ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of digital transformation in the accounting and financial sector in Ecuador. To achieve this objective, three specific objectives were established, which were: to identify the changes that digital transformation has generated in accounting and financial processes in Ecuadorian companies from various industrial sectors, to analyze the perceptions of accountants and financiers about the adoption of digital technologies in their daily tasks and how it affects their work performance, and evaluate the effectiveness of the technological solutions implemented in the accounting and financial sector in Ecuador, in terms of efficiency, cost reduction and improvement in decision making. To carry out this research, a non-experimental cross-sectional research design was used and a questionnaire was applied to 150 accountants and financiers from different companies in Ecuador. The results of the research indicate that digital transformation has had a positive impact on the accounting and financial sector in Ecuador, since it has allowed greater efficiency in processes, cost reduction, and improved decision-making. Likewise, accountants and financiers perceive that the adoption of digital technologies in their daily tasks has improved their work performance and has allowed them to focus on more strategic tasks. Regarding the technological solutions implemented in the accounting and financial sector, it was found that the most used are accounting and finance software, business resource management systems and document management systems. These solutions have proven to be effective in improving processes and reducing costs.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos de la transformación digital en el sector contable y financiero en Ecuador. Para lograr este objetivo se establecieron tres objetivos específicos, que fueron: identificar los cambios que la transformación digital ha generado en los procesos contables y financieros en empresas ecuatorianas de diversos sectores industriales, analizar las percepciones de los contadores y financieros sobre la adopción de tecnologías digitales en sus tareas cotidianas y cómo afecta a su desempeño laboral, y evaluar la efectividad de las soluciones tecnológicas implementadas en el sector contable y financiero en Ecuador, en términos de eficiencia, reducción de costos y mejora en la toma de decisiones. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se utilizó un diseño de investigación no experimental de tipo transversal y se aplicó un cuestionario a 150 contadores y financieros de diferentes empresas de Ecuador. Los resultados de la investigación indican que la transformación digital ha tenido un impacto positivo en el sector contable y financiero en Ecuador, ya que ha permitido una mayor eficiencia en los procesos, reducción de costos y mejora en la toma de decisiones. Asimismo, los contadores y financieros perciben que la adopción de tecnologías digitales en sus tareas cotidianas ha mejorado su desempeño laboral y les ha permitido enfocarse en tareas más estratégicas. En cuanto a las soluciones tecnológicas implementadas en el sector contable y financiero, se encontró que las más utilizadas son el software de contabilidad y finanzas, los sistemas de gestión de recursos empresariales y los sistemas de gestión documental. Estas soluciones han demostrado ser efectivas en la mejora de los procesos y en la reducción de costos.

Resumen: El pasado curso escolar 2019-2020 vivió una situación de confinamiento que obligó a la observancia de una educación online. Esto tuvo varias repercusiones como afectación del alumnado que venía arrastrando alguna dificultad previa (Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos, 2020); imposibilidad de acceso a herramientas tecnológicas para el desempeño educativo diario; incertidumbre sobre cuándo y cómo debía llevarse a cabo la vuelta a la normalidad; regreso a la presencialidad, entre otros. Esto provocó que los docentes manifestaran no sólo la incertidumbre en el ejercicio de su docencia, sino también se viesen hastiados por cambios que no han servido para mejorar su situación profesional, requiriendo sacrificios a nivel personal. Un estudio encaminado a analizar la particular situación educativa en la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia (España), puso de manifiesto el hartazgo de la clase docente. Esto, con total independencia de la tipología del centro escolar al que pertenecían: público, privado o concertado. La necesidad de realizar varios procesos de muestreo-participación, para obtener la muestra requerida por el estudio, dada su relevancia, fue lo que motivó el análisis sobre las razones que llevan al colectivo de docentes a no participar determinando, a través de un indicador, el grado de hastío de estos.

Abstract: The past school year 2019-2020 has experienced a situation of school confinement, which forced the observance of an online education, with certain repercussions: affectation on students who had been dragging some previous difficulty (OEI), impossibility of access to technological tools for daily educational performance, uncertainty about when and how the return to normality should take place, i.e., return to face-to-face. This caused teachers to express not only uncertainty in the exercise of their teaching, but also to see themselves jaded by changes that have not served to improve their professional situation, requiring sacrifices on a personal level. A study carried out aimed at analyzing the particular educational situation in the Autonomous Community of Galicia (Spain), has revealed the weariness of the teaching class, with complete independence of the type of school to which they are attached: public, private or concerted. The need to carry out various sampling-participation processes, to obtain the sample required by the study, given its relevance, was what motivated the analysis of what leads the group of teachers not to participate, determining, through an indicator, the degree of boredom with them.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Every year more than 2.3 million cases of breast cancer are registered, making it the most common type of cancer among adults. The association between breast cancer and occupational factors is an issue that has been studied in the literature since the beginning of the 18th century. Technological developments have allowed a more in-depth study of the relationship between breast cancer and occupational factors such as exposure to chemicals, pesticides, metals and also sources of exposure to ionising and non-ionising radiation.The aim of the present literature review is to complete an update on the scientific knowledge about the relationship between occupational exposure to ionising radiation in healthcare workers and the development of breast cancer. Methodology: A research was carried using Medline with the PubMed search engine and Elsevier with the Science Direct search engine. The search words used were a combination of breast cancer, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation and healthcare workers. A research was also carried out in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, using the terms “Breast Cancer” and “Ionizing Radiation”. Discussion/Conclusions: Current literature is not unanimous about the specific clinical and pathological features of breast cancer possibly linked to occupational settings. Healthcare professionals such as radiology technicians, nurses, orthopaedic surgeons and interventional cardiologists are especially vulnerable to this type of exposure, particularly to ionising radiation. However, some studies have pointed to a difficulty in establishing a causal relationship between these factors due to the number of variables involved, such as the duration and intensity of exposure and the influence of other risk factors. Changes in equipment, procedures and protective measures have resulted in lower doses in recent years, which means that the risk of breast cancer is low at current levels of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.

RESUMO Introdução: Todos os anos são registados mais de 2,3 milhões de casos de cancro da mama, o que o torna o tipo cancro mais comum entre os adultos. A associação entre o cancro da mama e fatores ocupacionais é uma questão que tem vindo a ser estudada na literatura desde o início do século XVIII. Os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos permitiram um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a relação entre o cancro da mama e os fatores profissionais como a exposição a produtos químicos, pesticidas, metais e também fontes de exposição a radiação ionizante e não ionizante. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura é incidir na relação entre a exposição ocupacional a radiação ionizante em trabalhadores da saúde e o desenvolvimento de cancro da mama. Metodologia: Foi efetuada uma pesquisa na Medline, com o motor de busca PubMed e na Elsevier, com o motor de busca Science Direct. As palavras de pesquisa usadas foram uma combinação dos termos breast cancer, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation e healthcare workers. Foi também realizada pesquisa na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional utilizando os termos “Cancro de mama” e “Radiação Ionizante”. Discussão/Conclusão: A literatura atual não é unânime quanto às características clínicas e patológicas específicas do cancro da mama possivelmente ligadas a contextos profissionais. Os profissionais de saúde, tais como técnicos de radiologia, enfermeiros, cirurgiões ortopédicos e cardiologistas de intervenção são especialmente vulneráveis a este tipo de exposição, nomeadamente à radiação ionizante. No entanto, alguns estudos apontaram para uma dificuldade em estabelecer uma relação causal entre estes fatores e o desenvolvimento de doença devido ao número de variáveis envolvidas, tais como a duração e intensidade da exposição e à influência de outros fatores de risco. As mudanças no equipamento, procedimentos e medidas de proteção resultaram em doses mais baixas nos anos mais recentes, o que significa que o risco de cancro da mama é baixo nos níveis atuais de exposição profissional à radiação ionizante.

ABSTRACT Introduction Our society’s characteristics, with their constant evolution and globalization, have shown a significant impact on the way jobs have been structured over the years, with one of the most highlighted aspects being the possibility of practicing telecommuting. The prevalence of telecommuting and other forms of remote work enabled by technological innovations has increased in recent years. Objectives Exploring the most recently published literature on telecommuting; examining its relationship with psychosocial risk factors and making inferences about the need for the implementation and improvement of policies aimed at promoting mental health in occupational settings, with a focus on preventing psychosocial risks. Methodology Integrative literature review using the terms "teleworking," "remote work," "telework," "telecommuting," "psychosocial risks," "mental health," and "occupational health" in both Portuguese and English. The primary databases used for the research included Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional” and “Direção Geral de Saúde”. A total of 24 documents with the highest relevance to the study’s theme were selected, published between 2010 and 2023. Discussion Psychosocial risks in telecommuting are undergoing constant changes and align with demographic, nature, content and organization. These changes may increase exposure to already recognized psychosocial risks or give rise to new emergent ones. The widespread and unexpected adoption of telecommuting due to COVID-19 with the simultaneous advancement of digitization processes have made telecommuting a more common practice. However, this mass adoption has increased instances of technological stress among workers, potentially leading to adverse consequences for mental health. While the widespread implementation of telecommuting aimed to protect workers from biological risks, it has, in various situations, increased social isolation, work-family conflicts, and a lack of social support, with negative consequences for the mental health of the working population. Conclusion The increasing of telecommuting in our society is leading to assess the psychosocial risk factors that arise with it, so that they are recognized by occupational health experts and intervened upon, thus ensuring that telecommuting becomes healthier.

RESUMO Introdução As sociedades atuais e a sua constante evolução e globalização, têm demonstrado um impacto significativo na forma como se estruturam os postos de trabalho ao longo dos anos, nos quais, mais recentemente e com maior tradução mediática, se destaca a possibilidade de praticar teletrabalho, potenciada pela inovação tecnológica. Objetivos Conhecer a literatura mais recentemente publicada acerca do teletrabalho; bem como a sua relação com fatores de risco de origem psicossocial e inferir sobre a necessidade de implementação e aperfeiçoamento de políticas voltadas para promoção da saúde mental em contexto ocupacional, com enfoque na prevenção dos riscos psicossociais. Metodologia Revisão da literatura integrativa com os termos “teleworking”, “remote work”, “telework”, “telecommuting”, “psychosocial risks”, “mental health” e “occupational health”, em português e em inglês. Foram utilizadas como principais bases de dados a Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bem como a Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional e a Direção Geral de Saúde. Selecionaram-se os 24 documentos com maior relevância na temática em estudo, publicados entre 2010 e 2023. Discussão As fontes de riscos psicossociais do teletrabalho encontram-se em constante mudança e acompanham as alterações demográficas e da organização. A prática de teletrabalho parece ser uma oferta cada vez mais comum, a sua adoção em larga escala e inesperada devido à COVID-19 e coligada ao enorme avanço dos processos de digitalização, aumentaram as situações de stress tecnológico entre os trabalhadores, com possíveis consequências adversas para a saúde mental. Esta massificação do Teletrabalho, embora com o intuito de proteger os trabalhadores relativamente a um risco biológico aumentou, em diversas situações, o isolamento social, os conflitos trabalho-família e a falta de suporte social, com consequências negativas na saúde mental da população ativa. Conclusão Com o aumento deste tipo de trabalho emerge a necessidade de avaliar os fatores de risco psicossociais que surgem em conformidade, para que estes sejam reconhecidos pelos peritos em saúde ocupacional e intervencionados, assegurando assim que o teletrabalho se torna mais saudável.

ABSTRACT At the end of the 1970s, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) promoted policies to attract investments from the developed capitalist world, aiming for technological transfer and offering a profitable environment in exchange. Although the TNC capital, know-how, and technology have been key factors for Chinese development, the State has planned and regulated those investments, so they can be aligned with an autonomous project of development, avoiding the classic centre-periphery dependency relationship. This paper analysis focuses on the Five-Year Plans, and the regulation policy laws for inward investment. At the end we analyse the FDI data, which allowed us to identify the main changes and distinct phases of the development of FDI and the State policy. 1970s s Peoples People PRC (PRC world exchange capital knowhow, knowhow know how, how know-how centreperiphery centre periphery relationship FiveYear Five Year Plans investment data

RESUMO No final da década de 1970, a República Popular da China (RPC) promoveu políticas de atração de investimentos do mundo capitalista desenvolvido, visando à transferência tecnológica e oferecendo um ambiente lucrativo em troca. Embora o capital, o know-how e a tecnologia das ETN tenham sido fatores fundamentais para o desenvolvimento chinês, o Estado planejou e regulou esses investimentos, de modo que possam ser alinhados a um projeto autônomo de desenvolvimento, evitando a clássica relação de dependência centro-periferia. A análise deste trabalho centra-se nos Planos Quinquenais e nas leis de política de regulação para o investimento interno. Ao final analisamos os dados do IDE, que nos permitiram identificar as principais mudanças e distintas fases do desenvolvimento do IDE e da política de Estado. 1970 RPC (RPC desenvolvido troca capital knowhow know how chinês centroperiferia. centroperiferia centro periferia. periferia centro-periferia centrase centra se interno 197 19 1

La educación ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la conmoción social, económica y, sobre todo, sanitaria causada por la pandemia de Covid-19. Este evento ha obligado a aquellos con las condiciones adecuadas a realizar una transición temporal hacia una nueva forma de recibir la educación. En este sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo: evaluar cómo respondieron los docentes durante la educación remota y su capacidad para adaptarse a este nuevo modelo, a través de un análisis documental de los últimos cinco años. Se utilizó el método analítico, para conocer el nivel de preparación de los docentes en competencias digitales en el contexto latinoamericano entre los años 2019 y 2023, a través de una recopilación de datos, mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica disponible en repositorios y bibliotecas. El enfoque de este estudio fue cualitativo y descriptivo, basado en artículos especializados. Como resultado principal, se encontró una necesidad urgente de implementar un plan de formación que aborde las necesidades de los docentes en competencias digitales. En conclusión, es esencial que los docentes interactúen y dominen las herramientas tecnológicas para no solo consumir información y recursos, sino también para ser productores de contenido educativo

Education has undergone significant changes due to the social, economic and, above all, health upheaval caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. This event has forced those with the right conditions to make a temporary transition to a new way of receiving education. In this sense, the objective of this article is to: evaluate how teachers responded during remote education and their ability to adapt to this new model, through a documentary analysis of the last five years. The analytical method was used to know the level of preparation of teachers in digital skills in the Latin American context between 2019 and 2023, through a data collection, through an exhaustive review of the scientific literature available in repositories and libraries. The focus of this study was qualitative and descriptive, based on specialized articles. As a main result, an urgent need was found to implement a training plan that addresses the needs of teachers in digital skills. In conclusion, it is essential that teachers interact and master technological tools to not only consume information and resources, but also to be producers of educational content

Abstract This review article presents the theoretical basis of contributions, lines of research and approaches that exist from the Ibero-American point of view, with the aim of showing quantitatively the main Ibero-American exponents on Media and Information Literacy [MIL], the results are the product of a search in the WoS, in the category Arts & Humanities Citation Index [AHCI], using Media Literacy and Media and Information Literacy filters; the results are stored in a database that is debugged and then analyzed in the VOSviewer bibliometric software; the types of analysis are co-authored, with the Association Strengh and Ling/Long Modularity methods; the information is presented in tables and bibliometric networks; visualizing the level of association and density given by author and country. The results show Spain with the largest number of researchers with publications in high-impact journals, showing different approaches to MIL and its impact on contemporary society from the educational, political, economic and technological fields; its contribution combines criteria on the need to implement teaching-learning processes supported in ICT to innovate the educational field since digital media do not cause changes by themselves is necessary government collaboration in Latin America; the Ibero-American referents of the MIL are Ignacio Aguaded, Luis Miguel Romero Rodríguez, Rosa García Ruiz, Amor Pérez Rodríguez.

Resumen Este artículo de revisión muestra el fundamento teórico de aportes, líneas de investigación y enfoques que existen desde el punto de vista Iberoamericano, con el objetivo de mostrar cuantitativamente los principales exponentes iberoamericanos sobre Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional [AMI], los resultados son producto de una búsqueda en la WoS, en la categoría Arts & Humanities Citation Index [AHCI], con el uso de filtros Media Literacy y Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional, los resultados se almacenan en una base de datos que se depura y luego se analiza en el software bibliométrico VOSviewer. Los tipos de análisis son coautoría, con los métodos Association Strengh y Ling/Long Modularity, la información se presenta en tablas y redes bibliométricas; y se visualiza el nivel de asociación y densidad que existe por autor y país. Los resultados muestran a España con el mayor número de investigadores con publicaciones en revistas de alto impacto con diferentes enfoques sobre la AMI y la incidencia en la sociedad contemporánea desde el ámbito educativo, político, económico y tecnológico; su contribución aúna criterios sobre la necesidad de implementar procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje con soporte en TIC para innovar el ámbito educativo, ya que los medios digitales no suscitan cambios por sí mismos, es necesaria la colaboración gubernamental en América Latina; los referentes iberoamericanos de la AMI son Ignacio Aguaded, Luis Miguel Romero Rodríguez, Rosa García Ruiz, Amor Pérez Rodríguez.

Resumen El interés por el estudio de la escritura ha acompañado a Raúl Dorra durante toda su obra teórica. Desde sus inicios fue cultivándolo al compás de los vertiginosos cambios históricos, culturales y tecnológicos que impactaron en las teorías sobre el lenguaje y el signo, como así también en el ámbito de la comunicación humana. Dorra estudia la historia de la escritura, su incidencia en el orden verbal y social, sus implicancias en el orden mental, en las formas de la percepción, la memoria y la subjetividad humanas; examina asimismo su dimensión artística y sus proyecciones simbólicas, y hacia el final reflexiona sobre sus readecuaciones contemporáneas. El propósito de este trabajo es ofrecer un panorama teórico de los estudios dorreanos sobre el tema de la escritura atendiendo a sus diferentes etapas y proyecciones.

Abstract An interest for the study of writing has accompanied Raúl Dorra throughout his theoretical work. Since his beginnings, he has been cultivating it to the rhythm of the vertiginous historical, cultural, and technological changes that impacted the theories on language and sign and in the field of human communication. Dorra studies the history of writing, its impact on the verbal and social order, its implications for the mental order, the forms of perception, memory, and human subjectivity; he also examines its artistic dimension and its symbolic values, and towards the end of his career he reflects on its contemporary readjustments. The purpose of this work is to offer a theoretical panorama of Dorrean studies on the subject of writing, paying attention to its different stages and projections.

Résumé L'intérêt de Raúl Dorra pour l'étude de l'écriture l'a accompagné tout au long de son travail théorique. Dès le début, il l'a cultivé au rythme des vertigineux changements historiques, culturels et technologiques qui ont eu un impact sur les théories du langage et du signe et sur le domaine de la communication humaine. Dorra étudie l'histoire de l'écriture, son impact sur l'ordre verbal et social, ses implications dans l'ordre mental, dans les formes de la perception, de la mémoire et de la subjectivité humaine ; il examine également sa dimension artistique et ses projections symboliques et, vers la fin, il réfléchit à ses réajustements contemporains. L'objectif de cet article est de proposer un aperçu théorique des études dorréennes sur le thème de l'écriture, en tenant compte de ses différentes étapes et projections.

ABSTRACT This paper studies Argentina’s economic growth trajectory between 1962 and 2019. To achieve this, we analyze the pattern of technological progress deduced from the dynamics of labor productivity and the output-capital ratio. Between 1962 and the mid-1980s, technical change was Marx-biased (for example, labor-saving and capital-consuming), which resulted in decreased profitability. From then and until 2008, technological change has been Hicks-neutral with increased profitability. Afterward, profitability resumes the negative trend until the end of the analyzed period. The structural change observed since the middle 1970s is associated with a halving of the average rate of capital accumulation, greater macroeconomic volatility, and changes in development models.

RESUMEN Este artículo estudia la trayectoria de crecimiento económico de Argentina entre 1962 y 2019, a partir del análisis del patrón de progreso tecnológico deducido de la evolución de la productividad del trabajo y la relación producto/capital. Entre 1962 y mediados de la década de los ochenta, el cambio técnico estuvo sesgado en el sentido de Marx (ahorrador de trabajo y consumidor de capital), lo cual se traduce en una rentabilidad tendencialmente decreciente. A partir de ese momento, el cambio tecnológico adoptó un patrón neutral en sentido de Hicks con un incremento de la rentabilidad hasta 2008, cuando retomó la tendencia negativa hasta el final del periodo analizado. Las transformaciones observadas a partir de mediados de los años setenta se corresponden con una disminución a la mitad de la tasa promedio de acumulación de capital, mayor volatilidad macroeconómica y las alternancias en los modelos de desarrollo.

ABSTRACT The changes brought about by globalization mean that young people are increasingly prepared not only intellectually, but also financially. From the point of view of financial education, its importance for the development of the quality of life of young people in higher education is described. The main objective of the research is to describe the results of researches that were conducted on financial education in young people of higher education taking into consideration researches published between the period of 2017-2022. The research corresponds to a documentary design. Scielo, Scopus, Dialnet, Redalyc, Alicia and Google Scholar were searched. Some research has related the type of university career, the level of indebtedness, technological gap or use of ICT, materialism and gender inequality. The study leads to the conclusion that the development of financial education is fundamental in the training of higher education students because it will allow them to have knowledge that can be related between theory and practice.

RESUMEN Los cambios por la globalización generan que los jóvenes estén cada vez más preparados no solo a nivel intelectual, sino también financiero. Desde el punto de vista de la educación financiera se describe su importancia para el desarrollo de la calidad de vida de los jóvenes de educación superior. El objetivo principal de la investigación es describir los resultados de las investigaciones que se realizaron sobre educación financiera en jóvenes de educación superior teniendo en consideración investigaciones publicadas entre el periodo de 2017-2022. La investigación corresponde a un diseño documental. Se realizaron búsquedas en Scielo, Scopus, Dialnet, Redalyc, Alicia y Google Académico. En algunas investigaciones se ha relacionado el tipo de carrera universitaria, el nivel de endeudamiento, brecha tecnológica o uso de las TIC, materialismo y desigualdad de género. El estudio permite concluir que, es fundamental el desarrollo de la educación financiera en la formación de los estudiantes de educación superior porque les permitirá tener conocimientos que puedan relacionar entre la teoría y la práctica.

Abstract Public university education is an option to expand job opportunities and raise the standard of living of young people, although educational programs do not adapt quickly or adequately to the educational, economic, and technological changes demanded by the productive sector. The objective was to analyze students´ expectations about the bachelor’s degree in Tourism Services Management at UQROO, related to the graduate profile. The method was descriptive, cross-sectional during 2021, with a survey with response options in Likert scale, applied to a sample of 183 active students of the Cozumel campus. Tests were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test and Exploratory Factor Analysis. It was determined that "administration" is the most important factor among the expectations to form a job graduation profile in accordance with the bachelor's degree. The results are useful for redesigning the formative processes of careers in tourism.

Resumo O ensino universitário público é uma opção para ampliar as oportunidades de emprego e elevar o padrão de vida dos jovens, embora os programas educacionais não se adaptem rápida ou adequadamente às mudanças formativas, económicas e tecnológicas exigidas pelo sector produtivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as expectativas dos alunos da licenciatura em Gestão de Serviços Turísticos da UQROO relacionadas ao perfil da graduação. O método foi descritivo, transversal durante 2021, com uma pesquisa com opções de respostas em escala Likert, aplicada a uma amostra de 107 alunos da Unidade Cozumel. Foram realizados testes U de Mann-Whitney e análise fatorial exploratória. Foi determinado que “administração” é o fator mais importante entre as expectativas para formar um perfil de formação profissional de acordo com a graduação. Os resultados são úteis para redesenhar os processos de formação das carreiras turísticas.

Resumen La educación pública universitaria es una opción para ampliar las oportunidades laborales y elevar el nivel de vida de los jóvenes, aunque los programas educativos no se adapten de forma rápida o adecuada a los cambios formativos, económicos y tecnológicos que exige el sector productivo. Por ende, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las expectativas de los estudiantes de la licenciatura en Gestión de Servicios Turísticos de la UQROO relacionadas 0con el perfil de egreso. El método fue descriptivo, transversal durante el 2021, con una encuesta con opciones de respuesta en escala de Likert, aplicada a una muestra de 107 estudiantes de la Unidad Cozumel. Se realizaron pruebas con la U de Mann-Whitney y un análisis factorial exploratorio. Se determinó que la “administración” es el factor más importante entre las expectativas para formar un perfil de egreso laboral acorde a la licenciatura. Los resultados son útiles para rediseñar los procesos formativos de las carreras en turismo.

ABSTRACT Communication culture is the basis of communication and interaction between people. The insufficient development of communication culture can lead to interpersonal conflicts. The ability to communicate effectively contributes to great teamwork in various projects. The article aims to examine the communication culture of modern college students, with an emphasis on how social changes and technological advances develop their communication skills. The authors systematically analyze existing literature, including peer-reviewed articles and research studies. They use thematic analysis to identify and categorize the key topics related to the communication culture of students. The authors conclude that there is an urgent need for educational institutions to adapt their curricula to more effectively teach communication skills. These adaptations should prepare students to navigate the complexities of interpersonal and professional environments.

RESUMEN La cultura de la comunicación es la base de la comunicación y la interacción entre las personas. El desarrollo insuficiente de la cultura de la comunicación puede provocar conflictos interpersonales. La capacidad de comunicarse eficazmente contribuye a un gran trabajo en equipo en diversos proyectos. El artículo pretende examinar la cultura comunicativa de los estudiantes universitarios modernos, haciendo hincapié en cómo los cambios sociales y los avances tecnológicos desarrollan sus habilidades comunicativas. Los autores analizan sistemáticamente la bibliografía existente, incluidos artículos revisados por pares y estudios de investigación. Utilizan el análisis temático para identificar y categorizar los temas clave relacionados con la cultura comunicativa de los estudiantes. Los autores concluyen que existe una necesidad urgente de que las instituciones educativas adapten sus planes de estudio para enseñar de forma más eficaz las habilidades comunicativas. Estas adaptaciones deberían preparar a los estudiantes para desenvolverse en las complejidades de los entornos interpersonales y profesionales.

Resumen La situación de la pandemia por COVID-19 provocó cambios en el sistema educativo costarricense y en consecuencia, se implementó una modalidad de educación virtual de emergencia. En esta investigación, el objetivo es examinar la experiencia subjetiva de un grupo de profesionales en docencia de I y II ciclo de la Educación General Básica para adaptarse a la nueva modalidad pedagógica. El diseño metodológico se sustenta en el paradigma fenomenológico, pues se seleccionó una muestra intencional no probabilística con la participación de 20 docentes de las Direcciones Regionales 01-San José Central, 03-San José Norte y 04-San José Oeste. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian debilidades del profesorado en competencias y estrategias de mediación virtual. Se concluye que, pese a los aprendizajes adquiridos, todavía es necesario potenciar el área tecnológica en la comunidad educativa, en respuesta a las demandas de las nuevas generaciones digitales.

Résumé La situation de la pandémie de COVID-19 a entraîné des changements dans le système éducatif costaricien et, par conséquent, une modalité d'enseignement virtuel d'urgence a été mise en place. Dans cette recherche, l'objectif a été d'examiner l'expérience subjective d'un groupe de professionnels de l'enseignement du premier et du deuxième cycle de l'enseignement général de base pour s'adapter à la nouvelle modalité pédagogique. La conception méthodologique a reposé sur le paradigme phénoménologique, car un échantillon intentionnel non probabiliste a été sélectionné avec la participation de 20 enseignants des Directions Régionales 01-San José Central, 03-San José Nord et 04-San José Ouest. Les résultats obtenus révèlent les faiblesses des enseignants en termes de compétences et de stratégies de médiation virtuelle. On conclut que, malgré les apprentissages acquis, il est encore nécessaire de renforcer le domaine technologique dans la communauté éducative, en réponse aux demandes des nouvelles générations numériques.

Abstract The COVID 19 pandemic situation caused changes in the Costa Rican educational system and consequently, an emergency virtual education modality was implemented. In this research, the objective is to examine the subjective experience of a group of professionals teaching I and II cycles of Basic General Education to adapt to the new pedagogical modality. The methodological design is based on the phenomenological paradigm, since a non-probabilistic intentional sample was selected with the participation of 20 teachers from the Regional Directorates 01-San José Central, 03-San José Norte and 04-San José Oeste. The results obtained show weaknesses of the teaching staff in virtual mediation skills and strategies. It is concluded that, despite the learning acquired, it is still necessary to enhance the technological area in the educational community, in response to the demands of the new digital generations.

O artigo se dedica a examinar a articulação entre dois movimentos de contestação da representação, identificados nos domínios da política e da literatura. Refiro-me aqui aos questionamentos da democracia representativa que acompanhamos na série de protestos entre 2010-2013 e à discussão sobre a legitimidade das produções artísticas para representar integrantes de minorias diversas. Esses abalos da representação serão analisados, sobretudo, como pressões por alterações na chamada partilha do sensível (Rancière). Ao buscar traçar correspondências entre esses dois movimentos de contestação, destacarei suas ligações com modificações tecnológicas e discursivas de impacto, tais como o desenvolvimento da comunicação em rede, a expansão do discurso do testemunho e de suas formas próprias de subjetivação. Por fim, discutirei o risco dessa demanda por mudança na partilha do sensível resultar não na ampliação concreta da democracia nos domínios da política e da literatura, mas na criação de bolhas digitais e culturais caracterizadas pela homogeneidade e pela intransigência.

The article is dedicated to examining the link between two movements challenging representation, identified in the fields of politics and literature. I am referring here to the questioning of representative democracy that was part of the series of protests between 2010-2013 and the discussion about the legitimacy of artistic productions to represent members of diverse minorities. These upheavals in representation will be analyzed above all as pressures for changes in the so-called distribution of the sensible (Rancière). In seeking to trace correspondences between these two movements of contestation, I will highlight their links with impactful technological and discursive changes, such as the development of network communication, the expansion of the discourse of testimony, and its forms of subjectivation. Finally, I will discuss the risk of this demand for change in the distribution of the sensible resulting not in the concrete expansion of democracy in the realms of politics and literature, but in the creation of digital and cultural bubbles characterized by homogeneity and intransigence.

RESUMO O artigo se dedica a examinar a articulação entre dois movimentos de contestação da representação, identificados nos domínios da política e da literatura. Refiro-me aqui aos questionamentos da democracia representativa que acompanhamos na série de protestos entre 2010-2013 e à discussão sobre a legitimidade das produções artísticas para representar integrantes de minorias diversas. Esses abalos da representação serão analisados, sobretudo, como pressões por alterações na chamada partilha do sensível (Rancière). Ao buscar traçar correspondências entre esses dois movimentos de contestação, destacarei suas ligações com modificações tecnológicas e discursivas de impacto, tais como o desenvolvimento da comunicação em rede, a expansão do discurso do testemunho e de suas formas próprias de subjetivação. Por fim, discutirei o risco dessa demanda por mudança na partilha do sensível resultar não na ampliação concreta da democracia nos domínios da política e da literatura, mas na criação de bolhas digitais e culturais caracterizadas pela homogeneidade e pela intransigência. literatura Refirome Refiro me 20102013 2010 2013 2010-201 diversas analisados sobretudo Rancière. Rancière . (Rancière) impacto rede subjetivação fim intransigência 2010201 201 2010-20 (Rancière 201020 20 2010-2 20102 2 2010-

ABSTRACT The article is dedicated to examining the link between two movements challenging representation, identified in the fields of politics and literature. I am referring here to the questioning of representative democracy that was part of the series of protests between 2010-2013 and the discussion about the legitimacy of artistic productions to represent members of diverse minorities. These upheavals in representation will be analyzed above all as pressures for changes in the so-called distribution of the sensible (Rancière). In seeking to trace correspondences between these two movements of contestation, I will highlight their links with impactful technological and discursive changes, such as the development of network communication, the expansion of the discourse of testimony, and its forms of subjectivation. Finally, I will discuss the risk of this demand for change in the distribution of the sensible resulting not in the concrete expansion of democracy in the realms of politics and literature, but in the creation of digital and cultural bubbles characterized by homogeneity and intransigence. literature 20102013 2010 2013 2010-201 minorities socalled so called Rancière. Rancière . (Rancière) contestation communication testimony subjectivation Finally intransigence 2010201 201 2010-20 (Rancière 201020 20 2010-2 20102 2 2010-