Abstract Introduction: The pelagic sea snake Hydrophis platurus has the broadest distributional range of all the snakes and is the only sea snake of tropical waters off the west coast of the Americas. Within the variation in the color pattern of this species, completely yellow specimens were considered very rare or occasional. However, a yellow pattern dominates a population established in the interior of the Golfo Dulce in the Southern Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: We studied the abundance, activity patterns, morphometry, and feeding behavior of the yellow H. platurus within the Golfo Dulce. Methods: Between February 2009 and July 2018, we conducted surveys for sea snakes from a boat within the perimeter of the Golfo Dulce. Results: Adults from the gulf population are smaller than the bicolor oceanic population, with females having larger bodies. Sea snakes within the gulf float and move with surface currents without being linked to drift lines and debris. These snakes are mainly found in clean, calm waters with little turbulence. They feed on a wide diversity of small fish, which they capture using passive stalking predatory behaviors floating on the surface. Prey are quickly captured and swallowed alive. This species has an almost total absence of predation, a pattern that extends to this yellow population. Conclusions: The characteristics of the gulf and the direction and strength of the surface currents at its entrance might restrict the transit of this yellow population to the outside and the entry of the bicolored snakes of the oceanic population. We do not consider making taxonomic changes in this Golfo Dulce population prudent. This yellow population is relatively common within the basin. However, the high tourist traffic and other activities are risk factors for its conservation. Protection policies must be created to preserve and protect this small population of yellow sea snakes unique within this species’ distribution range.

Resumen Introducción: La serpiente marina pelágica Hydrophis platurus tiene el rango de distribución más amplio de todas las serpientes y es la única serpiente marina de aguas tropicales del oeste de América. Dentro de la variación en el patrón de color de esta especie, los ejemplares completamente amarillos se consideraban muy raros u ocasionales. Sin embargo, los patrones amarillos dominan una población establecida en el interior del Golfo Dulce en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Monitoreamos y estudiamos la abundancia, patrones de actividad, morfometría y comportamiento alimentario del H. platurus amarillo dentro del Golfo Dulce. Métodos: Entre febrero 2009 y julio 2018, realizamos búsquedas mensuales de serpientes marinas desde una embarcación dentro del perímetro del Golfo Dulce. Resultados: Los adultos de la población de golfo son más pequeños que la población oceánica bicolor, con las hembras de cuerpos más grandes. Las serpientes del Golfo Dulce flotan y se mueven con las corrientes superficiales sin asociarse con líneas de deriva y escombros. Las serpientes se encuentran principalmente en aguas limpias y tranquilas con poca turbulencia. La dieta se compone de una amplia diversidad de peces pequeños, que capturan con un comportamiento depredador de acecho pasivo, flotando en la superficie. La presa es rápidamente capturada y tragada viva. Esta especie tiene una ausencia casi total de depredación, patrón que se extiende a esta población amarilla. Conclusiones: Las características del golfo y la dirección y fuerza de las corrientes superficiales en su entrada podrían restringir el tránsito de esta población amarilla hacia el exterior y el ingreso de las serpientes bicolores de la población oceánica. No consideramos prudente realizar cambios taxonómicos en esta población. La población amarilla es relativamente abundante dentro de la cuenca. Sin embargo, el alto tráfico turístico y otras actividades son factores de riesgo para su conservación. Políticas de protección deben crearse para preservar y proteger esta pequeña población de serpientes marinas amarillas, única dentro del rango de distribución de esta especie.

ABSTRACT. This work aims to report the phytoplankton species composition and cell density in the Mazatlán coastal region (eastern entrance of the Gulf of California (GC), Mexico) during the strong El Niño event of 2023. Surface water samples (at 2 m depth) for phytoplankton cell determinations were collected in December of 2023, a month in which the numerical value of the Oceanic Niño Index was 2.0. The results showed a total of 197 species, including 113 diatoms (with a total cell density of 51,444 cells L-1), 76 dinoflagellates (with a total cell density of 31,260 cells L-1), four silicoflagellates (with a total cell density of 420 cells L-1), two cyanobacteria (with a total cell density of 2,020 cells L-1), one Euglenophyta (with a total cell density of 900 cells L-1) and one ciliate (with a total cell density of 7,820 cells L-1). The diatom Dactyliosolen phuketensis (B.G. Sundström) G.R. Hasle, 1996 and the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium fusiforme (Kofoid & Swezy, 1921) presented the highest cell densities with 4,100 and 5,900 cells L-1, respectively, species that have been previously reported in high abundances in Mexican waters in years of warming events, including El Niño. The results presented here contribute to understanding the effects of strong El Niño events on the phytoplankton community structure of the southeastern GC. This topic still needs to be fully addressed. This study also provides an update on the taxonomic lists available for the region of a group of organisms whose nomenclature has been constantly changing in recent years.

ABSTRACT Toxic cyanobacteria blooms are an increasingly common global problem due to eutrophication, the effects of climate change and increased surveillance efforts in aquatic ecosystems. In Cuba, several ecosystems have been analyzed in the eastern region, demonstrating that this risk occurs to surface and inland waters, due to climatic conditions, mainly in small ecosystems with great human pressures. However, other areas are still unexplored. The objective of this work was to implement a risk management protocol in the San Blas Lagoon, Camaguey, due to the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in the ecosystem, following a community report, with the death of domestic and wild animals; unpleasant odors and dermatological symptoms in humans. A management protocol and community actions were implemented to minimize the impact of toxic cyanobacteria. In this small eutrophic reservoir, the presence of a mixed bloom of toxigenic cyanobacteria was confirmed, being Spherospermopsis torques-reginae the majority, as well as other nine species associated with the production of microcystins, anatoxins and/or cylindrospermopsins were identified. Strategic actions were implemented to contain the risk situation, with the participation of the community and experts, led by the Camagüey Criminalistics Laboratory.

RESUMEN Las floraciones de cianobacterias tóxicas constituyen un problema global cada vez más frecuente, debido a la eutrofización, los efectos del cambio climático y a un mayor esfuerzo de vigilancia en los ecosistemas acuáticos. En Cuba se han muestreado varios ecosistemas en la región oriental, demostrando que este riesgo existe en aguas superficiales e interiores, debido a las condiciones climáticas, principalmente en pequeños ecosistemas con grandes presiones humanas. Sin embargo, otras zonas están aún inexploradas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue implementar un protocolo de gestión de riesgos en la Laguna San Blas, debido a la presencia de cianobacterias tóxicas en el ecosistema, a raíz de un reporte comunitario, con muerte de animales domésticos y silvestres; olor desagradable y síntomas dermatológicos en humanos. Se implementó un protocolo de gestión y acciones comunitarias para minimizar el impacto de las cianobacterias tóxicas. En este pequeño reservorio eutrófico se confirmó la presencia de una floración mixta de cianobacterias toxigénicas, siendo mayoritaria Spherospermopsis torques-reginae, identificándose otras nueve especies asociadas a la producción de microcistinas, anatoxinas y/o cilindrospermopsinas. Se implementaron acciones estratégicas para contener la situación de riesgo, con la participación de la comunidad y expertos, liderados por el Laboratorio de Criminalística de Camagüey.

ABSTRACT Microplastics (MP) pose a major environmental problem for estuaries areas, as they are exposed to multiple sources of plastic waste. In this study, the spatiotemporal influence of environmental variables on the abundance, distribution and types of MP in surface waters of Tumaco Bay were assessed. The samples were collected in the rainy and dry seasons of 2020, in the inner and outer estuary, and were processed by density separation. MP abundance was higher in dry season (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) and in the inner estuary (8.42 ± 4.91 items/m³). Fibers were the most abundant type of MP (53.89 %). Salinity and TDS were significantly correlated with fibers, and precipitation with fragments, films and total MP. These results demonstrate high contamination (8.13 items/m³) and an increase in MP concentration in Bay. This could be related to the exposure of waste carried by the rivers. On the other hand, the higher abundance of MP in the dry season could be due to a decrease in dispersion for an entrance fewer of water to system and an increase in density of water, related to the increase in salinity, which favors the buoyancy of MP.

RESUMEN Los microplásticos (MP) suponen una gran problemática ambiental para las zonas estuarinas, al estar expuestas a múltiples fuentes de desechos plásticos. En este estudio, se evaluó la influencia espacio-temporal de variables ambientales sobre la abundancia, distribución y tipos de MP en la bahía de Tumaco. Las muestras se recolectaron en épocas de lluvia y seca de 2020, en el estuario interno y externo, y se procesaron mediante separación por densidad. La abundancia de MP fue mayor en época seca (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) y en el estuario interno (8.42 ± 4.91 ítems/m³). Las fibras fueron el tipo de MP más abundante (53.89 %). Se correlacionaron significativamente la salinidad y solidos totales disueltos (TDS) con fibras, y la precipitación con fragmentos, láminas y MP totales. Estos resultados demuestran alta contaminación (8.13 ítems/m³) y un aumento de la concentración de MP en la bahía. Esto podría estar relacionado con la exposición a los residuos transportados por los ríos. Por otra parte, la mayor abundancia de MP en la época seca podría deberse a una disminución en la dispersión por una menor entrada de agua al sistema, y al aumento de la densidad del agua, relacionado con el incremento en la salinidad, que favorece la flotabilidad de MP.

Abstract The development of living beings depends on the health and chemical quality of the available water. In recent years, the importance of the environment in the spread of resistant and multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics has been observed, a situation that has placed the problem of antibiotic resistance on a broader level and which is being studied from the perspective “One Health”. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of multi-resistant bacteria to antibiotics in irrigation water samples from the Chibunga river. Fourteen water samples of 100 mL each were collected in sterile containers and aseptically, were kept under refrigeration until analysis in the laboratory. Each sample was seeded by the surface seeding method on blood, cystine electrolyte deficient, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella and thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agars, incubating in all cases at a temperature of 37 °C for a maximum time of 48 hours. The identification of bacterial colonies was carried out through physiological and biochemical tests according to the identification schemes indicated by MacFaddin. The resistance/sensitivity to antibiotics of the identified colonies was carried out by the disk diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Two species of multi-resistant bacteria were identified, including strains of Morganella morgani and Plesiomonas shigelloides resistant to antibiotics of clinical use such as ceftazidime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The results show that the waters of Chibunga river harbor bacteria with multi-resistance to antimicrobials, representing a contamination risk of agricultural products harvested in its vicinity, as well as for the people who use these waters.

Resumen El bienestar y desarrollo de los seres vivos depende de la calidad sanitaria y química del agua disponible. En los últimos años se ha venido observando la importancia del ambiente en la diseminación de bacterias resistentes y multirresistentes a los antibióticos, situación que ha colocado la problemática de la resistencia en un plano más amplio y que se está estudiando desde la perspectiva “One Health”. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la presencia de bacterias multirresistentes a los antibióticos en muestras de agua de riego provenientes del río Chibunga. Se recolectaron 14 muestras de agua de un volumen de 100 mL cada una, en envases estériles y de manera aséptica, las cuales fueron conservadas bajo refrigeración hasta su análisis en el laboratorio. Cada muestra fue sembrada por el método de siembra en superficie en los agares cistina electrolito deficiente, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, tiosulfato citrato bilis sacarosa y agar sangre, incubándose en todos los casos a una temperatura de 37 °C durante un tiempo máximo de 48 horas. La identificación de las colonias bacterianas se realizó mediante pruebas fisiológicas y bioquímicas de acuerdo con los esquemas de identificación indicados por MacFaddin. El perfil de susceptibilidad a los antibióticos de las colonias identificadas se realizó por el método de difusión en disco de Kirby Bauer. Se lograron identificar 2 especies de bacterias multirresistentes, entre ellas, cepas de Morganella morganii y Plesiomonas shigelloides resistentes a antibióticos de uso clínico como ceftazidima, aztreonam, ciprofloxacino, ácido nalidíxico y trimetroprim-sulfametoxazol. Los resultados muestran que las aguas del río Chibunga albergan bacterias con multirresistencia a los antimicrobianos, representando un riesgo de contaminación de los productos agrícolas cosechados en sus inmediaciones, así como para las personas que utilizan estas aguas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The discharge of hospital wastewater leads to the establishment of microorganisms from human biota in aquatic ecosystems. This is risky, as there is the possibility of horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from bacteria to other bacterial strains in the aquatic ecosystem and the environment in general, contributing to the expansion of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the therapeutic ineffectiveness of these medicines. Objective: To demonstrate the environmental risk due to discharge of wastewater from a hospital into an urban river in Santa Clara, Cuba. Materials and Methods: Bacteria were isolated from sediment and soil from the banks of the Bélico river and their resistance to parenteral antibiotics for intra-hospital use employed between 2015 and 2019 was determined. If positive, the environmental risk of these medicines in terrestrial surface waters was estimated, and the resistance of in-hospital strains was assessed. Results and Discussion: All isolated bacterial strains were resistant to at least one of the parenteral antibiotics for intra-hospital use employed in the period under study. All antibiotics were environmentally risky in terrestrial surface waters. There was a high antibiotic resistance of the strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Conclusions: The discharge of untreated wastewater into the Bélico river led to the establishment of bacterial strains which can have a negative impact on the environment, including human health.

RESUMEN Introducción: El vertimiento de aguas residuales hospitalarias conduce al establecimiento de microorganismos de la biota humana en ecosistemas acuáticos. Lo anterior es riesgoso, al existir la posibilidad de transferencia génica horizontal de genes de resistencia de antibióticos de las bacterias a otras cepas bacterianas del ecosistema acuático y del ambiente en general; contribuyendo a la expansión de la resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos y la inefectividad terapéutica de estos medicamentos. Objetivo: Demostrar el riesgo ambiental por vertimiento de aguas residuales de un hospital a un río urbano en Santa Clara, Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: Se aislaron bacterias del sedimento y suelo de la ribera del río Bélico y se determinó su resistencia a los antibióticos parenterales de uso intrahospitalario empleados entre 2015 y 2019. De ser esta positiva, se estimó el riesgo ambiental de estos medicamentos en aguas superficiales terrestres y se valoró la resistencia de cepas intrahospitalarias. Resultados y Discusión: Todas las cepas bacterianas aisladas fueron resistentes al menos a uno de los antibióticos parenterales de uso intrahospitalario empleados en el período objeto de estudio. Todos los antibióticos resultaron ambientalmente riesgosos en aguas superficiales terrestres. Existió una elevada resistencia microbiana a antibióticos en las cepas aisladas de pacientes hospitalizados. Conclusiones: El vertimiento de las aguas residuales sin tratar al río Bélico, condujo al establecimiento de cepas bacterianas que pueden tener un impacto negativo en el ambiente, incluyendo la salud humana.

ABSTRACT The semi-permanent coastal upwelling system within the Humboldt Current System (HCS) off northern Chile provides nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water to the euphotic zone that contributes to high levels of primary production and restricts the vertical distribution of most zooplankton species according to their tolerance to hypoxia within this highly heterogeneous environment. The day/night vertical distributions of two calanoid copepods, Eucalanus inermis and Nannocalanus minor, were studied concerning the presence of oxygen-poor water associated with the Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at a coastal and an offshore station off northern Chile (∼20°S), by stratified sampling from the surface to a depth of 600 m. At the coastal station, most of the population of both species remained above the OMZ, whereas at the offshore station, most populations remained at the edge of the OMZ. Both species exhibited reverse diel vertical migration between day and night and were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a, suggesting that both species may prefer oxygenated waters and avoid the OMZ. However, E. inermis and N. minor exhibited distinct behavior, with E. inermis displaying significant variations among stations and strata and N. minor showing differences only among strata, particularly in the upper strata where it was more aggregated. The results helped us understand the behavior and distribution of zooplankton related to OMZ and how they may change as ocean temperature increases worldwide.

As ocean temperatures increase, so does the need for accurate, regular, and widespread temperature data. This is especially important for researchers studying corals, which can be pushed over their bleaching thresholds by small, sustained changes in water temperature. Satellite data products offer longitudinal estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) taken at regular intervals without the ongoing costs and geospatial limits associated with underwater temperature loggers. However, previous work indicates satellite data are sometimes characterized by significant temperature biases, particularly in stratified coastal waters. Here, we compared the foundation sea surface temperature (fSST) estimated from a highly processed, gridded satellite data set (GHRSST MUR L4 Global SST) to in situ temperature (IST) data collected from coral reef habitats in the top 20 m of the water column at 19 sites in Panama. Comparisons between Pacific and Caribbean coasts and between upwelling and non-upwelling seasons provide a robust test of the utility of this product to estimate subsurface temperatures. The mean differences between fSST and IST show that MUR fSST accurately reflects temperatures at shallow (<9 m) depths on the Caribbean coast (mean bias ≤0.55°C ± standard error (SE) 0.01°C) and during the non-upwelling season on the Pacific coast (mean bias ≤0.26°C ± SE 0.03°C). MUR fSST poorly reflects IST during the Pacific upwelling season, especially at sites 12 m and deeper. In such cases, 66% of satellite estimates deviated from ISTs by >1°C. Our findings underscore how highly processed SST data products should be ground-truthed before being used as a substitute for IST, especially in upwelling areas.

Resumen El camarón rosado Farfantepenaeus duorarum y camarón blanco Litopenaeus setiferus son especies con un elevado valor tanto ecológico como económico por lo que estudios que analicen su variabilidad temporal a largo plazo y su relación con el ambiente físico resultan necesarios. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de algunas variables ambientales en la variabilidad temporal de las postlarvas de ambas especies en la Laguna de Términos, sur del Golfo de México, una región reconocida por ser el hábitat de refugio, crecimiento y alimentación de estas especies. Los organismos fueron colectados en tres diferentes profundidades (1,5, 4 y 9 m) con una red múltiple (red trapezoidal, 50 cm de diámetro de boca, 1,5 m de longitud y 505 (m de apertura de malla) en un punto localizado en la conexión entre la laguna y las aguas del Golfo de México a lo largo de cuatro años de muestreos nocturnos, desde mayo de 2010 a septiembre de 2013. En cada muestreo, se registraron datos hidrográficos (e.g., temperatura, salinidad) con ayuda de una sonda multiparamétrica, se adquirieron datos meteorológicos (e.g., precipitación, velocidad del viento) de una estación local, mientras que el patrón de circulación superficial se obtuvo a partir de un modelo numérico. Los resultados señalaron cambios en las variables ambientales, con valores máximos de precipitación (250 mm) en 2010. La temperatura superficial mostró valores de ~30 ºC con ligeras variaciones a lo largo del periodo de estudio. La salinidad presentó valores mínimos (< 30) en las épocas de mayor precipitación, aumentando durante la época seca con valores > 33. En algunas fechas se observaron corrientes intensas (> 0,25 m s-1) en dirección norte a sur que alcanzaron la costa e ingresaron a la laguna. También, se observaron vórtices anticiclónicos (con un diámetro de ~ 30 km) en la región sur del golfo. Se observaron altos valores de densidad de ambas especies, con 33,619 ind 100 m-3 para L. setiferus y 57,948 ind 100 m-3 para F. duorarum. Los valores máximos se asociaron a corrientes superficiales que ingresaron a la laguna, lo cual fue confirmado a partir de técnicas estadística multivariada. Los resultados obtenidos contribuyen a la comprensión del papel que juegan las corrientes superficiales y las variables ambientales sobre la densidad de dos especies de alto valor económico y ecológico en la región, lo cual es de relevancia en regiones reconocidas por su alto diversidad biológica.

Abstract The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum and white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus are species of high ecological and commercial value, therefore, studies that analyze their temporal variability and their relationship with the physical ambient in the long term becomes necessary. The aim of this is study was to assess the impact of some environmental factors on the temporal variability of the postlarvae of both species in Terminos Lagoon, Southern Gulf of Mexico, a region recognized for being the refuge, breeding and feeding habitat for these species. Organisms were collected at three different depths (1.5, 4 and 9 m) using a multiple net system (trapezium-type nets, 50 cm of mouth diameter, 1.5 m in length, and mesh size of 505 (m) in a fixed location at the junction between the lagoon and the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico during nocturnal sampling expeditions executed from May 2010 to September 2013. In each sampling expedition, hydrographic data (e.g., temperature, salinity) were recorder using a multiparameter sonde, meteorological data (e.g., precipitation, wind velocity) were acquired from a local meteorological station, while the surface circulation pattern was obtained from a numerical model. The results showed changes in the environmental factors, with highest precipitation (250 mm) in 2010. The surface temperature revealed values of ~30 ºC with slight variations throughout the study period. Salinity showed minimum values (< 30) in the seasons of highest precipitation, increasing during the dry season with values of > 33. Strong currents (> 0.25 m s-1) in a north to south direction that reached the coast and then the interior of the lagoon were observed in specific dates. Mesoscale anticyclonic eddies (with a diameter of ~30 km) were also observed in the southern gulf. High density values of both species were observed, reaching 33,619 ind 100 m-3 for L. setiferus, and 57,948 ind 100 m-3 for F. duorarum. Peaks were associated when strong surface currents were observed reaching the interior of the lagoon, which was confirmed from multivariate statistical techniques. The results presented here contribute to the understanding of the role that some environmental factors exert on the density of two species with high, both economic and ecological, value in the Terminos Lagoon, which is of critical relevance in regions recognized for their high biological diversity.

RESUMO Muitos agentes terapêuticos humanos sintetizados industrialmente, agroquímicos e aditivos, são compostos heterocíclicos. Muitos destes contribuem para o aumento da contaminação ambiental em fontes pontuais e difusas dos corpos de água, o que reflete na qualidade do solo, das comunidades e na saúde humana. Com isso, este estudo teve objetivo de avaliar a presença de compostos orgânicos nas águas superficiais da bacia do rio Pirapó, influenciados pelas culturas de soja e milho safrinha que são cultivadas nas áreas adjacentes em torno do rio. As amostras de água foram coletadas no período de outubro de 2017 a janeiro de 2019, em três pontos de coleta. Os compostos orgânicos foram analisados por CG-EM, após a extração em fase sólida (SPE). Dois compostos orgânicos foram detectados: a azetidina e a sarcosina, que são utilizados na indústria farmacêutica. Os compostos orgânicos existentes em medicamentos e/ou contaminantes observados neste estudo revelam a importância de investigações mais aprofundadas sobre suas origens e as consequências para a saúde da biota e da população. industrialmente aditivos heterocíclicos solo humana isso Pirapó 201 2019 coleta CGEM, CGEM CG EM, EM CG-EM SPE. SPE . (SPE) detectados sarcosina farmacêutica eou ou população 20 (SPE 2

ABSTRACT Many industrially synthesized human - therapeutic agents, agrochemicals, and additives used by industries are heterocyclic compounds. Many of these contribute to increased environmental contamination in localized and diffuse sources of water bodies, reflecting soil quality, communities, and human health. This concern led us to develop this research to evaluate the presence of organic compounds in the surface waters of the Pirapó river basin, Paraná, Brazil, influenced by the soybean and safflower corn crops that are cultivated in adjacent areas around the river. The water samples were collected from October 2017 to January 2019, at three collection points. Organic compounds were analyzed by GC-MS, after the solid phase extraction (SPE). Two organic compounds were analyzed: azetidine and sarcosine that are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Organic compounds existing in drugs and/or contaminants that were observed in this study reveal the importance of further investigation into their origins and the consequences for the health of the biota and the population. agents agrochemicals bodies quality communities basin Paraná Brazil 201 2019 points GCMS, GCMS GC MS, MS GC-MS SPE. SPE . (SPE) industry andor or population 20 (SPE 2

RESUMO O mosquito da febre amarela, Aedes aegypti, tem sido associado a várias doenças humanas graves. As larvas e os adultos do Ae. aegypti foram amplamente estudados, mas as pupas não receberam muita atenção. Neste estudo, a morfologia externa e a caetotaxia das pupas de Ae. aegypti foram investigadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para determinar características morfológicas adicionais para a identificação adequada da espécie. As pupas de Ae. aegypti apresentam alta mobilidade com rápida submersão em resposta a distúrbios externos. As pupas entram em contato com o ar por meio de chifres respiratórios emparelhados. O corpo da pupa é coberto por uma cutícula translúcida composta por um cefalotórax e um abdômen estreito e articulado. A região anterior do cefalotórax é ocupada por peças bucais e uma cabeça achatada. Os olhos compostos do adulto são visíveis em ambos os lados da cabeça. Antes dos olhos compostos, as antenas emergem na parte superior e são dobradas em sentido inverso ao longo das laterais do tórax. O primeiro segmento abdominal tem dois feixes palmados retos, essenciais para manter o corpo da pupa acima da superfície da água. Comparado com os outros oito segmentos abdominais, o nono é relativamente pequeno; ele possui dois apêndices móveis chamados pás, que são órgãos fundamentais no movimento da pupa, e uma nervura mediana os sustenta. Essa análise morfológica dos atributos das pupas do Ae. aegypti é fundamental para o controle de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos e para a taxonomia. amarela graves Ae estudados atenção estudo MEV (MEV espécie externos emparelhados articulado achatada tórax retos água abdominais pequeno pás sustenta taxonomia

ABSTRACT Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, has been associated with several severe human diseases. Larvae and adults of Ae. aegypti has been widely studied, but pupae have not received much attention. In this study, external morphology and chaetotaxy of Ae. aegypti pupae were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine additional morphological characteristics for proper species identification. Ae. aegypti pupae exhibit high mobility with rapid submergence in response to external disturbances. Pupae contact air through paired respiratory horns. A pupal body is covered with a translucent cuticle composed of a cephalothorax and a narrow, articulated abdomen. Anterior region of cephalothorax is occupied by mouthparts and a flattened head. Adult's compound eyes are visible on both sides of their head. Before compound eyes, antennae emerge in upper part and are bent in reverse along sides of thorax. First abdominal segment has two straightforward palmate bundles, essential for maintaining pupal body above water's surface. Compared to other eight abdominal segments, ninth is relatively tiny; it holds a couple of movable appendages called paddles which are fundamental organs in pupal movement, and a midrib supports them. This morphological analysis of pupae attributes of Ae. aegypti is critical for controlling mosquito-borne diseases and taxonomy. mosquito Ae studied attention study SEM (SEM identification disturbances horns narrow abdomen head Adults Adult s thorax bundles waters water surface segments tiny movement them mosquitoborne borne taxonomy

Natural waters from the Paraná River hydrographic basin in the Brazil-Paraguay cross-border region were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector (LC-FLD) after extraction of the analytes in anion exchange resin IRA-900. The method allowed good recovery (91 to 113%) of the studied species (glyphosate, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA) and glufosinate) precision compatible with the requirements of the National Metrology Institute (relative standard deviation < 18%) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values between 0.2 and 0.8 μg L−1. In most of the samples collected between January and September 2022, it was impossible to detect the presence of herbicides, even in regions of intense agricultural activity, probably due to the high adsorption capacity of the soils of the region and due to the higher LOQ of the method. Under these conditions, the main transport route is estimated to be associated with surface runoff, which is only favored by heavy rainfall events. BrazilParaguay Brazil Paraguay crossborder cross border LCFLD LC FLD (LC-FLD IRA900. IRA900 IRA 900. 900 IRA-900 91 (9 113% 113 glyphosate, glyphosate (glyphosate aminomethylphosphonic aminomethyl phosphonic AMPA (AMPA glufosinate relative 18% 18 (LOQ 02 0 2 0. 08 8 L1 L 1 L−1 2022 herbicides activity conditions runoff events IRA90 90 IRA-90 9 ( 11 L− 202 IRA9 IRA-9 20 IRA-

Resumo O Brasil, um dos maiores produtores agrícolas e consumidores de agrotóxicos do mundo, expandiu sua área agrícola no sul do Mato Grosso do Sul, intensificando a contaminação ambiental e a vulnerabilidade das populações indígenas. Esta pesquisa avaliou a presença de agrotóxicos nas águas de duas comunidades indígenas de MS, Retomada Guyraroká e Aldeia Jaguapiru. Entre 2021 e 2022 foram realizadas três campanhas de amostragem de água superficial, de abastecimento e da chuva, considerando o calendário agrícola. O estudo seguiu o protocolo do Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Ao todo foram encontrados 22 ingredientes ativos (IAs), destes, 41% causam efeitos graves à saúde e 68% são proibidos na União Europeia. O Fipronil, 2,4-D e Atrazina, alguns dos mais frequentes. Os resultados revelam que essas comunidades estão expostas aos agrotóxicos, violando seus direitos à saúde e à soberania alimentar.

Abstract Brazil, one of the world’s largest agricultural producers and consumers of pesticides, has expanded its agricultural area in the southern region of Mato Grosso do Sul, intensifying environmental contamination and increasing the vulnerability of indigenous populations. This research assessed the presence of pesticides in the waters of two indigenous communities in MS, Retomada Guyraroká and Aldeia Jaguapiru. Between 2021 and 2022, three sampling campaigns of surface, supply, and rainwater were conducted, considering the agricultural calendar. The study followed the LARP/UFSM protocol. In total of 22 active ingredients (AIs) were found, among these, 41% cause serious health effects, and 68% are banned in the European Union. Fipronil, 2,4-D, Atrazine are the among the most frequent IA found. Results show that these communities are exposed to pesticides, violating their rights to health and food sovereignty.

Resumen Brasil, uno de los mayores productores agrícolas y consumidores de plaguicidas del mundo, ha expandido su área agrícola en el sur de Mato Grosso do Sul, intensificando la contaminación ambiental y la vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones indígenas. Esta investigación evaluó la presencia de plaguicidas en las aguas de dos comunidades indígenas de MS, Retomada Guyraroká y Aldeia Jaguapiru. Entre 2021 y 2022, se realizaron tres campañas de muestreo de aguas superficiales, de abastecimiento y de lluvia, considerando el calendario agrícola. El estudio siguió el protocolo de LARP/UFSM. En total, se encontraron 22 ingredientes activos (IAs), en que, el 41% causa graves efectos en la salud y el 68% está prohibido en la Unión Europea. Fipronil, 2,4-D, y Atrazina los más frecuentes. Del total de IAs, Los resultados revelan que estas comunidades están expuestas a plaguicidas, violando sus derechos a la salud y a la soberanía alimentaria.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent flame retardants widely used in everyday materials, with the potential to leach out and contaminate indoors and receiving waters. Despite their well-documented ecological risks, there has been limited reporting on PBDE levels in sediments from Brazilian freshwaters, motivating the monitoring of sediments from Paranoá Lake, in the Brazilian capital. After sampling, extraction, and analysis of congeners BDE-28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -138, -153, and -154 by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, Σ9PBDE levels ranged from 3.9 ± 0.2 to 19 ± 1 ng g-1 dw, with higher concentrations attributed to effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), followed by the influence of storm drainage water contamination. The distribution of PBDE congeners suggested a predominant influence of the commercial pentaBDE formulation, likely DE-71. However, in points influenced by WWTPs, the prevalence of BDE-66 suggests biotic reductive debromination of high-brominated PBDE, possibly BDE-209, indicating the possible influence of the decabrominated formulation. The distribution of PBDEs in the environment, estimated using the EQC (equilibrium criterion) model, level I, indicated low concentrations in the water column, but also noteworthy levels in biota and sediment precursor materials. Finally, preliminary ecological risk assessment indicated the need for future further surveys. (PBDEs materials waters welldocumented well documented risks freshwaters Lake capital sampling extraction BDE28, BDE28 BDE 28, 28 BDE-28 47, 47 -47 66, 66 -66 85, 85 -85 99, 99 -99 100, 100 -100 138, 138 -138 153, 153 -153 154 -15 detection ΣPBDE Σ 39 3 9 3. 02 0 2 0. g1 g g- dw WWTPs , (WWTPs) contamination formulation DE71. DE71 DE 71. 71 DE-71 However BDE66 BDE-6 highbrominated high brominated BDE209, BDE209 209, 209 BDE-209 environment equilibrium criterion model I column Finally surveys BDE2 BDE-2 4 -4 6 -6 8 -8 -9 10 -10 13 -13 15 -1 (WWTPs DE7 7 DE-7 BDE6 BDE- BDE20 20 BDE-20 - DE-

Resumo Devido à necessidade de alcançar os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável e de compreender os processos de formação de fitocenoses em áreas que foram negativamente afetadas pelo impacto industrial, este estudo avaliou o estado da mina de urânio de Grachevsky (Cazaquistão), que foi submetida a procedimentos de conservação há cerca de 25 anos. O objetivo é determinar o nível de qualidade da água e fitocenose das margens do reservatório que acumula efluentes naturais provenientes de depósitos recuperados e sítios antrópicos de uma mina de urânio, bem como indicadores de qualidade e toxicologia. A avaliação incluiu um método de investigação qualitativa (análise de documentos) para determinar as condições agroclimáticas e métodos empíricos de coleta de informação. Os autores estudaram a intensidade da radiação ionizante do fundo gama da superfície da água do reservatório (e seções da linha de costa e territórios adjacentes ao reservatório), bem como os parâmetros hidroquímicos das águas do reservatório, e fizeram uma descrição da diversidade botânica. A cobertura vegetal da seções da margem do reservatório encontra-se em diferentes estádios de singênese e é representada por agrupamentos pioneiros, comunidades de arbustos agrupados e comunidades difusas. Nas margens do resevatório desenvolvem-se condições ecológicas favoráveis à fixação e desenvolvimento das plantas. Os níveis de intensidade da radiação ionizante não ultrapassam os níveis máximos admissíveis e praticamente não afetam a formação de fitocenoses. No terraço da planície de inundação formou-se um prado seco modificado antropogenicamente com a participação de plantas típicas da zona de estepe. Em relação aos indicadores de qualidade e toxicologia deste reservatório, a água pode ser utilizada para fins domésticos e de consumo, desde que seja objeto de um tratamento prévio. Pode concluir-se que ocorreu um elevado nível de purificação natural das águas do reservatório nos vinte anos seguintes à recuperação da mina de urânio. industrial Cazaquistão, Cazaquistão , (Cazaquistão) 2 análise documentos informação reservatório) botânica encontrase encontra se pioneiros difusas desenvolvemse desenvolvem formouse formou estepe consumo prévio concluirse concluir (Cazaquistão

Abstract Due to the need to achieve the principles of sustainable development and to understand the processes of formation of phytocenoses in areas that were adversely affected by the industrial impact, this study assessed the condition of the Grachevsky uranium mine (Kazakhstan), which underwent conservation procedures about 25 years ago. The purpose is to determine the level of water quality and phytocenosis of the shores of the reservoir accumulating natural effluents from reclaimed dumps and anthropogenic sites of a uranium mine, as well as quality indicators and toxicology. The assessment included a qualitative research method (analysis of documents) to determine agro-climatic conditions and empirical methods of collecting information. The authors studied the intensity of ionizing radiation of the gamma background of the water surface of the reservoir (and sections of the shoreline and territories adjacent to the reservoir), and hydrochemical parameters of the waters of the reservoir, and performed a description of the botanical diversity. The vegetation cover of the sections of the reservoir shore is at different stages of syngenesis and is represented by pioneer groupings, group thicket communities, and diffuse communities. Favorable ecological conditions for the settlement and development of plants develop within the shores of the reservoir. The intensity levels of ionizing radiation do not exceed the maximum permissible levels and practically do not affect the formation of phytocenoses. An anthropogenically modified dry meadow with the participation of plants typical of the steppe zone has been formed on the floodplain terrace. Concerning the indicators of quality and toxicology of this reservoir, the water can be used for household and drinking purposes under the condition of prior water treatment. It can be concluded that a high level of natural purification of the reservoir waters occurred within twenty years after the reclamation of the uranium mine. impact Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan , (Kazakhstan) 2 ago analysis documents agroclimatic agro climatic information reservoir) diversity groupings communities terrace treatment (Kazakhstan