ABSTRACT Nutritional management of high-producing dairy cows under heat stress conditions presents a significant challenge due to the increasing issue of global warming. The study aimed to explore the effects of Cr supplementation in the form of chromium propionate (CrP) on feed intake, lactation performance, and selected biochemical serum parameters in mid-lactation Simmental dairy cows under heat stress conditions. The experiment was conducted during July and August and lasted for 8 wk. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) was 76.45 ± 2.80 during the experimental period, indicating that the cows were under heat stress. The added CrP provided 0.34 mg Cr kg-1 DM of used ration. The supplementation of diet with CrP increased DM intake (4.11%, P < 0.01) and the yield of milk (4.48%, P < 0.01), 4% fat-corrected milk (4.08%, P < 0.01), milk fat (4.46%, P < 0.01), protein (4.21%, P < 0.01), lactose (3.79%, P < 0.01), and total solids (3.51%, P < 0.01). Additionally, CrP supplementation increased blood glucose concentrations (8.39%, P < 0.01), while reducing blood urea N (BUN) levels (14.85%, P < 0.05) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels (17.14%, P < 0.05). The use of CrP as additional dietary source of Cr significantly improved productive performances of dairy cows under heat stress conditions. It was indicated that supplemented Cr could have positive effect on glucose and N metabolism, as well as on energy metabolism of lactating cows at moderately high THI values.

RESUMO: O tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) é uma fruta rica em nutrientes e com alto teor de ácido glutâmico, tornando-o uma fonte adequada para a produção de ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA) através da ação de bactérias ácido lácticas (BAL). As BAL desempenham um papel fundamental na fermentação láctica, melhorando o sabor e o valor nutricional dos produtos alimentares, contribuindo frequentemente para os seus benefícios para a saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar BAL produtoras de GABA de tomates e avaliar seu potencial para a produção de suco de tomate fermentado enriquecido com GABA. Os resultados indicam o isolamento de 15 cepas de BAL a partir de amostras de cinco tomates diferentes. Todas essas cepas demonstraram capacidade de produzir GABA, com níveis variando de 1,732 a 3,113 mg/mL, conforme determinado por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD). Através de sequenciamento, a cepa promissora TO42, identificada como Weissella cibaria, foi selecionada para fermentação de suco de tomate. Além disso, o suco de tomate enriquecido com GABA foi fermentado com sucesso a 15 °Brix por 72 h, resultando no maior teor registrado de GABA e ácido láctico de 9.185 ± 0.398 mg/mL e 13.05 ± 1.56 g/L, respectivamente. RESUMO Solanum L. L glutâmico tornandoo tornando γaminobutírico γ aminobutírico (GABA BAL. . (BAL) láctica alimentares saúde 1 diferentes 1732 732 1,73 3113 3 113 3,11 mgmL mg mL CCD. CCD (CCD) sequenciamento TO42 TO cibaria disso Brix 7 h 9185 9 185 9.18 0398 0 398 0.39 1305 13 05 13.0 156 56 1.5 gL g g/L respectivamente (BAL 173 73 1,7 311 11 3,1 (CCD TO4 918 18 9.1 039 39 0.3 130 13. 5 1. 17 1, 31 3, 91 9. 03 0.

ABSTRACT: Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are nutrient-rich fruits with a high glutamic acid content, making them a suitable source for producing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) through the action of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB plays a pivotal role in lactic fermentation, enhancing the taste and nutritional value of food products, often contributing to their health benefits. This study isolated GABA-producing LAB from tomatoes and assessed their potential for producing GABA-enriched fermented tomato juice. The results indicated the isolation of 15 LAB strains from the samples of five different tomatoes. All of these strains demonstrated the capability to produce GABA, with levels ranging from 1.732 to 3.113 mg/mL, as determined using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Through sequencing, the promising strain TO42, identified as Weissella cibaria, was selected for tomato juice fermentation. Furthermore, GABA-enriched tomato juice was successfully fermented at 15 °Brix for 72 h, resulting in the highest recorded GABA and lactic acid content of 9.185 ± 0.398 mg/mL and 13.05 ± 1.56 g/L, respectively. ABSTRACT Solanum L. L nutrientrich nutrient rich γaminobutyric γ aminobutyric (GABA LAB. . (LAB) fermentation products benefits GABAproducing GABAenriched enriched 1 1732 732 1.73 3113 3 113 3.11 mgmL mg mL thinlayer thin layer TLC. TLC (TLC) sequencing TO42 TO cibaria Furthermore Brix 7 h 9185 9 185 9.18 0398 0 398 0.39 1305 13 05 13.0 156 56 1.5 gL g g/L respectively (LAB 173 73 1.7 311 11 3.1 (TLC TO4 918 18 9.1 039 39 0.3 130 13. 5 1. 17 31 3. 91 9. 03 0.

Coumarin derivatives possess diverse biological activities, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study concentrates on the synthesis of two new coumarins: the first derived from rhizomes of Luvunga scandens and the second from 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one via bromination facilitated by NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) reagent. Their antibacterial and anticancer properties were evaluated in vitro, alongside in silico docking targeting the chromen-2-one group. Bromination of compound 1 yielded novel compound 2, while compound 4 was efficiently synthesized from 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3) using NBS. Testing on lung, breast, and liver cancer cell lines indicated that compound 2 effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus at concentrations of 13.20 and 6.6 µM, respectively. It also demonstrated significant inhibition against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 50.37 ± 3.70 µM. Molecular docking revealed compound 2’s interaction with 2VF5 enzyme, elucidating its bacterial inhibition mechanism, with Gibbs energy and inhibition constant values of -7.42 kcal mol-1 and 3.62 µM, respectively. Additionally, compound 2 exhibited anticancer activity via alignment with topoisomerase 1 (3TOP): 1T8I, supported by molecular dynamics simulations illustrating strong ligand interactions. Analysis of pharmacophore kinetics highlighted the complex’s hydrophilic nature, indicating its potential therapeutic efficacy. activities antifungal antidiabetic antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory effects coumarins 7diethylamino4methyl2Hchromen2one diethylaminomethylHchromenone 7 diethylamino methyl 2H chromen one H Nbromosuccinimide N bromosuccinimide (N-bromosuccinimide reagent vitro chromen2one chromenone group 3 (3 lung 1320 13 20 13.2 66 6 6. µM respectively MCF7 MCF MCF- halfmaximal half maximal IC50 IC (IC50 5037 50 37 50.3 370 70 3.7 2s s VF 2VF enzyme mechanism 7.42 742 42 -7.4 mol1 mol mol- 362 62 3.6 Additionally 3TOP TOP (3TOP) 1T8I TI T I interactions complexs complex nature efficacy Hchromen ( 132 13. IC5 (IC5 503 5 50. 3. 7.4 74 -7. 36 (3TOP (IC 7. -7 -

Resumen Esta investigación examina el impacto de los factores financieros específicos de la banca en el retorno sobre los activos promedio (ROAA) de los bancos comerciales de Vietnam. Los resultados indican que las actividades fuera de balance (OBS), el margen de interés neto (NIM) y el tamaño del banco (SIZE) influyen de forma positiva en el ROAA. Por otra parte, las OBS representan oportunidades de generación de beneficios, pero dependen de una gestión cuidadosa del riesgo. Un NIM más alto refleja la rentabilidad del diferencial de tasas de interés, mientras que un mayor tamaño de activos permite la diversificación de operaciones y la reducción de riesgos. Por el contrario, el saldo acreedor (CB) tiene un impacto negativo en el ROAA, ya que una mayor exposición crediticia puede conducir a riesgos crediticiosc y a una rentabilidad reducida. Factores como la relación costo-ingreso (CIR), la morosidad de la cartera de crédito (NPL) y las reservas para préstamos incobrables (LLR) no no tienen un efecto significativo en el ROAA. El artículo enfatiza la importancia de la gestión del riesgo crediticio y del riesgo de mercado para asegurar la sostenibilidad y el crecimiento a largo plazo de los bancos comerciales de Vietnam. Además, los estudios podrían considerar factores macroeconómicos como las fluctuaciones económicas globales y la política monetaria para comprender mejor el entorno financiero y apoyar a los bancos en el desarrollo de estrategias de crecimiento más sostenibles.

Abstract This research examines the impact of bank-specific financial factors on the Return on Average Assets (ROAA) of commercial banks in Vietnam. The results indicate that Off-Balance Sheet activities (OBS), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Bank Size (SIZE) positively influence ROAA. OBS presents profit generation opportunities contingent on careful risk management. A higher NIM reflects profitability from the interest rate spread, while a larger bank size enables diversification of operations and risk reduction. Conversely, Credit Balance (CB) negatively impacts ROAA as increased credit exposure can lead to credit risk and reduced profitability. Factors such as the Cost-to-Income Ratio (CIR), Non-Performing Loan ratio (NPL), and Loan Loss Reserves (LLR) do not significantly affect ROAA. The article emphasizes the importance of credit risk and market risk management to ensure the long-term sustainability and growth of commercial banks in Vietnam. Additionally, studies could consider macroeconomic factors such as global economic fluctuations and monetary policy to better understand the financial environment and support banks in developing more sustainable growth strategies. JEL Classification: G21, G24, G32, G39.

Resumen Introducción: Anoectochilus formosanus es una orquídea herbácea muy valiosa, conocida por su eficacia en el tratamiento de una amplia gama de enfermedades. Sin embargo, los métodos actuales utilizados para diferenciar esta especie de otras dentro del mismo género no son efectivos debido a la gran similitud en las características morfológicas y las secuencias de códigos de barras de ADN entre estas especies. Objetivo: Caracterizar el genoma del cloroplasto (cp) para distinguir A. formosanus a nivel de especie o de aislamiento. Métodos: El genoma completo del cp se secuenció utilizando tecnología de secuenciación de nueva generación, se anotó y se comparó con los genomas del cp publicados de varias especies del género Anoectochilus. Resultados: El genoma del cp completo de A. formosanus tiene un tamaño de 152 658 pb y consta de una copia grande y pequeña de 82 692 pb y 17 346 pb, respectivamente, separadas por repeticiones invertidas de 26 310 pb. Dentro del genoma del cp, hay un total de 141 genes, incluidos 92 genes codificadores de proteínas, 10 genes de ARNr y 39 genes de ARNt. Este genoma contiene un total de 80 repeticiones de secuencia simple, con 50 repeticiones largas. Mediante análisis filogenético, se observó una estrecha relación entre A. formosanus de Vietnam y muestras de A. formosanus de China (NC_061756.1). Sin embargo, las comparaciones genómicas resaltaron diferencias entre los dos genomas del cp, específicamente en sus secuencias de repetición invertida. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos revelan distintas variaciones en el genoma del cp de A. formosanus en Vietnam, lo que ofrece información valiosa sobre la taxonomía, la identificación de plantas, la reproducción y los programas de conservación relacionados con esta hierba en Vietnam.

Abstract Introduction: Anoectochilus formosanus is a highly valuable herb known for its efficacy in treating a wide range of diseases. However, the current methods used to differentiate this species from others within the same genus are not effective due to the high similarity in morphological characteristics and DNA barcode sequences among these species. Objective: To characterize the chloroplast (cp) genome to distinguish A. formosanus at species or isolation levels. Methods: The complete cp genome was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology, annotated, and compared with published cp genomes of various species within the Anoectochilus genus. Results: The complete cp genome of A. formosanus is 152 658 bp in size, consisting of a large and small copy of 82 692 bp and 17 346 bp, respectively, separated by inverted repeats of 26 310 bp. Within the cp genome, there are a total of 141 genes, including 92 protein-coding genes, 10 rRNA genes, and 39 tRNA genes. This genome contains a total of 80 simple sequence repeats, with 50 long repeats. Through phylogenetic analysis, a close relationship was observed between A. formosanus in Vietnam and A. formosanus samples from China (NC_061756.1). However, genomic comparisons highlighted differences between the two cp genomes, specifically in their reverse repeat sequences. Conclusion: These findings reveal distinct variations in the cp genome of A. formosanus in Vietnam, offering valuable insights into the taxonomy, plant identification, breeding, and conservation programs related to this herb in Vietnam.

Abstract Gender health remains an unfinished issue worldwide. As the critical intersection of females’ health and technologies, Femtech emerged beyond a niche market and disrupting conventional healthcare practices for women. Given the various interest and research outputs continue to mushroom on females’ health, a retrospective view on this dynamic field is essential. This research aims to examine Femtech global research landscape using bibliometric analysis technique. Following PRISMA flow diagram, Femtech publications published between 2013 and 2023 in Scopus database were systematically analyzed. A total of 183 publications covering 21 subject areas, in 6 languages from 44 countries were identified for this purpose. The outcomes indicate these publications were predominantly in the field of medicine rather than information technology and a majority were monopolized by authors, journals and sponsors from developed nations. Initial keywords review found to accentuate “mhealth”; “pregnancy”; “mobile applications”; “women’s health”, however, “telehealth”; “wearables”; “privacy”; “reproductive health”; “menopause” had also drawn high interest. The research contributes methodically by applying bibliographic analysis to understand Femtech research trends and assess citations as measure impact on Femtech research ecosystem. This research provides a blueprint empowering researchers, practitioners, investors, Femtech industry players and stakeholders to collaborate in Femtech research to enhance adoption of Femtech globally.

RESUMEN Los aceites esenciales de Melaleuca alternifolia L. (MaEO), extraídos mediante destilación al vapor de sus hojas, ofrecen múltiples beneficios. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas, como la densidad relativa, la densidad absoluta, el índice de acidez, el índice de saponificación, el índice de éster, el punto de congelación, la retención de fragancia, la actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana del MaEO. Se utilizó análisis de cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) para analizar la composición química de los aceites esenciales (AE), y los resultados obtenidos mostraron que se identificaron y cuantificaron 45 compuestos; entre ellos, el componente principal fue terpinen-4-ol (44,55%). Además, la capacidad antioxidante (CA) se evaluó mediante el ensayo de 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH) con la concentración inhibidora media máxima (IC50) de 360 mg mL-1. Asimismo, MaEO también tuvo una excelente actividad antibacteriana (AA) contra ciertos tipos de bacterias, utilizando el método de difusión en disco de papel para pruebas de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. El diámetro de las zonas inhibidoras fueron 12,33, 14, 15,67 y 24,33 mm para Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076) y Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Melaleuca alternifolia L. essential oils (MaEO), extracted through steam, distillation of its leaves, offer a multitude of benefits. The aim of the study was to determine the physicochemical and biological properties, such as relative density, absolute density, acid value, saponification value, ester value, freezing point, fragrance retention, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of MaEO. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to analyze the chemical composition of essential oils (EO), and the obtained results displayed those 45 compounds were identified and quantified; among them, the main component was Terpinen-4-ol (44.55%). In addition, the antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 360 mg mL-1. Moreover, MaEO also had excellent antibacterial activity (AA) against certain types of bacteria, using the paper disc diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing. The diameter of the inhibitory zones were 12.33, 14, 15.67, and 24.33 mm for Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), respectively.

Abstract Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to compare nine different models to evaluate consumer credit risk, which are the following: Logistic Regression (LR), Naive Bayes (NB), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending. Design/methodology/approach. The author uses data from P2P Lending Club (LC) to assess the efficiency of a variety of classification models across different economic scenarios and to compare the ranking results of credit risk models in P2P lending through three families of evaluation metrics. Findings. The results from this research indicate that the risk classification models in the 2013-2019 economic period show greater measurement efficiency than for the difficult 2007-2012 period. Besides, the results of ranking models for predicting default risk show that GBDT is the best model for most of the metrics or metric families included in the study. The findings of this study also support the results of Tsai et al. (2014) and Teplý and Polena (2019) that LR, ANN and LDA models classify loan applications quite stably and accurately, while CART, k-NN and NB show the worst performance when predicting borrower default risk on P2P loan data. Originality/value . The main contributions of the research to the empirical literature review include: comparing nine prediction models of consumer loan application risk through statistical and machine learning algorithms evaluated by the performance measures according to three separate families of metrics (threshold, ranking and probabilistic metrics) that are consistent with the existing data characteristics of the LC lending platform through two periods of reviewing the current economic situation and platform development.

Abstract With the aim of investigating shared leadership in conjunction with team members’ proactive behaviours, the main focus of this study is on the role of job crafting and knowledge sharing, as well as psychological empowerment as a potential mediator in the process. A survey research design was utilised in this study to gather data from 186 highly technical and knowledge-based members of different teams of South Korean firms. The results indicated that shared leadership is effective in a team context, positively affects members’ job crafting and knowledge sharing in a team context, and strongly promotes psychological empowerment. Furthermore, we found the intermediary effects of psychological empowerment. As one of the first to theoretically clarify, this study empirically tests and proves that shared leadership is a crucial antecedent for motivation and positive behaviours of team members. With the enlightening findings, the study offers valuable implications for leaders and managers to manage teams effectively.

Resumo Com o objetivo de investigar a liderança partilhada em conjunto com os comportamentos proactivos dos membros da equipa, o foco principal deste estudo é o papel da criação de emprego e da partilha de conhecimentos, bem como a capacitação psicológica como potencial mediador no processo. Um desenho de pesquisa por questionário foi utilizado neste estudo para recolher dados de 186 membros de diferentes equipas de empresas sul-coreanas com especialização tecnológica e baseada no conhecimento. Os resultados indicaram que a liderança partilhada é eficaz no contexto de equipa, afeta positivamente a criação de emprego e a partilha de conhecimento num contexto de equipa e promove a capacitação psicológica. Além disso, descobrimos os efeitos intermediários da capacitação psicológica. Sendo um dos primeiros a clarificar teoricamente, este estudo testa e prova empiricamente que a liderança partilhada é um antecedente crucial para a motivação e os comportamentos positivos dos membros da equipa. As implicações do estudo permitem uma mais eficaz gestão das equipas.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different air diffusers on the oxygen transfer rate, water quality, and growth performance of the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, for 60 days using a recirculating aquaculture system. The first experiment was conducted with six treatments applying two different air diffusers regarding two treatments (TRT): (i) rubber aeration tube and (ii) airstone at three different air pressures (0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 Mpa), respectively. Based on the first experiment's results, the second experiment was designed with two treatments: TRT1 - rubber aeration tube and TRT2 - airstone. Results indicated that the standard oxygen transfer rate increased as the pressure increased. The rubber aeration tube and air stone showed no significant difference at pressure levels. Therefore, the second experiment used a pressure level of 0.025 Mpa for TRT1 and TRT2. The results from the second trial showed that the dissolved oxygen in TRT1 did not differ significantly from that in TRT2. At the same time, the other parameters, such as temperature, pH, and alkalinity, remained steady throughout the culture period. The survival rate and biomass had the highest values in TRT2, but no significant differences were found in growth performance compared to TRT1. The results of this study suggest that either rubber aeration tubes or air stones are feasible and effective alternatives to improve the water quality and growth performance of P. vannamei in experimental conditions.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes valores de Índice temperatura-humedad (IHT) sobre el tiempo de reposo y el consumo de alimento, la productividad y la producción de calor de las vacas lecheras en dos variantes de feedlots (con y sin refugio). El estudio se llevó a cabo desde febrero de 2007 hasta principios de agosto de 2021 en la parte central de Ucrania (región de Kiev) en diferentes períodos de IHT. El índice se dividió en tres categorías: 1) 66-71: normal (14 días); 2) 72-79: alerta (11 días); 3) >80: peligroso (9 días). Se seleccionaron dos variantes de feedlots: abierto con sombra y abierto sin sombra. El mayor aumento en los valores de IHT que afectaron a las vacas se observó en los corrales de engorda abiertos sin sombras. Allí, en periodos de alerta y peligro, la duración del consumo de alimento disminuyó en 8.0 y 23.1 min, acostado en 17 y 38 min, la productividad en 2.3 kg (o 8.77%) y 3.6 kg (o 13.74%), el consumo de energía en 4.7 y 9.6 MJ, respectivamente, en comparación con el periodo normal.

ABSTRACT The goal of this investigation was to study the influence of different values of Temperature-Humidity index (THI) on the duration of lying down and feed consumption, productivity, and heat production by dairy cows in two variants of feedlots (with and without shelters). The study was conducted from February 2007 to early August 2021 in the central part of Ukraine (Kyiv region) in different periods of THI. This index was divided into three categories: 1) 66-71: normal (14 days); 2) 72-79: alert (11 days); 3) ≥ 80: dangerous (9 days). Two variants of feedlots were selected: Open feedlot with shelters and open feedlot without shelters. The largest increase in values of THI affecting the cows was observed in open feedlots without shelters. There, in alert and danger periods duration of feed consumption decreased by 8.0 and 23.1 min, lying down by 17 and 38 min, productivity by 2.3 kg (or 8.77%) and 3.6 kg (or 13.74%), energy consumption by 4.7 and 9.6 MJ, respectively, in comparison to normal period.

A solar power-assisted system was developed and installed to create optimum, healthy environmental conditions inside the animal house. An improved animal house of 48 m² including a manger and urine collection system was selected. The developed system consists of two solar panels of 37 watts each with a DC motor coupled with a pump, four-way foggers, battery (12 V, 22 Ah), charge controller, digital timer, pressure gauge, and water tank (200 L). The assessment of the developed cooling system was carried out by measuring AT (air temperature), RH (relative humidity), THI (temperature-humidity index), and RT (rectal temperature) using 6, 12, and 18 foggers at three different heights of 2.25, 2.5, and 2.75 m with 2, 4, and 6 min operational time intervals. The AT, RH and THI were strongly influenced by the fogger cooling system, wherein AT was lowered by 9.2-2.6 °C and RH was increased from 13-47% inside the animal house. The minimum rectal temperature of 38.11 °C and THI 81.71% was recorded at 18 foggers installed at a height of 2.75 m with a 4 min operational time interval. Therefore, the installed solar power-assisted cooling system for fogging water created an optimum cooling effect inside the animal house.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonal thermal stress on serum hormones, oxidative status, and immune response of periparturient dairy cows. A total of 32 healthy Holstein dairy cows in the perinatal period with the same date of delivery were selected (eight cows per season) and housed in a free-stall barn. Different seasons corresponded to different temperature-humidity indices (THI). Regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between THI and rectal temperature and respiratory rate. On the day of calving, the level of progesterone and oestradiol increased and prolactin decreased substantially at a high THI. For oxidative stress biomarkers, the contents of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were substantially higher at a low THI. Glutathione peroxidase was increased at a high THI. For immune responses, the data indicated that low and high THI conditions led to an increase in interleukin-2 and interleukin-10. Low THI cows exhibited a substantially higher level of tumour necrosis factor-a before calving. Oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and endocrine imbalance therefore occur in lactating dairy cows in hot summers and cold-wet winters in comparison with comfortable seasons.

Abstract Curcuma zedoaria is a traditional medicine used for various purposes in human life. The organic solvent extracts of this plant also exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti- cancer, anti-necrosis, and hepatoprotective properties. However, the prospect of employing this plant extract for skin whitening, particularly its molecular mechanism, has not been reported yet. Therefore, in this study, the total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, tyrosinase inhibitory, melanin inhibitory, and target gene expression using the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract from Curcuma zedoaria , were all examined. The TPC result of the sample was 42.18±2.25 mg GAE/g extract with impressive antioxidant activity. Half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and Ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP value at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL were 49.06±0.29 µg/mL and 116±50 μM Fe2+/L, respectively. The extract had no cytotoxicity at 25 µg/mL, inhibited melanin production for 74.02±3.05% and tyrosinase for 137.45±1.38%. In particular, the extract demonstrated the ability to block the expression levels of four melanogenesis-related genes. Moreover, GCMS analysis results also detected 28 different compounds, with two new compounds accounting for a high proportion. These results suggested that C. zedoaria has a significant potential for application in skin-pigmentation treatment cosmetics. life antibacterial antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory cancer antinecrosis, antinecrosis necrosis, necrosis anti-necrosis properties However whitening mechanism yet Therefore study content activity examined 4218225 42 18 2 42.18±2.2 GAEg GAE g 2,2Diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22Diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 Diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl 5 2. µgmL µg mL 4906029 49 06 0 29 49.06±0.2 11650 116 50 116±5 Fe2L FeL Fe2 L Fe Fe2+/L respectively 7402305 74 02 3 05 74.02±3.05 13745138 137 45 38 137.45±1.38% particular melanogenesisrelated melanogenesis related genes Moreover proportion C skinpigmentation pigmentation cosmetics 421822 4 42.18±2. 2Diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, 490602 49.06±0. 1165 11 116± 740230 7 74.02±3.0 1374513 13 137.45±1.38 42182 42.18±2 49060 49.06±0 74023 74.02±3. 137451 137.45±1.3 4218 42.18± 4906 49.06± 7402 74.02±3 13745 137.45±1. 421 42.18 490 49.06 740 74.02± 1374 137.45±1 42.1 49.0 74.02 137.45± 42. 49. 74.0 137.45 74. 137.4 137.

RESUMO: A tripanossomíase bovina impõe significativos ônus econômicos à indústria pecuária global. Os agentes causadores dessa doença pertencem a protozoários do gênero Trypanosoma. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, realizar detecção (parasitológica e molecular) e caracterização genética de Trypanosoma spp. em bovinos de 15 municipalidades do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com foco na sequência 18S rDNA e no gene Cathepsin-L (CatL) de Trypanosoma vivax e Trypanosoma theileri. Um total de 389 amostras de sangue de 15 fazendas leiteiras no estado do Rio de Janeiro foram coletadas, e o DNA foi extraído para subsequente amplificação por PCR dos genes 18S rDNA e CatL de Trypanosoma spp. Os amplicons resultantes foram submetidos a sequenciamento e alinhamento para análise filogenética, com comparações realizadas com isolados do GenBank. No que se refere à análise parasitológica, os esfregaços de sangue apresentaram 4,4% de bovinos positivos (n=17/389) para T. vivax e não mostraram nenhuma forma tripomastigota de T. theileri. A frequência absoluta de Trypanosoma spp. através da detecção molecular visando 18S rDNA foi de 11,6% (45/389). No entanto, ao realizar PCRs específicos de espécies, a frequência de T. vivax, determinada por PCR do gene CatL foi de 12,8%, e a frequência de T. theileri foi de 3,6%. A análise filogenética com base no 18S rDNA revelou baixa diversidade entre as sequências de T. vivax, sugerindo uma possível segregação de hospedeiros. Este estudo enfatiza a alta frequência de amostra positiva pela PCR quando comparada com a parasitológica direta. Além disso, a filogenia de T. vivax direcionada ao 18S rDNA sugere agrupamento de sequências relacionado à espécie hospedeira. Importante destacar que esta investigação revela, pela primeira vez no gado do Rio de Janeiro, a circulação da linhagem ThI de T. theileri, abrangendo os genótipos IIB e IF. Esta descoberta amplia nosso entendimento sobre a distribuição geográfica e diversidade genética desse parasito. RESUMO global Objetivouse, Objetivouse Objetivou se, Objetivou-se spp 1 S CathepsinL Cathepsin L (CatL 38 coletadas GenBank 44 4 4,4 n=17/389 n17389 n 17 (n=17/389 T 116 11 6 11,6 45/389. 45389 45/389 . 45 (45/389) entanto espécies 128 12 8 12,8% 36 3 3,6% hospedeiros direta disso hospedeira revela IF parasito 4, n=17/38 n1738 (n=17/38 11, 4538 45/38 (45/389 12,8 3,6 n=17/3 n173 (n=17/3 453 45/3 (45/38 12, 3, n=17/ n17 (n=17/ 45/ (45/3 n=17 n1 (n=17 (45/ n=1 (n=1 (45 n= (n= (4 (n (

ABSTRACT: Cattle trypanosomiasis imposes significant economic burdens on the global livestock industry. The causative agents of this disease belong to the protozoan Trypanosoma genus. This study aims to perform detection (parasitological and molecular) and genetic characterization to analyze Trypanosoma spp. in cattle from 15 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, focusing on the 18S rDNA and Cathepsin-L (CatL) gene of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma theileri. A total of 389 blood samples from 15 dairy cattle farms in the state of Rio de Janeiro were collected, and DNA was extracted for subsequent PCR amplification of Trypanosoma spp. 18S rDNA and CatL genes. The resulting amplicons underwent sequencing and alignment for phylogenetic analysis, with comparisons made to GenBank isolates. Concerning parasitological analysis, blood smears presented 4.4% of positive cattle (n=17/389) for T. vivax and did not show any trypomastigote forms of T. theileri. The absolute frequency of Trypanosoma spp. through molecular detection targeting 18S rDNA was 11.6% (45/389). However, when performing species-specific PCRs, the T. vivax frequency, determined through CatL gene PCR, was 12.8%, and the T. theileri frequency was 3.6%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA revealed low diversity among T. vivax sequences, suggesting potential host segregation. This study emphasizes the high frequency of positive samples by PCR when compared to direct parasitological exams. Additionally, T. vivax phylogeny targeting 18S rDNA hints at sequence clustering related to host species. Importantly, this investigation unveils, for the first time in Rio de Janeiro’s cattle, the circulation of T. theileri lineage ThI, encompassing genotypes IIB and IF. This discovery expands our understanding of this parasite’s geographical distribution and genetic diversity. ABSTRACT industry genus spp 1 S CathepsinL Cathepsin L (CatL 38 collected genes isolates 44 4 4.4 n=17/389 n17389 n 17 (n=17/389 T 116 11 6 11.6 45/389. 45389 45/389 . 45 (45/389) However speciesspecific species specific PCRs 128 12 8 12.8% 36 3 3.6% sequences segregation exams Additionally Importantly unveils Janeiros s ThI IF parasites parasite 4. n=17/38 n1738 (n=17/38 11. 4538 45/38 (45/389 12.8 3.6 n=17/3 n173 (n=17/3 453 45/3 (45/38 12. 3. n=17/ n17 (n=17/ 45/ (45/3 n=17 n1 (n=17 (45/ n=1 (n=1 (45 n= (n= (4 (n (