BACKGROUND: Most newly diagnosed children with cancer live in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) where challenges in access to diagnosis and treatment cause low survival rates OBJECTIVE: To explore factors affecting delays in accessing paediatric oncology care at seven partner hospitals in LMIC (Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania and Kosovo) and one partner hospital in a high-income country (the Netherlands). Delays at community, primary/secondary and tertiary care levels are explored METHODS: Leaders of paediatric oncology un its from all eight partner hospitals were interviewed using self-administered structured questionnaires in July and August 2023 RESULTS: Differences in diagnostics and treatment availability were observed between Dutch and LMIC settings. At the community level, all respondents acknowledged that parents' inability to recognise cancer symptoms can lead to delays. Additional factors in LMICs included financial constraints, health beliefs and traditional medicine usage. At the primary/secondary care levels, all respondents acknowledged that misdiagnosis often delays referrals for children with suspected cancer. LMIC respondents also mentioned staff shortages and lack of health insurance. At the tertiary care level, only LMIC respondents reported delays, citing limited diagnostic or treatment modalities and a shortage of experienced staff. Across all settings, diagnosis delays were longer than treatment delays, with patient delays exceeding doctor delays, as noted by seven respondents. These factors contribute to low childhood cancer survival in LMICs CONCLUSION: Delays at all levels hinder prompt access to paediatric oncology care in LMICs. A multi-factorial approach is needed to assure timely access and improve survival

Sedimentary and igneous rocks are the two primary sources of phosphate that are mined and beneficiated to fertilizer. During the beneficiation process, phosphate is lost into the tailings. We investigated phosphate concentrations in tailings dumps at Minjingu mine, Tanzania using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to quantify the chemical compositions. The phosphate content in the tailings varied from 12.91% phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) in Tailings 2 to 19.61% in Tailings Dump 1. The naturally occurring phosphate concentration in rocks ranges from 3% to 35%, and phosphate tailings from various locations with P2O5 concentrations as low as 6.46-12.65% have been beneficiated to commercial fertilizer. Our investigation revealed that phosphate concentrations in Minjingu tailings may be sufficient to be recovered for commercial applications. Suitable recovery methods are discussed, and we recommend that beneficiation should be performed to minimize the loss of phosphate into tailings. Further research is needed to identify the optimal beneficiation methodology.

Resumen Desde su descolonización en los años 1960, África ha sido entendida en el imaginario global como un lugar de conflictos armados, inestabilidad política y pobreza. Sin embargo, durante las últimas décadas el continente ha atravesado un importante proceso de estabilización, democratización y pacificación. Desde el liderazgo de Mandela en África, en la década de 1990, hasta la creación y consolidación de la Unión Africana (UA), en 2002, los esfuerzos pacificadores han transformado radicalmente el continente. En este proceso han participado numerosos actores internacionales, continentales y regionales, como las Naciones Unidas (ONU), la UA y la Comunidad para el Desarrollo del África Meridional (SADC), que, en conjunto, han implementado diferentes enfoques para la consolidación de la paz en el continente. Uno de ellos es la puesta en marcha de una activa iniciativa de “diplomacia preventiva”, destinada a hacer frente a las tensiones antes de que se conviertan en conflictos armados. Algunos de los ejemplos más importantes son la disputa entre Malawi y Tanzania, por la demarcación de las fronteras nacionales en el lago Malawi, y la participación continental en la resolución de las crisis políticas de Lesoto y Gambia. Este artículo destaca los esfuerzos para prevenir los conflictos en África, a nivel estatal y desde las organizaciones regionales. También se analiza la forma en que África se ha convertido en un punto de referencia en las iniciativas internacionales de diplomacia preventiva, al tiempo que se asumen las carencias y dificultades a las que todavía se enfrenta el aparato de consolidación de la paz del continente.

Abstract Since decolonisation in the 1960s, Africa has been associated with conflict, political instability, and poverty. However, during the past few decades, the continent has gone through an outstanding process of stabilisation, democratisation, and pacification. From Mandela’s leadership in Africa in the 1990s to the creation and consolidation of the African Union (AU) since 2002, the pacifying efforts have radically transformed the continent. This process has involved many international and continental actors such as the United Nations (UN), the AU and regional organisations, such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), different approaches to peacebuilding as well as the implementation of an active “preventive diplomacy” initiative aimed at dealing with tensions before they turn into armed conflicts. As a result, Africa has provided several preventive diplomacy experiences, not only for the UN, but also for the world as a whole. Some of the most important examples include the dispute between Malawi and Tanzania, for the demarcation of national borders in Lake Malawi, and the active participation in solving the political crises in Lesotho and Gambia. This paper highlights the innovative efforts to prevent conflict in Africa, both at State and Regional Organisations levels. It also analyses the way in which Africa has become a point of reference in international preventive diplomacy initiatives, while, at the same time, coming to terms with the shortcomings and difficulties still faced by the continent’s peacebuilding apparatus.

BACKGROUND. The Catholic University of Health and Allied Health Sciences, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences teamed up to address gaps in the training curricula for medical doctors and nurses with the aim of developing harmonised curricular templates that would be comprehensive and suit national objectives. OBJECTIVES. To share experiences and lessons learned in engaging stakeholders using social media as an additional method to collect information on curricular gaps and ideas to develop harmonised medical and nursing curricula. METHODS. Pictures, newsprint extracts, and videos of face-to-face events in the curriculum development process and project and a curriculum advert were posted on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube and used to engage stakeholders, including regulatory bodies, health professional councils, graduates, students, practitioners, health training institutions, private and public employers, internship supervisors, faculty and the public. Reactions, comments and post insights from stakeholder postings, in both Swahili and English, were analysed manually and categorised into four types of messages: congratulatory, comments on the process and expected outcomes, curricular gaps, and faculty development needs to implement new curricula. RESULTS. A total of 69 290 stakeholders were engaged via Facebook and 229 via Twitter. A total of 13 553 (19.6%) Facebook and 179 (78.2%) Twitter comments were directly related to gaps in current curricula and graduate competencies. Other inputs received through social media were on faculty development needs to implement harmonised curricula and the project in general. CONCLUSION. This was the first attempt to engage curriculum stakeholders using social media for the development of harmonised curricula in Tanzania. The impact of social media in providing relevant inputs for curriculum development was significant. Use of social media, with multiple language options, is an economical and efficient way to reach a large number of stakeholders for curriculum quality improvement.

BACKGROUND. Despite global strides to reduce child morbidity and mortality, the number of infant and child deaths from preventable causes in low-and middle-income countries remains unacceptably high. A cost-effective strategy to improve child health outcomes is through child vaccination and subsequent immunisation. Despite free child vaccination in the public healthcare sector in Tanzania, the country's vaccination rates have plateaued and remain concentrated among children from wealthier households. OBJECTIVE. To identify the factors contributing to inequality in childhood vaccination in Tanzania. METHODS. This retrospective study used secondary data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey for 2004/05, 2010 and 2015/16. Inequalities were measured using the Erreygers' corrected concentration indices. These inequalities were then decomposed to gain a deeper understanding of the contributing factors. RESULTS. Child vaccinations are higher among children from wealthier households in Tanzania, and this disparity has intensified over time. Socioeconomic differences in wealth, residential locations, mass media exposure and maternal education have become increasingly important drivers of these inequalities among Tanzanians. CONCLUSIONS. Socioeconomic divisions in Tanzania threaten to perpetuate inequalities in access to healthcare and subsequent health. Child vaccination should be provided equitably to all children regardless of their household's socioeconomic background. Moreover, efforts should be made to address these gaps between the vulnerable and the more privileged groups in society.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public health concern in resource-constrained sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Efforts to combat this burden are hampered by the region's wide variation in reported prevalence. This review aimed to systematically synthesize up-to-date data on PPD in SSA. The review was structured per the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. Included in the review were studies that reported the prevalence of PPD in SSA. A search was undertaken of PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and PsycINFO. A random-effect model was fitted to estimate the pooled burden of postpartum depressive symptoms in SSA. We conducted subgroup analyses to estimate the distribution of postpartum depressive symptoms based on important study characteristics: sample size, the timing of diagnosis, design, study setting/region, instrument, and income/ economy. The prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms ranged from 3.8% to 69.9%, with a pooled estimate of 22.1% (CI 18.5-26.2; I² = 98.2; Tau = 0.848; p<0.001). There was a significant variation in postpartum depressive symptoms with sample size (p<0.001). The highest prevalence (25.6% CI 21.5-30.1) was obtained within 12 weeks postpartum. The prevalence estimate was highest (23.3%; CI 20.1-26.8) with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). South Africa (30.6%; CI 23.6-38.7) and Zimbabwe (29.3%; CI 22.2-37.5) reported the highest prevalence rates, while Tanzania (13.5%; CI 10.1-17.9) reported the lowest prevalence estimates. Upper-middle SSA countries presented the highest prevalence rates (30.6%; CI 23.6-38.7). The prevalence was highest within the period 2010-2015. PPD constitutes a significant health burden in SSA and is fast becoming an epidemic in southern Africa. SIGNIFICANCE: • Given that PPD is a recurring mental health challenge among women in sub-Saharan Africa, there is an urgent need for strategic policy provisions to ameliorate its burden. • An increase in prevalence of PPD from 2005-2010 to 2015-2021 is indicative of the need for national governments to intensify efforts targeted at achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 5 in the region. • In SSA, the prevalence of PPD is highest (approximately 30%) in Southern Africa, precisely South Africa and Zimbabwe, where it is fast becoming an epidemic; hence strategies are needed to curtail its growing trend. • There is a need to characterise and stratify the risk factors of PPD in sub-Saharan to guide policy development of predictive algorithms and implementation strategies.

Resumen El virus Chikungunya es un Alfavirus de la familia Togaviridae trasmitido por mosquitos. Fue descrito por primera en un brote en el sur de Tanzania en 1952. Genera clásicamente un síndrome febril con poliartral gias y artritis, que pueden ser incapacitantes y tener una duración prolongada. La mortalidad global ronda en 0.1%. Existen reportes en la literatura de presenta ciones atípicas y graves con compromiso de múltiples órganos. Se ha detectado la presencia del virus en más de 110 países. En Brasil, en la región noreste, se han hallado casos autóctonos desde septiembre de 2014. En Argentina y países limítrofes, se presentan casos en aumento duran te 2023, con respecto a iguales periodos en años previos. Hasta la semana epidemiológica N° 26 del año 2023 se registraron en Argentina 1460 casos de fiebre chikun gunya, considerándose autóctonos 72% de ellos. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 76 años, con an tecedentes de hipertensión arterial y estenosis aortica, admitida en terapia intensiva por shock séptico con foco respiratorio, con patrón de neumonía intersticial, evolu ción tórpida y óbito dentro de las 24 horas del ingreso. Se recibe postmorten el resultado detectable de virus Chikungunya por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real. Este caso, resulta de importancia clínica dada la pre sentación atípica del mismo y por la baja prevalencia nacional de infecciones graves por dicho virus, alerta sobre la necesidad de incluir el diagnóstico diferencial en los pacientes con sospecha diagnóstica.

Abstract Chikungunya virus is an Alphavirus, it belongs to the family Togaviridae and is transmitted by mos quitoes. It was first described during an outbreak in Southern Tanzania in 1952. It generally causes a febrile syndrome, accompanied by joint pain and arthritis, which is often debilitating and may persist for months or years. Its overall fatality rate is not high, around 0.1%. Atypical and severe cases have been reported. This virus has been detected in more than 110 countries globally. In Northeastern Brazil autoch thonous cases have been diagnosed since September 2014. In Argentina, as well as in neighboring countries, cases were increasing during 2023, compared to the same periods in previous years. Until epidemiological week 26 of 2023, 1460 cases of chikungunya fever were reported in Argentina, 72% of them were considered of autochthonous transmission. The case of a 76-year-old female patient is here presented, her comorbidities were hypertension and aortic stenosis, who was admitted to intensive care unit due to septic shock with respiratory focus, intersti tial pneumonia in X-ray pattern, and torpid evolution. She died within 24 hours of admission. A report of detectable Chikungunya virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction in real time was received post-mortem. This case results of clinical relevance due to its atypi cal presentation and the country low prevalence of severe infections by this virus. It warns of the need to include the differential diagnosis in cases with sus pected diagnosis.

Tokelo ea bolulo ke tokelo ea mantlha ea botho, empa e ntse e sa fihlellehe ho palo e kholo ea batho ba lulang litoropong tsa Afrika. Sengoliloeng sena se hlahloba liqholotso tsa kenyeletso le tekatekano ea baahi phanong ea matlo ka har'a moralo oa Toropo ea Pan-Afrika. Sengoliloeng sena se shebane ka kotloloho le linaha tse 'ne tse fapaneng tsa Afrika - eleng Afrika Boroa, Uganda, Tanzania le Nigeria - bakeng sa temohisiso mabapi le mefuta e mengata ea litokelo tsa bolulo. Sengoliloeng se qala ka tlhahlobo ea mehopolo e ka sehlohong tlhahlobong ea liqholotso tsa kenyeletso le tekano naheng ka 'ngoe linaheng tse khethiloeng ka har'a maemo a tokelo ea bolulo le Toropo ea Pan-Afrika. Se boetse se hlahloba boiteko ba linaha tse khethiloeng ho rarolla mathata a ka har'a moralo oa Toropo ea Pan-Afrika, a ipapisitse le maano a machaba a litokelo tsa botho le meralo ea linaha tse fapaneng ea molao-theo, ketsa-molao le maano. Ho phethetsoe ka hore tokelo ea ho ba le matlo toropong ea Pan-African e ntse e le sepheo se seholo, se nang le liqholotso tse ngata ho fihlelleng kakaretso le tekano. Ho khothaletsoa hore linaha tsa Afrika li ele hloko tokelo ea bolulo ka har'a Toropo ea Pan-Afrika, 'me li totobatse tlhokeho ea tsebelisano-'moho ho netefatsa phihlello ea matlo a sireletsehileng, a lekaneng, 'me a theko e tlaase. Tse. Ling tsa lintho tse ka etsoang hofihlela sena ke ho arolelana tlhahisoleseding le tsebo, ntshetsopele e kopanetsweng ea meralo ea motheo, ts'ebelisano-mmoho ka nqa ho maliboho, phetisetso ea thekenoloji le mekhoa ea. Matlole a lichelete.

The right to housing is a fundamental human right, but the paucity of context-specific legislation and policies on the right to housing makes housing inaccessible to a significant number of people residing in African cities. This review article explores the challenges of inclusivity and equity in the provision of housing within the framework of the pan-African city to provide legal frameworks for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders committed to realising the right to housing and the vision of the pan-African city. Specifically, it focuses on four diverse African nations - South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria - for insights into the multifaceted nature of housing rights. The article begins with a review of the key concepts (housing, pan-African city, equity, inclusivity, policy planning), followed by a review of the challenges of inclusivity and equity in each of the selected countries within the context of the right to housing and the pan-African city. The article then reviews the selected countries' efforts to address the challenges within the framework of relevant international human rights instruments and the various countries' constitutional, legislative, and policy frameworks. It is concluded that the right to housing in the pan-African city remains an ambitious goal, with numerous challenges in achieving inclusivity and equity. It is recommended that African countries pay more attention to the right to housing within the pan-African city, emphasising the need for collaborative efforts to ensure access to safe, adequate, and affordable housing. This can be done through information and knowledge sharing, joint infrastructure development, cross-border collaborations, technology transfer, and regional financing mechanisms, among others.

Die reg op behuising is 'n fundamentele mensereg, maar die gebrek aan konteks-spesifieke wetgewing en beleid oor die reg op behuising maak behuising ontoeganklik vir 'n aansienlike aantal mense wat in Afrika-stede woon. Hierdie oorsigartikel ondersoek die uitdagings van inklusiwiteit en billikheid in die verskaffing van behuising binne die raamwerk van die pan-Afrikaanse stad om wetlike raamwerke te verskaf vir beleidmakers, stedelike beplanners en belanghebbendes wat daartoe verbind is om die reg op behuising en die visie van die pan-Afrikaanse stad te verwesenlik. Dit fokus spesifiek op vier uiteenlopende Afrika-lande - Suid-Afrika, Uganda, Tanzanië en Nigerië - vir insigte in die veelvlakkige aard van behuisingsregte. Die artikel begin met 'n oorsig van die sleutelkonsepte (behuising, pan-Afrikaanse stad, billikheid, inklusiwiteit, beleidsbeplanning), gevolg deur 'n oorsig van die uitdagings van inklusiwiteit en billikheid in elk van die geselekteerde lande binne die konteks van die reg om behuising en die pan-Afrikaanse stad. Die artikel hersien dan die geselekteerde lande se pogings om die uitdagings binne die raamwerk van relevante internasionale menseregte-instrumente en die verskillende lande se grondwetlike, wetge-wende en beleidsraamwerke aan te spreek. Die konklusie is dat die reg op behuising in die pan-Afrikaanse stad 'n ambisieuse doelwit bly, met talle uitdagings om inklusiwiteit en billikheid te bewerkstellig. Dit word aanbeveel dat Afrika-lande meer aandag gee aan die reg op behuising binne die pan-Afrikaanse stad, met die klem op die behoefte aan samewerkende pogings om toegang tot veilige, voldoende en bekostigbare behuising te verseker. Dit kan onder meer gedoen word deur inligting en kennisdeling, gesamentlike infrastruktuurontwikkeling, oorgrens-samewerkings, tegnologie-oordrag en streeksfinansieringsmeganismes.

BACKGROUND: It is commonly acknowledged that cooperatives play important social functions that raise the standard of living for their members, particularly those who originate from rural, and low-income backgrounds. AIM: This article aims to measure the impacts of cooperatives membership on household income taking Zanzibar as a case study. SETTING: The data used were directly collected from 217 cooperative members and 83 non-cooperative members. METHOD: Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The probit model and propensity score matching (PSM) was used to analyse the impacts of cooperative membership on household income. RESULTS: The probit model findings show that there are four statistically significant factors affecting cooperatives membership, including gender, educational level, land ownership, and access to credit. In addition, PSM findings reveal that there is a disparity in income level between cooperative members and non-members. On average, cooperative members are able to generate more income than non-cooperative members by 28% per year. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that, in order to expand the observed benefits to the population, cooperative growth needs proper backing. Because poverty has many different dimensions, it's crucial to expand the organisations that help the poor while also utilising other support services to reduce it. CONTRIBUTION: The article serves as first empirical evidence to be conducted in Zanzibar, Tanzania. The findings will facilitate the amendment of the cooperative context, including tax reduction, extending loans and grants, and other favourable working conditions necessary for supporting the development of cooperative society.

BACKGROUND: The use of social networking sites (SNS) has increased knowledge sharing among students leading to improved academic performance. Despite the benefits that SNSs provide in education, their use for knowledge sharing and exchange among postgraduate students in some Tanzanian tertiary institutions (TIs) faces challenges. OBJECTIVES: To examine the benefits of using SNSs for sharing knowledge and information among postgraduate students and propose possible solutions to the identified challenges. METHOD: This study was conducted using mixed-methods research, employing a convergent research design. Parallel mixed-methods sampling was used in the study to collect quantitative data from 171 postgraduates and 30 members of academic staff responsible for teaching and supervising postgraduates. Qualitative data were gathered from eight heads of academic departments who were purposively selected. RESULTS: The findings established that the use of SNSs for knowledge and information sharing in the TIs selected for the study had expanded postgraduate students' knowledge bases and enhanced academic performance. The study indicated that postgraduate students lack reliable Internet connectivity and a stand-alone policy. CONCLUSION: The study recommends that TIs in Tanzania ensure the availability of funds to make knowledge sharing practices sustainable. CONTRIBUTION: The contribution is to the literature for a better understanding of the use of SNSs in particular and to help decision-makers appreciate how they can prepare provisions for the use of SNSs.

A large number of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries operate in informal settlements. Most of these settlements exist in hazardous environment despite being affected by floods. This research discusses the scarcity of knowledge on the resilience of businesses operating in Kigogo flood-prone informal settlements in Dar es Salaam. It especially focusses on MSMEs. Although recovery of MSMEs has been intensively studied worldwide, in Tanzania it is downgraded. This article is set to bridge this glaring gap focusing on MSMEs recovery after floods. The research methodology employed quantitative research design by completing questionnaires through interviews. A total of 202 owners of MSMEs were interviewed. While content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data, the research further employed a logistic unit model to analyse factors explaining recovery of MSMEs after floods. The study revealed a statistically significant association between the recovery of MSMEs and suitable plans for safeguarding business, personal savings, profit (saving from business) and government support. Other factors include family and friend's support, business continuity training, longevity in business operation, pre-disaster mitigation measures, critical destruction to business facilities, and running several businesses. Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) analysis of the business environment where MSMEs operate revealed a number of issues that inform policymakers, urban planners and environmentalists on what can be done to enhance recovery and hence promote sustainable development. CONTRIBUTION: The study adds to the body of knowledge by drawing attention to factors that predict disaster recovery of MSMEs operating in flood-prone informal settlements.

Severe irregularities and implementation challenges in Mvomero District, Tanzania, marred the implementation of the Fertiliser Indicative Pricing Approach (FIPA). However, the questions on the levels offarmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices, knowledge categories that farmers have the least knowledge of, reasons informing attitudes and dominant ineffective FIPA practices are yet to be adequately addressed. This study assessed farmers' awareness, attitudes, and practices; knowledge categories that farmers have the least knowledge; reasons for informing attitudes; and dominant ineffective FIPA practices. Interview schedules and in-depth interviews were conducted during data collection. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. Farmers' attitude was gauged using afive-point Likert scale, andfarmers' knowledge, knowledge categories farmers had the least knowledge, reasons informing attitudes and dominant ineffective FIPA practices were described using descriptive statistics. Results revealed that most respondents had low levels of knowledge, unfavourable attitudes and ineffective practices towards FIPA. Also, knowledge categories that farmers had the least knowledge of comprised fertiliser indicative prices, FIPA rules and regulations, and key FIPA actors. Results further indicate that high fertiliser prices, weak FIPA monitoring and low-quality fertiliser were the reasons for unfavourable attitudes. In addition, non-adherence to indicative prices, rules and regulations, and the presence of low-quality fertiliser were the dominant ineffective practices of FIPA. The study generally indicates that farmers' low awareness concerning FIPA is a major threat to FIPA implementation. The findings imply that a lack of farmers' awareness of FIPA contributes to irregularities and underperformance manifested in individualistic opportunistic behaviours. Rogue actors abuse farmers' ignorance of program key result areas by maximising their utility at the expense of the majority of farmers. Concerted efforts should be directed at training and awareness building, effective monitoring and contract enforcement on indicative price and quality standards.

RESUMO O trabalho analisa a viabilidade econômica de essências florestais, exóticas e nativas da caatinga, cultivadas em sistemas silvipastoris, consorciados a cultura forrageira do capim Tanzânia, comparados aos de monocultivo florestal, utilizando-se do crédito de carbono como alternativa de renda extra, visando retorno econômico na venda da madeira em pé para produção de lenha. O experimento foi conduzido na estação Experimental do Pernambuco Agricultural Research Institute (IPA), no município de Belém do São Francisco, localizado na região Semiárida do estado de Pernambuco, Microrregião de Itaparica. Foram escolhidos quatro cultivos arbóreos, sendo eles dois nativos do bioma Caatinga: o Angico (Anadenanthera colubrina var. Cebil), a Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), e dois clones exóticos de eucalipto, E. urophylla x E. tereticornis. Em relação a forrageira, foi escolhido o capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq). Os consórcios agrícolas do capim Tanzânia, com os dois clones de eucaliptos, apresentaramse viáveis economicamente em todos os parâmetros econômicos analisados, sendo esse o mais indicado na comercialização da madeira em pé para produção de lenha. Não é recomendável economicamente a venda da madeira em pé para produção de lenhas no sistema de monocultivo e no silvipastoril com as espécies nativas do Angico e da Aroeira aos 96 meses de idade, devido a inviabilidade econômica do sistema. Agregando a possibilidade de crédito financeiro, mediante ao carbono atmosférico sequestrado pelas árvores, é possível viabilizar economicamente todos os custos dos cultivos florestais em sistemas silvipastoris e em monocultivo.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the economic viability of exotic and native caatinga forest species grown in silvopastoral systems, combined with the Guinea grass forage crop, compared to monoculture forestry systems, using carbon credits as an alternative source of extra income, aiming for an economic return on the sale of standing timber for firewood production. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Pernambuco Agricultural Research Institute (IPA) in Belém do São Francisco, located in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, in the Itaparica micro region. Four tree crops were chosen, two of which are native to the Caatinga biome: Angico (Anadenanthera colubrina var. Cebil) and Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), and two exotic eucalyptus clones, E. urophylla x E. tereticornis. Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq) was chosen as the forage. The intercropping of Guinea grass with the two eucalyptus clones proved to be economically viable in all the economic parameters analyzed, and this is the most suitable for marketing standing wood for firewood production. It is not economically advisable to sell the standing wood for firewood production in the monoculture and silvopastoral systems with the native species (Angico and Aroeira) at 96 months of age due to the system's economic unfeasibility. By adding the possibility of financial credit through the atmospheric carbon sequestered by the trees, it is possible to make all the costs of forestry crops in silvopastoral and monoculture systems economically viable.

ABSTRACT Effluent from fish farming with saline water is a source of water, also rich in organic matter and nutrients, that can be used in irrigation of cultivated plants and even fully or partially replace mineral fertilization. The objective was to evaluate the growth, biomass production and quality of P. maximum cultivars fertigated with fish farming effluent in a greenhouse experiment, using a randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments were arranged in a split-split-plot scheme, with three irrigation managements in the plot (irrigation with public-supply water, irrigation with public-supply water + conventional fertilization, and irrigation with fish farming effluent), three cultivars of P. maximum (Tanzania, Mombasa, and Massai) in the sub-plot, and four cutting times in the sub-sub-plot (45, 90, 135, and 180 days after sowing). Plant height, number of tillers, production of fresh biomass, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ether extract, crude protein, dry matter, and mineral matter contents were analyzed. The highest growth, production, and quality of P. maximum grass occurs when irrigated with public-supply water and under conventional NPK fertilization. Fertigation with fish farming effluent reduces the growth and production of P. maximum grass, but allows obtaining better quality forage. It is possible to irrigate P. maximum grass using fish farming effluent with satisfactory yields. The growth of cv. Massai was more sensitive to irrigation with fish farming effluent than those of the cultivars Tanzania and Mombasa.

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of preventable maternal mortality in South Africa (SA). In a significant breakthrough in the management of PPH, the E-MOTIVE trial found that a multifaceted health service intervention reduced severe PPH after vaginal delivery by 60% in 78 hospitals in Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania and SA. The E-MOTIVE approach comprises objective blood loss measurement monitored every 15 minutes during the first hour after delivery to detect PPH early and trigger a bundle of first-line treatments, including massaging the uterus, oxytocin infusion, tranexamic acid infusion, intravenous crystalloid fluids, examination for the cause, emptying the bladder and, if necessary, escalation of care. E-MOTIVE was integrated into the existing Essential Steps in Managing Obstetric Emergencies (ESMOE) algorithm. Certain research-related elements of the trial setting cannot be replicated in routine practice. Therefore, we need to develop local strategies to ensure the essential clinical elements of the intervention are implemented. Potential strategies include incorporating the E-MOTIVE principles into national guidelines, ongoing training strategies and ensuring all facilities are equipped with necessary medication, equipment and delegations. This breakthrough intervention provides hope for women in SA, and requires a purposeful, co-ordinated implementation strategy on a national scale to reach all levels of the health service.