Abstract LAI measurement using a direct method is time-consuming, while other instruments like Ceptometer, Hemispherical Photography, and LI-COR require high investment. This study aims to develop allometric equations for estimating the LAI of community forest tree species. Destructive sampling was conducted on 45 trees from three different species, i.e., Tectona grandis, Swietenia macrophylla, and Falcataria moluccana . The allometric equations were developed using regression analysis with two predictor variables, namely diameter at breast height ( D ) and tree height ( H ). LAI varied among species, wherein the highest average of LAI was recorded in S. macrophylla (1.03±0.03), followed by T. grandis (0.28±0.07) and F. moluccana (0.23±0.03). Our study found that the equation LAI = 0.01 D 1.15 was reliable as a generalized allometric equation to estimate the LAI of three species with an RMSE of 0.39. We concluded that the allometric equation could facilitate LAI estimation in community forests. timeconsuming, timeconsuming time consuming, consuming time-consuming Ceptometer Photography LICOR LI COR investment 4 ie i e i.e. variables S 1.03±0.03, 103003 1.03±0.03 , 1 03 0 (1.03±0.03) T 0.28±0.07 028007 28 07 (0.28±0.07 F 0.23±0.03. 023003 0.23±0.03 23 (0.23±0.03) 001 01 0.0 115 15 1.1 039 39 0.39 forests i.e 10300 1.03±0.0 (1.03±0.03 0.28±0.0 02800 2 (0.28±0.0 02300 0.23±0.0 (0.23±0.03 00 0. 11 1. 3 0.3 1030 1.03±0. (1.03±0.0 0.28±0. 0280 (0.28±0. 0230 0.23±0. (0.23±0.0 103 1.03±0 (1.03±0. 0.28±0 028 (0.28±0 023 0.23±0 (0.23±0. 10 1.03± (1.03±0 0.28± 02 (0.28± 0.23± (0.23±0 1.03 (1.03± 0.28 (0.28 0.23 (0.23± 1.0 (1.03 0.2 (0.2 (0.23 (1.0 (0. (1. (0 (1

RESUMO A densidade de árvores é um aspecto importante no planejamento de sistemas silvipastoris (SPS), uma vez que a baixa luminosidade pode limitar a perenidade da forragem, principalmente para forrageiras tropicais de metabolismo C4. O objetivo com este estudo foi verificar se um SPS com alta densidade de árvores acelera o processo de degradação da pastagem e altera a composição química da forragem. O experimento foi realizado comparando a pastagem de capim-marandu [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] em dois sistemas: silvipastoril e pastagem aberta. No SPS foi plantada teca (Tectona grandis) com densidade de 750 árvores ha-1. As avaliações foram realizadas ao longo de três anos (2015, 2016 e 2017). O sombreamento SPS reduziu a massa de forragem, a densidade de perfilhos e a cobertura do solo ao longo dos anos. No capim-marandu no SPS houve maior proporção de colmos, o que favoreceu menor potencial digestível de matéria seca no primeiro ano. Mesmo com maior quantidade de colmo, maior concentração de proteína bruta e minerais foram observados no SPS. Devido à alta densidade de árvores, o sombreamento excessivo acelerou o processo de degradação da pastagem, o que demonstra que o planejamento da ordenação espacial das espécies arbóreas é fundamental. SPS, , (SPS) forragem C4 C capimmarandu capim marandu Urochloa Hochst. Hochst (Hochst Rich. Rich R D Webster aberta Tectona grandis 75 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 2015, 2015 (2015 201 2017. 2017 . 2017) colmos ano colmo fundamental (SPS 7 ha- (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

ABSTRACT Tree density is an important aspect in silvopastoral system (SPS) planning, since low luminosity can limit forage perenniality, especially for tropical forages of C4 metabolism. The objective with this study was to verify if an SPS with high tree density accelerates the pasture degradation process and changes the forage chemical composition. The experiment was carried out by comparison of marandu palisade grass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] pasture in two systems: silvopastoral and open pasture. In the SPS, teak (Tectona grandis) was planted with a density of 750 trees ha-1. Evaluations were carried out over three years (2015, 2016 and 2017). SPS shading reduced herbage mass, tiller density and soil cover over the years. In the marandu palisade grass in the SPS there was a greater stem proportion, which favoured lesser potential digestible dry matter in the first year. Even with a higher amount of stem, higher crude protein concentration and minerals were observed in the SPS. Due to the high density of trees, excessive shading accelerated the process of degradation of the pasture, which demonstrates that planning of the spatial arrangement of tree species is crucial. (SPS perenniality C metabolism composition Urochloa Hochst. Hochst (Hochst A Rich. Rich R D Webster systems Tectona grandis 75 ha1. ha1 ha 1. 1 ha-1 2015, 2015 (2015 201 2017. 2017 . 2017) mass proportion year crucial 7 ha- (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumo As plantações enfrentam continuamente desafios climáticos que podem impedir seu estabelecimento inicial no campo, afetando adversamente sua produtividade geral. Em um esforço para estabelecer protocolos para plantações florestais que abordem desafios potenciais decorrentes de variações climáticas globais, os reguladores de crescimento desempenham um papel significativo. O uso de reguladores de crescimento vegetal nos estágios iniciais de crescimento e estabelecimento de espécies florestais é limitado, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a morfofisiologia de clones de Tectona grandis em resposta a diferentes regimes hídricos e concentrações de paclobutrazol aplicadas ao solo. O experimento seguiu um delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro blocos e um esquema fatorial 5x3. Este esquema incluiu cinco concentrações de PBZ: 0,0 (controle), 1,0, 2,0, 4,0 e 8,0 mg planta-1, e três níveis de disponibilidade de água: 40%, 70% e 100% da capacidade de campo. Não houve interação entre a concentração de PBZ e os fatores do regime hídrico. Com base na análise aplicada a cada tratamento, as variáveis morfológicas e fisiológicas das plantas não responderam ao uso de diferentes concentrações de PBZ. No entanto, diferenças significativas foram observadas em algumas características morfológicas e fisiológicas. A maior disponibilidade hídrica proporcionada por 100% da capacidade de campo levou ao maior aumento nos valores de diâmetro do caule, raiz e massa seca total. Os clones de Tectona grandis apresentaram aumento na eficiência de carboxilação e eficiência no uso da água a 40% da capacidade de campo. geral globais significativo limitado solo 5x3 x 00 0 0, controle, controle , (controle) 10 1 1,0 20 2 2,0 40 4 4, 80 8 8, planta1, planta1 planta 1, planta-1 70 100 hídrico tratamento entanto caule total 5x (controle 2, planta- 7

Abstract Plantations continually confront climatic challenges that may impede their initial establishment in the field, thereby adversely affecting their overall productivity. In order to establish protocols for forest plantations that address potential challenges arising from global climate variations, growth regulators play a significant role. The use of plant growth regulators in early forest species’ growth and establishment stages is limited. The present study assessed the morphophysiology of Tectona grandis clones in response to different water regimes and paclobutrazol concentrations applied to the soil. The experiment followed a randomized block design with four blocks and a 5x3 factorial scheme. This scheme included five concentrations of PBZ: 0.0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg plant-1, and three levels of water availability: 40%, 70%, and 100% of field capacity. There was no interaction between PBZ concentration and water regime factors. Based on the analysis applied to each treatment, plants’ morphological and physiological variables did not respond to the use of different PBZ concentrations, although significant differences were observed in some morphological and physiological traits. The higher water availability provided by 100% field capacity led to the highest increase in stem diameter, root and total dry mass values. Tectona grandis clones presented increased carboxylation efficiency and water-use efficiency at 40% field capacity. productivity variations role species limited soil x 5x 00 0 0. control, control , (control) 10 1 1.0 20 2 2.0 40 4 4.0 80 8 8. plant1, plant1 1, plant-1 70 70% 100 factors treatment plants traits diameter values wateruse (control 1. 2. 4. plant- 7

Resumen Los reguladores de crecimiento facilitan la propagación y aumentan el rendimiento en la producción de plantas. La adición en diferentes cantidades determina una mayor efectividad en la regeneración celular. Por tanto, este estudio evaluó el efecto de varias dosis del GA3 (ácido giberélico) y de la BAP (bencilaminopurina) en la productividad de minijardines clonales de teca en San Carlos, Costa Rica. Se estableció un ensayo con diseño factorial (2x4). Como factor (A) se utilizó al GA3 y la BAP, mientras que como factor (B) las dosis 0, 5, 10 y 20 mgl-1. El análisis de varianza y pruebas de comparación mostraron que el uso del GA3 aumentó significativamente la producción y longitud de brotes. Y, el BAP no presentó efectos significativos en la producción. La aplicación de 10 y 20 mgl-1 de GA3 aumentó la producción de brotes por planta madre de 1,02 a 1,47 y 1,50 aumentando la producción en un 44 y 47 % respectivamente, en cosecha quincenal ordinaria, y 169 hasta 172 brotes por metro cuadrado correspondiente a un 38 y 33 %. Al aplicar 5 mgl-1 hasta 20 mgl-1 de GA3 se obtuvo brotes desde 4,19 a 4,44 cm de longitud. En la tasa de enraizamiento, las diferencias se presentaron en el GA3 que demostró ser superior al BAP en un 49% para el enraizamiento diario medio, con una velocidad de 1,30 brotes por día. En conclusión, aplicar 10 mgl-1 de GA3 es suficiente para aumentar el rendimiento en la productividad de minijardines clonales de teca.

Abstract Growth regulators facilitate propagation and increase yield in plant production. Adding different amounts of regulators cause greater effectiveness in cell regeneration. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different doses of GA3 (gibberellic acid) and BAP (benzylaminopurine) on the productivity of clonal teak mini gardens in San Carlos, Costa Rica. A trial with a factorial design (2x4) was established. GA3 and BAP were used as factor (A), while doses of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mgl-1 were used as factor (B). The analysis of variance and comparison tests showed that the use of GA3 significantly increased shoot production and shoot length, while BAP had no significant effect on production. The application of 10 and 20 mgl-1 of GA3 increased shoot production per mother plant from 1.02 to 1.47 and 1.50 increasing the production by 44 and 47 % respectively, in ordinary biweekly harvest, and 169 to 172 shoots per square meter corresponding to 38 and 33 %. When 5 mgl-1 to 20 mgl-1 of GA3 were applied, shoots from 4.19 to 4.44 cm in length were obtained. In the rooting rate, the differences were presented in GA3 which proved to be superior to BAP by 49% for the average daily rooting, with a rate of 1.30 shoots per day. In conclusion, applying 10 mgl-1 of GA3 is sufficient to increase the productivity performance of clonal teak mini gardens.

ABSTRACT Bearing in mind the importance of Tectona grandis L. production in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, it is necessary to establish crops with seedlings of excellent quality, and the selection of diaspores can improve seed vigor, thus providing better quality to the seedlings. It was aimed to indicate the ideal stage of maturation of T. grandis diaspores through image analysis, guaranteeing seed quality and seedling production. T. grandis diaspores were collected in the years 2016 and 2017 at 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after anthesis. The material collected was analyzed for the presence of seeds per fruit in X-ray equipment to compose the treatments. After this selection, the variables color, area, and diameter were analyzed, and fruit weight, germination, and emergence tests were carried out. The diaspores along the maturation process, had higher amount of seeds and higher weight. The increase in the colors yellow and black was na indicative of the maturation for T. grandis diaspores collected in 2017, and the reduction of the percentagem of dark gray color for the diaspores collected in 2016. Fruit area and diameter was higher in those who had four seeds and the diaspore quality evaluated by the germination percentage, germination first count, initial stand and emergence percentgevary according to the amount of seeds present in the diaspore, being higher for diaspores containing 4 seeds. Diaspore quality was evaluated by germination percentage, first germination count, initial stand, and emergence percentge, was superior in the 2017, with diaspores having 2 na 3 seeds. The maturation of T. grandis diaspores is dependent of the year of collection and presents better quality when collected at 120 and 150 days after anthesis. L State Brazil vigor T analysis 201 90 18 anthesis Xray X ray treatments weight out process percentage count percentge 12 15 20 9 1

RESUMO Tendo em vista a importância da produção de Tectona grandis Linn F. no estado de Mato Grosso, é necessário estabelecer cultivos com mudas de excelente qualidade e a seleção de diásporos pode favorecer seu vigor, proporcionando a produção de mudas de maior padrão. O objetivo da pesquisa foi indicar o estágio de maturação ideal dos diásporos de teca por meio da análise de imagens, que garanta a qualidade de sementes e produção de mudas. Diásporos foram coletados nos anos de 2016 e 2017 aos 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias após a antese e analisados quanto à presença de sementes por fruto em equipamento de raios X para compor os tratamentos. Após a seleção, foram analisadas características de cor, área e diâmetro e realizados testes de peso de frutos, germinação e emergência. Os diásporos durante o processo de maturação possuíam maior peso e quantidade de sementes. O aumento da porcentagem da cor amarela e preta foi indicativo da maturação dos diásporos coletados em 2017 e a redução da porcentagem da cor cinza escuro para o ano de 2016. A área e diâmetro dos frutos foram maiores naqueles que continham quatro sementes e a qualidade dos diásporos avaliados, pela germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, estande inicial e emergência, foi superior no ano de 2017, com diásporos contendo 2 e 3 sementes. A maturação dos diásporos de teca são dependentes do ano de coleta e com melhor qualidade quando coletados aos 120 e 150 dias após a antese. F Grosso vigor padrão imagens 201 90 15 18 tratamentos emergência avaliados 12 20 9 1

Resumen Introducción. Tectona grandis es la especie con la mayor área plantada en Costa Rica, por los altos precios en el mercado internacional. La producción de plantas para reforestación se ha tecnificado en el país, se desarrolla basado en tecnologías de ambientes protegidos, que permiten aumentar la productividad, disminuir costos de operación y ofrecer material de siembra durante todo el año. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de dos sustratos y cinco densidades de siembra en la productividad de minijardines clonales de Tectona grandis dentro de un ambiente protegido. Materiales y métodos. Se caracterizaron mediante análisis de granulometría y retención de humedad, cuatro sustratos inertes de fácil adquisición, de ellos se seleccionó el polvo de piedra como óptimo. Se estableció un ensayo experimental con diseño factorial 2x5 en San Carlos, Costa Rica, para evaluar dos sustratos (polvo de piedra solo y con 25 % de carbón) y cinco densidades de siembra (cm) de 10x10, 10x5, 7x5, 10x10 con dos plantas por hoyo y 10x10 con una planta en el medio. Cada densidad tuvo cuatro clones como efecto repetición. El ensayo se evaluó durante cinco ciclos continuos de producción de enero a setiembre del 2021. Resultados. El uso del polvo de piedra sin carbón como sustrato, registró la mayor productividad a un menor costo. El arreglo espacial de siembra de 10x10 cm con una planta en el centro (n=145 plantas/m2), registró la mayor producción de brotes por planta madre (1,16). El arreglo 7x5 cm aumentó la productividad hasta en 206 brotes m2/mes. Conclusión. El cambio de densidad de siembra del minijardín clonal, en una primera etapa a 10x10 cm con una planta en el centro, resultó en alto impacto en productividad (74 %), mayor eficiencia en el uso del espacio y mejor gradualidad del cambio en el sistema operativo.

Abstract Introduction. Tectona grandis is the species with the largest planted area in Costa Rica, due to the high prices in the international market. The production of plants for reforestation has been technified in the country and is currently being developed based on protected environment technologies, which increase productivity, reduce operating costs, and offer planting material throughout the year. Objective. To evaluate the effect of two substrates and five planting densities on the productivity of clonal mini-gardens of Tectona grandis in a protected environment. Materials and methods. Four readily available inert substrates were characterized by granulometry and moisture retention analysis, from which stone dust was selected as the optimum substrate. An experimental trial with a 2x5 factorial design was established in San Carlos, Costa Rica to evaluate two substrates (stone dust alone and with 25 % charcoal) and five planting densities (cm) of 10x10, 10x5, 7x5, 10x10 with two plants per hole and 10x10 with one plant in the middle. Each density had four clones as a replicate effect. The trial was evaluated during five continuous production cycles from January to September 2021. Results. The use of stone dust as substrate, without charcoal, recorded the highest productivity at a lower cost. The spatial planting arrangement of 10x10 cm with one plant in the middle (n=145 plants/m2), recorded the highest shoot production per mother plant (1.16). The 7x5 cm arrangement increased productivity by up to 206 shoots m2/month. Conclusion. The change in planting density of the clonal mini-garden, in a first stage to 10x10cm with an additional plant in the center, resulted in a high impact on productivity (74 %), greater efficiency in the use of space, and a better gradual change in the operating system.

Resumen. Las raíces finas (≤ 2 mm de diámetro) en los árboles son de vida corta, en condiciones de sequía y baja fertilidad éstas alcanzan mayor longitud por unidad de volumen de suelo; así, la densidad de longitud de raíces es una variable que indica el potencial de absorción de agua y nutrientes que tiene el árbol. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la densidad de longitud de raíces finas (DLRF) su distribución en profundidad y distancia de la base del árbol de teca, por el efecto de la fertilización sintética y abono verde. La metodología utilizada fue la del cilindro, a los 36 meses de edad de los árboles de teca, se tomaron muestras verticales de suelos, cada 10 cm hasta 40 cm de profundidad en las cuatro caras del perfil; y a los 46 meses se muestreó horizontalmente a tres distancias de la base del árbol: 50, 100 y 175 cm, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Los resultados muestran que los tratamientos con mayor DLRF fueron: la dosis 60-60-60 kg ha-1 sin abono verde y el testigo con abono verde. La DLRF fue mayor en la profundidad 20-30 cm y 10-20 cm a los 38 y 46 meses. La distancia de 50 cm de la base del árbol mostró mayor DLRF (0.75 km.m−3). La DLRF disminuyó cuando se incrementó la dosis de fertilización sintética o cuando se estableció abono verde (Crotalaria juncea L.).

Abstract. The fine roots (≤ 2 mm in diameter) in the trees are short-lived, in conditions of drought and low fertility they reach a greater length per unit volume of soil; Thus, the root length density is a variable that indicates the water and nutrient absorption potential of the tree. The objective of this study was to estimate the fine root length density (DLRF) its distribution in depth and distance from the base of the three-year-old teak tree, due to the effect of chemical fertilization and a green manure. The methodology used was that of the cylinder, at 36 months of age of the teak trees, vertical soil samples were taken, every 10 cm up to 40 cm deep on the four faces of the profile; and at 46 months it was sampled horizontally at three distances from the base of the tree: 50, 100 and 175 cm, in a randomized complete block design. The results show that the treatments with the highest DLRF were: the 60-60-60 kg ha-1 dose without Green Manure and the control with Green Manure. The DLRF was greater at depth 20-30 cm and 10-20 cm at 38 and 46 months. At a distance of 50 cm from the base of the tree, it showed higher DLRF (0.75 km.m−3). The DLRF decreased when the chemical fertilization dose was increased or when green manure (Crotalaria juncea L.) was established.

Resumen. Los modelos alométricos son de vital importancia ya que permiten estimar la biomasa aérea en cada uno de sus componentes (hojas, ramas, fuste y total) del árbol. El objetivo del estudio fue ajustar modelos alométricos para estimar biomasa aérea por componentes en árboles individuales de Tectona grandis L. f. en Tizimín, Yucatán. La biomasa aérea se estimó mediante el método directo, se derribó en campo un total de 32 individuos, cada árbol se separó por componente; hojas, ramas y fuste y se determinó el peso verde, se extrajeron submuestras de los componentes para determinar la relación peso seco-peso verde. Para obtener la biomasa se multiplicó el peso verde total de cada componente por su relación correspondiente. Para cada componente se ajustaron ecuaciones lineales y no lineales, mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. El modelo no lineal (potencial) mostró mejor ajuste, presentando el componente fuste y total registraron un R2 de 0.96 en T. grandis L. f. La proporción de biomasa en cada uno de sus componentes fue diferente, siendo el fuste el de mayor porcentaje con un 48%, seguido de ramas con 35 y 17% en hojas.

Abstract. Allometric models are of vital importance since they allow estimating the aerial biomass in each of its components (leaves, branches, stem and total) of the tree. The objective of the study was to adjust allometric models to estimate aerial biomass by components in individual trees of Tectona grandis L. f. in Tizimin, Yucatan. Aerial biomass was estimated using the direct method, a total of 32 individuals were shot down in the field, each tree was separated by component; leaves, branches and stem and the green weight was determined, subsamples of the components were extracted to determine the dry weight-green weight relationship. To obtain the biomass, the total green weight of each component was multiplied by its corresponding ratio. Linear and non-linear equations were adjusted for each component, using the method of ordinary least squares. The non-linear (potential) model showed a better fit, presenting the stem and total component they registered an R2 of 0.96 in T. grandis L. f. The proportion of biomass in each of its components was different, being the stem the one with the highest percentage with 48%, followed by branches with 35 and 17% leaves.

Resumen Se realizó un estudio en plantaciones de Tectona grandis de cinco años ubicadas en la región amazónica del Perú, con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en crecimiento, productividad, índices silviculturales y calidad. Se evaluaron 19 parcelas permanentes de monitoreo en 20.7 ha, distribuidas en cuatro zonas. Los parámetros dasométricos determinaron las variables cuantitativas, mientras que la ponderación de las variables cualitativas determinó la calidad inicial de la plantación. Los resultados muestran una plantación de buena calidad y espesura estable, con valores elevados de crecimiento y productividad, reportando diámetros de 16.93 cm y alturas de 13.27 m. Los incrementos medios anuales del diámetro y la altura fueron de 3.39 cm.año-1 y 2.66 m.año-1 respectivamente. Asimismo, se obtuvo un incremento medio anual volumétrico de 16.109 m3.ha-1.año-1. Este estudio contribuye a la toma de decisiones para la planificación de actividades silvícolas y muestra el comportamiento de la especie para futuras plantaciones en la región.

Abstract A study was carried out in five-year-old plantations of Tectona grandis located in the Amazon region of Peru, in order to evaluate the response in growth, productivity, silvicultural indices, and quality. Nineteen permanent monitoring plots in 20.7 ha distributed in four zones were evaluated. The dasometric parameters determined the quantitative variables, while the weighting of the qualitative variables determined the initial quality of the plantation. The results show a plantation of good quality and stable thickness, with high growth and productivity values, reporting diameters of 16.93 cm and heights of 13.27 m. The mean annual increases in diameter and height were 3.39 cm.yr-1 and 2.66 m.yr-1, respectively. Moreover, a mean annual volumetric increase of 16.109 m3.ha-1.yr-1 was obtained. This study contributes to decision-making for the planning of silvicultural activities, and it shows the behavior of teak for future plantations in the region.

ABSTRACT The insertion of the tree component in coffee production is a strategy from an economic and environmental perspective. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal influence on the agronomic and productive performance of the coffee crop under the interference of different tree species as a function of spacing. The experiment was set in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Amparo-MG, in 2012, and conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were: cultivar ‘Catuai Vermelho IAC 99’ in monoculture (3.40 m x 0.65 m) and intercropped with African mahogany, teak and pink cedar, in two spacings (9 x 13.6 m and 18 x 13.6 m), in coffee rows. Three coffee rows were fixed between rows, totaling 13.6 m. The following variables were evaluated: height (m), stem diameter (cm), crown diameter (m), productivity (bags ha-1) and yield (l/sc) for coffee. From the evaluations, there is a significant effect of height, productivity and yield for the coffee crop. The system intercropped with tree species did not influence coffee productivity and yield until the 3rd harvest and, for the 5th harvest, intercropping with mahogany favored productivity, although the accumulated productivity did not show any treatment effect. perspective Thus spacing AmparoMG, AmparoMG Amparo MG, MG Amparo-MG 2012 replications Catuai 99 3.40 340 3 40 (3.4 065 0 65 0.6 cedar 9 ( 136 13 6 13. 1 m, , evaluated (m) cm, cm (cm) bags ha1 ha ha-1 l/sc lsc l sc (l/sc evaluations rd th 201 3.4 34 4 (3. 06 0. (m (cm ha- 20 3. (3 2

Abstract The diversity of forest species is an intrinsic characteristic of the Amazon biome, with litter being the main responsible for the largest portion of nutrients returned to the soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify the annual production of burlap and to determine the rate of decomposition over one year, comparing the results in the different study environments. The study was developed in the municipality of Humaitá-AM. For the evaluation of the litter production, ten cone collectors were randomly installed in each study area. Each litter sample was placed separately in properly identified paper bags and taken to the laboratory and dried in a forced air circulation oven at 65 ° C. The litter decomposition rate was estimated by mass loss analysis using litter bags. Litter production with the highest annual average was 8,03 Mg ha-1 year -1 for the native forest environment, with no significant difference for the other study areas. Among the fractions of the litter that contributed the most to the leaf, reaching a higher average percentage in the year of 72,1% for the environment of reforestation with teak (Tectona grandis L.). The decomposition of litter occurred more rapidly (0.0025 g g-1 day) in the reforestation environment with genipap (Genipa americana L.), requiring 277,26 days to decompose half of the leaf material. biome soil Thus environments HumaitáAM. HumaitáAM Humaitá AM. AM Humaitá-AM area 6 C 803 8 03 8,0 ha1 ha 1 ha- - areas 721 72 72,1 Tectona L.. L L. . L.) 0.0025 00025 0 0025 (0.002 g1 g- day Genipa L., , 27726 277 26 277,2 material 80 8, 7 72, 0.002 0002 002 (0.00 2772 27 2 277, 0.00 000 00 (0.0 0.0 (0. 0. (0 (

Resumo A diversidade de espécies florestais é uma característica intrínseca do bioma Amazônico, sendo a serapilheira a principal responsável pela maior parcela dos nutrientes devolvidos ao solo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a produção anual de serapilheira e determinar a velocidade de decomposição ao longo de um ano, comparando os resultados nos diferentes ambientes de estudo. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Humaitá-AM. Para a avaliação da produção de serapilheira, foram instalados de modo aleatório dez coletores cônicos em área de Floresta Nativa, área de Reflorestamento com Teca (Tectona grandis L), área de Reflorestamento com Jenipapo (Genipa americana L.) e ambiente de Reflorestamento considerado Misto, composto pelas espécies Mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King.), Andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.), Jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), Teca (Tectona grandis L.) e Sumauma (Ceiba pentandra). Cada amostra de serapilheira foi colocada, separadamente, em sacos de papel devidamente identificados e levadas para laboratório e secas em estufa de circulação de ar forçado a 65°C. A estimativa da taxa de decomposição da serapilheira foi feita pela análise de perda de massa utilizando-se litter bags. A produção de serapilheira média anual foi de 8,03 Mg ha-1 ano-1 para o ambiente de floresta nativa, e não houve diferença significativa para as demais áreas de estudo. Entre as frações da serapilheira, a que mais contribuiu foi a foliar, atingindo maior média percentual no ano de 72,1% para o ambiente de reflorestamento com teca (Tectona grandis L.). A decomposição da serapilheira ocorreu de forma mais acelerada (0,0025 g g-1dia) no ambiente de reflorestamento com jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), sendo necessários 277,26 dias para que fosse decomposta metade do material foliar. Amazônico solo HumaitáAM. HumaitáAM Humaitá AM. AM Humaitá-AM Nativa Tectona L, L , L) Genipa L. Misto Swietenia King., King King. King.) Carapa Aubl., Aubl Aubl. Aubl.) L., Ceiba pentandra. pentandra . pentandra) colocada separadamente 65C C 65 65°C utilizandose utilizando se bags 803 8 03 8,0 ha1 ha 1 ha- ano1 ano- nativa foliar 721 72 72,1 L.. 0,0025 00025 0 0025 (0,002 g1dia gdia 1dia dia g-1dia 27726 277 26 277,2 6 80 8, 7 72, 0,002 0002 002 (0,00 2772 27 2 277, 0,00 000 00 (0,0 0,0 (0, 0, (0 (

Abstract The present study was developed with the objective of providing equations to estimate the volume, assortments (tapering functions) and the construction of site curves, seeking to forecast the growth and production of a Teak stand located in the municipality of Alta Floresta, Northern region of the state of Mato Grosso, using a growth and forest production simulator called SisTeca. 154 permanent plots were used, whose remedies totaled 909 observations covering ages 2 to 14 years, in addition to the cubing of 139 trees by the Smalian method. The Schumacher-Hall model was adjusted to estimate individual volumes, the fifth-degree taper function to estimate assortments and the Schumacher model for the construction of site curves. At the end, projections were made with SisTeca using the original equations (default) and inserting into the SisTeca the volume, tapering and site equations developed in this research. The adjusted volume, tapering and site equations for Teak stands in the Alta Floresta region, state of Mato Grosso, showed good results of adjustment and precision and are important tools for Teca, either to estimate current stocks or to be inserted in systems growth and production like SisTeca. The EMBRAPA simulator for Teca, when equipped with the dendrometric tools developed in the research, generated better prognosis, compared to the observed values from the plots available for the species in the region of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso. Thus, the need to acquire more representative data for the species is emphasized, both in terms of age and site to develop robust growth and production systems and / or more efficient dendrometric tools to calibrate the SisTeca. volume functions curves Grosso 15 used 90 1 years 13 method SchumacherHall Hall volumes fifthdegree fifth degree end default (default research Teca prognosis Thus emphasized 9

Resumo O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com objetivo de disponibilizar equações para estimar o volume, sortimentos (funções de afilamento) e a construção de curvas de sítio, buscando realizar a prognose do crescimento e da produção de um povoamento de Teca localizado no município de Alta Floresta, região Norte do estado de Mato Grosso, utilizando um simulador de crescimento e produção florestal denominado SisTeca. Foram utilizadas 154 parcelas permanentes, cujas remedições totalizaram 909 observações, contemplando as idades 2 a 14 anos, além da cubagem de 139 árvores pelo método de Smalian. Foram ajustados o modelo de Schumacher-Hall para estimar os volumes individuais, a função de afilamento de quinto grau para estimar sortimentos e o modelo de Schumacher para a construção de curvas de sítio. Ao final foram realizadas projeções com o SisTeca usando as equações originais (default) e inserindo no SisTeca as equações de volume, afilamento e sítio desenvolvidas nesta pesquisa. As equações de volume, afilamento e sítio ajustadas para povoamentos de Teca na região de Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso, apresentaram bons resultados de ajuste e precisão e são ferramentas importantes para o manejo da Teca, seja para estimar estoques correntes, seja para inserção em sistemas de crescimento e produção como o SisTeca. O simulador da EMBRAPA para a Teca quando munido com as equações dendrométricas desenvolvidas na pesquisa gerou melhores prognoses, comparativamente aos valores observados oriundos das parcelas disponíveis para a espécie na região de Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso. Dessa forma, ressalta-se a necessidade de aquisição de dados mais representativos para a espécie, tanto em termos de idades como de sítio, no sentido de desenvolver sistemas de crescimento e produção robustos e/ou ferramentas dendrométricas mais eficientes visando calibrar o SisTeca. volume funções Floresta Grosso 15 permanentes 90 observações 1 anos 13 Smalian SchumacherHall Hall individuais default (default correntes prognoses forma ressaltase ressalta se eou ou 9

Resumen La teca es una de las especies comerciales plantadas en el trópico con mayor valor en el mundo. La cooperativa internacional de mejoramiento genético GENFORES, establecida en Costa Rica, ha liderado el mejoramiento genético de la especie en América Latina. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de seleccionar los clones con mayor adaptabilidad específica al Pacífico seco de Costa Rica y de otras regiones tropicales secas. La investigación se desarrolló en Nicoya, Guanacaste (Pacífico norte de Costa Rica), donde se evaluaron 31 genotipos durante 13 años continuos (2006-2019), con base en el crecimiento en diámetro, volumen comercial y la calidad del fuste. Mediante el software Selegen-REML/BLUP se obtuvieron los parámetros genéticos, el ranking de selección y la ganancia genética estimada. A los 8,9 años fue la edad más temprana donde se registraron los valores más altos de heredabilidad individual y de heredabilidad media clonal para el diámetro (h2g = 0,12 y h2mc = 0,82) y para el volumen comercial (h2g = 0,075 y h2mc= 0,74). Plantaciones comerciales establecidas con los mejores 10 clones, a los 12,9 años de edad podrían alcanzar un volumen comercial de 0,88 m3árbol-1, que corresponde a una ganancia genética de un 11% con respecto a la mejor semilla comercial disponible del huerto semillero. El diámetro alcanzaría 28 cm a esta misma edad. Tales resultados permitirán reducir cerca de 2 años la edad de cosecha de plantaciones de teca en el Pacífico seco del país.

Resumo A teca é uma das espécies comerciais mais valiosas plantadas nos trópicos do mundo. A cooperativa internacional de melhoramento genético GENFORES, estabelecida na Costa Rica, liderou o melhoramento genético da espécie na América Latina. O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de selecionar os clones com maior adaptabilidade específica no Pacífico Seco da Costa Rica e outras regiões tropicais secas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em Nicoya, Guanacaste (Pacífico Norte da Costa Rica), onde 31 genótipos foram avaliados ao longo de 13 anos contínuos (2006-2019), com base no crescimento do diâmetro, volume comercial e qualidade do eixo. Por meio do software Selegen-REML/BLUP, foram obtidos os parâmetros genéticos, o ranking de seleção e o ganho genético estimado. Aos 8,9 anos foi a idade mais antiga onde os maiores valores de hereditariedade individual e herdabilidade clonal média foram registrados para o diâmetro (h2g = 0,12 e h2mc = 0,82) e para o volume comercial (h2g = 0,075 e h2mc = 0,74). Plantações comerciais estabelecidas com os 10 melhores clones, com 12,9 anos de idade, poderiam atingir um volume comercial de 0,88m3 árvore-1,, o que corresponde a um ganho genético de 11% em relação à melhor semente comercial disponível do pomar de sementes. O diâmetro chegaria a 28 cm nesta mesma idade. Tais resultados permitirão a redução de cerca de dois anos a idade de colheita das plantações de teca no Pacífico Seco do país.

Abstract Teak has the highest value of any commercially planted tree species in the tropics. The tree improvement international cooperative GENFORES, established in Costa Rica, has led breeding programs with this tree species in Latin America. This investigation was undertaken with the objective of selecting the clones which are best adapted to the dry Pacific zone of Costa Rica, as well as for other dry regions in the tropics. Research was carried out in Nicoya, in the province of Guanacaste (in the northern Pacific region of Costa Rica), where 31 genotypes were evaluated for 13 continuous years, in terms of diameter growth, commercial volume, and stem quality. Genetic parameters were obtained using Selegen-REML/BLUP software, as were selection rankings and estimated genetic gain. The highest values for individual heritability and mean clonal heritability for diameter (h2g = 0.12 and h2mc = 0.82), and for commercial volume (h2g = 0.075 and h2mc = 0.74) were obtained for trees that were 8.9 years old. Commercial plantations established with the best 10 clones, with an age of 12.9 years, may attain a commercial volume of 0.88 m3 per tree, corresponding to a genetic gain of 11% with respect to the best available seed source from a seed orchard, while diameter would reach 28 cm at the same age. These results allow a reduction of approximately two years of the age at which teak can be harvested in the dry Pacific zone of the country.

Resumen El conocimiento detallado de la estructura de las plantaciones de teca es necesario para los planes de gestión sostenible. La integración de variables de teledetección con la modelización geoestadística en plantaciones de teca ha sido poco estudiada y, por tanto, el objetivo consistía en modelizar la distribución espacial de las variables del rodal de teca, incorporando covariables. El estudio se realizó en plantaciones de teca de 19 años en Brasil con 213 hectáreas en el espacio inicial de 3 m x 3 m. Se asignaron parcelas georreferenciadas de 900 m² y se obtuvieron las variables forestales después del clareo. Los índices de vegetación se calcularon a partir de operaciones aritméticas ejecutadas entre las bandas de imágenes Landsat. La interpolación de las variables forestales se procedió por el método geoestadístico univariante de kriging ordinario, así como por el método multivariante de kriging con deriva externa, considerando las variables de teledetección como covariables. El análisis estadístico de las variables de teledetección muestra una discreta correlación lineal con las variables de la teca, lo que tiende a hacer inviable su uso como covariables en la modelización geoestadística. Sin embargo, el kriging con deriva externa predice los patrones espaciales de las variables forestales con mayor detalle, lo que da como resultado a posibles errores de suavización menores que los obtenidos por el kriging ordinario, y proporciona recomendaciones más precisas para la gestión localizada en plantaciones de teca. La integración de variables de teledetección en el inventario forestal mediante geoestadística es ventajosa para cartografiar la distribución espacial de las variables de los rodales de teca.

Abstract Detailed knowledge of teak stand structure is necessary for sustainable management plans. The integration of remote sensing variables with geostatistical modeling in teak forest stands has not been sufficiently studied and, therefore, the aim was to model the spatial distribution of teak stand variables, adding covariables. The study was carried out on 19-year-old teak stand in Brazil with 213 hectares in the initial spatial of 3 m x 3 m. Geo-referenced plots of 900 m² were allocated, and forest variables were obtained after thinning. Vegetation indices were calculated from arithmetic operations conducted between the Landsat image bands. The interpolation of forest variables was performed by the geostatistical univariate method of ordinary kriging, as well as by the multivariate method of kriging with external drift, considering the remote sensing variables as covariables. Statistical analysis of remote sensing variables shows a weak linear correlation with teak variables, which tends to make them unviable to use as covariables in geostatistical modeling. However, kriging with external drift predicts spatial patterns of forest variables with greater detail, which results in lower possible smoothing errors than those obtained by ordinary kriging and provides more accurate recommendations for localized management in teak stand. The integration of remote sensing variables in forest inventory through geostatistics is advantageous for mapping the spatial distribution of teak stand variables.

RESUMO A investigação foi realizada nos bairros "Hermanos Cruz", "Carlos Manuel", "Montequín" e "Calle Martí" pertencentes ao município de Pinar del Río, com o objetivo de identificar organismos causadores de pragas associados a árvores urbanas na cidade de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Foi realizado um inventário das árvores florestais até o nível de família e espécie, bem como a coleta de amostras de órgãos vegetais com sintomas de doenças parasitárias e/ou presença de insetos fitófagos. No inventário da arborização urbana da cidade de Pinar del Río, obteve-se um total de 13 espécies florestais pertencentes a nove famílias botânicas e 12 gêneros. A família mais representada foi Meliaceae; enquanto a distribuição Hermanos Cruz apresentou maior abundância de espécies florestais; as espécies florestais da arborização urbana apresentaram 21 organismos nocivos, compostos por oito agentes causadores de doenças parasitárias, três ordens, 11 famílias e 13 espécies de insetos fitófagos, com maior representação de Hemiptera e Lepidoptera. Os organismos nocivos apresentaram maior presença nas espécies florestais Callophylum antillanum, Grevillea robusta, Acasia mangium, Hibiscus elatus, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis e Eucaliptus sp.

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out in the neighborhoods "Hermanos Cruz", "Carlos Manuel", "Montequín" and "Calle Martí" belonging to the municipality of Pinar del Río, with the aim of identifying causal plague organisms associated with urban trees in the city of Pinar del Rio, Cuba. A floristic inventory of forest trees was carried out up to the family and species level, as well as the collection of samples of plant organs with symptoms of parasitic diseases and/or the presence of phytophagous insects. The inventory of urban trees in the city of Pinar del Río revealed 13 forest species belonging to 9 botanical families and 12 genera. The most represented family was Meliaceae. In addition, the "Hermanos Cruz" distribution presented a greater abundance of forest species. The species of urban trees serve as hosts to 21 harmful organisms that include eight causal agents of parasitic diseases, 3 orders, 11 families and 13 species of phytophagous insects, with a greater representation of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. Harmful organisms showed a greater presence in the forest species like Callophylum antillanum, Grevillea robusta, Acasia mangium, Hibiscus elatus, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis y Eucaliptus sp.

RESUMEN La investigación se desarrolló en los Repartos "Hermanos Cruz", "Carlos Manuel", "Montequín" y "Calle Martí" pertenecientes al municipio Pinar del Río, con el objetivo de identificar organismos causales de plaga asociados al arbolado urbano en la ciudad de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Se realizó un inventario de árboles forestales hasta nivel de familia y especie, así como recolección de muestras de órganos de las plantas con síntomas de enfermedades parasitarias y/o presencia de insectos fitófagos. En el inventario del arbolado urbano de la ciudad de Pinar del Río se obtuvo un total de 13 especies forestales pertenecientes a nueve familias botánicas y 12 géneros. La familia más representada fue Meliaceae; mientras que, el reparto Hermanos Cruz presentó mayor abundancia de especies forestales; las especies forestales del arbolado urbano presentaron 21 organismos nocivos, constituidos por ocho agentes causales de enfermedades parasitarias, tres órdenes, 11 familias y 13 especies de insectos fitófagos, con mayor representación de Hemíptera y Lepidóptera. Los organismos nocivos mostraron mayor presencia en las especies forestales Callophylum antillanum, Grevillea robusta, Acasia mangium, Hibiscus elatus, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis y Eucaliptus sp.