Resumen: La apropiada organogénesis de las plantas, durante su ciclo de vida, propicia su desarrollo y la adaptación a diferentes condiciones am bientales. Diversas fitohormonas regulan el desarrollo vegetal, pero la auxina denominada ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) es una de las más importantes. El AIA se sintetiza en la parte aérea de la planta y se moviliza a los tejidos demandantes por un transporte rápido que utiliza el floema y por el transporte polar de auxinas (TPA). Recientemente, se ha demostrado que las auxinas también se movilizan mediante el transporte simplástico (TS) a través de los plasmodesmos (PD), cuya apertura o cierre está regulada respectivamente por la degradación o la deposición de la callosa. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue profundizar en los avances sobre la participación del transporte simplástico de las auxinas durante el desarrollo vegetal, así como la degradación o deposición de la callosa, en el cierre o apertura de los PD, para regular el desarrollo de algunos órganos de Arabidopsis thaliana. La intervención de las proteínas PDLP5 es determinante para la deposición de la callosa en los PD, lo que regula la distribución de la auxina e impacta en la formación radicular, especialmente en las raíces laterales. La participación del TS es importante para desarrollar la actividad de las auxinas, lo cual favorece la formación radicular, necesaria en la mejora de absorción de nutrientes de las plantas. Este conocimiento puede ser utilizado para mejorar las plantas de interés agronómico.

Abstract: The appropriate organogenesis of plants during their life cycle promotes their development and adaptation to different environmental conditions. Various phytohormones regulate plant development but auxin, called Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), is one of the most important. IAA is synthesized in the aerial part of plant and is mobilized to the demanding tissues by a rapid transport using the phloem and by the polar auxin transport (PAT). Recently, it has been shown that auxins also are mobilized by a symplastic transport (ST) through plasmodesmata (PD), which opening or closing is regulated by the callose degradation or deposition respectively. The objective of the present work was to deepen the analysis on the participation of symplastic transport of auxins during plant development, as well in the callose degradation or deposition, in the closing or opening of the PD, that regulates the development of some organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. The intervention of PDLP5 proteins is decisive for the callose deposition in the PD, which regulates the auxin distribution and impacts root formation, especially at the lateral roots. The participation of TS is important to develop the auxin activity, which favors root formation, necessary for the improvement plant nutrient absorption. This knowledge can be used to improve development plants of agronomic interest.

Abstract The canned Amazon River prawn with sauce (tucupi and jambu) was thermally prepared (121 ºC) at three different times (T1: 15 T2: 20 and T3: 25 minutes) in glass bottles. The product obtained 20.86% crude protein, with good acceptance by consumers (global acceptance >7) measured through centesimal and sensory analysis of the hedonic scale. Increased exposure caused obvious changes in the sensorial characteristics of the product, which were not evidenced by consumers in the sensorial analysis, and for this reason, texture profile analysis (TPA) and color (CIELAB) were carried out, in addition to analyses of concentration of Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N), hydrogen potential (pH) and microbiological performed during 12 months, in addition to yield and weight loss by cooking. The sensory analysis did not show a significant difference between the treatments, however, the yield reduced with the application of heat, with the best yield being in treatment T1 (58.76 ± 0.49 a). The centesimal analysis showed excellent values of protein content of 20.86% and lipid content of 0.33%. The treatments followed the variation in color and texture according to the application of heat, mainly concerning the increase in the b* value (10.84 ± 0.70 to 13.50±0.24) and reduction in cohesiveness (0.56 ± 0.05 to 0.50 ± 0.04), gumminess (368.81± 109.23 to 262.09 ± 63.78 g) and chewiness (999.30 ± 356.92 to 633.71 ± 221.56 g). Despite this, the product proved to be safe during the analyzed period without the development of the remaining bacteria, even with an increase in pH (4.2 to 5.9) and TVB-N (20.22 to 28.46 mg/100 g), despite this, there was no development of the bacteria analyzed, proving to be a product suitable for industrial implementation. tucupi jambu 121 (12 ºC T (T1 1 T2 2 T3 minutes bottles 2086 86 20.86 global >7 7 scale reason TPA (TPA CIELAB (CIELAB out TVBN, TVBN TVB N , (TVB-N) (pH months cooking however heat 58.76 5876 58 76 (58.7 049 0 49 0.4 a. . a) 033 33 0.33% b 10.84 1084 10 84 (10.8 070 70 0.7 13.50±0.24 1350024 13 50 24 0.56 056 56 (0.5 005 05 0.0 050 0.5 0.04, 004 0.04 04 0.04) 368.81± 36881 368 81 (368.81 10923 109 23 109.2 26209 262 09 262.0 6378 63 78 63.7 g 999.30 99930 999 30 (999.3 35692 356 92 356.9 63371 633 71 633.7 22156 221 221.5 g. 4.2 42 4 (4. 5.9 59 5 9 20.22 2022 22 (20.2 2846 28 46 28.4 mg100 mg 100 mg/10 g, implementation (1 (T 208 8 20.8 > (TVB-N 58.7 587 (58. 0. 03 3 0.33 10.8 108 (10. 07 13.50±0.2 135002 (0. 00 368.81 3688 36 (368.8 1092 109. 2620 26 262. 637 6 63. 999.3 9993 99 (999. 3569 35 356. 6337 633. 2215 221. 4. (4 5. 20.2 202 (20. 284 28. mg10 mg/1 ( 20. 58. (58 0.3 10. (10 13.50±0. 13500 (0 368.8 (368. 999. (999 (20 mg1 mg/ (5 13.50±0 1350 368. (368 (99 (2 13.50± 135 (36 (9 13.50 (3 13.5 13.

ABSTRACT Tapioca Peel Ash (TPA), a plentiful agricultural residue, demonstrates potential as a Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) in concrete. This research intends to maximize the efficiency of TPA integration through the Central Composite Design (CCD) approach to ascertain the optimal mix of components for enhanced performance. The physicochemical analysis assessed TPA’s pozzolanic properties. Laboratory tests analyzed the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete mixes containing various amounts of TPA, cement, and aggregates. The outcomes showed that a mixture ratio of 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.4625 (Cement : TPA : Fine Aggregate : Coarse Aggregate) achieved an ultimate compressive strength of 27.08 MPa. Moreover, a ratio of 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.525 yielded a maximum flexural strength of 9.84 MPa. Quadratic predictive models and statistical analyses were derived to determine the ideal concrete mixture that substantially improves compressive and flexural strengths. Validation via student’s t-test showed a significant correlation between experimental and simulated values, with p-values of 0.9987 and 0.9912 for compressive and flexural strengths, respectively. This research highlights the opportunity to improve concrete properties and minimize waste by effectively using TPA in construction. , (TPA) residue SCM (SCM CCD (CCD performance TPAs s cement aggregates 0.20.08750.36250.4625 02008750362504625 0.2 0.0875 0.3625 0.4625 0 2 0875 3625 4625 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.462 Cement 2708 27 08 27.0 MPa Moreover 0.20.08750.36250.525 0200875036250525 0.525 525 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.52 984 9 84 9.8 students student ttest t test values pvalues p 09987 9987 0.998 09912 9912 0.991 respectively construction (TPA 20 08750 36250 0.20.08750.36250.462 0200875036250462 02 0. 00875 0.087 03625 0.362 04625 0.462 087 362 462 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.46 270 27. 0.20.08750.36250.52 020087503625052 0525 0.52 52 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.5 98 8 9. 0998 998 0.99 0991 991 0.20.08750.36250.46 020087503625046 0087 0.08 0362 0.36 0462 0.46 36 46 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0.4 0.20.08750.36250.5 02008750362505 052 0.5 5 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0. 099 99 0.9 0.20.08750.36250.4 02008750362504 008 0.0 036 0.3 046 0.4 3 4 0.20.08750.36250. 0200875036250 05 0.2:0.0875:0.3625:0 09 00 03 04 0.20.08750.36250 020087503625 0.2:0.0875:0.3625: 0.20.08750.3625 02008750362 0.2:0.0875:0.3625 0.20.08750.362 0200875036 0.2:0.0875:0.362 0.20.08750.36 020087503 0.2:0.0875:0.36 0.20.08750.3 02008750 0.2:0.0875:0.3 0.20.08750. 0200875 0.2:0.0875:0. 0.20.08750 020087 0.2:0.0875:0 0.20.0875 02008 0.2:0.0875: 0.20.087 0200 0.2:0.0875 0.20.08 020 0.2:0.087 0.20.0 0.2:0.08 0.20. 0.2:0.0 0.20 0.2:0. 0.2:0 0.2:

Resumo No presente artigo, propõe-se um diálogo entre registros históricos e arqueológicos da Amazônia, partindo da história indígena de longa duração do médio Solimões, em especial de seu último período associado às ocupações da Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia (TPA). Para isso, tratamos da história das relações entre fontes escritas e dados arqueológicos na Amazônia, notando como a arqueologia do colonialismo e a arqueologia documental podem fortalecer a compreensão contextual do registro arqueológico e elucidar o período mais tardio das ocupações associadas à TPA na região. Em seguida, apresentamos brevemente os contextos e as fontes analisadas, os métodos utilizados, assim como os resultados obtidos. A pesquisa se estende até o início do século XX, mas maior enfoque é dado ao estudo dos séculos XVI a XVIII. Na discussão, o objetivo é o de reavaliar a própria história da TPA e suas periodizações. A conclusão leva a um debate sobre rumos para expandir as possibilidades do diálogo entre história, arqueologia e etnologia da Amazônia e sobre a arqueologia do colonialismo amazônico. artigo propõese propõe Solimões TPA. . (TPA) isso região seguida analisadas utilizados obtidos XX XVIII discussão periodizações amazônico (TPA

Abstract In this paper, we propose a dialogue between Amazonian historical and archaeological records from the perspective of the long-term Indigenous History of the Middle Solimões area, especially its last period associated with the occupations of the Amazonian Polychrome Tradition (TPA). To this end, we will deal with the history of the relationships between written sources and archaeological data in the Amazon, noting how the Archaeology of Colonialism and Documentary Archaeology can strengthen the contextual understanding of the archaeological record and elucidate the later period of occupations associated with TPA in the region. Then, the contexts and sources analyzed and the methods used, as well as the results obtained, are briefly presented. The results obtained extend until the beginning of the 20th century, but focus will be given to the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The objective of the final discussion is to reevaluate the history of TPA and its periodization. The conclusion leads to a debate on ways to expand the possibilities of dialogue between History, Archaeology and Ethnology of the Amazon and on the archaeology of Amazonian Colonialism. paper longterm long term area TPA. . (TPA) end region Then used presented th century centuries periodization (TPA

ABSTRACT The wellbeing of terrestrial animals describes society’s expectations for the conditions animals should experience when under human control. These principles include that animals must be free from pain, injury and disease. Inflammation is a host’s defensive mechanism against bacterial or viral infection and physical or chemical stimulus to the host. Metabolites from plants are an efficient alternative for treatment of inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity of a hydro-alcoholic extract from Salix babylonica leaves (HESB) employing the auricular edema induced by the TPA model in mice. The HESB showed good anti-inflammatory activity without significant difference from the reference drug, indomethacin. For this reason, a bipartition of HESB was conducted, obtaining an aqueous fraction (AFSB) with slight activity (30.64 ± 3.03 %) and an organic fraction (EAFSB), which showed the best anti-inflammatory effect (67.08 ± 7.15 %). Previously, we identified anti-inflammatory flavonoids luteolin and luteoloside as the major components of EAFSB. In addition, histopathological analysis showed that mouse ears treated with Salix babylonica suppressed neutrophil infiltration into the inflammation site. These results support the ethno-medical use of this plant and evidenced that Salix babylonica’s applicability and value as an anti-inflammatory treatment for animals.

RESUMEN El bienestar de los animales terrestres describe las expectativas de la sociedad sobre las condiciones que los animales deberían experimentar cuando están bajo el control humano. Estos principios incluyen que los animales deben estar libres de dolor, lesiones y enfermedades. La inflamación es el mecanismo de defensa de un huésped contra una infección bacteriana o viral, o una lesión física o química al huésped. Los metabolitos secundarios de las plantas son una alternativa eficaz para el tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias. El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad antiinflamatoria de un extracto hidroalcohólico de hojas de Salix babylonica (HESB) empleando el modelo de edema auricular inducido por TPA en ratones. El HESB mostró una buena actividad antiinflamatoria sin diferencia estadística significativa con el fármaco de referencia, indometacina. Por este motivo, se realizó una bipartición de HESB, obteniendo una fracción acuosa (AFSB) con actividad farmacológica leve (30.64 ± 3.03 %) y una fracción orgánica (EAFSB) que mostró el mejor efecto antiinflamatorio (67.08 ± 7.15 %). Anteriormente, identificamos los flavonoides antiinflamatorios luteolina y luteolosido como los componentes principales de EAFSB, por lo que el efecto antiinflamatorio de Salix babylonica puede ser atribuido a estos compuestos. Además, el análisis histopatológico mostró que las orejas de los ratones tratados con Salix babylonica suprimieron la infiltración de neutrófilos en el sitio de inflamación. Estos resultados apoyan el uso etnomédico de esta planta y evidencian el posible uso de Salix babylonica en el tratamiento del proceso inflamatorio en animales.

Abstract Background The efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is time-dependent. Objective To compare the door-to-needle (DTN) time of stroke neurologists (SNs) versus non-stroke neurologists (NSNs) and emergency room physicians (EPs). Additionally, we aimed to determine elements associated with DTN ≤ 20 minutes. Methods Prospective study of patients with IVT treated at Clínica Alemana between June 2016 and September 2021. Results A total of 301 patients underwent treatment for IVT. The mean DTN time was 43.3 ± 23.6 minutes. One hundred seventy-three (57.4%) patients were evaluated by SNs, 122 (40.5%) by NSNs, and 6 (2.1%) by EPs. The mean DTN times were 40.8 ± 23, 46 ± 24.7, and 58 ± 22.5 minutes, respectively. Door-to-needle time ≤ 20 minutes occurred more frequently when patients were treated by SNs compared to NSNs and EPs: 15%, 4%, and 0%, respectively (odds ratio [OR]: 4.3, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.66–11.5, p = 0.004). In univariate analysis DTN time ≤ 20 minutes was associated with treatment by a SN (p = 0.002), coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period (p = 0.21), time to emergency room (ER) (p = 0.21), presence of diabetes (p = 0.142), hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.007), atrial fibrillation (p < 0.09), score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (p = 0.001), lower systolic (p = 0.143) and diastolic (p = 0.21) blood pressures, the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS; p = 0.09), vessel occlusion (p = 0.05), use of tenecteplase (p = 0.18), thrombectomy (p = 0.13), and years of experience of the physician (p < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, being treated by a SN (OR: 3.95; 95%CI: 1.44–10.8; p = 0.007), NIHSS (OR: 1.07; 95%CI: 1.02–1.12; p < 0.002) and lower systolic blood pressure (OR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.96–0.99; p < 0.003) remained significant. Conclusions Treatment by a SN resulted in a higher probability of treating the patient in a DTN time within 20 minutes. (IVT timedependent. timedependent dependent. dependent time-dependent doortoneedle door needle (DTN (SNs nonstroke non (NSNs EPs . (EPs) Additionally 2 201 2021 30 433 43 3 43. 236 23 23. seventythree seventy three 57.4% 574 57 4 (57.4% 12 40.5% 405 40 5 (40.5% 2.1% 21 1 (2.1% 408 8 40. 247 24 7 24.7 225 22 22. Doortoneedle Door 15 15% 4% 0 0% odds OR [OR] 4.3 95 95%CI 95CI CI [95%CI] 166115 66 11 1.66–11.5 0.004. 0004 0.004 004 0.004) 0.002, 0002 0.002 , 002 0.21, 021 0.21 ER (ER 0.142, 0142 0.142 142 0.142) 0.007, 0007 0.007 007 0.007) 0.09, 009 0.09 09 0.09) (NIHSS 0.001, 0001 0.001 001 0.001) 0.143 0143 143 pressures ASPECTS (ASPECTS 0.05, 005 0.05 05 0.05) 0.18, 018 0.18 18 0.18) 0.13, 013 0.13 13 0.13) 0.001. (OR 3.95 395 1.44–10.8 144108 44 10 1.07 107 07 1.02–1.12 102112 02 0.98 098 98 0.96–0.99 096099 96 99 0.003 0003 003 significant (EPs 202 57.4 (57.4 40.5 (40.5 2.1 (2.1 24. [OR 4. 9 [95%CI 16611 1.66–11. 000 0.00 00 0.2 014 0.14 14 0.0 01 0.1 3.9 39 1.44–10. 14410 1.0 1.02–1.1 10211 0.9 0.96–0.9 09609 57. (57. (40. 2. (2. 1661 1.66–11 0. 3. 1.44–10 1441 1. 1.02–1. 1021 0.96–0. 0960 (57 (40 (2 166 1.66–1 1.44–1 144 1.02–1 102 0.96–0 096 (5 (4 ( 16 1.66– 1.44– 1.02– 0.96– 1.66 1.44 1.02 0.96 1.6 1.4

Resumen Antecedentes La respuesta a la trombólisis intravenosa (TIV) es dependiente del tiempo. Objetivo Comparar los tiempo puerta-aguja (TPAs) de neurólogos vasculares (NVs) contra los de neurólogos no vasculares (NNVs) y médicos emergencistas (MEs), y determinar los elementos asociados a un PTA ≤ 20 minutos. Métodos Análisis observacional prospectivo de pacientes con TIV tratados en Clínica Alemana entre junio de 2016 y septiembre de 2021. Resultados En total, 301 pacientes con TIV fueron tratados. El TPA promedio fue de 43,3 ± 23,6 minutos. Un total de 173 (57,4%) pacientes fueron evaluados por NVs, 122 (40,5%), por NNVs, y 6 (2,1%), por MEs; los TPAs promedios fueron de 40,8 ± 23; 46 ± 24,7 y 58 ± 22,5 minutos, respectivamente. Los TPAs ≤ 20 minutos fueron más frecuentes en pacientes tratados por NVs versus NNVs y MEs: 15%, 4% y 0%, respectivamente (odds ratio [OR]: 4,3; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,66–11,5; p = 0,004). El análisis univariado demostró que TPA ≤ 20 minutos se asoció con: tratamiento por NVs (p = 0,002), periodo de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19; p = 0,21), tiempo a urgencia (p = 0,21), diabetes (p = 0,142), hipercolesterolemia (p = 0,007), fibrilación auricular (p < 0,09), puntaje en la National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] (p = 0,001), presión arterial sistólica (p = 0,143) y diastólica menores (p = 0,21), Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS ; p = 0,09), oclusión de vasos cerebrales (p =0,05), uso de tecneteplase (p = 0,18), trombectomía (p = 0,13) y años de experiencia del médico (p < 0,001). El análisis multivariado demostró que ser tratado por NVs (OR: 3,95; IC95%: 1,44–10,8; p = 0,007), el puntaje en la NIHSS (OR: 1,07; IC95%: 1,02–1,12; p < 0,002) y la presión arterial sistólica (OR: 0,98; IC95%: 0,96–0,99; p < 0,003) se asociaron a TPA ≤ 20 minutos. Conclusões El tratamiento por NVs resultó en un TPA menor y en una mayor probabilidad de tratamiento ≤ 20 minutos. (TIV puertaaguja puerta aguja (TPAs (NVs (NNVs MEs, MEs , (MEs) 2 201 2021 30 433 43 3 43, 236 23 23, 17 57,4% 574 57 4 (57,4% 12 40,5%, 405 40,5% 40 5 (40,5%) 2,1%, 21 2,1% 1 (2,1%) 408 8 40, 247 24 7 24, 225 22 22, 15 15% 0 0% odds OR [OR] 4,3 95 IC95% IC95 IC [IC95%] 1,66–11,5 166115 66 11 0,004. 0004 0,004 . 004 0,004) 0,002, 0002 0,002 002 COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 0,21, 021 0,21 0,21) 0,142, 0142 0,142 142 0,142) 0,007, 0007 0,007 007 0,007) 0,09, 009 0,09 09 0,09) [NIHSS 0,001, 0001 0,001 001 0,001) 0,143 0143 143 ASPECTS =0,05, 005 =0,05 05 =0,05) 0,18, 018 0,18 18 0,18) 0,13 013 13 0,001. (OR 3,95 395 1,44–10,8 144108 44 10 1,07 107 07 1,02–1,12 102112 02 0,98 098 98 0,96–0,99 096099 96 99 0,003 0003 003 (MEs 202 57,4 (57,4 40,5 (40,5% 2,1 (2,1% [OR 4, 9 IC9 [IC95% 1,66–11, 16611 000 0,00 00 COVID1 (COVID-1 0,2 014 0,14 14 0,0 =0,0 01 0,1 3,9 39 1,44–10, 14410 1,0 1,02–1,1 10211 0,9 0,96–0,9 09609 57, (57, (40,5 2, (2,1 [IC95 1,66–11 1661 (COVID- 0, =0, 3, 1,44–10 1441 1, 1,02–1, 1021 0,96–0, 0960 (57 (40, (2, [IC9 1,66–1 166 (COVID =0 1,44–1 144 1,02–1 102 0,96–0 096 (5 (40 (2 [IC 1,66– 16 1,44– 1,02– 0,96– ( (4 1,66 1,44 1,02 0,96 1,6 1,4

Abstract Objective Our study aimed to elucidate the effect of PAI-1 (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) and t-PA (Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator) in tissue remodeling in nasal polyps patients. Methods Samples were streamed as early Nasal Polyps (eNP, n = 10) and inferior tissue from the same patient, mature Nasal Polyps (mNP, n = 14), and Control group (n = 15), respectively. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were applied to detect localization. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to measure different levels among three groups. The mNP tissue was cultured in vitro and treated with TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1) activator, TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB431542), and PAI-1 inhibitor (TM5275); then Western blot, qRT-PCR, and ELISA were used to assess changes. Results The immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that PAI-1 expression decreased in eNP and mNP, mainly in epithelium and glands. The transcriptional expression and protein level of TGF-β1/t-PA/PAI-1/Collagen1 were lower in eNP than IT while mNP group demonstrated lower mRNA expression and protein level of TGF-β1/t-PA/PAI-1/Collagen1 than Control group. In mNP tissue culture in vitro, TGF-β1 activator elevated t-PA, PAI-1, and Collagen1 with higher release of PAI-1 and Collagen1 in supernatant, whereas SB431542 suppressed above reactions; TM5275 lowered transcriptional and protein level of Collagen1 in supernatant. Conclusion Early Nasal polyps’ formation in middle meatus mucous is related with fibrillation system PAI-1/t-PA and tissue remodeling; moreover, nasal polyps’ development is regulated by TGF-β1-mediated PAI-1 reduction. Level of evidence 3b. PAI1 PAI 1 PAI- Inhibitor1 Inhibitor Inhibitor-1 tPA t PA Tissuetype Tissue type patients eNP, (eNP 10 patient (mNP 14, 14 , 14) 15, 15 15) respectively localization RealTime Real Time qRTPCR qRT PCR (qRT-PCR groups TGFβ1 TGFβ TGF β1 β TGF-β Transforming Factorbeta Factor beta SB431542, SB (SB431542) TM (TM5275) qRTPCR, PCR, qRT-PCR changes glands TGFβ1/tPA/PAI1/Collagen1 TGFβ1tPAPAI1Collagen1 TGFβtPAPAICollagen β1/t PA/PAI 1/Collagen1 Collagen TGF-β1/t-PA/PAI-1/Collagen tPA, PA, PAI1, 1, supernatant SB43154 reactions TM527 PAI1/tPA PAI1tPA PAItPA 1/t moreover TGFβ1mediated TGFβmediated mediated reduction 3b b Inhibitor- (SB431542 (TM5275 TGFβ1/tPA/PAI1/Collagen tPAPAI TGFβ1tPAPAI1Collagen β1t βt PAPAI 1Collagen1 1/Collagen SB4315 TM52 1t (SB43154 (TM527 1Collagen SB431 TM5 (SB4315 (TM52 SB43 (SB431 (TM5 SB4 (SB43 (TM (SB4 (SB

RESUMEN La generación de plástico a nivel mundial se ha incrementado a un ritmo descontrolado, donde el termoplástico que más aparece es el polietilentereftalato PET, debido a su uso en la industria alimenticia. En la actualidad, se manejan varias tecnologías para su adecuada disposición final. En los últimos años se ha fortalecido las tecnologías de reciclaje químico para obtener productos de interés industrial a partir de un residuo. En este sentido la hidrólisis es una técnica que busca la descomposición del PET, mediante un conjunto de reacciones químicas considerando factores como: tamaño de partícula del PET, catalizador, condiciones de reacción, composición del PET y demás. Para el estudio se utilizó dos dimensiones del plástico: 5mm x 5mm (T5mm) y 10mm x 10mm (T10mm), de plásticos de colores verde y violeta. El material obtenido se caracterizó por medio de espectroscopia infrarroja (FTIR) y prueba de solubilidad, corroborando la presencia de ácido tereftálico (TPA). El mejor resultado se obtuvo con la partícula “T5mm, verde”, con un rendimiento de 96,346%. Por lo tanto, mientras más pequeño sea el tamaño de la partícula, mayor será la probabilidad de que exista una interacción química entre la superficie de las partículas PET y la solución base.

ABSTRACT The generation of plastic worldwide has increased at an uncontrolled rate, where the thermoplastic that appears the most is polyethylene terephthalate PET, due to its use in the food industry. At currents, several technologies are currently used for their proper final disposal. In recent years, chemical recycling technologies have been strengthened to obtain products of industrial interest from waste. In this sense, hydrolysis is a technique that seeks the decomposition of PET, through a set of chemical reactions considering factors such as: PET particle size, catalyst, reaction conditions, PET composition and others. Two dimensions of plastic were used for the study: 5mm x 5mm (T5mm) and 10mm x 10mm (T10mm), of green and violet colored plastics. The material obtained was characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solubility test, corroborating the presence of terephthalic acid (TPA). "T5mm, green" particle was the best result, with a yield of 96.346%. Therefore, the smaller the particle size, the higher the probability of chemical interaction between the surface of the PET particles and the base solution.

Abstract Commercial maltodextrins (MD) and ziziphus gum (ZG) have been investigated for their effects on cake quality and possible use in slowing the staling process. The effects of MD and ZG were assessed by analyzing the pasting properties of the wheat flour slurry, the properties of the dough, and the quality of the cake after baking and after three days of storage. The qualities of the gel texture were assessed using a texture profile analysis (TPA) test, the qualities of the dough and cake were assessed using the Micro-doughLab and the TA-TXT texture analyzer, respectively. The evaluation of overall acceptance, texture, aroma, taste, and color was also done using 9 points hedonic sensory methods. Overall, despite their impacts were not similar, MD and ZG had a considerable impact on the quality of the cake, the dough, and the cake batter. By lowering gel hardness, which is the opposite of MD's effect, and raising setback, which appears to support amylose retrogradation, ZG appears to limit amylose retrogradation. Less mixing tolerance index (MTI) and more stability were imparted in the dough by both ZG and MD. ZG and MD both significantly increased the cake volume, although MD did so more. Although the batter density was high, MD greatly increased cake volume. The cake's sensory parameter scores indicated that MD had a positive impact on it, and both the 2% MD blends and the control blends performed equally well in terms of general acceptance. (MD (ZG process slurry storage TPA (TPA test MicrodoughLab Micro doughLab TATXT TA TXT analyzer respectively acceptance aroma taste methods Overall similar hardness MDs s effect setback retrogradation MTI (MTI volume high cakes it 2

RESUMEN Introducción: En individuos sanos y en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA), la curvatura de la columna cervical varía enormemente, y aproximadamente el 36-40% de los pacientes con EIA presentan cifosis de la columna cervical. Objetivo: Evaluar la curvatura de la columna cervical en pacientes con EIA y subgrupos según la clasificación de Lenke (1 a 6). Métodos: Se evaluó la lordosis cervical (C2-C7) de 107 pacientes con EIA mediante el método de Cobb, subdivididos en dos grupos: lordosis y cifosis cervical. Se evaluaron y compararon los siguientes parámetros entre los subgrupos: Cifosis torácica (TK) T5-T12; lordosis lumbar (LL) L1-S1, incidencia pélvica (PI), eje vertical sagital (SVA), ángulo pélvico T1 (TPA), lordosis cervical C2-C7, lordosis cervical C1-C2, inclinación T1 (T1s), inclinación del cuello, ángulo de la entrada torácica (TIA) y eje sagital cervical (CSVA). Resultados: Se observó cifosis de la columna cervical en el 48% de los pacientes. Las curvas de clasificación de Lenke (1 a 6) no mostraron diferencias con respecto a la curvatura de la columna cervical. En el subgrupo con lordosis cervical, la cifosis torácica y la inclinación T1 eran significativamente mayores. La inclinación cervical fue significativamente mayor en el subgrupo con cifosis. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los pacientes presentan cifosis de la columna cervical, y la curvatura de la columna cervical en los pacientes con EIA varía ampliamente. La cifosis torácica, la inclinación T1 y la inclinación cervical son significativamente diferentes entre los subgrupos de pacientes con lordosis o cifosis. Nivel de Evidencia: III; Estudio Observacional y Retrospectivo. Introducción EIA, , (EIA) enormemente 3640% 3640 36 40% 40 36-40 Objetivo 1 ( 6. 6 . Métodos C2C7 CC C2 C7 C (C2-C7 10 Cobb grupos TK (TK T5T12 TT T5 T12 T T5-T12 LL (LL L1S1, L1S1 LS L1 S1, S1 L S L1-S1 PI, PI (PI) SVA, SVA (SVA) TPA, TPA (TPA) C2C7, C7, C2-C7 C1C2, C1C2 C1 C2, C1-C2 T1s, T1s Ts s (T1s) cuello TIA (TIA CSVA. CSVA (CSVA) Resultados 48 mayores Conclusiones ampliamente Evidencia III Retrospectivo (EIA 364 3 4 36-4 C2C (C2-C T5T1 T5-T1 L1S L1-S (PI (SVA (TPA C2-C C1C C1-C (T1s (CSVA 36- T5T T5-T

ABSTRACT Introduction: In healthy individuals and in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the curvature of the cervical spine varies greatly, with approximately 36-40% of AIS patients having kyphosis of the cervical spine. Aim: To assess the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients and subgroups according to Lenke’s classification (1 to 6). Methods: 107 patients with AIS were assessed for cervical lordosis (C2-C7) using the Cobb method, subdivided into lordosis and cervical kyphosis. The following parameters were assessed and compared between the subgroups: T5-T12 thoracic kyphosis (TK); L1-S1 lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), C2-C7 cervical lordosis, C1-C2 cervical lordosis, T1 slope (T1s), neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle (TIA) and cervical sagittal axis (CSVA). Results: Kyphosis of the cervical spine was observed in 48% of patients. The Lenke classification curves (1 to 6) showed no difference with regard to the curvature of the cervical spine. In the subgroup with cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and T1 slope were significantly higher. Neck tilt was significantly higher in the subgroup with kyphosis. Conclusions: Almost half of the patients have kyphosis of the cervical spine, and the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients varies widely. Thoracic kyphosis, T1 slope, and neck tilt are significantly different between the subgroups of patients with lordosis or kyphosis. Level of Evidence III; Observational and Retrospective Study. Introduction AIS, , (AIS) greatly 3640% 3640 36 40% 40 36-40 Aim Lenkes s 1 ( 6. 6 . Methods 10 C2C7 CC C2 C7 C (C2-C7 method T5T12 TT T5 T12 T T5-T1 TK (TK) L1S1 LS L1 S1 L S L1-S LL, LL (LL) PI, PI (PI) SVA, SVA (SVA) TPA, TPA (TPA) C2-C C1C2 C1 C1-C T1s, T1s Ts (T1s) TIA (TIA CSVA. CSVA (CSVA) Results 48 Conclusions widely III Study (AIS 364 3 4 36-4 C2C (C2-C T5T1 T5-T (TK L1S (LL (PI (SVA (TPA C1C (T1s (CSVA 36- T5T

RESUMO Introdução: Nos indivíduos saudáveis e nos pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) a curvatura da coluna cervical apresenta grande variação, sendo que aproximadamente 36-40% dos pacientes com EIA apresentam cifose da coluna cervical. Objetivo: Avaliar a curvatura da coluna cervical nos pacientes com EIA e nos subgrupos, de acordo com a classificação de Lenke (1 a 6). Métodos: Foram avaliados 107 pacientes com EIA quanto a lordose cervical (C2-C7), pelo método de Cobb, subdivididos em dois grupos: lordose e cifose cervical. Foram avaliados e comparados entre os subgrupos os seguintes parâmetros: cifose torácica T5-T12 (TK); lordose lombar L1-S1 (LL), incidência pélvica (PI), eixo sagital vertical (SVA), ângulo T1 pélvico (TPA), lordose cervical C2-C7, lordose cervical C1-C2, inclinação T1 (T1s), inclinação cervical (neck tilt), ângulo entrada torácica (TIA) e eixo cervical sagital (CSVA). Resultados: A cifose da coluna cervical foi observada em 48% dos pacientes. As curvas de classificação de Lenke (1 a 6) não apresentaram diferença com relação à curvatura da coluna cervical. No subgrupo com lordose cervical a cifose torácica e a inclinação de T1 foram significativamente maiores. A inclinação cervical foi significativamente maior no subgrupo com cifose. Conclusões: Quase a metade dos pacientes apresenta cifose da coluna cervical, sendo amplamente variável a curvatura da coluna cervical nos pacientes com EIA. A cifose torácica, a inclinação de T1 e a inclinação cervical são significativamente diferentes entre os subgrupos de pacientes com lordose ou cifose. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Observacional e Retrospectivo. Introdução (EIA variação 3640% 3640 36 40% 40 36-40 Objetivo 1 ( 6. 6 . Métodos 10 C2C7, C2C7 CC C2 C7 , C (C2-C7) Cobb grupos parâmetros T5T12 TT T5 T12 T T5-T1 TK (TK) L1S1 LS L1 S1 L S L1-S LL, LL (LL) PI, PI (PI) SVA, SVA (SVA) TPA, TPA (TPA) C7, C2-C7 C1C2, C1C2 C1 C2, C1-C2 T1s, T1s Ts s (T1s) neck tilt, tilt tilt) TIA (TIA CSVA. CSVA (CSVA) Resultados 48 maiores Conclusões III Retrospectivo 364 3 4 36-4 C2C (C2-C7 T5T1 T5-T (TK L1S (LL (PI (SVA (TPA C2-C C1C C1-C (T1s (CSVA 36- (C2-C T5T

Abstract Dermatitis is defined as a set of inflammatory diseases that affect the skin, with varied causes. Among the different types of dermatitis, contact dermatitis is the most prevalent. Although the current therapy is often effective, it is associated with adverse effects and the possibility of drug tolerance. N-Methyl-(2S, 4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is a L-proline amino acid derivative found in the leaves of Sideroxylon obtusifolium, a species traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the topical anti-inflammatory effect of N-methyl-(2S, 4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (NMP) in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced irritant contact dermatitis in mice. Topically administered NMP, at doses of 0.03 − 0.50 mg/ear, reduced TPA-induced ear edema and neutrophil migration, as evidenced by low tissue myeloperoxidase activity and verified by histological examination. In addition, NMP (0.06 mg/ear) reduced tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, INF-γ and MCP-1) and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and reduced gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β increased by TPA. The data suggest that N-methyl-(2S, 4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline acts as a topical anti-inflammatory agent that decreases the expression of inflammatory cytokines, making it useful for the treatment of skin inflammation. Further investigations are necessary for its development as a therapeutic agent. causes prevalent effective tolerance NMethyl2S, NMethyl2S NMethylS N Methyl 2S, 2S S N-Methyl-(2S 4Rtrans4hydroxyLproline RtranshydroxyLproline 4R trans 4 hydroxy L proline R Lproline obtusifolium antiinflammatory anti Nmethyl2S, Nmethyl2S NmethylS methyl N-methyl-(2S (NMP 12Otetradecanoylphorbol13acetate Otetradecanoylphorbolacetate 12 O tetradecanoylphorbol 13 acetate TPAinduced TPA induced mice 003 0 03 0.0 050 50 0.5 mgear mg mg/ear migration examination addition 0.06 006 06 (0.0 proinflammatory pro TNFα, TNFα TNF α, α (TNF-α IL6, IL6 IL 6, 6 IL1β, IL1β ILβ 1β, 1β β INFγ INF γ MCP1 MCP 1 MCP-1 IL10, IL10 10, 10 IL-10 TNF-α IL- inflammation NMethyl Rtrans hydroxyLproline Nmethyl Otetradecanoylphorbol 00 0. 05 5 (0. MCP- IL1 IL-1 (0 (

ABSTRACT Purpose to identify a set of requirements for the development of an auditory-perceptual training simulator (APT) based on the experience of professors who provide APT. Methods This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Twenty-two professors answered an online questionnaire containing 31 items related to APT, involving items about the professional profile, conditions for APT in undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Speech Therapy, APT structure, and evaluation of the APT effect. Result it was observed that there is a variation in APT procedures performed in Brazil. The main requirements indicated by the respondents for the APT involve the use of synthesized voices in the initial moments, followed by human voices later; the use of speech tasks with sustained vowels and connected speech; the insertion of complementary information such as gender, age, the profession of the speaker and the spectrography of the vocal signal; training with a minimum time of six hours; the evaluation of the training effect by comparing intra- and inter-judge agreement before and after training; the addition of the parameters of general degree of vocal deviation, roughness, breathiness, and strain; the use of validated continuous and numerical scales; and offering it from the second year of the undergraduate program. Conclusion although there is variability in the response of experts, a minimum set of requirements indicated for performing APT with new judges was identified. auditoryperceptual auditory perceptual (APT crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional approach Twentytwo Twenty two 3 profile Therapy structure Brazil moments later gender age signal hours intra interjudge inter judge deviation roughness breathiness strain scales program experts identified

RESUMO Objetivo identificar um conjunto de requisitos para o desenvolvimento de um simulador de treinamento perceptivo-auditivo (TPA) a partir da experiência de docentes que realizam o TPA. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. Vinte e dois docentes responderam um questionário online contendo 31 itens relacionados ao TPA, envolvendo itens sobre o perfil profissional, condições para o TPA nos cursos de graduação e pós-graduação em Fonoaudiologia, estrutura do TPA, avaliação do efeito do TPA. Resultado observou-se que existe variação nos procedimentos de TPA realizados no Brasil. Os principais requisitos indicados pelos respondentes para o TPA envolvem o uso de vozes sintetizadas nos momentos iniciais, seguindo para vozes humanas posteriormente; a utilização de tarefas de fala com vogais sustentadas e fala encadeada; a inserção de informações complementares tais como o gênero, idade, profissão do falante e a espectrografia do sinal vocal; treinamento com tempo mínimo de seis horas; a avaliação do efeito do treinamento pela comparação da concordância intra e inter-juizes pré e pós treinamento; a adição dos parâmetros de grau geral de desvio vocal, rugosidade, soprosidade e tensão; a utilização de escalas contínuas e numéricas validadas; e ser realizado a partir do segundo ano de graduação. Conclusão embora haja uma variabilidade da resposta dos especialistas, foi identificado um conjunto mínimo de requisitos indicados para a realização de TPA com novos juízes. perceptivoauditivo perceptivo auditivo (TPA Tratase Trata se transversal descritivo quantitativa 3 profissional pósgraduação Fonoaudiologia observouse observou Brasil iniciais posteriormente encadeada gênero idade vocal horas interjuizes inter juizes rugosidade tensão validadas especialistas juízes

Abstract Introduction: evidence has shown a relationship between obesity and binge eating disorder (BED) as well as differences in dietary pattern. The objective was to establish the risk of BED in NUTRITION and dietetics consultations (N&D) and its relationship with dietary pattern. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 113 people who attended the N&D clinic to lose weight. They completed the BES questionnaire, a food consumption frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were taken. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed, and an attempt was made to establish a relationship between the different explanatory variables and risk of BED. Results: 35.3 % of subjects were at risk for BED. The variables that showed significant differences for risk of BED were sex (p = 0.047), BMI (p < 0.001), previous diagnosis of eating disorder (p = 0.002), cabrohydrate intake higher than recommendations (p < 0.001), and protein intake lower or equal than recommendations (p < 0.001). In the adjusted logistic regression model the variables finally included were BMI, OR = 1.2 (95 % CI, 0.8-1.4, p = 0.02), cabrohydrate intake higher than recommendations, OR = 1.4 (95 % CI, 0.1-2.8, p = 0.02), and protein intake lower or equal than recommendations, OR = 1.2 (95 % CI, 0.4-4.1, p = 0.04). Conclusion: the risk of BED in overweight patients who come to consult for weight loss is high. There is a relationship between this risk and dietary pattern. Other similar studies are required.

Resumen Introducción: la evidencia ha mostrado relación entre la obesidad y el trastorno por atracones (TPA) y diferencias en el patrón dietético. El objetivo fue establecer el riesgo de TPA en las consultas de nutrición y dietética (NyD) y su relación con el patrón dietético. Métodos: estudio transversal sobre 113 personas que acudieron a consulta de NyD para perder peso. Se seleccionaron aquellas que acudían a su primera consulta. Cumplimentaron el cuestionario Binge Eating Scale (BES), un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, y se tomaron medidas antropométricas. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de las variables y se trató de establecer una asociación entre las diferentes variables explicativas con el riesgo de TPA. Resultados: el 35,3 % de los individuos presentaron riesgo de TPA. Las variables que mostraron diferencias significativas para el riesgo de TPA fueron el sexo (p = 0,047), el IMC (p < 0,001), el diagnóstico previo de TCA (p = 0,002), la ingesta de carbohidratos superior a las recomendaciones (p < 0,001) y la ingesta de proteínas igual o inferior a las recomendaciones (p < 0,001). En el modelo de regresión logística ajustado, las variables incluidas finalmente fueron: IMC, OR = 1,2 (IC 95 %: 0,8-1,4; p = 0,02); ingesta de carbohidratos superior a las recomendaciones, OR = 1,4 (IC 95 %: 0,1-2,8; p = 0,02); e ingesta de proteínas igual o inferior a las recomendaciones, OR = 1,2 (IC 95 %: 0,4-4,1; p = 0,04). Conclusión: el riesgo de TPA en los pacientes con sobrepeso que acuden a consulta para pérdida de peso es elevado. Existe relación entre este riesgo y el patrón dietético. Es necesario realizar otros trabajos similares.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary online intervention (psychological, medical, and nutritional) in women with binge eating disorder (BED). Method: 5 women diagnosed with BED with a mean age of 43.2 years and a mean initial body weight of 90 kg participated. The treatment was carried out during 24 sessions, each of two hours per week; the first hour was group therapy and the second individual. There were four moments of evaluation: pre, post and two follow-ups. Results: The comparisons were made through the non-parametric Friedman test, finding a statistically significant decrease in binge eating symptoms before χ1= 30.30 at the second follow-up χ2 =10.80 (x2=12.84; p=.005), symptoms of anxiety χ1= 28.80, χ2=12.40 (x2=10.83.96; p=.013) and depression χ1= 19.80, χ2=4.0 (x2= 10.18, p=.017). Improvement was observed in comprehension χ1= 21.00, χ2=30.20 (x2=9.63; p=.025) and emotional regulation χ1= 28.40 χ2=33.00, (x2=7.77; p=.050). The patients reduced their body weight, improved their eating habits by introducing fruit and vegetables daily and included physical activity in their daily routine, performing 20 to 30 minutes a day. From the objective clinical change, a positive change was observed in the variables addressed in treatment in all the participants. Conclusions: The online multidisciplinary intervention was effective in the treatment of BED in women.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención multidisciplinar en línea (psicológica, médica y nutricional) en mujeres con trastornos por atracón (TpA). Método: participaron 5 mujeres diagnosticadas con TpA con una edad promedio de 43.2 años y un peso corporal inicial promedio de 90 kg. El tratamiento se realizó durante 24 sesiones, cada una de dos horas por semana; la primera hora era terapia grupal y la segunda individual. Se contó con cuatro momentos de evaluación: pre, post y dos seguimientos Resultados: Las comparaciones se realizaron a través de la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman, encontrando una disminución estadísticamente significativa de la sintomatología de atracón pre χ1= 30.30 al segundo seguimiento χ2=10.80 (x2=12.84; p=.005), sintomatología de ansiedad χ1= 28.80 χ2=12.40 (x2=10.83.96; p=.013) y depresión χ1= 19.80, χ2=4.0 (x2=10.18; p=.017). Se observó mejoría en la comprensión χ1= 21.00, χ2=30.20 (x2=9.63; p=.025) y regulación emocional χ1= 28.40 χ2=33.00, (x2=7.77; p=.050). Las pacientes redujeron su peso corporal, mejoraron hábitos alimentarios introduciendo fruta y verdura diariamente e incluyeron la actividad física en su rutina diaria, realizando de 20 a 30 minutos diarios. A partir del cambio clínico objetivo se observó un cambio positivo en las variables abordadas en tratamiento en todas las participantes. Conclusiones: Se puede observar que la intervención multidisciplinaria en línea fue efectiva en el tratamiento de TpA en mujeres.

Resumen Objetivo: determinar el gasto energético y el tiempo dedicado a actividad física en condición de vida libre de escolares costarricenses con sobrepeso u obesidad. Metodología: participaron 31 niños y 13 niñas entre 6 y 9 años (7.6 ± 1.03 años) con sobrepeso u obesidad, estado nutricional que se estableció según el IMC. Las variables del estudio fueron la antropometría, el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), el gasto energético total producto de la actividad física a lo largo del día (GEAF total diario), el gasto energético por actividad física (GEAF) y el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física (TAF), las dos últimas se estimaron según condición sedentaria, ligera, moderada o vigorosa, por medio del acelerómetro Actiheart. Resultados: la talla y el %GC fueron significativamente mayores en las niñas (126.8 ± 5.9 cm, 34.0 ± 6.4 %GC) que en los niños (123.0 ± 5.4 cm, 25.2 ± 6.9 %GC). Los niños registraron un GEAF total diario de 824 ± 228.1 kcal/day, GEAF moderada + vigorosa de 285.6 ± 131.7 kcal/day y un TAF moderada + vigorosa de 147.0 ± 66.6 min, valores superiores (p<0.05) a los de las niñas 395 ± 144.4 kcal/day, 139.6 ± 90.1 kcal/day y 75.6 ± 43.2 min, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los escolares cumplen más de los 60 min/día recomendados de TAF de moderada a vigorosa intensidad, sin embargo, el GEAF de moderada a vigorosa intensidad no alcanza el mínimo de 300 kcal/día para la reducción de peso, lo cual podría ser una de las causas del sobrepeso.

Abstract Objective: To determine the energy expenditure and time spent on physical activities in Costa Rican overweight or obese schoolchildren in free-living conditions. Methodology: Participants were 31 boys and 13 girls aged 6 to 9 years old (7.6 ± 1.03 years) with overweight or obesity; nutritional status was established by BMI. The variables of the study were: anthropometric, body fat percentage (%BF), total energy expenditure product of physical activity performed during the day (EEPA daily total), plus the energy expenditure by physical activity (EEPA), and time spent on physical activity (TPA), both variables in sedentary condition, light, moderate and vigorous intensity estimated by the Actiheart accelerometer. Results: Size and %BF were significantly higher in girls (126.8 ± 5.9 cm, 34.0 ± 6.4% BF) than in boys (123.0 ± 5.4 cm, 25.2 ± 6.9% BF). Boys recorded a daily total EEPA of 824 ± 228.1 kcal / day, moderate + vigorous EEPA 285.6 ± 131.7 kcal / day and a moderate + vigorous TPA 147.0 ± 66.6 min; significantly higher (P <0.05) than girls 395 ± 144.4 kcal / day, 139.6 ± 90.1 kcal / day and 75.6 ± 43.2 min respectively . Conclusions: Schoolchildren perform over 60 min/day moderate to vigorous intensity PA recommended, however; the EEPA moderate to vigorous intensity does not meet the minimum recommendation of 300 kcal / day for weight reduction. This could be one of the causes for overweight schoolchildren.