RESUMO Populações de percevejos Piezodorus guildinii e Dichelops furcatus são naturalmente reguladas por predadores e parasitoides de ovos. No entanto, esses inimigos naturais podem ser afetados pela aplicação de inseticidas não seletivos comumente utilizados no controle químico dos percevejos. Objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade de dinotefurano em predadores e parasitoides de ovos associados a populações de P. guildinii e D. furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em condições de campo. Predadores e parasitoides de ovos foram registrados semanalmente de V2 a R7, em parcelas de soja tratadas e não tratadas com dinotefurano. Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) estava presente em 100 % das massas de ovos parasitados em ambas as espécies de percevejos e tratamentos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na proporção de parasitismo e na razão sexual entre os tratamentos para nenhuma das espécies. A proporção de emergência da massa de ovos mostrou diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para P. guildinii, mas não para D. furcatus. A aplicação de dinotefurano não afetou a presença de predadores generalistas como Araneae, Syrphidae e Chrysopidae. Dinotefurano pode ser considerado seletivo para esses predadores, mas não para P. guildinii. entanto Objetivouse Objetivou se P D Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pentatomidae campo V R7 R Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae 10 Araneae Chrysopidae 1

ABSTRACT Piezodorus guildinii and Dichelops furcatus stink bug populations are naturally regulated by predators and egg parasitoids. However, these natural enemies can be affected by the application of non-selective insecticides commonly employed for stink bug chemical control. This study aimed to evaluate the dinotefuran toxicity on predators and egg parasitoids associated with P. guildinii and D. furcatus (Hemimpera: Pentatomidae) populations under field conditions. Predators and egg parasitoids were recorded weekly from V2 to R7, in dinotefuran-treated and untreated soybean plots. Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was present on 100 % of the egg masses parasitized on both stink bugs species and treatments. No significant differences were found in parasitism proportion and sex ratio between treatments for either species. The egg mass emergence proportion showed significant differences among the treatments for P. guildinii, but not for D. furcatus. The dinotefuran application did not affect the presence of generalist predators as Araneae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae. Dinotefuran can be considered selective for these predators, but not for P. guildinii. However nonselective non control P D Hemimpera (Hemimpera Pentatomidae conditions V R7 R dinotefurantreated treated plots Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae 10 Araneae Chrysopidae 1

Resumen Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) es la principal chinche plaga de la soja en Amambay, Paraguay; la intensidad de sus daños a las legumbres resulta en disminución de la producción y perjuicios económicos para el sojicultor. Los parasitoides que controlan naturalmente sus poblaciones son agentes importantes para incluir dentro del manejo integrado de plagas. En esta investigación se determinó la ocurrencia del parasitismo natural de huevos de E. heros por Telenomus sp. aff. podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) en soja. Se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: número de huevos parasitados, índice de parasitismo y porcentaje de parasitoides emergidos. La investigación se realizó en seis municipios del departamento de Amambay, Paraguay donde se recolectaron aleatoriamente posturas de E. heros de 50 plantas de soja, que fueron transferidas al laboratorio y acondicionadas en cámara climatizada. Luego de la emergencia de los parasitoides se introdujeron en congelador para producir la muerte y en alcohol 70 % para su preservación. Para la identificación de los especímenes, las muestras de parasitoides fueron enviados al laboratorio del Instituto Biológico de Campinas-São Paulo, Brasil. Adicionalmente se elaboraron imágenes fotográficas de los parasitoides adultos recuperados para describir sus principales características morfológicas. Se identificó únicamente al parasitoide T. sp. aff. podisi. El número de huevos parasitados fue de 683, el índice de parasitismo 92,67 % y el porcentaje de parasitoides emergidos, 22,55 %. Este es el primer reporte de la ocurrencia natural de T. sp. aff. podisi en huevos de E. heros en cultivo de soja del Paraguay, un importante agente de control biológico de plagas.

Abstract Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is the main pest of soybean in Amambay, Paraguay; the intense damage to the pods results in decreased production and economic losses for farmers. Parasitoids that naturally control their populations are important agents to include in integrated pest management. In this investigation, the occurrence of natural parasitism of E. heros eggs by Telenomus sp. aff. podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in soybean was determined. The parameters evaluated were: The number of parasitized eggs, parasitism index, and percentage of emerged parasitoids. Photographic images of the parasitoids were also produced to describe their main morphological characteristics. The research was carried out in six districts of the department of Amambay, Paraguay. E. heros eggs were randomly collected from 50 soybean plants, transferred to the laboratory, and conditioned in a climate chamber. After the emergence of the parasitoids, they were placed in a freezer to produce death and in 70 % alcohol for preservation. For the identification of specimens, the parasitoid samples were sent to the laboratory of the Biological Institute of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, photographic images of the recovered adult parasitoids were prepared to describe their main morphological characteristics. Only the parasitoid T. sp. aff. podisi was identified. The number of parasitized eggs was 683, the parasitism index was 92.67 %, and the percentage of emerged parasitoids, was 22.55 %. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of T. sp. aff. Podisi in E. heros eggs in Paraguayan soybean crops, an important biological pest control agent.

Resumo O ciclo de vida do percevejo, Glyphepomis dubia e a biologia de dois parasitoides de ovos (Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis) foram estudados na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a 26 ± 2oC, umidade relativa (UR) de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Sete indivíduos de G. dubia foram coletados em lavoura de arroz localizada no município de Arari, Maranhão, Brasil e mantidos em casa de vegetação e laboratório para estudos de ciclo de vida. Do ovo ao adulto, G. dubia levou 35.2 dias para completar o ciclo de vida. O período de oviposição foi de 37 dias com massas de ovos com cerca de 12 ovos/massa e viabilidade de 93.1%. A longevidade foi de 53 e 65 dias, respectivamente, para fêmeas e machos. Os parasitoides de ovos, Te. podisi e Tr. basalis parasitaram e se desenvolveram em ovos de G. dubia, no entanto as características biológicas de Tr. basalis foi afetada. A emergência dos parasitoides foi maior para Te. podisi (83.5%) em comparação com o registrado para Tr. basalis (50.4%). Portanto, G. dubia poderá apresentar potencial para atingir o status de praga e Te. podisi é um promissor agente de controle biológico para ser utilizado no manejo de G. dubia no Brasil, pois apresentou maior longevidade e os melhores parâmetros reprodutivos.

Abstract The life cycle of stink bug, Glyphepomis dubia and the development of two egg parasitoids (Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis) were studied at the Federal University of Maranhão, at 26 ± 2oC, relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10% and 12h photophase. Individuals used in the study were collected from seven rice fields located around the municipality of Arari, Maranhão, Brazil, and maintained in greenhouse and laboratory for the life cycle studies. From egg to adult, G. dubia took 35.2 days to complete the life cycle. The oviposition period was 37 days, with egg masses of about 12 eggs each and viability of 93.1%. Longevity was 53 and 65 days for females and males, respectively. The egg parasitoids Te. podisi and Tr. basalis parasitized and developed in G. dubia eggs; however, the biological characteristics of Tr. basalis were affected. Emergence of the parasitoids was higher for Te. podisi (83.5%) compared to the records for Tr. basalis (50.4%). Therefore, G. dubia may potentially achieve a pest status and Te. podisi is a promising biological control agent for G. dubia management in Brazil due to its higher longevity and better reproductive parameters.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of releases of different amounts of Telenomus podisi for the control of Euchistus heros in soybean crops. In addition, productivity was determined between treatments. The experiments were conducted in commercial areas of soybean production during the 2017/2018 crop season. The experiments were installed in three experimental areas in different locations of Sao Paulo state, Brazil; Pardinho (Farm Santa Fe), Tatuí (Farm Dos Lagos), and Angatuba (Farm Santa Irene). The experimental design was that of random blocks with five treatments and five repetitions. The statistical analysis of the experimental data applied was of variance homogeneity (Hartley Test), variance analysis (ANOVA), and Tukey's average discrimination test, at 5% of probability. The treatments evaluated were: T1- 2,000 eggs/ha; T2- 3,500 eggs/ha; T3- 5,000 eggs/ ha; T4- 6,500 eggs/ha; T5- Control (Without T. podisi release). The release of adult parasitoids was carried out manually in the center of the plots. The parasitoid release interval was made from the presence of two nymphs or average adults of E. heros per linear meter, considering the end of the vegetative phase and physiological maturation. The sampling of nymphs and adults of E. heros were performed at weekly intervals (1, 7, 14, and 21 days) prior to the releases of T. podisi. The reduction in the number of nymphs and adults of E. heros, following the release of parasitoids was assessed. Additionally, productivity between treatments was evaluated. The release of 6,500 adults of T. podisi significantly reduced the number of nymphs and adults of E. heros and showed to be more effective regarding other treatments. The productivity between the treatments evaluated did not show significant statistical differences.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de las liberaciones de diferentes cantidades de Telenomus podisi para el control de Euschistus heros en el cultivo de soya. Además, se determinó la productividad entre los tratamientos. Los experimentos fueron conducidos en áreas comerciales de producción de soya, durante el año agrícola 2017/2018. Los experimentos fueron instalados en tres áreas experimentales en diferentes localidades del estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil; Pardinho (Hacienda Santa Fé), Tatuí (Hacienda Dos Lagos) y Angatuba (Hacienda Santa Irene). El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. El análisis estadístico de los datos experimentales aplicado fue la homogeneidad de varianzas (Prueba de Hartley), el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y la prueba de discriminación de medias de Tukey, al 5% de probabilidad. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1- 2,000 huevos /ha; T2- 3.500 huevos/ha; T3- 5.000 huevos/ha; T4- 6.500 huevos/ha; T5-Control (Sin liberación de T. podisi). La liberación de los parasitoides adultos fue realizada manualmente, en el centro de las parcelas. El intervalo de liberación de los parasitoides se realizó a partir de la presencia de dos ninfas y/o adultos promedio de E. heros por metro lineal, entre el final de la fase vegetativa y la maduración fisiológica. Los muestreos de ninfas y adultos de E. heros, fueron realizados en intervalos semanales (1, 7, 14 y 21 días) previamente a las liberaciones de T. podisi. Se evaluó la reducción del número de ninfas y de adultos de E. heros, posterior a la liberación de los parasitoides. Además, se evaluó la productividad entre los tratamientos. La liberación de 6.500 adultos/ha de T. podisi redujo significativamente el número de ninfas y adultos de E. heros y fue más eficaz en relación a los otros tratamientos. La productividad entre los tratamientos evaluados, no presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre sí.

ABSTRACT This work aims to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides used for stink bug control to the egg parasitoids Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus teretis. We tested ethiprole and sulfoxaflor + lambda-cyhalothrin in comparison with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos. Three independent bioassays were conducted in the laboratory and repeated for each parasitoid species, to evaluate the effect of insecticides on pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids and the effects of insecticide sprays on host eggs prior to parasitism. Ethiprole at concentrations of 100 and 133.3 g/100 L H2O was classified as harmless (class 1), according to the International Organization of Biological Control to both pupae and adults of T. podisi. When tested against T. teretis, ethiprole was classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2), but it still was the most selective pesticide among the studied chemicals. When adult parasitoids of both species were exposed to sprayed host eggs, parasitism rates were similar. The other treatments triggered more severe negative side effects to the parasitoids, especially to adults. Overall, ethiprole was the least toxic compound among the studied products and should be preferred in integrated pest management aimed at preserving these biocontrol agents, while the other tested insecticides should be evaluated under semi-field and field conditions to verify their higher toxicity.

Abstract: Several parasitoids attacking the same host may lead to competition. Adult parasitoids’ abilities to find, parasitize and defend hosts determine resource’s retention potential. In soybean, two egg parasitoid species, Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus urichi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), compete on the egg masses of Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) one of the major pest of this crop. We evaluated parasitoid’s abilities to exploit hosts’ footprints; and parasitoid’s behavior when competing for the same host. Both arena residence time and retention time were similar for T. podisi and T. urichi on male or female host footprints. In its turn, T. urichi reentered the area contaminated with P. guildinii more times and staid longer in it than T. podisi. Furthermore, when competing for the same egg mass, each parasitoid species won (was in possession of the host by the end of the experiment) half of the replicates, and the number of times each wasp species contacted host in the first place was similar, without affecting replicate outcome (who ultimately won). Both species started agonistic and non-agonistic encounters. This study provides information about the potential interspecific competition between these parasitoids, which contributes to evaluate the compatibility of multiple natural enemies’ biological control programs for stink bugs.

RESUMO A utilização de agrotóxicos na cultura da soja pode prejudicar o controle biológico, caso os produtos não sejam seletivos a Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis, que são importantes parasitoides de ovos de percevejos. Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade de 15 agrotóxicos registrados para a cultura da soja sobre adultos de T. podisi e T. basalis. Realizaram-se três bioensaios em laboratório, totalizando 18 tratamentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os inseticidas (g ou mL do i.a.) imidacloprido + beta-ciflutrina (0,25 + 0,03), deltametrina (0,06), tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina (0,27 + 0,35), acefato (1,87) e fenitrotiona (1,25) são nocivos às duas espécies de parasitoides. Flubendiamida (1,20), diflubenzuron (2,00), Bacillus thuringiensis (0,08) e lufenuron (0,12) são inócuos a ambos os parasitoides. Os fungicidas azoxistrobina + flutriafol (0,31 + 0,31), trifloxistrobina + protioconazol (0,37 + 0,44), pyraclostrobina + metconazol (0,33 + 0,12) e trifloxistrobina + ciproconazol (0,94 + 0,40) são inócuos a T. podisi, mas levemente nocivos a T. basalis. Os herbicidas glufosinato sal de amônio (0,50) e o glifosato sal de isopropilamina (1,20) são inócuos a ambos os parasitoides.

ABSTRACT The use of pesticides in the soybean crop may impair the biological control, if the products are not selective to Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis, which are important stink bug egg parasitoids. This study aimed to assess the selectivity of 15 pesticides registered for soybean crop on adults of T. podisi and T. basalis. Three laboratory bioassays were performed, totaling 18 treatments, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The insecticides (g or mL of a.i.) imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin (0.25 + 0.03), deltamethrin (0.06), thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.27 + 0.35), acephate (1.87) and fenitrothion (1.25) are harmful to both parasitoids species. Flubendiamide (1.20), diflubenzuron (2.00), Bacillus thuringiensis (0.08) and lufenuron (0.12) are innocuous to both parasitoids. The fungicides azoxystrobin + flutriafol (0.31 + 0.31), trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.37 + 0.44), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.33 + 0.12) and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole (0.94 + 0.40) are innocuous to T. podisi, but slightly harmful to T. basalis. The herbicides glufosinate ammonium salt (0.50) and glyphosate isopropylamine salt (1.20) are innocuous to both parasitoids.

RESUMO Espécies de Telenomus e Trichogramma destacam-se como agentes de controle biológico em áreas orizícolas, e a principal estratégia para sua preservação é a utilização de agrotóxicos seletivos. Objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade de agrotóxicos utilizados em áreas de arroz irrigado sobre Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) e Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Adultos desses parasitoides foram expostos a resíduos secos de agrotóxicos, em experimento inteiramente casualizado, com 25 tratamentos (24 agrotóxicos + testemunha) e quatro repetições. Os inseticidas clorantraniliprole, flubendiamida e diflubenzurom e os inseticidas biológicos à base de Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae foram inócuos para T. podisi e T. pretiosum. Os herbicidas inócuos foram: 2,4-D amina, profoxidim, quincloraque, etoxissulfurom e saflufenacil. O fungicida epoxiconazol + cresoxim-metílico também foi inócuo para esses dois agentes de controle biológico. Portanto, esses agrotóxicos são indicados para o manejo integrado de pragas, em áreas de arroz irrigado.

ABSTRACT Telenomus and Trichogramma species stand out as agents for the biological control in rice crops, and the main strategy for preserving them is the use of selective pesticides. This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of pesticides used in irrigated rice crop on Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Adults of these parasitoids were exposed to dry residues of pesticides, in a completely randomized experiment, with 25 treatments (24 pesticides + control) and four replications. The insecticides clorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and diflubenzuron and the biological insecticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were harmless to T. podisi and T. pretiosum. The harmless herbicides were: 2.4-D amine, profoxydim, quinclorac, ethoxysulfuron and saflufenacil. The fungicide epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl was also harmless to these two biological control agents. Therefore, these pesticides are indicated for the integrated pest management, in flooded rice areas.

Dichelops melacanthus foi avaliado em condições con troladas (60 ± 10% UR e fotoperíodo de 14/10 h L/E) em três temperaturas constantes (19, 25, e 31 ± 2 °C). Vagens frescas da soja MON 87701 x MON 89788 e de sua isolinha não-Bt (A5547) foram oferecidas a ninfas e adul tos. A biologia de T. podisi foi estudada nessas mesmas condições controladas de UR, mas apenas na temperatura padrão de 25 ± 2 °C. Em geral, o desenvolvimento de D. mela canthus foi melhor nas temperaturas mais altas, as quais aceleraram o desenvolvimento do percevejo, mas sem afetar os parâmetros biológicos da fase adulta. Não houve influência da soja-Bt na biologia da praga em nenhuma das temperaturas estudadas, o que mostra que D. melacanthus não é afetado pela soja transgênica. O parasitoide de ovos T. podisi também não foi impactado quando parasitou ovos da praga alimentada com soja MON 87701 x MON 89788, com resultados semelhantes àqueles obtidos na soja isogênica não-Bt. Portanto, este estudo comprova que D. melacanthus é favorecido por temperaturas mais altas (31 ± 2 °C), e que soja-Bt MON 87701 x MON 89788 não afeta o desenvolvimento desta praga assim como de seu parasitoide T. podisi.

Dichelops melacanthus was studied under controlled conditions (60 ± 10% RH and 14/10 h L/D photoperiod), and three constant temperatures (19, 25, and 31 ± 2 °C). Fresh pods of MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybeans and its near non-Bt isoline (A5547) were supplied to nymphs and adults. The biology of T. podisi was studied in the same controlled RH conditions, but only at the standard temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. Overall, the development of D. melacanthus was better at higher temperatures, which accelerated the development of the stink bug without affecting adult biological parameters. No influence of Bt-soybeans on the biology of the pest was observed in any temperature studied, which shows that D. melacanthus is not affected by this transgenic soybean. The egg parasitoid T. podisi also was not harmed when it parasitized eggs of the pest fed with MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybeans, with similar results to those obtained in non-Bt isogenic soybeans. Thus, this study demonstrates that D. melacanthus is favored at high temperatures (31 ± 2 °C), and that neither did MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean pods affect the development of the pest nor its parasitoid T. podisi.

Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) fue registrada en las áreas experimentales muestreadas, parasitando huevos de Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: entatomidae), en el cultivo del arroz, en las localidades de Chichebre y Paso Blanco, Panamá, Panamá. La asociación entre T. podisi y T. limbativentris, se considera el primer registro para este país, en donde la tasa de parasitismo promedio fue de 91%.

Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) was reported, from experimental areas, parasitizing Tibraca limbativentris eggs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice crops, from the locations of Chichebre and Paso Blanco, in Panama. The association between T. podisi and T. limbativentris, is considered the first record for Panama, where the average parasitism rate was 91%.

No impact of Bt soybean that express Cry1Ac protein on biological traits of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Biological traits of the stink bug Euschistus heros and its main biological control agent Telenomus podisi were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions (25 ± 2ºC; 60 ± 10% RH; and 14/10 h photoperiod) by placing first instar nymphs into Petri dishes with pods originating from two soybean isolines (Bt-soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788, which expresses the Cry1Ac protein, and its near non-Bt isoline A5547) where they remained until the adult stage. Due to gregarious behavior exhibited by first instar nymphs, they were individualized only when at the second instar. Adults were separated by sex and weighed, and pronotum width of each individual was subsequently measured. They were placed into plastic boxes containing soybean grains of the same soybean isoline as food source. Egg viability and female fecundity were assessed in adult individuals. Adult females of T. podisi (up to 24h old) were placed with eggs of E. heros from mothers reared on both soybean isolines. Nymphal development time, insect weight, pronotum width, sex ratio, female fecundity, and egg viability (% emergence) of Euschistus heros did not differ between treatments. Eggto-adult development time, female longevity, sex ratio, and percentage of parasitized eggs were not impacted by the Bt-soybean (expressing Cry1Ac protein). Results indicate that the Bt-soybean, MON 87701 × MON 89788, has no direct significant impact on the two studied species.

La obtención de huevos de Oebalus insularis Stal. destinados para la multiplicación de Telenomus podisi Ashmead, depende de la calidad de alimento proporcionado por diversas plantas hospedantes. Por lo que, se determinó el desempeño biológico y reproductivo de O. insularis, en Oryza sativa L. y Echinochloa colona (L.), a 28+2°C de temperatura, 80 + 5% de humedad relativa y fotofase de 12 horas. La duración del período de eclosión de la ninfa hasta la emergencia del adulto de O. insularis, fue de 20,9 y 21,2 días, para E. colona y O. sativa, respectivamente. La longevidad de hembras y machos de O. insularis, fue estadísticamente semejante, en ambas plantas hospedantes. La longevidad de la hembra fue superior a la registrada por el macho, de 15 y 12 días, respectivamente. Las hembras de O. insularis alimentadas con E. colona, presentaron mayor número de huevos por postura, número total de huevos por hembra y la tasa de eclosión de ninfas fue superior. Los parámetros biológicos y reproductivos de este insecto, confirman su adaptación al hospedante alternativo E. colona, optimizando la producción de huevos sometidos al parasitismo de T. podisi.

Obtaining eggs of Oebalus insularis Stal., for the multiplication of Telenomus podisi Ashmead depends on the quality of the food provided by diverse host plants. Therefore, the biological and reproductive performance of O. insularis on Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa colona (L.) was determined at 28+2°C, 80 + 5% of relative humidity and 12 hours photophase. The duration of the period of nymph eclosion until the emergence of the adult of O. insularis varied between 20,9 and 21,2 days, for O. sativa and E. colona, respectively. The longevity of the female and male of O. insularis was statistically similar on both host plants. The female longevity was higher than that shown by the male, varying between 15 and 12 days, respectively. The O. insularis female fed with E. colona presented a high number of eggs per batch, total number of eggs per female and the eclosion rate of nymphs was higher. The biological and reproductive parameters of this insect confirmed their adaptation to the alternative host E. colona, optimizing the production of eggs subjected to T. podisi parasitism.

Selectivity of entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae to egg parasitoid T. podisi was evaluated. Three bioassays were realized: in the first, a suspension of M. anisopliae conidia was sprayed over sterilized eggs of Euschistus heros and exposed to parasitism, in the second, conidial suspensions were sprayed over parasitized eggs and in the third, the suspensions were sprayed over glass plates (IOBC/WPRS) and dried at ambient temperature, forming a layer of conidia for adult parasitoids contact. The control group was sprayed with sterile distillated water + Tween 80 (0.01%). To evaluate the percentage of parasitism, emergence and viability of parasitoids, the cards containing parasite eggs were introduced in plastic bags and observed using a stereoscopic microscope. The results indicate that M. anisopliae do not affect T. podisi viability and parasitism, but its emergence can be reduced 25.81%, if the fungus is sprayed on parasitized eggs. Possibly, the fungus penetrates the egg and infects the parasitoid at some stage. Nevertheless, emergence reduction compared to control was low. Therefore, M. anisopliae can be considered selective to T. podisi, and can be used jointly, separating at maximum the spraying of fungus and the releases of parasitoid.

A seletividade do fungo entomopatogênico M. anisopliae ao parasitóide de ovos T. podisi foi avaliada com a realização de tres bioensaios: no primeiro, foram pulverizados suspensões de conídios de M. anisopliae sobre ovos esterilizados de Euschistus heros e expostos ao parasitismo; no segundo bioensaio, as suspensões do fungo foram pulverizadas sobre ovos parasitados, e no terceiro bioensaio, as suspensões do fungo foram pulverizadas sobre placas de vidro das jaulas de exposição (IOBC/WPRS) e secas a temperatura ambiente, formando uma película de conídios para permitir o contato com os parasitóides adultos. As testemunhas foram pulverizadas com água destilada estéril + Tween 80 a 0,01%. Para avaliar a porcentagem de parasitismo, emergência e viabilidade dos parasitóides, as cartelas de ovos contendo os parasitóides foram acondicionadas em sacos plásticos e observadas a traves de um microscópio estereoscópico. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que o M. anisopliae não afeta o parasitismo e a viabilidade de T. podisi, porêm, a emergência do parasitóide pode reduzir 25,81% se o fungo é pulverizado sobre ovos parasitados. Possivelmente, o fungo penetra o ovo do hospedeiro e infeta ao parasitóide em alguma fase. Entretanto, a reducção da emergência em comparação á testemunha é baixa. Por tanto, M. anisopliae pode ser considerado seletivo a T. podisi, e ambos podem ser utilizados conjuntamente, separando ao máximo as pulverizações do fungo e as liberações do parasitóide.

Piezodorus guildinii Westwood y Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) son importantes plagas en soja. P. guildinii causa mayores daños y es menos susceptible a los insecticidas. Los parasitoides oófagos de N. viridula fueron ampliamente estudiados, pero poco se conoce sobre los de P. guildinii. Se muestreó alfalfa, soja y trébol rojo durante varias temporadas para caracterizar la abundancia de ambas chinches, identificar sus parasitoides y estimar el impacto de los mismos. Telenomus podisi (Ashmead), Trissolcus urichi (Crawford) y Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) emergieron de P. guildinii, mientras que solo T. basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) emergió de N. viridula. Las proporciones de huevos (impacto del parasitoide) y de posturas parasitadas, y el número de huevos parasitados/número total de huevos de las posturas parasitadas, fueron similares para alfalfa y soja. En trébol rojo no se registró parasitismo. El impacto del parasitoide fue menor durante las temporadas secas. Si bien el parasitismo de P. guildinii por T. urichi a campo fue poco significativo, los antecedentes de la bibliografía indican que su desempeño en el laboratorio sobre este hospedador es muy bueno. T. urichi podría ser un potencial agente de control biológico de P. guildinii, principalmente en situaciones de mayor abundancia de la chinche.

Piezodorus guildinii Westwood and Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are important soybean pests. P. guildinii causes more injury and is less susceptible to insecticides compared to N. viridula. N. viridula egg parasitoids are well studied; however, little is known about parasitoids of P. guildinii. Alfalfa, soybean and red clover were sampled during several seasons to characterize the abundance of both stink bugs, to determine their egg parasitoids, and to estimate parasitoids impact. In the field, Telenomus podisi (Ashmead),Trissolcus urichi (Crawford) and Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) emerged from P. guildinii, while only T. basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) emerged from N. viridula. The proportions of parasitized eggs (i. e., the parasitoid impact) and egg masses, as well as the number of parasitized eggs/total number of eggs of the parasitized egg masses, were similar for alfalfa and soybean. Parasitism was not observed in red pclover. Parasitoid impact was lower during the dry growing seasons. Although P. guildinii field parasitism by T. urichi was less significant, laboratory experiments from the bibliography indicate that this wasp species performs well on this host. Trissolcus urichi would be an important biological control agent against P. guildinii, principally when the stink bug is more abundant.