RESUMO O conforto térmico adequado para o cultivo de plantas em ambientes protegidos está intrinsecamente ligado às propriedades das coberturas translúcidas. Este estudo investigou a influência de três tipos de filmes plásticos (difusor, transparente e leitoso) em três estufas agrícolas em Fortaleza, CE. O objetivo foi analisar as condições de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, buscando recomendações para otimizar o desempenho das estufas. Dez estações de monitoramento foram distribuídas, três para cada cobertura plástica e uma externa; as leituras foram coletadas a 2 m de altura sendo equipadas com sensores de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar (SHT31). A coleta de dados ocorreu de 11 a 27 de julho de 2023, com leituras a cada 5 min (totalizando 12 leituras por hora), tratadas posteriormente por regressão linear. Diferenças significativas nas madrugadas (1 e 5%) entre as coberturas para temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram observadas. Comparando os filmes, difusor × transparente e difusor × leitoso mostraram diferenças a 5 e 1%, respectivamente, enquanto transparente x leitoso não apresentaram diferenças. Durante o período das 12 horas, o filme difusor exibiu menores variações de temperatura. Conclui-se que a cobertura difusora proporcionou as menores temperaturas e menores variações ao longo do dia, sendo estatisticamente diferente dos filmes leitoso e transparente nos horários mais quentes. Esses resultados oferecem percepções cruciais para otimizar as condições em estufas agrícolas, contribuindo para práticas eficientes de cultivo protegido.

ABSTRACT Adequate thermal comfort for plant growth in protected environments is associated with properties of translucent coverings. This study investigated the influence of three types of plastic films (diffuser, transparent, and milky) at three agricultural greenhouses in Fortaleza city, CE, Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze air temperature and relative air humidity conditions, seeking recommendations to optimize plant growth performance in greenhouses. Ten monitoring stations were distributed, three for each plastic covering and one external; readings were taken 2 m above the ground level, using temperature and relative air humidity sensors (SHT31). Data were collected from July 11 to July 27, 2023, with readings every 5 min (totaling 12 readings per hour) and subsequently processed through linear regression. The tested coverings resulted in different temperature and relative air humidity during early morning hours (1 and 5%). The comparison between diffuser and transparent, and diffuser and milky films showed differences at 5 and 1%, respectively, while transparent and milky films did not show differences. The diffuser film exhibited lower temperature variations throughout a 12-hour period. The diffuser covering provided the lowest temperatures and smaller variations throughout the day, which was significantly different from milky and transparent films during warmer hours. These results provide valuable information for optimizing conditions in agricultural greenhouses, contributing to sustainable and efficient practices in protected cultivation.

Abstract Water stress has caused major losses in the agricultural productivity of crops, inducing the search for alternatives for sustainable cultivation. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of watermelon under water stress, inoculated with bacterial strains of the genus Bacillus spp., regarding the biochemical and enzymatic variables in the flowering stage. A randomized block design was adopted in a split-plot 4x4 factorial scheme, with plots consisting of four levels of soil water availability (40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of field capacity - FC) and subplots consisting of four inoculations (Negative Control (NC); XX6.9 bacteria; P6.2 bacteria; MIX - co-inoculation of XX6.9 and P6.2 bacteria), with five replicates. XX6.9 bacteria and NC were the treatments most affected by severe water stress, since at the soil water availability (SWA) level of 40% FC they showed high contents of the oxidative marker (MDA) and proline. Although the inoculation with XX6.9 bacteria promoted a higher content of osmoregulators such as proteins, total soluble sugars and reducing sugars, it was not enough to attenuate the effects of water deficit. On the other hand, treatments with P6.2 bacteria and MIX of bacteria showed reduced levels of MDA at the SWA level of 40% FC, accompanied by high enzymatic activity of POD and CAT, which may contribute to the tolerance of the watermelon crop to water stress.

RESUMO: Pereskia aculeata, popularmente conhecida como ora-pro-nóbis, é uma Planta Alimentícia Não Convencional (PANC) nativa do Brasil. Considerando a baixa quantidade de trabalhos com a propagação da espécie e a importância de práticas mais sustentáveis voltadas para o pequeno agricultor, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento de mudas de P. aculeata cultivadas em substratos com diferentes proporções de composto orgânico. As mudas foram obtidas por estaquia, e cultivadas em quatro substratos distintos, configurando três tratamentos e um tratamento controle. Os substratos foram preparados a partir da mistura de terra de formigueiro e substrato comercial, de forma que os tratamentos foram determinados pela quantidade de composto orgânico adicionado. No tratamento controle não foi incorporado composto orgânico, e nos demais tratamentos, o composto representava 25, 50 e 75% da massa total do substrato. Modelos lineares mistos foram aplicados a variáveis morfológicas e fisiológicas. Foi possível observar que, quanto maior a quantidade de composto orgânico no substrato, maior foi o crescimento das brotações que se desenvolveram nas estacas, efeito refletido, principalmente, pelo aumento do comprimento e do número de folhas do maior ramo, e da massa (fresca e seca) da parte aérea. A taxa de fotossíntese líquida e a eficiência quântica do fotossistema II também aumentaram significativamente com a incorporação de composto orgânico no substrato. É possível concluir que o incremento do composto orgânico promoveu o crescimento das mudas de P. aculeata, bem como seu desempenho fotossintético.

ABSTRACT: Pereskia aculeata, commonly known as ora-pro-nóbis, is a Non-Conventional Food Plant (NCFP) native to Brazil. Considering the limited number of studies on species propagation and the importance of more sustainable practices for small-scale farmers, the objective was to evaluate the growth of P. aculeata saplings cultivated in substrates with different proportions of organic compost. The saplings were obtained by cuttings and cultivated in four distinct substrates, comprising three treatments and one control group. The substrates were prepared from a mixture of ant mound soil and commercial substrate, with the treatments determined by the amount of organic compost added. In the control group, no organic compost was incorporated, while in the other treatments, the compost represented 25, 50, and 75% of the total substrate mass. Mixed linear models were applied to morphological and physiological variables. It was possible to observe that, the higher the amount of organic compost in the substrate, the greater the growth of the shoots that developed from the cuttings, a result reflected primarily in the increased length and number of leaves on the largest branch, and the dry mass of the above-ground part. The rate of net photosynthesis and effective quantum efficiency of Photosystem II also significantly increased with the incorporation of organic compost into the substrate. It can be concluded that the addition of organic compost promoted the growth of P. aculeata cutting saplings, as well as their photosynthetic performance.

Despite the large genetic diversity within South Africa's sheep population, average productivity on smallholdings remains low. This study therefore aimed to identify the breeding practices and trait preferences of sheep farmers in the Makurung and Lenting villages, Limpopo Province, for use in the development of a community-based breeding programme. Data were collected from 70 purposively sampled farmers in the two villages using a questionnaire survey method. Descriptive analysis, significance testing, and index ranks using SPSS software were employed to describe and analyse the collected data. Most (48.8%) of the sheep farmers in both villages kept sheep for savings and investment, and meat production purposes. The overwhelming majority (90.0%) of sheep farmers in both villages practised uncontrolled mating, but a significant difference in breeding practices was observed between the villages. Knowledge of castration and culling practices did not significantly differ between the villages. The sheep farmers' preferred traits for breeding rams were mating ability (0.3), body size (0.3), and growth rate (0.2), while for breeding ewes they were twinning ability (0.3), mothering ability (0.2), and lambing interval (0.2). We conclude that farmers should focus more on ewe reproductive anatomy traits (such as udder size and shape, and teat size and placement), and ram reproductive anatomy traits (such as scrotal size and circumference, and testicular size and weight), as these can have an impact on long-term flock productivity. These findings could guide interventions such as the establishment of sustainable community-based breeding schemes to improve sheep production in the study area.

Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises in the electromechanical systems engineering sector plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation. This study aims to design a comprehensive index for evaluating enterprise competitiveness, focusing on operational efficiency, strategic positioning, and the international environment. Employing an exploratory factor analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 280 enterprises in Moscow, Russia. The proposed index allows for a dynamic assessment of competitiveness, enabling the analysis of key indicators over time and predicting changes in competitiveness. The findings reveal critical factors contributing to competitiveness in the sector, enabling decision-makers to formulate strategies for improving their competitive position. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academic researchers in enhancing the competitiveness of electromechanical systems engineering enterprises and fostering sustainable economic development. The study's contributions to the literature and its practical relevance make it a valuable resource for academic and industry audiences alike. innovation efficiency positioning environment 28 Moscow Russia decisionmakers decision makers position policymakers practitioners development studys s alike 2

Resumo A competitividade das empresas do setor de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção do crescimento econômico e da inovação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice abrangente para avaliar a competitividade das empresas, com foco na eficiência operacional, posicionamento estratégico e o ambiente internacional. Empregando uma análise fatorial exploratória, os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário aplicado a 280 empresas em Moscou, Rússia. O índice proposto permite uma avaliação dinâmica da competitividade, permitindo a análise de indicadores-chave ao longo do tempo e prevendo mudanças na competitividade. As conclusões revelam fatores críticos que contribuem para a competitividade no sector, permitindo aos decisores formular estratégias para melhorar a sua posição competitiva. Esta pesquisa fornece informações valiosas para formuladores de políticas, profissionais da indústria e pesquisadores acadêmicos no aumento da competitividade das empresas de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia e na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. As contribuições do estudo para a literatura e sua relevância prática o tornam um recurso valioso para o público acadêmico e do setor. inovação operacional internacional exploratória 28 Moscou Rússia indicadoreschave indicadores chave sector competitiva políticas sustentável 2

RESUMEN El empleo de compuestos bioactivos extraídos de macroalgas en forma de formulaciones agrícolas representa una tecnología emergente con gran potencial para reducir la dependencia de agroquímicos sintéticos. Al presente, los extractos de algas marinas se consideran un recurso sostenible debido a su carácter biodegradable. En esta revisión se discute su potencial para reemplazar o reducir a una variedad de moléculas sintéticas en cultivos económicamente importantes, tales como fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados y fosfatados, reguladores del crecimiento hormonales sintéticos y plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados. Por la presencia de una extensa gama de sustancias bioactivas ya registradas en ciertas algas se prevén como buenos candidatos para la producción de bioformulaciones vegetales. En este sentido, el aprovechamiento comercial y biotecnológico de las macroalgas podría beneficiar la economía local. Sin embargo, pese a todo el potencial de las algas existe muy poca información de su contenido metabolómico o químico total. Esta revisión bibliográfica resume información que propone el uso de las macroalgas Kappaphycus. alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera e Hypnea spinella dentro del sector agrícola ecuatoriano como alternativa para la reducción de pesticidas.

ABSTRACT The use of bioactive compounds from macroalgae in agricultural formulations is an emerging technology with great potential to reduce dependence on synthetic agrochemicals. Currently, seaweed extracts are considered a sustainable resource due to their biodegradable nature. This review discusses their potential to replace or reduce a variety of synthetic molecules in economically important crops, such as synthetic nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers, synthetic hormone growth regulators, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. Due to the presence of a wide range of bioactive substances already reported in certain algae, they are foreseen as good candidates for the production of plant bioformulations. In this sense, the commercial and biotechnological exploitation of macroalgae could benefit the local economy. However, despite the potential of algae, there is very little information on their total metabolomic or chemical content. This literature review summarises information proposing the use of the macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera and Hypnea spinella in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector as an alternative for pesticide reduction.

RESUMEN En las actuales condiciones de cambio climático, las naciones alrededor del mundo y en la región de América Latina enfrentan el desafío de atender las demandas resultantes de un constante crecimiento urbano y al mismo tiempo tratar de reducir el daño ambiental. Ecuador, particularmente Guayaquil, no es una excepción a lo anterior. Es una ciudad que históricamente ha sufrido una continua degradación de sus dos principales ecosistemas naturales, el bosque seco tropical y el manglar, debido a un extendido desarrollo urbano. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar la relación de los bosques o remanentes de bosques con unidades barriales seleccionadas y la influencia de la forma urbana de estas unidades en la sostenibilidad y bienestar de sus habitantes. Se realiza un análisis multiescalar y comparativo de diferentes patrones urbanos a nivel de barrio. Adicionalmente, la investigación propone el uso de los instrumentos de gestión del suelo con objetivos ambientales y sociales. Los resultados denotan la interacción o falta de ella, entre los bosques urbanos, la morfología de unidades barriales de los casos seleccionados y la relación con el bienestar de los residentes y el desarrollo urbano sostenible. Finalmente, el estudio analiza las potencialidades o restricciones de los enfoques seleccionados para incrementar los beneficios de la relación bosques urbanos-unidades barriales, y el uso de políticas integradoras para la protección de los bosques en el área metropolitana de Guayaquil.

ABSTRACT Under current climate change conditions, nations worldwide and in Latin America face the challenge of meeting the demands resulting from continuous urban growth while attempting to reduce environmental damage. Ecuador, particularly Guayaquil, is no exception. It is a city that has historically suffered ongoing degradation of its two main natural ecosystems, tropical dry forest and mangroves, due to extensive urban development. The objectives of this study were to analyze the relationship between forests or forest remnants with selected neighborhood units and the influence of the urban form of these units on sustainability and the well-being of residents. A multi-scalar and comparative analysis of different neighborhood urban patterns was conducted. Additionally, the research proposes the use of land management instruments with environmental and social objectives. The results denote the interaction, or lack thereof, between urban forests, the morphology of selected neighborhood units, their relationship with resident well-being, and sustainable urban development. Finally, the study analyzes the potential or constraints of the selected approaches to increase the benefits of the urban forests-neighborhood unit relationship, and the use of integrated policies for forest protection in the metropolitan area of Guayaquil.

Resumen Esta investigación examina el impacto de los factores financieros específicos de la banca en el retorno sobre los activos promedio (ROAA) de los bancos comerciales de Vietnam. Los resultados indican que las actividades fuera de balance (OBS), el margen de interés neto (NIM) y el tamaño del banco (SIZE) influyen de forma positiva en el ROAA. Por otra parte, las OBS representan oportunidades de generación de beneficios, pero dependen de una gestión cuidadosa del riesgo. Un NIM más alto refleja la rentabilidad del diferencial de tasas de interés, mientras que un mayor tamaño de activos permite la diversificación de operaciones y la reducción de riesgos. Por el contrario, el saldo acreedor (CB) tiene un impacto negativo en el ROAA, ya que una mayor exposición crediticia puede conducir a riesgos crediticiosc y a una rentabilidad reducida. Factores como la relación costo-ingreso (CIR), la morosidad de la cartera de crédito (NPL) y las reservas para préstamos incobrables (LLR) no no tienen un efecto significativo en el ROAA. El artículo enfatiza la importancia de la gestión del riesgo crediticio y del riesgo de mercado para asegurar la sostenibilidad y el crecimiento a largo plazo de los bancos comerciales de Vietnam. Además, los estudios podrían considerar factores macroeconómicos como las fluctuaciones económicas globales y la política monetaria para comprender mejor el entorno financiero y apoyar a los bancos en el desarrollo de estrategias de crecimiento más sostenibles.

Abstract This research examines the impact of bank-specific financial factors on the Return on Average Assets (ROAA) of commercial banks in Vietnam. The results indicate that Off-Balance Sheet activities (OBS), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Bank Size (SIZE) positively influence ROAA. OBS presents profit generation opportunities contingent on careful risk management. A higher NIM reflects profitability from the interest rate spread, while a larger bank size enables diversification of operations and risk reduction. Conversely, Credit Balance (CB) negatively impacts ROAA as increased credit exposure can lead to credit risk and reduced profitability. Factors such as the Cost-to-Income Ratio (CIR), Non-Performing Loan ratio (NPL), and Loan Loss Reserves (LLR) do not significantly affect ROAA. The article emphasizes the importance of credit risk and market risk management to ensure the long-term sustainability and growth of commercial banks in Vietnam. Additionally, studies could consider macroeconomic factors such as global economic fluctuations and monetary policy to better understand the financial environment and support banks in developing more sustainable growth strategies. JEL Classification: G21, G24, G32, G39.

ABSTRACT This work stems from an interinstitutional investigation aiming to develop a systemic model for economic transition in the Meta Department, Colombia, focusing on areas of oil exploitation. The purpose of this study is to reduce dependence on hydrocarbons through green projects, aligned with sustainable growth, contributing to local development and environmental preservation. The proposed methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, identifying categories related to the department's needs and potentialities. Econometric models will be employed to assess the significance of variables and their effects on businesses and hydrocarbon dependence. The findings will contextualize the impacts of oil extraction in Meta, outlining effective national and international policies for green growth and identifying key variables for the economic transition model.

RESUMEN Este trabajo surge de una investigación interinstitucional, con el objetivo de elaborar un modelo sistémico para la transición económica en el Departamento de Meta, Colombia, focalizado en zonas de explotación petrolera. El propósito de este estudio es reducir la dependencia de los hidrocarburos, mediante proyectos verdes, alineados con el crecimiento sostenible, para contribuir al desarrollo local y la preservación ambiental. La metodología propuesta fusiona enfoques cualitativos y cuantitativos, identificando categorías vinculadas a las necesidades y potencialidades del Departamento. Se utilizarán modelos econométricos para evaluar la significancia de las variables y sus efectos en los negocios y la dependencia de los hidrocarburos. Los resultados contextualizarán los impactos de la extracción petrolera en Meta, delineando políticas nacionales e internacionales eficaces para el crecimiento verde y señalando variables clave para el modelo de transición económica.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de la papa representa una actividad fundamental en la economía costarricense. Desde el 2015, la variedad Elbe-UCR está disponible en la agrocadena de papa, y es considerada como promisoria debido a su alta tolerancia a patógenos, plagas insectiles y condiciones de sequía, así como sus elevados rendimientos (mayores a 40 t ha-1). Pese a lo anterior, no se tienen estudios sobre crecimiento y acumulación de nutrimentos que permitan una mejor planificación de la fertilización del cultivo, con miras a una producción más sostenible. Objetivo. Desarrollar y validar las curvas de acumulación de nutrimentos en la variedad de papa Elbe-UCR, cultivada en la Zona Norte de Cartago. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron muestras de la biomasa de la planta cada 15 días después de la siembra (dds), las cuales se separaron en parte aérea, tubérculo y raíz, para determinar su masa fresca y seca, así como su concentración de nutrimentos. Resultados y discusión. La variedad Elbe-UCR acumuló un valor promedio de materia seca de 12016 kg ha-1 a los 135 dds, de los cuales el 70% correspondió a la biomasa del tubérculo. Para un rendimiento de 40 t ha-1, esta variedad acumuló un total de 195, 20, 312, 54, 16, y 20 kg ha-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S, respectivamente. También, acumuló un total de 336, 123, 6250, 337, y 213 g ha-1 de Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn y B, respectivamente. Conclusión. La variedad Elbe-UCR presentó una gran capacidad de acumulación de Ca y K, y no requiere los niveles altos de N que aplican regularmente los productores en Costa Rica. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo se consideran básicos para el manejo correcto de la fertilización y desarrollo de formulaciones comerciales para esta variedad, con miras a una producción más sostenible.

Abstract Introduction. Potato crop represents a fundamental activity within the Costa Rican economy. Since 2015, the Elbe-UCR variety has been available in the potato agrifood chain, being considered as promising due to its high tolerance to pathogens, insect pests, and drought conditions, as well as its high yields (greater than 40 t ha-1). Despite this, there are no studies about growth and nutrient accumulation that would allow a better fertilization planning for this potato variety, aiming to attain sustainable production. Objective. To develop and validate nutrient accumulation curves for the Elbe-UCR potato variety, cultivated in the Northern Zone of Cartago. Materials and methods. Biomass samples were collected every 15 days after planting (dap), which were separated into aboveground biomass, tuber, and root, to determine their fresh and dry mass, as well as their nutrient concentration. Results and discussion. The Elbe-UCR variety accumulated an average dry matter value of 12016 kg ha-1 at 135 dap, of which 70% corresponded to the tuber biomass. For a yield of 40 t ha-1, this variety accumulated a total of 195, 20, 312, 54, 16, and 20 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. It also accumulated a total of 336, 123, 6250, 337, y 213 g ha-1 of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B, respectively. Conclusion. The Elbe-UCR variety showed a great capacity for Ca and K accumulation and does not require the high levels of N regularly applied by producers in Costa Rica. The results obtained in this study are considered fundamental for the management of fertilization and the development of commercial formulations for this variety, aiming for a more sustainable production.

Resumen Introducción. El café (Coffea spp.) es el segundo producto más comercializado a nivel mundial y cultivado en más de ochenta países. Su cultivo es complejo por pertenecer a un ecosistema donde factores abióticos y bióticos tienen dinámicas bajo diferentes condiciones de manejo agronómico. Para comprender el desarrollo de la planta y su influencia en la calidad sensorial del producto, hay que conocer la intrincada interacción entre la planta del café y los microorganismos autóctonos del cultivo. Objetivo. Describir el rol de la microbiota edáfica del café, bacterias y hongos, y cómo puede contribuir en la calidad final de la bebida. Desarrollo. El suelo es uno de los ecosistemas más diversos y menos estudiados, en el cual se desarrollan funciones ecológicas importantes para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. La identificación de los componentes microbianos del suelo y sus interacciones con otros organismos, son importantes desde el punto de vista agronómico. La microbiota edáfica puede favorecer la fisiología de la planta y de esta manera, se realiza la presente recopilación de información que busca asociar cómo los atributos sensoriales de la bebida de café pueden ser beneficiados por la microbiota del suelo. Se revisaron artículos de ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar, entre el 2011 y 2023. Los datos muestran la diversidad de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV), bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (BFN) y hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) asociados con el cultivo de café. También existen compuestos microbianos que juegan un papel importante en la formación de atributos sensoriales y están relacionados con la calidad en taza del café. Conclusión. La diversidad microbiana del suelo y fruto puede sintetizar o degradar compuestos que influyen en el perfil sensorial de la bebida, lo cual podría tener implicaciones para la sostenibilidad y calidad.

Abstract Introduction. Coffee (Coffea spp.) is the second most traded product globally and is cultivated in over eighty countries. Its cultivation is complex because it belongs to an ecosystem where abiotic and biotic factors interact under various agronomic management conditions. To understand the development of the coffee plant and its influence on the sensory quality of the final product, it is necessary to explore the intricate interactions between the coffee plant and the native microorganisms within the crop environment. Objective. To describe the role of the coffee soil microbiota, specially bacteria and fungi, and how they may contribute to the final quality of the beverage. Development. Soil is one of the most diverse and least studied ecosystems, where crucial ecological functions for plant growth and development take place. Identifying soil microbial components and their interactions with other organisms is important from an agronomic perspective. The soil microbiota can enhance plant physiology; thus, this review aims to connect how the sensory attributes of coffee beverage can be positively influenced by soil microbiota. Articles from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2011 to 2023 were reviewed. The data show the diversity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with coffee cultivation. Additionally, microbial compounds play an important role in the formation of sensory attributes and are related to the coffee cup quality. Conclusion. The microbial diversity of soil and on the fruit can synthesize or degrade compounds that affect the sensory profile of the coffee beverage, which could have implications for sustainability and quality.

RESUMEN El sector hotelero desempeña un papel crucial en el panorama económico de Azerbaiyán, siendo la gestión de servicios y la resolución de conflictos factores clave para determinar el éxito de las empresas hoteleras. Comprender la relación entre la conflictología y la rentabilidad hotelera es esencial para el crecimiento sostenible de este sector. Si bien el impacto de los conflictos en el desempeño organizacional se ha estudiado en varias industrias, existe una investigación limitada que aborde específicamente la influencia de la conflictología en la gestión de servicios y la rentabilidad en el contexto de la industria hotelera de Bakú. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar y evaluar la influencia de la conflictología en la gestión de servicios en hoteles de 3 y 4 estrellas en Bakú, centrándose en los factores que conducen a los despidos voluntarios y su posterior impacto en la rentabilidad del hotel. A través del análisis de correlación y regresión, el estudio revela una correlación muy alta entre las ganancias de los servicios del hotel y los elementos de costo relacionados con los conflictos. La investigación establece un modelo de regresión lineal estadísticamente significativo entre estos indicadores. El estudio identifica y cuantifica los efectos de varios factores relacionados con los conflictos, incluidos los despidos, el tiempo perdido, el sabotaje, los daños y la menor motivación de los empleados, en la rentabilidad general de los hoteles de Bakú. Los resultados destacan la importancia fundamental de optimizar los costos relacionados con los conflictos para el desarrollo de la industria hotelera en Bakú. Al gestionar eficazmente estos factores, las empresas hoteleras pueden aumentar significativamente sus ganancias y contribuir al crecimiento del sector. Esta investigación proporciona información valiosa para los gerentes de hoteles y los responsables de las políticas, y destaca la necesidad de mejorar las estrategias de resolución de conflictos y las prácticas de gestión de servicios para mejorar el desempeño económico de la industria hotelera en Bakú.

ABSTRACT The hospitality industry plays a crucial role in the economic landscape of Azerbaijan, with service management and conflict resolution being key factors in determining the success of hotel enterprises. Understanding the relationship between conflictology and hotel profitability is essential for sustainable growth in this sector. While the impact of conflicts on organizational performance has been studied in various industries, there is limited research specifically addressing the influence of conflictology on service management and profitability in the context of Baku's hotel industry. This study aims to analyze and assess the influence of conflictology on service management in 3- and 4-star hotels in Baku, focusing on the factors leading to voluntary dismissals and their subsequent impact on hotel profitability. Through correlation and regression analysis, the study reveals a very high correlation between hotel service profits and conflict-related cost elements. The research establishes a statistically significant linear regression model between these indicators. The study identifies and quantifies the effects of various conflict-related factors, including dismissals, lost time, sabotage, damage, and reduced employee motivation, on the overall profitability of Baku hotels. The findings highlight the critical importance of optimizing conflict-related costs for the development of the hotel industry in Baku. By effectively managing these factors, hotel enterprises can significantly increase their profits and contribute to the sector's growth. This research provides valuable insights for hotel managers and policymakers, emphasizing the need for improved conflict resolution strategies and service management practices to enhance the economic performance of the hospitality industry in Baku.

RESUMEN En un entorno cada vez más digitalizado y competitivo, las empresas buscan maximizar el rendimiento de sus inversiones en marketing mediante evaluaciones financieras precisas y estratégicaspara alcanzar resultados efectivos y sostenibles. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la optimización de recursos económicos y su impacto en las instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Portoviejo. Para esta investigación se aplicó un método mixto aplicado mediante encuesta a 76 padres de familias y estudiantes mayores de edad durante el periodo del mes de abril del 2024.Los resultados apuntan que las unidades educativas se enfrentan a la necesidadde adoptar estrategias de marketing efectivas para atraer y retener a estudiantes, identificar oportunidades de crecimiento, mejorar la eficacia de sus estrategias y aumentar su competitividad. En conclusión, este estudio propone analizar un correcto manejo de las finanzas en el ámbito educativo, optimizando así sus recursos económicos y mejorando su impacto en la generación de productos y servicios.

ABSTRACT In an increasingly digitalized and competitive environment, companies seek to maximize the return on their marketing investments through accurate and strategic financial evaluations to achieve effective and sustainable results. The objective of this article is to evaluate the optimization of economic resources and its impact on educational institutions in the city of Portoviejo. For this research a mixed method survey was applied to 76 parents and students of legal age during the period of April 2024.The results indicate that educational units face the need to adopt effective marketing strategies to attract and retain students, identify growth opportunities, improve the effectiveness of their strategies and increase their competitiveness. In conclusion, this study proposes to analyze the correct management of finances in the educational field, thus optimizing their economic resources and improving their impact on the generation of products and services.

RESUMEN La vía Aero suspendida Guayaquil-Durán se encuentra inmersa en un contexto desafiante que compromete su desarrollo como destino turístico sostenible. A pesar de contar con atributos prometedores, diversas problemáticas han surgido, impactando negativamente su capacidad para atraer visitantes de manera efectiva. Se plantea como objetivo de investigación proponer estrategias de marketing turístico que permita una visión sostenible, con el fin de incrementar visitantes al área de influencia de la vía Aero suspendida del cantón Guayaquil- Durán. El análisis se basa en un enfoque descriptivo que se combina con una perspectiva cuantitativa, elegida por la naturaleza de las variables. Este método se centra en caracterizar el grupo de estudio. Además, se emplea el método inductivo como estrategia para facilitar el desarrollo de un razonamiento. La falta de presencia destacada en canales promocionales adecuados, limita la difusión de sus atractivos afectando directamente el interés y conocimiento por parte de posibles visitantes. La desconexión por parte de medios turísticos como hoteles, agencias de viaje y líneas áreas no permiten el crecimiento de las visitas a este lugar turístico. La oferta turística actual de la vía Aero suspendida también presenta limitaciones significativas, hay que considerar la diversidad en las experiencias ofrecidas, la cual limita su atractivo para una amplia gama de visitantes y además fomentar a las personas a tomar este como un medio de transporte, ya que no está siendo explotado en horarios pico de otros medios; lo que le daría una ventaja con un valor preferencial en horas específicas.

ABSTRACT The suspended Guayaquil-Durán Aero highway is immersed in a challenging context that compromises its development as a sustainable tourist destination. Despite having promising attributes, various problems have arisen, negatively impacting its ability to attract visitors effectively. The research objective is to propose tourism marketing strategies that allow a sustainable vision, in order to increase visitors to the area of influence of the suspended Aero highway in the Guayaquil-Duran canton. The analysis is based on a descriptive approach that is combined with a quantitative perspective, chosen due to the nature of the variables. This method focuses on characterizing the study group. In addition, the inductive method is used as a strategy to facilitate the development of reasoning. The lack of a prominent presence in appropriate promotional channels limits the dissemination of its attractions, directly affecting the interest and knowledge of potential visitors. The disconnection with medium tourist principles such as hotels, travel agencies and airlines does not allow the growth of visits to this tourist place. The current tourist offer of the suspended Aero route also presents significant limitations. It must also be considered that diversity in the experiences offered limits its attractiveness for a wide range of visitors. It must also be considered that it is a means of transport that is not being exploited during peak times of other means, which would give it an advantage with a preferential value. at those times.

Resumen El maíz criollo (Zea mays L.) es un alimento emblemático para México, ya que representa un factor importante en cuanto a economía local, cultura y biodiversidad. Las técnicas biotecnológicas donde se emplean bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV), son una alternativa sostenible al uso de insumos agrícolas químicos para la producción de maíz, sin embargo, es importante destacar que, lo ideal es utilizar BPCV nativas del suelo y/o cultivo donde se pretendan aplicar, ya que esto asegura la adaptación de las BPCV y garantiza la colonización de la rizosfera, mejorando los rendimientos productivos del cultivo. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente trabajo, fue aislar bacterias nativas de suelos cultivados con maíz criollo mexicano y demostrar su potencial biotecnológico como BPCV en maíz. Se tomaron muestras de suelo cultivado con maíz criollo mexicano, del municipio de Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México y se lograron obtener 40 asilados, de los cuales 18 indujeron la germinación de las semillas de maíz en más del 90 %. Además, cuatro aislados mostraron incrementos del 20 al 30 % en la longitud total del brote y aumentos del 25 hasta el 100 % en el peso seco total de las plantas. Los mecanismos asociados a la promoción del crecimiento del maíz fueron los de, solubilización de fosfatos, producción de ácido indol acético y de sideróforos, así como el antagonismo contra hongos fitopatógenos (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium y Colletotrichum). Por lo cual, concluimos que las BPCV nativas aisladas en el presente estudio, tienen potencial biotecnológico para su uso en maíz criollo mexicano de la región.

Abstract Mexican native maize (Zea mays L.) is an emblematic food for Mexico, as it represents an important factor in terms of local economy, culture and biodiversity. Biotechnological techniques using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical agricultural inputs for corn production; however, it is important to emphasize that the ideal is to use native PGPB into the soil and/or crop where they are to be applied, since this ensures the PGPB adaptation and guarantees the colonization of the rhizosphere, improving crop yields. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to isolate native bacteria from soils cultivated with Mexican native maize and to demonstrate their biotechnological potential as PGPB in corn. Soil samples were taken from the municipality of Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico and 40 isolates were obtained, of which 18 showed more than 90% germination of maize seeds. In addition, four isolates showed increases of 20 to 30 % in total shoot length and increases of 25 to 100 % in total plant dry weight. The mechanisms associated with maize growth promotion were phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid and siderophore production, as well as antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium and Colletotrichum). Therefore, we conclude that the native PGPB isolated in the present study have biotechnological potential for use in Mexican native maize in the region.