Resumen En Cuba, la falta de equipos de medición, el alto costo de las estaciones de contaminación atmosférica y las limitantes para acceder a nuevas tecnologías, dificultan el monitoreo continuo de la calidad del aire. Por tales motivos, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, caracterizar contaminantes criterio empleando el modelo System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition. Se obtuvo una serie diaria de concentraciones estimadas de contaminantes criterio en La Habana durante el año 2021. Se realizó una caracterización del comportamiento de los contaminantes analizando las concentraciones medias diarias y medias mensuales. Se realizó una revisión de los días en que las concentraciones sobrepasaban los valores de las concentraciones máximas admisibles establecidas en la Norma Cubana. Además, se compararon estos resultados con los Valores Guías de Calidad del Aire recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. De forma general, los valores diarios estimados de las concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución espacial y temporal característicos observados en estudios precedentes en la ciudad con monitoreo automático y activo. Se reafirma así la utilidad de la herramienta de las salidas del modelo System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition para brindar información de calidad del aire en La Habana.

Abstract In Cuba, the lack of measurement equipment, the high cost of air pollution stations and the limitations to access new technologies make continuous monitoring of air quality difficult. For these reasons, the objective of this research was to characterize criterion pollutants using the System for Integrated modeling of Atmospheric coMposition model. A daily series of estimated concentrations of criteria pollutants was obtained in Havana during the year 2021. A characterization of the behavior of the pollutants was carried out by analyzing the average daily and average monthly concentrations. A review was carried out of the days in which concentrations exceeded the values of the maximum admissible concentrations established in the Cuban Standard. In addition, these results were compared with the Air Quality Guide Values recommended by the World Health Organization. In general, the estimated daily values of pollutant concentrations corresponded to the characteristic spatial and temporal distribution patterns observed in previous studies in the city with automatic and active monitoring. Thus, the usefulness of the tool of the outputs of the System for Integrated modelLing of Atmospheric coMposition model to provide air quality information in Havana is reaffirmed.

ABSTRACT The prevailing synoptic conditions in one place are directly linked to the implementation values of contaminants in the atmosphere. Its study allows to determine the presence of phenomena that favor to a greater or lesser extent the accumulation of polluting substances. Taking this into account, the present investigation aimed to determine the behavior of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen and ozone dioxide in two locations in Havana under the influence of different types of synoptic situations. The data comes from automatic monitoring stations and correspond to time concentrations of the pollutants criteria. From these the daily average concentrations were calculated in µg/m3 and grouped according to the type of synoptic situation that predominated. The sampling period was from November 2015 to October 2016. To determine the relationship with the TSS, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed and to study this relationship in greater detail the Dunn test. The maximum average concentration values were obtained when the localities were under the weak influence of the subtropical anti -cyclone of the North Atlantic and the migratory continental anticyclones.

RESUMEN Las condiciones sinópticas imperantes en un lugar están directamente vinculadas con los valores de inmisión de contaminantes en la atmósfera. Su estudio permite determinar la presencia de fenómenos que favorecen en mayor o menor grado la acumulación de sustancias contaminantes. Teniendo esto en cuenta, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el comportamiento de las inmisiones de Dióxido de Azufre, Dióxido de Nitrógeno y Ozono en dos localidades de La Habana bajo la influencia de diferentes tipos de situaciones sinópticas. Los datos provienen de estaciones de monitoreo automático y corresponden a concentraciones horarias de los contaminantes criterio. A partir de estas se calcularon las concentraciones medias diarias en µg/m3 y se agruparon según el tipo de situación sinóptica que predominaba. El período de muestreo fue desde noviembre del 2015 hasta octubre del 2016. Para determinar la relación con los TSS se realizó la prueba H de Kruskal-Wallis y para estudiar esta relación en mayor detalle la prueba de Dunn. Los máximos valores medios de concentración se obtuvieron cuando las localidades estuvieron bajo la débil influencia del Anticiclón Subtropical del Atlántico Norte y los anticiclones continentales migratorios.

Resumen En el presente artículo aborda la modelación de las concentraciones de Dióxido de Azufre (SO2) emitidas por dos industrias ubicadas en la ciudad Santiago de Cali. Estas industrias emplean distintos tipos de combustible en sus calderas: la caldera 1 utiliza Fuel Oil y la caldera 2 utiliza Diésel. Con el objetivo de evaluar y comparar el comportamiento de las concentraciones de SO2, se propone la sustitución de estos combustibles por Gas natural. Mediante el uso de Aermod View se realizó la modelación de la dispersión de este contaminante y se obtuvo que para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la concentración máxima SO2 proveniente de las calderas con Fuel Oil y Diésel fue de 1440.32 µg/m3. Para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas se alcanzó una concentración de SO2 de 178.56 µg/m3. Estos niveles, exceden los límites establecidos en la resolución 2254 de 2017, donde el valor máximo permisible para una hora es 100 µg/m3 y para 24 horas es 50 µg/m3. En contraste al usar Gas natural como combustible se observa que las concentraciones son considerablemente más bajas. Para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la máxima concentración es de 0.74 µg/m3 y para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas, de 0.04 µg/m3. Estos resultados cumplen con la normatividad vigente. Se puede concluir que el Gas natural se presenta como una alternativa más favorable, generando concentraciones significativamente menores de SO2. Este cambio en el tipo de combustible no solo favorecerá el cumplimiento de las normativas ambientales, sino que también contribuirá de manera efectiva a la reducción de la concentración de SO2 en el aire.

Abstract This article deals with modeling sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations emitted by two industries in Santiago de Cali. These industries use different fuel types in their boilers: Boiler 1 uses Fuel Oil, and Boiler 2 uses Diesel. To evaluate and compare the behavior of SO2 concentrations, the substitution of these fuels by natural gas is proposed. Using Aermod View, this pollutant's dispersion was modeled and obtained that the maximum SO2 concentration from the boilers with Fuel Oil and Diesel was 1440.32 µg/m3 for an exposure time of one hour. For a 24-hour exposure time, the SO2 concentration reached 178.56 µg/m3. These levels exceed the limits established in resolution 2254 of 2017, where the maximum permissible value for one hour is 100 µg/m3, and for 24 hours is 50 µg/m3. In contrast, when using Natural Gas as fuel, it is observed that the concentrations are considerably lower. The maximum concentration is 0.74 µg/m3 for a one-hour exposure time, and for a 24-hour exposure time, 0.04 µg/m3. These results comply with current regulations. It can be concluded that natural gas is a more favorable alternative, generating significantly lower SO2 concentrations. This change in the fuel type will favor compliance with environmental regulations and effectively contribute to reducing SO2 concentration in the air.

ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal variability of air pollutants in an urban area is great. Superimposed on daily meteorological variability are seasonal cycles of human activities that influence air quality. The objective of this research was to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of polluting gases: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in two locations in Havana from November 2015 to October 2016. Hourly concentration data from two Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Stations. The statistical processing of the data was carried out using the MS-Excel and Origin 2016 software. The non-pa rametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Dunn tests were applied. In general, the concentrations of the pollutants corresponded to the distribution patterns characteristic of urban locations.

RESUMEN La variabilidad espacial y temporal de los contaminantes atmosféricos en un área urbana es grande. Superpuestos a la variabilidad meteorológica diaria existen ciclos estacionales de las actividades humanas que influyen en la calidad del aire. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la variación espacial y temporal de los gases contaminantes: dióxido de azufre, dióxido de nitrógeno y ozono en dos localidades de La Habana desde noviembre de 2015 hasta octubre de 2016. Se utilizaron datos horarios de concentración provenientes de dos Estaciones Automáticas de Monitoreo Atmosférico. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos fue realizado empleando los softwares MS-Excel y Origin 2016. Se aplicaron las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney, H de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn. De forma general as concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución característicos de localidades urbanas.

Tomatoes are an important and versatile crop with a short shelf life. Postharvest losses due to fruit decay and handling are reportedly as high as 30-50% globally; therefore, the agricultural sector would benefit from solutions that target the preservation of crops such as tomatoes. In this study, we investigated the potential use of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to provide postharvest protection against fungal decay in tomatoes whilst maintaining the quality of tomato fruit. Three tomato varieties packed as bulk (3-5 kg) cartons were exposed to SO2-generating sheets applied as either a top sheet over the fruit or a bottom sheet placed on the base of the carton before packing the fruit on the top. The results show that the application of SO2-generating sheets reduced the natural progression of decay on 'Roma' tomatoes by up to 60% and up to 80% on 'Rosa' tomatoes. Only marginal decay control was observed on 'Round' tomatoes. The top sheet application rendered the best results, as the application of the bottom sheet resulted in phytotoxicity in the form of SO2 damage. SO2 application reduced fruit shrivelling, especially when tomatoes were stored at higher temperatures during their shelf life. The application of SO2 on the tomatoes did not have any negative effects on fruit firmness. The results of this study provide a case to further explore the use of SO2-generating sheets on tomatoes to prevent postharvest decay. Differences in varietal physiology may be key to the successful application of this technology. SIGNIFICANCE: Tomatoes are a crop that is highly susceptible to postharvest decay. These effects lie mainly with the end consumer. Besides the monetary loss of buying a commodity that rots quickly, pathogens infecting tomatoes are known to produce mycotoxins that pose a risk to human health. With food availability and safety concerns, the application of a product that could reduce these concerns would be beneficial to the agricultural sector.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of environmental factors and prematurity relating to juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), its course and refractoriness to treatment. Methods A case-control study with 35 patients followed up at a tertiary hospital and 124 healthy controls, all residents of São Paulo. Patients were classified according to monocyclic, polycyclic or chronic disease courses and refractoriness to treatment. The daily concentrations of pollutants (inhalable particulate matter-PM10, sulfur dioxide-SO2, nitrogen dioxide-NO2, ozone-O3 and carbon monoxide-CO) were provided by the Environmental Company of São Paulo. Data from the population were obtained through a questionnaire. Results Fifteen patients had monocyclic courses, and 19 polycyclic/chronic courses. Eighteen patients were refractory to treatment. Maternal occupational exposure to inhalable agents (OR = 17.88; IC 95% 2.15–148.16, p = 0.01) and exposure to O3 in the fifth year of life (third tertile > 86.28μg/m3; OR = 6.53, IC95% 1.60–26.77, p = 0.01) were risk factors for JDM in the multivariate logistic regression model. The presence of a factory/quarry at a distance farther than 200 meters from daycare/school (OR = 0.22; IC 95% 0.06–0.77; p = 0.02) was a protective factor in the same analysis. Prematurity, exposure to air pollutants/cigarette smoke/sources of inhalable pollutants in the mother's places of residence and work during the gestational period were not associated with JDM. Prematurity, maternal exposure to occupational pollutants during pregnancy as well as patient's exposure to ground-level pollutants up to the fifth year of life were not associated with disease course and treatment refractoriness. Conclusion Risk factors for JDM were maternal occupational exposure and exposure to O3 in the fifth year of life. Key points Maternal exposure to occupational pollutants during pregnancy was a risk factor for Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM). Exposure to ozone in the fifth year of life was found to be a risk factor for JDM. Exposure to air pollutants during the gestational period was not associated with JDM, its course or refractoriness. , (JDM) casecontrol case control 3 12 controls Paulo matterPM10, matterPM10 matterPM matter PM10, PM10 PM matter-PM10 dioxideSO2, dioxideSO2 dioxideSO dioxide SO2, SO2 SO dioxide-SO2 dioxideNO2, dioxideNO2 dioxideNO NO2, NO2 NO dioxide-NO2 ozoneO3 ozoneO O ozone-O monoxideCO monoxide CO monoxide-CO questionnaire 1 polycyclicchronic 17.88 1788 17 88 95 21514816 2 15 148 16 2.15–148.16 0.01 001 0 01 third 86.28μg/m3 8628μgm3 μgm 86 28μg m3 μg m 653 6 53 6.53 IC95 1602677 60 26 77 1.60–26.77 model factoryquarry factory quarry 20 daycareschool daycare school 0.22 022 22 0.06–0.77 006077 06 0.02 002 02 analysis Prematurity pollutantscigarette cigarette smokesources smoke sources mothers mother s patient groundlevel ground level . (JDM matterPM1 PM1 matter-PM1 dioxide-SO dioxide-NO 17.8 178 8 9 2151481 14 2.15–148.1 0.0 00 86.28μg/m 8628μgm 65 5 6.5 IC9 160267 7 1.60–26.7 0.2 0.06–0.7 00607 matter-PM 17. 215148 2.15–148. 0. 6. 16026 1.60–26. 0.06–0. 0060 21514 2.15–148 1602 1.60–26 0.06–0 006 2151 2.15–14 160 1.60–2 0.06– 215 2.15–1 1.60– 0.06 21 2.15– 1.60 2.15 1.6 2.1 1. 2.

Abstract Tuxpan is a port with economic and industrial important activity subject to atmospheric corrosion of metal structures such as boats, ships, oil platforms, and power stations. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the atmospheric corrosion of Tuxpan Veracruz, it was necessary to install an exposition panel with carbon steel specimens, galvanized steel (zinc), and copper to evaluate them in every season by electrochemical methods (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and potentiodynamic polarization curves (CP). In addition, corrosivity indexes of atmospheric are evaluated by CLIMAT and ISO methodology. An exposition panel was installed with specimens of aluminum wire on steel screws, copper screws, and nylon screws to study corrosivity indexes through mass loss in every season of the year and thus classify the different types of atmospheres; marine, industrial, and rural-urban according to the values specified in the standard (ISO 8408, 9223, 9224). The corrosivity indexes are under the standards allowed in the regulations. However, they show the aggressiveness of the marine and industrial atmosphere due to the location and activities of the port in the northern zone. Zinc and carbon steel corrodes due to aggressive agents such as chlorides and sulfur dioxide, forming soluble oxides on the surface of the metallic substrate, while copper forms corrosion products that weakly protect its surface.

Resumen Tuxpan es un puerto con importante actividad económica e industrial, ha sido objeto del proceso de corrosión atmosférica en las estructuras metálicas como embarcaciones, botes, plataformas petroleras y Termoeléctricas. El propósito principal de este trabajo es evaluar la corrosión atmosférica de Tuxpan Veracruz, se instaló un panel de exposición con probetas de acero al carbono, acero galvanizado (zinc) y cobre para poder evaluarlas en cada estación del año por métodos electroquímicos (impedancia electroquímica espectroscopia (EIE), resistencia de polarización lineal (Rp) y curvas de polarización potenciodinámicas (CP). Además, se evalúan los índices de corrosividad de la atmósfera mediante la metodología CLIMAT e ISO. Se instaló un panel de exposición con probetas de alambre de aluminio sobre tornillos de acero, tornillos de cobre y tornillos de plástico para estudiar los índices de corrosividad por pérdida de masa en cada estación del año, y así clasificar los diferentes tipos de atmósferas: marina, industrial y rural-urbana según los valores especificados en la norma (ISO 8408, 9223, 9224). Los índices se encuentran por debajo de los estándares permitidos en la normatividad. Sin embargo, muestran la agresividad del ambiente marino e industrial producto de la ubicación y actividades del puerto en la zona norte. El zinc y el acero al carbono se corroen debido a agentes agresivos como los cloruros y el dióxido de azufre, formando óxidos solubles en la superficie del sustrato metálico, mientras que el cobre forma productos de corrosión que protegen débilmente su superficie.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Lung Cancer is fairly common and usually very lethal. Part of the cases seems to have an occupational etiology, so it will be relevant for professionals in the area to have some notions on the subject. The aim of this review was to summarize what was most recent and pertinent was published on this subject. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in January 2022, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content It is the deadliest cancer worldwide; it is the most frequent in males and the third most prevalent in females. Some researchers consider that it is possible that some hormonal issues can boost the number of cases in females. In this last ones, the most frequent is adenocarcinoma, less associated with tobacco. It is believed that the occupational origin can explain almost a third of the cases. In this context, asbestos are the most relevant factor (responsible for 55 to 85% of cases with occupational etiology), according to some authors. Discussion and Conclusions In the literature, there is reasonable evidence that Lung Cancer is more likely to occur in situations where there is exposure to Radon, Asbestos/Silica, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Fiberglass, Diesel, Aluminum, Sulfur Dioxide and/or Particulate Matter. Thus, some of the professional sectors highlighted in this context will be Construction (General and Naval), Foundries and Mines. Evidence points to some professional sectors such as Construction (Civil and Naval), Foundries and Mining are at greater risk. Despite this, there is little available literature that demonstrates the study of this phenomenon in national companies, so it would be relevant for some Occupational Health and Safety teams to dedicate some time to investigating these issues, enhancing global scientific knowledge on this topic and, in particular, epidemiologically characterizing the national panorama (incidence, most affected sectors/professions/tasks, as well as most used and/or effective collective and individual protection measures).

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos O Cancro do Pulmão é razoavelmente prevalente e, geralmente, mais letal que outros processos oncológicos. A relação entre a sua etiologia e a exposição a alguns riscos laborais pode ser relevante, pelo que será importante que os profissionais da área tenham algumas noções sobre o tema. Nesse sentido, é objetivo deste artigo reunir a melhor e mais recente evidência sobre o assunto. Metodologia Realizou-se uma Revisão Bibliográfica, tendo a pesquisa sido efetuada em janeiro de 2022, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo É o cancro mais mortal mundialmente; é o mais frequente no sexo masculino e o terceiro mais prevalente no feminino. Alguns investigadores consideram que é possível que algumas questões hormonais consigam potenciar o número de casos no sexo feminino. Neste género o mais frequente é o adenocarcinoma, menos associado ao tabaco. Acredita-se que a origem ocupacional pode justificar quase um terço dos casos. Neste contexto, os asbestos/amianto são o fator mais relevante (responsáveis por 55 a 85% dos casos com etiologia ocupacional), segundo alguns autores. Discussão e Conclusões Na bibliografia sobre o tema encontra-se evidência razoável de que o Cancro do Pulmão seja mais provável de ocorrer em situações em que haja exposição a Radão, Asbestos/Amianto/Sílica, Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos Policíclicos, Fibra de Vidro, Diesel, Alumínio, Dióxido de Enxofre e/ou Matéria Particulada. A evidencia destaca alguns setores profissionais, como o da Construção (Civil e Naval), Fundições e Minas. Apesar disso, é escassa a bibliografia disponível, que demonstre o estudo deste fenómeno nas empresas nacionais, pelo que seria relevante que algumas equipas de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais dedicassem algum tempo a investigar estas questões, potenciando o conhecimento científico global sobre este tema e, em particular, caraterizando epidemiologicamente o panorama nacional (incidência, setores/profissões/tarefas mais afetados, bem como medidas de proteção coletiva e individuais mais usadas e/ou eficazes).

ABSTRACT A new passive atmospheric gas sampling system is presented. With the AnaliseAr kit, it is possible to measure 16 atmospheric contaminants/pollutants simultaneously, in external, internal and/or remote environments. Each kit, made of polypropylene, contains 15 passive samplers (PS), diffusive type, of low cost and simple operation. Impregnated or adsorbent filters are used in the PS, providing measurements of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, NOx, ammonia, aldehydes and organic acids (formic and acetic), inorganic acids (hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric and nitric acids), and volatile organic compounds: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX). The analysis of the fixed gases in the collection medium involves liquid chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and IC and gas chromatography (CG-FID), in addition to molecular absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy of the PS was evaluated against continuous analyzers and other active air sampling techniques. The application of AnaliseAr in the surroundings of Baía de Todos os Santos, Bahia, presented results with good precision and accuracy, within the limit recommended by the European Union. kit 1 contaminantspollutants contaminants pollutants simultaneously external andor environments polypropylene , (PS) type operation dioxide ozone NOx ammonia formic acetic, acetic acetic) hydrogen sulfide acids, acids) compounds Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene BTEX. BTEX . (BTEX) CGFID, CGFID CG FID (CG-FID) spectrophotometry Santos Bahia Union (PS (BTEX (CG-FID

RESUMO Um novo sistema de amostragem passiva de gases atmosféricos é apresentado. Com o kit AnaliseAr, é possível medir 16 contaminantes/poluentes atmosféricos simultaneamente, em ambientes externos, internos e/ou remotos. Cada kit, confeccionado em polipropileno, contém 15 amostradores passivos (APs), do tipo difusivo, de baixo custo e de simples operação. Filtros impregnados ou adsorventes são usados nos APs, fornecendo medições de dióxido de enxofre, dióxido de nitrogênio, ozônio, óxidos de nitrogênio, amônia, aldeídos e ácidos orgânicos (fórmico e acético), ácidos inorgânicos (ácidos sulfídrico, clorídrico e nítrico) e compostos orgânicos voláteis — benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos. A análise dos gases fixados no meio de coleta envolve técnicas de cromatografia líquida como cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, cromatografia iônica e cromatografia gasosa, além de espectrofotometria de absorção molecular. A precisão dos APs foi avaliada contra analisadores contínuos e outras técnicas de amostragem ativa de ar. A aplicação do AnaliseAr no entorno da Baía de Todos os Santos (BA) apresentou resultados com boa precisão e exatidão, conforme o limite recomendado pela União Europeia. apresentado 1 contaminantespoluentes contaminantes poluentes simultaneamente externos eou remotos polipropileno , (APs) difusivo operação enxofre nitrogênio ozônio amônia fórmico acético, acético acético) sulfídrico nítrico benzeno tolueno xilenos eficiência gasosa molecular ar BA (BA exatidão Europeia (APs

Abstract: Photocatalytic mortar with TiO2 leads to a reduction in air pollution due to vehicle emissions. For this purpose, the experimental method was used, which consisted of the preparation of mortars with the same proportion of 1: 4, a strength of 145 kg / cm2 and with different percentages of titanium dioxide (0% and 10%), which were evaluated under the same conditions through the following tests: Quantity of polluting gases, compressive strength and photocatalytic capacity. The results obtained-reduction of carbon dioxide by 97.9%, hydrogen sulfide by 72.9%, sulfur dioxide by 67.2%, nitrogen monoxide by 63.4%, carbon monoxide by 40.5% and oxygen recovery by 7.7%-confirmed the performance of the photocatalytic process through titanium dioxide (TiO2) in terms of an improvement in air quality, and the reduction of colorants, rhodamine by 89.10% and methylene blue 53.06% confirmed its self-cleaning capacity, thus improving the reduction of air pollution.

Resumen: El mortero fotocatalítico con TiO2 conlleva a la reducción de la contaminación del aire por emisiones procedentes de vehículos en Lima, Perú. Para este fin se utilizó el método experimental que consistió en la elaboración de morteros con una misma proporción de 1:4, una resistencia de 145 kg/cm2 y condiferentes porcentajes de dióxido de titanio (0% y 10%), los cuales fueron evaluados en las mismas condiciones por los siguientes ensayos: Cantidad de gases contaminantes, resistencia a la compresión y capacidad fotocatalítica. Los resultados obtenidos, reducción del dióxido de carbono en un 97.9%, el sulfuro de hidrógeno en un 72.9%, el dióxido de azufre en un 67.2%, el monóxido de nitrógeno en un 63.4%, el monóxido de carbono en un 40.5% y recuperación del oxígeno en un 7.7%, confirmaron el rendimiento del proceso fotocatalítico a través del dióxido de titanio (TiO2) en términos de una mejora en la calidad del aire, y la reducción de los colorantes, rodamina en un 89.10% y el azul metileno en un 53.06%, confirmaron la capacidad autolimpiante del mismo mejorando de esta manera la reducción de la contaminación del aire.

Resumen Uno de los principales factores de contaminación del aire dentro de las zonas urbanas es la quema de gasolina por parte de autos, camiones ligeros y motocicletas. La quema de gasolina libera gases contaminantes como el dióxido de nitrógeno, el dióxido de azufre, el monóxido de carbono y el benceno, entre otros. Entre ellos, el dióxido de nitrógeno (NOx) es el que destaca por la concienciación de la gente sobre dicha contaminación. En esta investigación se utilizó el Método de los Precios Hedónicos (MPH) para determinar la percepción de la gente sobre la calidad del aire como indicador y estimar el efecto de los gases en el mercado inmobiliario. Se seleccionaron dos zonas del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito para evaluar los efectos de la contaminación en los inmuebles. Una con mayor concentración de gases ubicada dentro del casco histórico de Quito, y la otra con mejor calidad de aire conocida como el sector Bellavista. Los resultados de los tres modelos diferentes indicaron que una reducción de 1 (µg/m3) de NOx aumentaría un promedio de 4,54% el valor del mercado inmobiliario, lo que representa un valor de USD 2.032.326,24 para las propiedades de la muestra. Una disminución de 5 (µg/m3) aumentaría en un 22,7% el valor de las propiedades.

Abstract One of the main factors of air contamination within urban areas is burning gasoline by cars, light trucks and motorcycles. Gasoline burning liberates pollution gases such as Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, Carbon monoxide, benzene, besides others. Among these, Nitrogen dioxide (NOx) is the one that stands out for the people’s awareness of such contamination. We used the Hedonic Price Method (HPM) in order to determine people’s perception of air quality as a proxy and estimate the effect of gases on the housing market. We selected two areas of Quito Metropolitan District in order to evaluate contamination effects on properties. One with a higher concentration of gases located within the historic district of Quito. The other with better air quality called the Bellavista district. The results of three different models indicated that a reduction of 1 (µg/m3) of NOx would increase an average of 4.54% of the housing market value, which it represents 2,032,326.24 USD in value for sample properties. A decrease of 5 µg/m3 will increase in 22.7% of properties value.

Abstract The purpose of the study is to further explore the combined effects of exercise and sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure on the cardiovascular function as well as the underlying mechanisms. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: rest group (RG), exercise group (EG), SO2 pollution group (SG) and SO2 pollution + exercise group (SEG). Changes of aortic pressure and left ventricular pressure, Ang II concentration, ACE concentration and ACE activity in rats’ myocardial tissue were observed. Compared with RG, the systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, LVSP, +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax of EG increased significantly, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and ACE activity decreased significantly; For rats of SG, 4 weeks SO2 exposure increased LVEDP, Ang II concentration, ACE concentration and ACE activity, decreased the +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax; For rats of SEG, the systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, LVSP, +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax decreased significantly, HR, LVEDP, Ang II concentration, ACE concentration and ACE activity increased significantly. Results indicate that, the combination of aerobic exercise and SO2 exposure can aggravate the negative effects of SO2 inhalation on cardiovascular function. Renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in mediating the negative effect of SO2 inhalation.

Resumen El dióxido de azufre y otros contaminantes químicos pueden llegar a la naturaleza y el ambiente por medio de la actividad volcánica. Debido a esto, en Costa Rica, las zonas cercanas a los volcanes se encuentran afectadas con estos contaminantes. Por ello, se realizó un monitoreo de la concentración del dióxido de azufre en aire, y la determinación del pH y la concentración de fluoruro, cloruro, bromuro, fosfato y sulfato en agua de lluvia en el Volcán Irazú, en el 2019. Inicialmente se evaluaron los parámetros de desempeño analítico: linealidad, repetibilidad, precisión intermedia, límite de detección y cuantificación en el método empleado. Se utilizaron muestreadores o recolectores húmedos especiales en puntos específicos de la zona, luego las muestras fueron analizadas en el Laboratorio de Química de la Atmósfera (LAQAT), donde se determinó por medio de cromatografía de iones la concentración de los aniones en agua. El pH fue determinado con un pH-metro calibrado. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el dióxido de azufre no sobrepasa los límites permitidos. Además, los resultados de pH de las muestras de agua de lluvia (3,55 a 5,33) indican presencia de lluvia ácida en las zonas cercanas al cráter del Volcán, por lo que, para utilizarla se debe efectuar un tratamiento que disminuya la acidez. Así mismo, los resultados de los aniones en el agua de lluvia presentaron valores bajos (menores a 6,58 mg/l), además, no fue posible detectar bromuro y fosfato en las muestras. La concentración de dióxido de azufre presente no se considera perjudicial para la salud de los visitantes y para los trabajadores de la zona.

Abstract Sulfur dioxide and other chemical pollutants can reach nature and the environment through volcanic activity. Due to this, in Costa Rica, the areas near the volcanoes are affected with these pollutants. Therefore, a monitoring of the concentration of sulfur dioxide in air was carried out, and the determination of the pH and concentration of fluoride, chloride, bromide, phosphate and sulfate in rainwater at the Irazú Volcano, in 2019. Initially, Analytical performance parameters were evaluated: linearity, repeatability, intermediate precision, limit of detection and quantification in the method used. Special wet samplers or collectors were used at specific points in the area, then the samples were analyzed in the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAQAT), where the concentration of the anions in water was determined by means of ion chromatography. The pH was determined with a calibrated pH-meter. The results obtained indicate that the sulfur dioxide does not exceed the permitted limits. In addition, the pH results of the rainwater samples (3.55 to 5.33) indicate the presence of acid rain in the areas near the crater of the volcano, therefore, to use it, a treatment that reduces the acidity. Likewise, the results of the anions in the rainwater presented low values (less than 6.58 mg / l), in addition, it was not possible to detect bromide and phosphate in the samples. The concentration of sulfur dioxide present is not considered detrimental to the health of visitors and workers in the area.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The spatial distribution of emissions inventories has great importance in monitoring strategies analysis, especially in evaluation of compromised areas that exceed legal limits. Objective: To develop the spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter) emitted by steam generators of Villa Clara sugar mills. Materials and Methods: The emissions were calculated with emission factors. Later, with the use of Surfer 12, the spatial distributions of each estimated pollutants were elaborated. Results and Discussion: All the stacks exceed established limits for particulate matter. The same occurs for nitrogen oxides with the exception of the Efraín Alfonso mill. Meanwhile, sulfur dioxide is not a problem. In the southeast of the province sugar mills have the higher emission values. Conclusions: Spatial distribution of emissions inventory from the sugar industry in the analyzed area is a first approximation to the knowledge of a phenomenon for which there is no prior information.

RESUMEN Introducción: La distribución espacial de los inventarios de emisiones tiene gran importancia en el análisis de estrategias de monitoreo especialmente en la evaluación de zonas comprometidas que excedan los límites legales. Objetivo: Desarrollar la distribución espacial de los contaminantes atmosféricos (dióxido de azufre, óxidos de nitrógeno y material particulado) emitidos por generadores de vapor de centrales azucareros villaclareños. Materiales y Métodos: Se procedió a calcular las emisiones con factores de emisión. Posteriormente, con el empleo del sistema de interpolación Surfer 12 se elaboraron las distribuciones espaciales de cada uno de los contaminantes estimados. Resultados y Discusión: Todas las chimeneas superan los límites establecidos para el material particulado. Lo mismo ocurre para los óxidos de nitrógeno con excepción del central Efraín Alfonso. Mientras, el dióxido de azufre no representa un problema. La zona con los centrales que más emiten está al sureste de la provincia. Conclusiones: La distribución espacial del inventario de emisiones procedente de la industria azucarera en la zona analizada, son una primera aproximación al conocimiento de un fenómeno del cual no existe información previa.

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is necessary to know the sources, substances and the extension of a contaminated region. Among the main causes of air pollution is combustion, it is not enough to know a focus emission; it is necessary to determine the immission. Objective: To determine a technological alternative to reduce the negative impact of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen monoxide in "Desembarco del Granma" textile factory. Materials and Methods: The GASBOARD-3800P equipment was used to measure SO2, NO, CO, CO2 and O2. Dispersion models were made. Results and Discussion: It was determined that SO2 reach maximum values of 200 µg/m3 and NOx of 70 µg/m3 for a poor air quality category. SO2 has the highest incidence due to pollutants emitted flow and sulfur percentage in fuel oil. Conclusions: Experimentally measured values of NOx emissions from the steam generator and oil heater exceed what is allowed for existing installations. SO2 and NOx immissions exceed the accepted values. To reduce the SO2 and NOx gases impact, it is proposed to add an automatic air/fuel ratio control system to steam generator and oil heater. Io raise chimney height three meters in oil heater is proposed too. The investment required to improve the air quality of the textile company and its surroundings is $ 7759.31.

RESUMEN Introducción: Es necesario conocer con qué fuentes, con qué sustancias y en qué medida se contamina una región. Entre las causas principales de la contaminación del aire está la combustión. No es suficiente conocer las emisiones de un foco, es preciso determinar la inmisión. Objetivo: Determinar una alternativa tecnológica para reducir el impacto negativo del dióxido de azufre y el monóxido de nitrógeno en la textilera “Desembarco del Granma”. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizó el equipo GASBOARD-3800P, para medir SO2, NO, CO, CO2 y O2. Se realizaron modelos de dispersión. Resultados y Discusión: Se determinó que el SO2 alcanza valores máximos de 200 μg/m3 y el NOx de 70 μg/m3 para una categoría de calidad del aire de mala. El SO2 es el de mayor incidencia debido al flujo de contaminantes emitido y al por ciento de azufre que tiene el fuel oíl. Conclusiones: Los valores medidos experimentalmente de las emisiones de NOx en el generador de vapor y en el calentador de aceite superan lo permitido para instalaciones existentes. Las inmisiones de SO2 y NOx sobrepasan los valores admitidos. Para reducir el impacto de los gases SO2 y NOx se propone agregar un sistema de control automático de relación aire/combustible al generador de vapor y al calentador de aceite y elevar la altura de la chimenea tres metros en este último. La inversión requerida para mejorar la calidad del aire de la textilera y sus alrededores es $ 7759,31.