and guaranteed by the constitution and the civil system of a property that is already titled and qualified as one’s own.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo, analizar si la inscripción de la declaratoria de edificación realizada a costa del caudal social vulnera el derecho de propiedad del cónyuge propietario del suelo en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano. Se usó un diseño cualitativo de tipo dogmática analítica, mediante la revisión de normas, doctrina, jurisprudencia pertinente y análisis de dos casos relevantes. Los resultados resaltan que, existe una vulneración al derecho de propiedad del cónyuge propietario del suelo, debido a una errónea interpretación que se realiza en el segundo párrafo del artículo 310 del Código Civil. En conclusión, surge la imperiosa necesidad de una modificación legislativa de la normativa civil y registral correspondiente, a fin de tutelar el derecho de propiedad, reconocido y garantizado por la constitución y el ordenamiento civil de un bien que ya viene titulado y calificado como propio.

An interactional feminist stance was reflected in South African literary texts as early as the 1970s. Miriam Tlali's pioneering work Muriel at Metropolitan (1975), for example, explores how black women are most palpably confronted with intersecting oppressions and inequalities because of mutually reinforcing axes of race, ethnicity, gender, and class. These social categories provided the basis to differentiate groups from each other and were utilised to produce unequal power relations. Such inequalities were not only created by the apartheid regime, but also by African Customary Law, although the latter was subject to the twin influences of colonialism and apartheid. In this article I analyse five key passages of the novel through an intersectional lens by looking into the correlation between these systems, intersectional axes, citizenship, and social status. The close reading of the extracts shows that the characters' civil rights are curtailed, and their social status reduced through inter alia dehumanising stereotypes, racial and gendered naming strategies, and polarising pronouns. Furthermore, the discursive counterreactions of the black female protagonist Muriel are charted. These consist of rational argumentation, norm-breaking, objectification, and distancing techniques. Her retorts represent her resistance against multiple subjugations and take the shape of what is now called intersectional feminism(s).

Resumo A contínua popularização do acesso à internet permitiu um expressivo crescimento das redes sociais nas últimas décadas. A alta velocidade com que as informações são difundidas no meio virtual, em uma sociedade cada vez mais conectada, sinaliza a potencialidade lesiva da utilização inadequada das redes sociais. É crescente a preocupação acerca dos impactos da disseminação de discursos de ódio e notícias falsas, além do compartilhamento não autorizado de nudez e pornografia. Esse estudo objetiva investigar se a concepção de virtude proposta por Cícero, dialoga com o atual aparato jurídico-normativo - e, em especial, com o instituto da responsabilidade civil - frente aos danos decorrentes do exercício abusivo da liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais. Essa pesquisa recorreu ao método dedutivo e à revisão bibliográfica. Muitos conceitos tratados por Cícero foram incorporados pelo pensamento jurídico ocidental ao longo da história, a exemplo da boa-fé e do bem comum, os quais impõem limites ao exercício das liberdades individuais, como a liberdade de expressão, além de representar importantes balizas a orientar a interpretação e a aplicação de todo o ordenamento. A razão, a prudência e a moderação devem se fazer presentes para a preservação de um debate produtivo e respeitoso entre os membros da comunidade. O exercício abusivo da liberdade de expressão, com repercussão negativa na esfera de terceiros, viola os preceitos de Justiça (“não fazer mal a outrem” e "dar a cada um aquilo que lhe é devido"), reclamando a aplicação da responsabilidade civil como mecanismo apto à reparação dos danos.

Abstract The steady growth of Internet access has led to a significant increase of social media in the last decades. The high speed at which information spreads online, in an increasingly connected society, indicates the harmful potentiality of the inappropriate use of social media. There is increasing concern about the impact of hate speech and the spread of fake news, as well as the dissemination of intimate images, nude photos or pornography without consent. This study examines whether the concept of virtue as proposed by Cicero is applicable to the contemporary legal apparatus and its compatibility with civil liability standards when confronted with damages due an abusive exercise of free speech on social media. A deductive approach and literature review were used in this research. Many of the concepts discussed by Cicero have been incorporated into Western law throughout history, such as good faith and the common good, which place limits on the exercise of individual freedoms, such as freedom of expression, and also provide important guideposts for the interpretation and application of the entire legal system. Reason, prudence and moderation must be present to ensure respectful and productive debate among members of society. The abusive exercise of the right to free expression, with negative effects on third parties, violates the precepts of justice ("do no harm" and "to give each his own") and requires the enforcement of civil liability as an appropriate means of redress.

Abstract By doing an isolated and decontextualized reading of the rules in force in the Brazilian legal system, it is possible to arrive at the hypothesis that the liberalities practiced by married people in favor of the concubine and/or the accomplice in adultery are forbidden, through donation, life insurance or will. However, considering that such prohibitions were based on inculpation, abolished by Constitutional Amendment 66/2010, the objective of the work is to verify the regulation of the subject by the Civil Code over the years, how the country's law, after 2010, positioned itself, and ask: are the prohibitions of liberalities in favor of a concubine or accomplice in adultery by a married person, who is not separated, constituctional? In addition, when carrying out a critical analysis, if it is possible to verify that, in the present theme, the inculpation is still present and restricts private autonomy by, for example, limiting the right to dispose and carry out patrimonial planning, which configures great interference state in private relations. The research followed the legal-exploratory and historiographical methodological type, applying the deductive methodology and the technique of bibliographical research, in national and foreign literature, jurisprudence of the Superior Courts and scientific journals.

Resumo Ao se fazer a leitura isolada e descontextualizada das normas vigentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, é possível chegar à hipótese de que são vedadas as liberalidades praticadas por pessoas casadas em favor do(a) concubino(a) e/ou do(a) cúmplice em adultério, por meio de doação, seguro de vida ou testamento. Entretanto, considerando que tais vedações tinham fundamento na inculpação, abolida pela Emenda Constitucional 66/2010, o objetivo do trabalho consiste em verificar a regulamentação do tema pelo Código Civil ao longo dos anos, como o direito pátrio, após 2010, se posicionou, e indagar: seriam constitucionais as vedações de liberalidades em favor de concubino(a) ou cúmplice em adultério por pessoa casada e não separada de fato? Além disso, ao se fazer uma análise crítica foi possível constatar que, no presente tema, a inculpação ainda está presente e restringe a autonomia privada ao, por exemplo, limitar o direito de dispor e de realizar um planejamento patrimonial, o que configura grande interferência estatal nas relações privadas. A pesquisa seguiu o tipo metodológico jurídico-exploratório e historiográfico, aplicando-se a metodologia dedutiva e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, em literatura nacional e estrangeira, jurisprudência dos Tribunais Superiores e revistas científicas.

Resumen El presente trabajo incursiona en el estudio teórico y el análisis jurídico comparativo del contrato agrario; definición, tipologías, las peculiaridades en cuanto sus elementos que definen su necesaria especialidad y autonomía normativa respecto a los contratos civiles y mercantiles. Logra demostrar la necesidad de una reconfiguración de la teoría del contrato agrario, así como de una concepción legal sistemática y coherente en Cuba, partiendo de los fines y principios del Derecho Agrario, de los avances doctrinales apreciables a nivel internacional, conforme a las regularidades y tendencias del Derecho Agrario comparado a este respecto y tomando en consideración también, los problemas que hoy afectan el desempeño del sector agrario en la actualidad cubana.

Abstract The present work intrudes in the theoretical study and the comparative juridical analysis of the agrarian contract; definition, classification, the peculiarities as soon as their elements that define their necessary specialty and normative autonomy regarding the civil and mercantile contracts. It is able to demonstrate the necessity of a reconstruction of the theory of the agrarian contract, as well as of a systematic legal conception and coherent in Cuba, under the bases of the finalities and principles of the Agrarian Law, of the appreciable doctrinal advances at international level, according to the regularities and tendencies of the Agrarian Law compared to this respect and also taking in consideration, the problems that today affects the acting of the agrarian sector at the present time Cuban.

Abstract This article has as its theme the collective protection of rights. The objective is to outline an overview of the institute of collective protection in Brazil and perform an interpretation on Directive 2020/1828 of the European Union, comparing European community law and Brazilian law. The research problem is: how do Brazilian law and European community law currently deal with collective protection of rights? é The methodology used had a qualitative approach. The procedure was bibliographical-documentary and the research, regarding its objectives, explanatory. Various methods were applied, such as descriptive, comparative and hermeneutic. The research hypothesis is that the European Union encounters difficulties in the implementation of these guardianships in view of the legislative diversity of the Member States, while Brazil seeks greater effectiveness to what is already standardized. As a result, it was highlighted that collective guardianship is necessary for the realization of rights and an important alternative to privatism. Brazil restructures its collective process, aiming to adapt its sparse laws to the Civil Procedure Code of 2015. In turn, collective protection of rights in the European Union advances and not only develops cooperation between its Member States, but seeks, with the primacy of its norms, adequate protection of collective rights. As final considerations, it is clear that Brazil is undergoing a restructuring of its collective process, adapting its sparse laws to the 2015 Civil Procedure Code, for the adequate protection of collective rights. In Brazil, this institute is combined with the principle of reasonable duration of the process. In Europe, the focus is on bringing uniformity to the various laws of the countries that make up the Union.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como tema a tutela coletiva dos direitos. O objetivo é traçar um panorama sobre o instituto da tutela coletiva no Brasil e realizar interpretação sobre a Diretiva 2020/1828 da União Europeia, comparando o direito comunitário europeu e o direito brasileiro. O problema de pesquisa consiste em analisar como o direito brasileiro e o direito comunitátio europeu tratam atualmente as tutelas coletivas dos direitos? E a metodologia utilizada teve enfoque qualitativo. O procedimento foi bibliográfico-documental e a pesquisa, quanto aos seus objetivos, explicativa. Aplicaram-se métodos variados, como o descritivo, comparativo e hermenêutico. A hipótese de pesquisa é que a União Europeia encontra dificuldades na implementação dessas tutelas ante a diversidade legislativa dos Estados-membros, já o Brasil busca maior efetividade ao que já está normatizado. Como resultados, destacou-se que a tutela coletiva é necessária para a concretização de direitos e importante alternativa ao privatismo. O Brasil reestrutura seu processo coletivo, visando amoldar as suas leis esparsas ao Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Já a tutela coletiva dos direitos na União Europeia avança e não apenas desenvolve a cooperação entre seus Estados-membros, mas busca, com a primazia de suas normas, a adequada proteção dos direitos coletivos. Como considerações finais, percebe-se que o Brasil passa por reestruturação de seu processo coletivo, amoldando suas leis esparsas ao Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Já na União Europeia busca-se a cooperação entre seus Estados-membros e a primazia de suas normas, para a adequada proteção dos direitos coletivos. No Brasil une-se esse instituto com o princípio da duração razoável do processo. Na Europa, o foco é trazer uniformização para as diversas legislações dos países componentes da União.

Resumen Este artículo analiza, en clave weberiana y de autonomía, la estructura burocrática de la Comisión de Tránsito del Ecuador (CTE), institución que supervisa la gestión y seguridad del transporte. El estudio emplea herramientas de medición estructural diseñadas por Peter Evans y James Rauch. La medición del rendimiento burocrático, a partir de los índices de carrera, salario y merito, sugiere que la CTE tiene una buena capacidad institucional (8,17/10,0 puntos). No obstante, su autonomía institucional es baja y es una institución permeable, en lo político, frente a la intervención de diferentes actores estatales del Poder Ejecutivo y municipal. El rendimiento burocrático está mediado también por la desactualizada Ley de Personal del Cuerpo de Vigilancia (1970) y la atención en antiguas estructuras institucionales. Por último, los funcionarios perciben que la CTE no impulsa políticas que sostengan un sector estratégico para la economía nacional como el transporte, aunque tendría capacidad para hacerlo.

Abstract This article analyses the bureaucratic structure of the Ecuadorian Transit Commission (CTE), an institution that oversees transport management and safety, in a Weberian and autonomy-based approach. The study employs structural measurement tools designed by Peter Evans and James Rauch. The assessment of bureaucratic performance, based on career, salary and merit indices, suggests that the CTE has good institutional capacity (8.17/10.0 points). However, its institutional autonomy is low and is an institution that is politically permeable to the intervention of different state actors from the executive and municipal branches. In addition, the Law on Surveillance Corps Personnel (1970) and the focus on old institutional structures affect bureaucratic performance. Finally, civil servants perceive that the CTE does not promote policies that support a strategic sector for the national economy, such as transport, although it arguably can do so.

ABSTRACT Telematic violence against women is a problem that with the rise of social networks and the pandemic has gained notoriety, according to Law 5777/16 of Integral Protection of Women is a crime. The objective of the research was to characterize the telematic violence suffered by women and its emotional consequences, in Paraguay 2022, through a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional design, with a sample of 459 women, participants in a survey with a Google digital form distributed in social networks, using the Event Impact Scale-EIE. The results were: 18.3% (84) suffered from telematic violence, the average age was 36 years, marital status single (60%), salary higher than the minimum wage (61.9%), from Central (43%) and Capital (39%), with university education (85.7%). The frequency was "sometimes" (54.8%) and the main one via WhatsApp (71.4%) as messages (47.6%). The EIE evidenced severe affectation (50%), consequences in the couple relationship (21.4%) and work (14.3%) were referred. The actions taken were blocking the aggressor (52.3%), not reporting (34.5%) and ignoring the message (30.9%). They also suffered psychological (65.4%), physical (21.4%) and sexual (17.8%) violence; knowledge of Law 5777/16 was low. It is concluded that the phenomenon occurs in approximately 2/10 women, in frequency "sometimes", perpetrated by strangers or contacts, severely affecting the woman, there are those who do not report or ignore the fact, so they also suffer other forms of violence concomitantly and ignorance of Law 5777/16 predominates.

RESUMEN La violencia telemática contra la mujer es un problema que con el auge de las redes sociales y la pandemia ha ganado notoriedad, según la Ley 5777/16 de Protección Integral a las Mujeres es un delito. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar la violencia telemática sufrida por mujeres y sus consecuencias emocionales, en Paraguay año 2022, mediante un diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo, trasversal, con una muestra de 459 mujeres, participantes en una encuesta con un formulario digital de Google distribuido en redes sociales, utilizando la Escala de impacto del evento-EIE. Los resultados fueron: 18,3% (84) padecieron de violencia telemática, de ellas la edad promedio fue 36 años, estado civil solteras (60%), salario mayor al mínimo (61,9%), provenientes de Central (43%) y Capital (39%), con nivel de formación universitario (85,7%). La frecuencia fue “a veces” (54,8%) y la principal vía WhatsApp (71,4%) como mensajes (47,6%). La EIE evidenció afectación severa (50%), consecuencias en la relación de pareja (21,4%) y laborales (14,3%) fueron referidas. Las acciones tomadas fueron el bloqueo del agresor (52,3%), no denunciar (34,5%) e ignorar el mensaje (30,9%). También sufrieron violencia psicológica (65,4%), física (21,4%) y sexual (17,8%); el conocimiento de la Ley 5777/16 fue escaso. Se concluye que el fenómeno se presenta en aproximadamente 2/10 mujeres, en frecuencia “a veces”, perpetrada por desconocidos o contactos, afectando severamente a la mujer, hay quienes no denuncian o ignoran el hecho, así también sufren otras formas de violencia concomitantemente y predomina el desconocimiento de la Ley 5777/16.

Resumen. El artículo busca mostrar un acercamiento al estado que guarda el problema de la corrupción en México, así como la comprensión del modelo actual de combate a la corrupción y la incidencia que ha tenido este a partir de la reforma constitucional de 2015 donde justamente se agrega como sello principal, el involucramiento ciudadano. Si bien, hasta ahora, se han realizado múltiples esfuerzos desde el gobierno y la sociedad civil para tratar de frenar y revertir este problema que le ha causado a México un gran costo social, económico e institucional, tal parece que la semilla sembrada no ha dado los frutos esperados. Desgraciadamente, podemos concluir que muchos de esos esfuerzos, sobre todo los que corresponden al poder político, se han instrumentado solo como formas de justificar el poder y han carecido de dos ingredientes fundamentales: la participación ciudadana y la voluntad política. En lo que, sí se ha avanzado, es en el trabajo que, desde las organizaciones sociales, académicas y de comunicación, se ha llevado a cabo para analizar, proponer y visibilizar el problema, lo que, sin duda, obliga a la autoridad a actuar y rendir cuentas.

Abstract. The article seeks to show an approach to the state that guards the problem of corruption in Mexico, as well as the understanding of the current model of combating corruption and the incidence that this has had since the constitutional reform of 2015 where it is precisely added as main hallmark, citizen involvement. Although, until now, multiple efforts have been made by the government and civil society to try to stop and reverse this problem that has caused Mexico a great social, economic and institutional cost, it seems that the seed sown has not the expected fruits. Unfortunately, we can conclude that many of these efforts, especially those that correspond to political power, have been implemented only as ways to justify power and have lacked two fundamental ingredients: citizen participation and political will. What progress has been made is in the work that has been carried out by social, academic and communication organizations to analyze, propose and make the problem visible, which, without a doubt, forces the authorities to act and be accountable.

Resumen: Recientemente, el Tribunal Constitucional ha dictado una sentencia por la que se confirmaba la constitucionalidad de dos resoluciones judiciales que habían ordenado la vacunación de una persona con discapacidad en contra de la voluntad de su tutor. El objeto de este artículo es analizar qué hubiera ocurrido de haberse producido esos hechos en la actualidad, tras la entrada en vigor de la Ley 8/2021 que regula un nuevo sistema de apoyo a la capacidad jurídica en favor de las personas con discapacidad. Tras analizar las nuevas medidas de apoyo que se han incorporado al Código Civil, se concluye informando de la existencia de un grave desajuste entre el Código Civil y la Ley 41/2002.

Abstract: Recently, the Constitutional Court issued a ruling confirming the constitutionality of two court resolutions that had ordered the vaccination of a person with disabilities against the will of their legal guardian. The purpose of this article is to analyze what would have happened if these events had occurred today, after the entry into force of Law 8/2021, which regulates a new system of support for legal capacity in favor of people with disabilities. After analyzing the new support measures that have been incorporated into the Civil Code, it is concluded that there is a serious mismatch between the Civil Code and Law 41/2002.