Abstract The in-situ small-strain shear modulus of soil and rock materials is a parameter of paramount importance in geotechnical modeling. It can be derived from non-invasive geophysical surveys, which provide the possibility of testing the subsurface in its natural and undisturbed condition by inferring the velocity of propagation of shear waves. In addition, for soil dynamics and earthquake engineering applications, the small-strain damping ratio plays a relevant role, yet its estimation is still challenging, lacking consolidated approaches for its in-situ evaluation. Recent advancements in instrumentation, such as distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), combined with advanced analysis methodologies for the interpretation of seismic wave propagation (e.g., machine learning and full waveform inversion), open new frontiers in site characterization. This paper presents and compares some advanced applications of measuring 1D and 2D variations in shear wave velocity and attenuation in-situ with reference to a specific case history. insitu situ smallstrain small strain modeling noninvasive non invasive surveys waves addition role challenging evaluation instrumentation DAS, DAS , (DAS) e.g., eg e g (e.g. inversion, inversion inversion) characterization D history (DAS e.g. (e.g e.g

Abstract The main coal reserves in Brazil are located in the southern region, where the most important coalfield, including the Candiota mine, is found. The mineral exploration and mine planning programs of the companies mining these coal deposits are generally restricted to drilling data and cores, despite the exploratory potential of geophysical methods in coal prospecting. This study aims to investigate the ability of the seismic method known as Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) to identify coal seams in the Candiota area. The MASW method allows obtaining a layer model composed of a low-velocity (blind) layer and/or relatively thin (hidden) layer from the surface wave dispersion curves. The hidden and blind layer problems are pitfalls of the traditional seismic refraction method and the geological settings related to coal seams may encompass both problems. In addition, the Candiota mine has conditions favorable for applying the MASW method due to the shallow depths of the coal seams. The study was based on the analysis of synthetic seismic data generated from a 3-layer conceptual model of the Candiota deposit. The dispersion curves of the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh surface waves were generated and the effects of each of the parameters of the seismic model were evaluated, as well as the relationship between the parameters through objective function tests. A new inversion algorithm capable of obtaining the true model was implemented. The results obtained from the application of the inversion algorithm demonstrated the potential of the MASW method in identifying coal seams from S-wave profiles and proves it to be a powerful tool for coal mineral exploration programs. region coalfield found cores prospecting (MASW area lowvelocity low velocity (blind andor or (hidden addition 3layer 3 deposit evaluated tests implemented Swave S

SYNOPSIS The fracturing and movement of rock that occurs in the vicinity of a stemmed borehole charge in open pit mining operations are described by examining the effects of the emitted stress waves - shock and elastic - and the expansion of high-pressure detonation product gases. Three principal modes of momentum transfer to fractured rock are identified, all linked to gas expansion work. This work can be delivered radially (burden), axially (stemming), and in the collar zone (cratering). Flyrock is generated under unusual combinations of blast parameters and rock properties. Although infrequent and seldom predictable, the generation of flyrock can nonetheless be interpreted and modelled in terms of the principal mechanisms of rock projection described in this study. The physical processes underlying these principal mechanisms are identified and will permit the development of predictive models for flyrock velocities.

Abstract Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are evanescent surface electromagnetic waves that propagate along a dielectric-metal interface. They allow propagating modes in waveguides with dimensions smaller than the diffraction limit. By arranging slits of different widths along a metallic film, it is possible to design plasmonic lenses through phase modulation at the slits output. The distance of energy concentration, obtained by these lenses, its called focus and is of the order of one wavelength (λ). Lenses of this type allow light coming from a micrometric waveguide, such as optical fibers, for example, to be coupled to structures such as nanometric waveguides, at short distances, reducing considerably the coupling area. In this work, by using the Finite Element Method (FEM) was simulated the energy coupling between a light source and a plasmonic waveguide using plasmonic lens operating at wavelengths of 650 nm. SPPs (SPPs dielectricmetal dielectric metal interface limit film output concentration λ. λ . (λ) fibers example distances area work FEM (FEM 65 nm (λ 6

Active seismic surface wave tests are tests during which signals are generated by artificial sources such as sledgehammers, drop weights and fixed or variable frequency shakers. A number of active seismic surface wave tests have become popular in the geotechnical industry. Interestingly, different surface wave tests are popular in different regions of the world, presumably because the tests require different equipment, expertise and numerical analysis techniques. Few studies have been done to compare seismic surface wave tests directly. This study investigated the performance of three active seismic surface wave tests, namely the spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW), multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and continuous surface wave (CSW) tests. This paper reports the performance of the three tests with regard to repeatability, susceptibility to near-field effects, and maximum and minimum measurement depths at both a shallow and a deep bedrock site.

Resumen El 05 de febrero de 1938 en la región del eje cafetero se produjo un terremoto histórico en Colombia. Se aplican métodos de análisis macrosísmico a partir de curvas de isosistas, para determinar los principales parámetros sismológicos del terremoto ocurrido. Los resultados indican que el epicentro macrosísmico normal (E n ) está localizado en ϕ = 5.102° N; λ = 75.603° O. Se identificó que la profundidad del foco normal es h n = 62.9±1.44 km. La magnitud y energía sísmica liberada se calcularon aplicando ecuaciones existentes en la literatura, obteniéndose M6.2 y M L 6.2. La energía sísmica liberada es E = 1.37*1023ergios. Se evaluó el momento sísmico escalar M 0 =2.74*1027 dinas-cm y la respectiva magnitud momento sísmico Mw = 7.6. Por último, se calculó la magnitud de ondas superficiales Ms = 6.7 y la aceleración sísmica es de 0.15g.

Abstract A historical earthquake ocurred in Colombia on February 5, 1938 in the Eje Cafetero zone. Macrosismic analysis methods are applied from isoseismal curves, to determine the main seismological parameters of this earthquake. The results indicate that the normal macrosismic epicenter (E n ) is located at ϕ = 5.102° N; λ = 75.603° W. The normal depth of focus h n = 62.9 ± 1.44 km was identified. The magnitude and seismic energy released were calculated by applying existing equations in the literature, obtaining M6.2 and M L 6.2. The seismic energy released is E = 1.37*1023erg. The scalar seismic moment M 0 = 2.74*1027 dynes-cm and the respective seismic moment magnitude Mw = 7.6 were evaluated. Finally, the magnitude of surface waves Ms = 6.7 was calculated and 0.15 g in the seismic acceleration.

Resumen El presente estudio analiza numéricamente, mediante CFD, el funcionamiento de un convertidor de energía de las olas WEC (por sus siglas en inglés) con condiciones de mar locales. La dinámica del dispositivo causada por la propagación de las olas fue caracterizada en el software comercial ANSYS Fluent, aplicando criterios de reducción de dominio, celdas estructuradas y malla dinámica con 6DOF. Realizando simulaciones a escala 1:5 de un dispositivo real instalado en altamar la predicción de la dinámica del fluido fue lograda con un error de entre 3.6 % y 4.7 % comparando la elevación de la superficie libre de las olas y entre 5 y 6 % en el desplazamiento angular del sólido en relación con el experimental. Para el análisis, del modelo INOCAR-SWAN se extrajo datos en puntos cercanos a Esmeraldas y al golfo de Guayaquil, detallando la factibilidad de generación de energía del dispositivo en estas zonas. Mejores resultados en cuanto a la dinámica del dispositivo fueron obtenidos en estados de mar en profundidad y períodos de olas más largos, presentando potencia mecánica promedio entre 0.165 kW y 0.22 kW.

Abstract The present study numerically analyzes, using CFD, the operation of a wave energy converter (WEC) with local sea conditions. The dynamics of the device caused by the propagation of the waves was characterized in the commercial software ANSYS Fluent applying domain reduction criteria, structured cells, and dynamic mesh with 6DOF. Performing 1:5 scale simulations of a real device installed offshore the prediction of the fluid dynamics was achieved with an error between 3.6 % and 4.7 % comparing the elevation of the free surface of the waves and between 5 and 6 % in the angular displacement of the solid in relation to the experimental. For the analysis, data was extracted from the INOCAR-SWAN model at points near Esmeraldas and the Gulf of Guayaquil, detailing the feasibility of generating energy from the device in these areas. Better results in terms of device dynamics were obtained in sea states with greater depth and longer wave periods, presenting average mechanical power between 0.165 kW and 0.22 kW.

Abstract In this article, a novel Compact Circularly Polarized Antenna with a notched circular Electromagnetic Band Gap (NCEBG) structure is put forward. This proposed structure comprises of a truncated rectangular patch antenna having its ground plane defected by slots etched on it to achieve compactness and wide impedance bandwidth. Electromagnetic Band Gap structures have the attractive feature of in-phase reflection and stopband creation for surface waves, enabling the surface waves to be suppressed; this, in turn, leads to enhanced performance of the antenna when loaded with such structures. For enhancing the functioning of the antenna with regard to its impedance bandwidth, axial ratio bandwidth and gain, seven NCEBG's are etched on the substrate which surrounds the truncated patch. Additionally, the antenna proposed in this research exhibits compactness with a low profile of 0.473 λo x 0.473 λo x 0.039 λo (λo at center frequency of 7.46GHz represents free space wavelength). The measured outcomes of the prototype-fabricated antenna match well with the results of the simulation, showing 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 13.66% and an impedance bandwidth of 73.29% having a peak gain of 7.32dBi in the operating band. The improved functioning of the proposed antenna marks it as a favorable applicant for wireless communication techniques and thus finding its application in various ways. article NCEBG (NCEBG forward inphase phase suppressed turn NCEBGs s Additionally 0473 0 473 0.47 0039 039 0.03 746GHz GHz 7 46GHz wavelength. wavelength . wavelength) prototypefabricated prototype fabricated simulation 3dB dB 3 1366 13 66 13.66 7329 73 29 73.29 732dBi dBi 32dBi band ways 047 47 0.4 003 03 0.0 136 1 6 13.6 732 2 73.2 04 4 0. 00 13. 73.

Resumen Se presenta una implementación básica del método de hidrodinámica de partículas suavizadas con compresibilidad artificial (W-SPH) para modelar fenómenos de flujo de superficie libre, y se muestra su aplicación a tres casos de interés general. Estos casos de estudio son aproximaciones bidimensionales de dos tipos de problema hidráulico conocidos: Rotura de presa sobre lecho seco y rotura de presa sobre lecho húmedo, esta última con dos variantes de profundidad de lecho. Para todos los modelos, los resultados se compararon con los datos de los perfiles de frente de avance de experimentos para los que hay datos publicados. El modelo numérico convergió a una solución estable con configuraciones de resolución relativamente bajas (2000 a 20000 partículas) y se encontró una buena correlación con las referencias experimentales y numéricas, incluso sin la aplicación de algoritmos de corrección. Las oscilaciones numéricas en el campo de densidad produjeron pequeñas crestas y vórtices artificiales, pero no interfirieron demasiado con el comportamiento macroscópico del fluido, excepto por cierto retraso en la velocidad de las ondas superficiales. La elección de desarrollar un código fuente autónomo completamente original, aunque muy revelador, implica que el algoritmo de búsqueda de partículas vecinas utilizado incrementa considerablemente el costo computacional asociado. Según los cotejos con datos experimentales, se establecieron prioridades de optimización para el código fuente y se esbozaron algunas pautas para elegir la resolución del fluido y la densidad de frontera para casos futuros, donde los fenómenos de flujo sean similares a los estudiados. Además, la experiencia de escribir el código fuente SPH que se utilizó para resolver los modelos numéricos, muestra el camino para desarrollos futuros en el modelado de flujo de fluidos usando este método.

Abstract A basic implementation of the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (W-SPH) method is used to model the open surface flow phenomena of three different cases of hydraulic problems. They were all two-dimensional approximations of known hydraulics problems: dam break over dry bed and dam break over wet bed with shallow and deep variants. For all models, the results were compared quantitatively with data from waterfront profiles from previously published experiments. A qualitative approach was used to assess the general profile shape comparing the numerical hydraulic profile results with published photographs of all setups shown. The numerical model converged to a stable solution with relatively low-resolution setups (2000 to 20000 particles) and a good correlation was found with the experimental and numerical references, even without the application of correction algorithms. Numerical oscillations in the density field did produce small artificial waves and vortices, but did not interfere with the behavior of the bulk of the fluid except for some delay in the speed of surface waves. The choice of developing an entirely original, self-contained source code, although very insightful, does mean that the neighboring particle search algorithm implemented considerably increases the associated computational cost. However, using this insight along with the basis of the comparison with experimental results, optimization priorities for the source code were found and some guidelines to choose fluid resolution and boundary density can be applied for future cases where the flow phenomena are similar to those studied. Also, the experience of writing the SPH source code that was used to solve the numerical models, shows the path for future developments on fluid flow modeling using this method.

Abstract This paper aims to obtain compressional body waves (seismic sections) to delimit geological structures associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs. We used a passive seismic dataset from a rectangular array located at northeast of Mexico. Seismic Interferometry (IS) method, which allows extracting the Green’s function by using cross-correlations (CC(t)) of seismic traces was applied. We processed six lines of approximately 8 km length, with 159 geophones each. The obtained CC(t) (also called virtual shots pseudo-sections) were processed with the algorithms that generally are used in the seismic exploration industry to extract the structural and sub-surface velocity information. We regrouped the results of the pseudo-sections of virtual shots by common offset gathers (COG) to generate subsurface images in terms of a zero-offset seismic section. Although, alternative processing algorithms were performed, which consists in applying the wavelet transform method to decompose and reconstruct the CC(t) by means of the Meyer wavelet, improving the quality of the CC(t) . Subsequently, new seismic sections were generated considering a common offset. We use offsets of 100, 500, 900, 1300, 1700, and 2100 m among source-receiver virtual arrays. In this case, results were improved substantially, clearly showing the expected reflectors. We observed that the depth of investigation increases for higher offsets, meanwhile the surface resolution decreases. The sections were stacked with the different offsets mentioned above for each line, resulting in a total common offset section. Finally, the obtained sections were compared versus a conventional seismic section (also called “active” seismic sections) migrated in depth.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener secciones sísmicas para delimitar estructuras geológicas asociadas a yacimientos de hidrocarburos. Utilizamos datos de sísmica pasiva de un arreglo rectangular localizado al noreste de la República Mexicana y el método de Interferometría Sísmica (IS), el cual permite extraer la función de Green mediante el uso de correlaciones cruzadas (CC(t)) de trazas de ruido sísmico. Procesamos 6 líneas de 8 km de longitud aproximadamente, con 159 geófonos cada una. Las CC(t) obtenidas (también llamadas pseudo-secciones sísmicas de tiros virtuales) fueron procesadas para la extracción de información estructural y de velocidad subsuperficial, con los algoritmos que usualmente son utilizados en la industria de la sismología de exploración. Los resultados los reagrupamos en grupos de offset común (Common Offset Gathers, por sus siglas en ingles COG), para generar imágenes del campo de velocidades en el subsuelo en términos de secciones sísmicas de offset cero. Realizamos un procesamiento que consistió en aplicar el método de la transformada de ondícula, para descomponer y reconstruir las CC(t) a partir de la ondícula de Meyer, mejorando la calidad de las CC(t). Posteriormente, generamos nuevas pseudo-secciones sísmicas considerando un offset en común y varias longitudes entre fuente-receptor. En este caso los resultados mejoraron substancialmente, mostrando los reflectores esperados. Observamos que, con un offset mayor, la profundidad de investigación aumentaba, aunque la resolución superficial disminuía. Finalmente, las secciones obtenidas fueron comparadas con una sección sísmica convencional (también llamadas secciones de sísmica “activa”) migrada en profundidad.

ABSTRACT Stagnation points beneath solitary gravity-capillary waves in the weakly nonlinear weakly dispersive regime in a sheared channel with finite depth and constant vorticity are investigated. A Korteweg-de Vries equation that incorporates the surface tension and the vorticity effects is obtained asymptotically from the full Euler equations. The velocity field in the bulk fluid is approximated which allow us to compute stagnation points in the solitary wave moving frame. We show that stagnation points bellow the crest of elevation solitary waves exist for large values of the vorticity and Bond numbers less than a critical value that depends on the vorticity. Remarkably, the positions of these stagnation points do not depend on the surface tension. Besides, we show that when there are two stagnation points located at the bottom of the channel, they are pulled towards the horizontal coordinate of the solitary wave crest as the Bond number increases until its critical value. gravitycapillary gravity capillary investigated Kortewegde Korteweg de equations frame Remarkably Besides

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta una clasificación sinóptica en superficie y a una altura geopotencial de 500 hPa durante el invierno (junio, julio, agosto) en Brasil, con el propósito de identificar los principales sistemas meteorológicos de escala sinóptica que influyen en el tiempo durante este periodo. A través del análisis de componentes principales para el periodo 1979-2020, se identificaron cinco patrones sinópticos principales que predominaron durante el invierno y que son prácticamente los mismos para cada uno de los tres meses analizados. El patrón sinóptico más frecuente está asociado con el campo medio climatológico, representado por dos de los sistemas más característicos de circulación atmosférica en niveles bajos de América del Sur: el anticiclón del Atlántico Sur y la depresión del noroeste argentino. Hay otros dos patrones sinópticos relacionados con la presencia de un frente frío clásico en las regiones sur y sureste de Brasil. Finalmente, existen otros dos patrones sinópticos relacionados con un anticiclón de bloqueo y con un proceso ciclogenético sobre el Océano Atlántico; ambos corresponden con los patrones sinópticos más frecuentes relacionados con olas de frio y corrientes de aire frío (friagens) sobre Brasil.

ABSTRACT This study presents a synoptic classification at surface and at 500 hPa during winter (June, July, and August) over Brazil, in order to identify the main synoptic-scale meteorological systems that influence the weather of this period. Through principal components analysis for the 1979-2020 period, five main synoptic patterns were identified, which predominated during winter and are practically the same for each of the three analyzed months. The most frequent synoptic pattern is associated with the climatological mean-field, represented by two of the most characteristic systems of low-level atmospheric circulation in South America: the South Atlantic Subtropical High and the North-Western Argentinean Low. There are two other synoptic patterns related to a classical cold front over the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil. Finally, two other synoptic patterns are associated with a blocking anticyclone and a cyclogenetic process over the Atlantic Ocean, respectively, both of which correspond to the most frequent synoptic pattern related to cold waves and cold surges (friagens) over Brazil.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the reproductive effects of adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to the diet of goats. Eleven adult goats received synchronized estrus and follicular waves using three prostaglandin analog injections every seven days. Goats allocated to individual pens received 1 g/kg BW of MSG in their diet for 23 days (MOGLU group, n = 6), whereas the control group (n = 5) maintained the base diet. The supplemented animals showed an increase in dry matter intake (P < 0.0001) and a reduction in heart rate (P < 0.05), respiratory rate, and ruminal movement (P < 0.001). Surface and rectal temperatures were higher in the MOGLU group, (P < 0.0001) with a significant increase in the afternoon. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in the frequency of behaviors related to rumination, defecation, and urination in the MOGLU group, and a reduction in behaviors associated with stress (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the plasma levels of proteins, albumin, urea, cholesterol, or triglycerides. Glucose levels were lower (P < 0.05) in the MOGLU group, which also showed increased glutathione peroxide levels during the induction of ovulation. Supplemented animals recorded a larger number (P < 0.05) of follicles throughout the experimental period and higher intraovarian blood perfusion (P < 0.05) during ovulation induction. We conclude that MSG exerts a positive effect on the reproductive response in goats and therefore represents an effective nutritional supplement. (MSG gkg g kg 2 6, 6 , 6) 5 P 0.0001 00001 0 0001 0.05, 005 0.05 05 0.001. 0.001 . 001 0.001) afternoon rumination defecation 0.05. proteins albumin urea cholesterol triglycerides supplement 0.000 0000 000 00 0.0 0.00 0.

ABSTRACT In this work we present a numerical study of surface water waves over variable topographies for the linear Euler equations based on a conformal mapping and Fourier transform. We show that in the shallow-water limit the Jacobian of the conformal mapping brings all the topographic effects from the bottom to the free surface. Implementation of the numerical method is illustrated by a MATLAB program. The numerical results are validated by comparing them with exact solutions when the bottom topography is flat, and with theoretical results for an uneven topography.

ABSTRACT Significant wave height (SWH) in shallow waters is assessed by generating two wave hindcasts; the first uses ERA-Interim wind fields and the second one from ERA5 to quantify the improvement of the ERA5 surface winds on the SWH representativeness, both in deep and shallow waters along the Chilean coastline. Additionally, wind field predictions from the Global Forecast System (GFS) were used to assess the representativeness of shallow waters. Oceanographic buoys were used to validate SWH in deep waters, while Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCPs) was equipped to measure waves in shallow waters. Energy spectrums coupling Wavewatch III and Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) models were transferred to evaluate the performance of shallow water simulations. In general, the SWH from both wave hindcasts showed good performance. Nonetheless, those forced by ERA5 presented a better qualitative comparison of sea state temporal variability, which increased the correlation coefficients (>0.9), coefficients of determination (>0.8), and minor errors (RMSE, MAE, and BIAS) compared to oceanographic buoys and ADCPs. Additionally, in simulations forced by GFS, the temporal variability of the waves in shallow waters was successfully reproduced. Nevertheless, an increase in the RMSE, MAE, and BIAS error was statistically verified compared to ERA-Interim and ERA 5.