ABSTRACT Bearing in mind the importance of Tectona grandis L. production in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, it is necessary to establish crops with seedlings of excellent quality, and the selection of diaspores can improve seed vigor, thus providing better quality to the seedlings. It was aimed to indicate the ideal stage of maturation of T. grandis diaspores through image analysis, guaranteeing seed quality and seedling production. T. grandis diaspores were collected in the years 2016 and 2017 at 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after anthesis. The material collected was analyzed for the presence of seeds per fruit in X-ray equipment to compose the treatments. After this selection, the variables color, area, and diameter were analyzed, and fruit weight, germination, and emergence tests were carried out. The diaspores along the maturation process, had higher amount of seeds and higher weight. The increase in the colors yellow and black was na indicative of the maturation for T. grandis diaspores collected in 2017, and the reduction of the percentagem of dark gray color for the diaspores collected in 2016. Fruit area and diameter was higher in those who had four seeds and the diaspore quality evaluated by the germination percentage, germination first count, initial stand and emergence percentgevary according to the amount of seeds present in the diaspore, being higher for diaspores containing 4 seeds. Diaspore quality was evaluated by germination percentage, first germination count, initial stand, and emergence percentge, was superior in the 2017, with diaspores having 2 na 3 seeds. The maturation of T. grandis diaspores is dependent of the year of collection and presents better quality when collected at 120 and 150 days after anthesis. L State Brazil vigor T analysis 201 90 18 anthesis Xray X ray treatments weight out process percentage count percentge 12 15 20 9 1

RESUMO Tendo em vista a importância da produção de Tectona grandis Linn F. no estado de Mato Grosso, é necessário estabelecer cultivos com mudas de excelente qualidade e a seleção de diásporos pode favorecer seu vigor, proporcionando a produção de mudas de maior padrão. O objetivo da pesquisa foi indicar o estágio de maturação ideal dos diásporos de teca por meio da análise de imagens, que garanta a qualidade de sementes e produção de mudas. Diásporos foram coletados nos anos de 2016 e 2017 aos 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias após a antese e analisados quanto à presença de sementes por fruto em equipamento de raios X para compor os tratamentos. Após a seleção, foram analisadas características de cor, área e diâmetro e realizados testes de peso de frutos, germinação e emergência. Os diásporos durante o processo de maturação possuíam maior peso e quantidade de sementes. O aumento da porcentagem da cor amarela e preta foi indicativo da maturação dos diásporos coletados em 2017 e a redução da porcentagem da cor cinza escuro para o ano de 2016. A área e diâmetro dos frutos foram maiores naqueles que continham quatro sementes e a qualidade dos diásporos avaliados, pela germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, estande inicial e emergência, foi superior no ano de 2017, com diásporos contendo 2 e 3 sementes. A maturação dos diásporos de teca são dependentes do ano de coleta e com melhor qualidade quando coletados aos 120 e 150 dias após a antese. F Grosso vigor padrão imagens 201 90 15 18 tratamentos emergência avaliados 12 20 9 1

Abstract El cambio climático es catalogado como el principal problema que enfrenta la humanidad, paralelo a ello se les reconoce a los ecosistemas forestales la función como sumidero de carbono. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar modelos predictivos de biomasa por unidad de área (hectárea) para Tectona grandis y Gmelina arborea, establecidas en plantaciones comerciales a partir de material clonal. La biomasa para cada componente del árbol (hojas, ramas, raíz, fuste) se calculó mediante modelos alométricos desarrollados para ambas especies en estudios anteriores. La información para aplicar dichos modelos se obtuvo de bases de datos sobre mediciones de árboles en parcelas permanentes de muestreo y para cada parcela permanente se calculó la biomasa y el área basal, que luego fueron extrapolados a hectárea. Posteriormente se desarrollaron modelos agregados para la biomasa por hectárea de hojas, ramas, raíces, fuste, para la biomasa leñosa y biomasa total. Todos los modelos mostraron un ajuste (R2) superior al 85 %, con cifras de RCME y EMA inferiores 0,23 y con errores o sesgos de estimación inferior a 2,5 %. Los modelos elegidos se caracterizan por su robustez, precisión y practicidad para su uso, convirtiéndolos en una herramienta muy útil para la predicción de la biomasa.

Resumen Actually, climate change is listed as the main problem facing humanity, parallel to this, forest ecosystems are recognized as carbon sinks. The objective of this work was to develop predictive models of biomass per unit area (hectare) for Tectona grandis and G. arborea arborea, established in commercial plantations from clonal material. The biomass of each component of the tree (leaves, branches, root, stem) was calculated using allometric models developed for both species. The information to apply those models was obtained from databases on tree measurements in permanent sampling plots and for each permanent plot, the biomass, and the basal área were calculated and then extrapolated to a hectare. Later, aggregate models were developed for the biomass per hectare of leaves, branches, roots, stems, for woody biomass and total biomass. All the models showed an adjustment (R2) greater than 85 %, with RCME and EMA values less than 0.23 and errors or estimation biases les than 2.5 %. The chosen models are characterized by their robustness, precision, and practicality of use, making them a very useful tool for predicting biomass.

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere. The objective of the research described below was to estimate the carbon stored from mensuration variables and allometric equations in a Tectona grandis plantation in Michoacán, Mexico. Thus, a mathematical model was adjusted using the Model procedure and Gauss-Newton algorithm. The evaluation of the mathematical model was made from the sum of the square of the error (SCE), the root of the mean quadratic error (REMC) and R2 adj in addition to the significance of its parameters. Compliance with the assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances and independence of waste frequency was verified. The values of the parameters of the adjusted model were SCE=0.0399, REMC=0.0179 and R2 adj=0.82. The Shapiro-Wilk test (0.96), White´s test (12.99) and the Durbin-Watson test (2.01) do not violate regression assumptions and are best for estimation of the dependent variable. The T. grandis plantation has a density of 1 666 trees ha-1, 220.29 m3 ha-1 of wood, basic density 0.59 g cm3 and stores 77.20 ton ha-1 of carbon at 11 years old. The adjusted equation allows to estimate in an indirect way the carbon stored in the trees, it can be adjusted for plantations with similar bioclimatic conditions, in addition it is feasible to incorporate it to the productivity systems to evaluate the potential of the commercial forest plantations as environmental services in order to mitigate the CO2 emissions.

Resumen El bióxido de carbono (CO2) es el principal gas de efecto invernadero (GEI) antropogénico de la atmósfera. El objetivo de la investigación que se describe a continuación consistió en estimar el carbono almacenado a partir de variables dasométricas y ecuaciones alométricas en una plantación de Tectona grandis en Michoacán, México. Para ello se ajustó un modelo matemático mediante procedimiento Model y algoritmo Gauss-Newton. La evaluación del modelo matemático se realizó en función de la suma de cuadrado del error (SCE), la raíz del error medio cuadrático (REMC) y R2 adj además de la significancia de sus parámetros. Se verificó el cumplimiento de los supuestos de normalidad, homogeneidad de varianzas e independencia de la frecuencia de residuos. Los valores de los parámetros del modelo ajustado fueron SCE=0.0399, REMC=0.0179 y R2 adj= 0.82. La prueba de Shapiro-Wilk (0.96), la de White (12.99) y la de Durbin-Watson (2.01) no violan los supuestos de la regresión y son los mejores para la estimación de la variable dependiente. La plantación de T. grandis presenta una densidad de 1 666 árboles ha-1, 220.29 m3 ha-1 de madera, densidad básica 0.59 g cm3 y almacena 77.20 ton ha-1 de carbono a los 11 años de edad. La ecuación ajustada permite estimar de manera indirecta el carbono almacenado en los árboles, puede adecuarse para plantaciones bajo condiciones bioclimáticas similares, y es factible incorporarla a los sistemas de productividad para calcular el potencial de las plantaciones forestales comerciales como proveedoras de servicios ambientales a fin de mitigar las emisiones de CO2.

The effect of the edaphic properties and of the foliar content of nutrients on the growth of 2-year old teak trees in the municipality of Ruiz, Nayarit, was assessed. Three sites within a plantation were chosen, and soil samples were physically and chemically analyzed; besides, the percentage of minerals in the leaves of the upper and lower strata of the canopy, collected at four different times of the year, was determined. The results were correlated with the total height and the stem diameter. The sandy, loamy substratum with little organic matter had an impact on the reduction of the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) and caused a reduction in the concentration of nutrients in the soil and the leaves; all this derived in a reduced development both in height and in diameter. The percentage of clay in the soil was related to the increase in diameter (r= 0.8378); the upper leaves had higher percentages of N, P and K (2.26, 0.19 and 0.63 % respectively), and in the lower leaves there was more Ca; a seasonal variation in the amounts of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn was registered; these increased during the dry season. On the other hand, Zn was favored during the rains; N, P and K kept constant through the year. K and P had a positive influence on teak growth.

Se evaluó el efecto de las propiedades edáficas y del contenido nutrimental foliar en el crecimiento de árboles de teca con 2 años de edad en el municipio Ruiz, Nayarit. Se eligieron tres sitios dentro de una plantación y se analizaron física y químicamente las muestras de suelo; también se determinó el porcentaje de minerales en hojas de los estratos superior e inferior del dosel, colectados en cuatro distintas épocas del año. Los resultados se correlacionaron con la altura total y el diámetro del tallo. El sustrato franco arenoso con poca materia orgánica influyó en la disminución de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC) y ocasionó una reducción en la concentración de nutrientes del suelo y en las hojas; todo ello derivó en un menor desarrollo tanto en la altura, como en el diámetro. El porcentaje de arcilla en el suelo se relacionó con el aumento del diámetro (r= 0.8378), las hojas superiores tuvieron mayores porcentajes de N, P y K (2.26, 0.19 y 0.63 % respectivamente) y en las inferiores hubo más Ca; se registró variación estacional en la cantidad de Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg y Mn; fue más elevada en época seca. En cambio, el Zn se favoreció durante las lluvias; N, P y K se mantuvieron constantes todo el año; K y P incidieron de manera positiva en el crecimiento de teca.

ABSTRACT Impulse tomography analysis is a non-destructive method that enables the visualization of the interior of the wood of trees through the passage of mechanical waves, making it possible to perform a preliminary examination and notice the presence of defects in the wood. ARBOTOM impulse tomography was used to analyze the wood of trees of Tectona grandis, located in Caceres, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It was possible to detect the presence of distinct zones in the wood by varying the speed of the wave mechanics indicated by different colored areas in tomography image. Possibly, these color differences are attributed to variations in wood density and moisture content. nondestructive non destructive waves grandis Caceres Grosso Brazil image Possibly content

RESUMO A análise tomográfica de impulso é um método não destrutivo que permite analisar o interior do lenho de árvores pela passagem de ondas mecânicas, tornando possível realizar uma avaliação prévia e detectar a presença de defeitos na madeira. Utilizou-se o tomógrafo de impulso ARBOTOM para analisar o lenho de árvores de Tectona grandis, localizadas em Cáceres, MT. Os resultados possibilitaram detectar a presença de zonas distintas no lenho através da variação da velocidade de ondas mecânicas indicada por variadas zonas de cores reveladas na imagem tomográfica. Possivelmente, essas diferenças de cores são atribuídas às variações da densidade e umidade da madeira. madeira Utilizouse Utilizou se grandis Cáceres MT Possivelmente

INTRODUCTION: Tectona grandis L. f (teak), Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. (mastic tree) y Cedrela odorata L. (cedar) are wooden plants that are fundamentally used because of their wood. In Cuba, some parts of these plants are employed in herbal medicine, although few studies have been conducted to find out their antimicrobial properties. OBJETIVES: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in vitro of extracts from various parts of these species. METHODS: ethanolic extracts from T. grandis and B simaruba leaves and barks as well as from C.odorata leaves, bark and wood were prepared. They were tested against 8 bacterial strains (4 Grampositive and 4 Gramnegative) and against 12 strains of 7 Candida genus yeast species by using minimized method of radial diffusion in agar medium in a single cylindrical cut layer. The minimal inhibitory concentration of these extracts against the susceptible microbial strains was estimated, and the minimal bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations were determined through double serial dilutions in broth with further transfer to agar medium. RESULTS: five out of the 7 ethanolic extracts showed antimicrobial activity. No antifungal activity was found against any of the yeast strains. Of the five active extracts, 3 showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity whereas the rest exhibited bacteriostatic properties only. CONCLUSIONS: the active extracts revealed their antimicrobial action against the Grampositive bacteria only, and the best results were found in extracts from teak leaves and bark; mastic tree bark and cedar wood.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Tectona grandis L. f. (teca), Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. (almácigo) y Cedrela odorata L. (cedro) son plantas maderables que se explotan fundamentalmente por su madera. En Cuba, algunas de las partes de estas plantas se utilizan en medicina tradicional, aunque pocos han sido los estudios para conocer sus propiedades antimicrobianas. OBJETIVOS: evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de extractos de diferentes partes de estas especies. MÉTODOS: se prepararon extractos etanólicos de follaje y corteza de T. grandis y B. simaruba; así como de follaje, corteza y madera de C. odorata, los cuales se probaron frente a 8 cepas de bacterias (4 grampositivas y 4 gramnegativas) y 12 cepas de 7 especies de levaduras del género Candida por el método minimizado de difusión radial en medio agarizado en una sola capa con cortes cilíndricos. A los extractos activos se les determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria frente a las cepas microbianas que fueron susceptibles, y las concentraciones mínimas bactericidas y fungicidas se determinaron mediante diluciones dobles seriadas en caldo con pases posteriores a medio agarizado. RESULTADOS: 5 de los 7 extractos alcohólicos preparados presentaron actividad antimicrobiana. El porcentaje de bacterias sensibles varió entre 12,5 y 50 %. No se encontró actividad antifúngica frente a ninguna de las cepas de levaduras utilizadas. De los 5 extractos activos, 3 presentaron actividad bacteriostática y bactericida, mientras que el resto solo presentó actividad bacteriostática. CONCLUSIONES: los extractos activos solo presentaron actividad antimicrobiana frente a las bacterias grampositivas y los mejores resultados correspondieron a los extractos de follaje y corteza de teca, corteza de almácigo y madera de cedro.