Abstract Aim To understand the distribution of fish species and their use of habitat, a range of environmental variables were evaluated as predictors of fish assemblage composition and richness in tropical semiarid aquatic systems. Methods We surveyed the species composition of fish assemblages in semiarid aquatic systems and established their degree of association with the structure of the aquatic habitat. Sites consisted of stream reaches with surface water flow, isolated temporary pools, and man-made reservoirs. Fish sampling was conducted on four occasions during the wet (April and June 2006) and dry seasons (September and December 2006). The correlation between richness and abundance with the habitat structure was evaluated using stepwise multiple regression. Patterns of variation in fish assemblage composition across sites were evaluated using Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling, and the Indicator Species Analysis was used to determine which species were significant indicators of sites. To establish multivariate correlations and test the hypothesis of local fish composition being associated with the environmental variables we used a Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Results Morphometric variables, stream reach width, stream length and elevation explained 75.6% of the variation in fish richness. Macrophyte cover and overhanging vegetation added to the predictive power of the model equation, where the final model explained 86.9% of the variation in fish richness. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed a significant relationship between fish composition data and site morphology (altitude, bank slope and littoral depth). Among the water quality, habitat composition and substrate variables, temperature, sand, and gravel showed higher correlation with the CCA axes. Conclusions These results indicated that fish communities assume different structures and compositions across different habitat types following the environmental heterogeneity in dryland aquatic systems. flow pools manmade man made reservoirs April 2006 September 2006. . regression Scaling width 756 75 6 75.6 equation 869 86 9 86.9 altitude, altitude (altitude depth. depth depth) quality temperature sand axes 200 7 75. 8 86. 20 2

Resumo Objetivo Para entender a distribuição das espécies de peixes e seu uso do habitat, uma série de variáveis ambientais foi avaliada como preditoras da composição e riqueza de assembleias de peixes em sistemas aquáticos semiáridos tropicais. Métodos Nós avaliamos a composição de espécies de peixes em sistemas aquáticos semiáridos e estabelecemos seu grau de associação com a estrutura do habitat aquático. Os locais amostrados consistiram em trechos de riachos temporários com fluxo de água superficial, poças temporárias isoladas e reservatórios artificiais. A amostragem de peixes foi realizada em quatro ocasiões durante as estações úmida (abril e junho de 2006) e seca (setembro e dezembro de 2006). A correlação entre riqueza e abundância com a estrutura do habitat foi avaliada utilizando regressão múltipla. Os padrões de variação na composição da comunidade de peixes entre os locais foram avaliados utilizando Escalonamento Multidimensional Não-Métrico, e a Análise de Espécies Indicadoras foi utilizada para determinar quais espécies eram indicadoras significativas dos locais. Para estabelecer correlações multivariadas e testar a hipótese de que a composição local de peixes está associada às variáveis ambientais, utilizamos uma Análise de Correspondência Canônica. Resultados A regressão múltipla mostrou que as variáveis morfométricas, largura do trecho do riacho, comprimento do riacho e elevação explicaram 75,6% da variação na riqueza de peixes. A cobertura de macrófitas e a vegetação marginal adicionaram ao poder preditivo do modelo da equação, onde o modelo final explicou 86,9% da variação na riqueza de peixes. A Análise de Correspondência Canônica mostrou uma relação significativa entre os dados de composição de peixes e a morfologia dos locais amostrados (altitude, inclinação da margem e profundidade litorânea). Dentre as variáveis de qualidade da água, composição do habitat e substrato, a temperatura, areia e cascalho apresentaram maior correlação com os eixos da CCA. Conclusões Esses resultados indicaram que as comunidades de peixes assumiram diferentes estruturas e composições nos diferentes tipos de habitat de acordo com a heterogeneidade ambiental em sistemas aquáticos de regiões secas. tropicais aquático superficial artificiais abril 2006 setembro 2006. . NãoMétrico, NãoMétrico Não Métrico, Métrico Não-Métrico morfométricas 756 75 6 75,6 equação 869 86 9 86,9 altitude, altitude (altitude litorânea. litorânea litorânea) substrato temperatura CCA secas 200 7 75, 8 86, 20 2

Abstract: In mushroom cultivation, it is important to be aware of the impact of the growing substrate. This study investigated the cultivation of various oyster mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Pleurotus djamor, on different types of wood sawdust. Total phenolic content, condensed tannins, antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, protein and sensory evaluations were performed in cultivated oyster mushrooms. Wood sawdust of Fagus orientalis (oriental beech), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Castanea sativa (chestnut), and Juglans regia (walnut) were used as substrate for studied mushroom type, separately. Because champignon (Agaricus bisporus) was the most consumed mushroom, it was used as control sample. Methanolic extracts of dried mushrooms were used to measure bioactive characteristics. Pleurotus ostreatus samples cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate had the highest antioxidant activity. The lowest antioxidant activity values were found in Pleurotus djamor cultivated in Juglans regia (walnut) wood sawdust substrate. The highest protein content was measured in Agaricus bisporus as 13,84 %. The other highest protein concentration was found in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate, at 13,75 %. The lowest protein concentration belonged to Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated in Fagus orientalis (oriental beech) sawdust substrate as 9,86 %. While Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus had the highest overall appreciation score, Pleurotus citrinopileatus had the lowest. It has been observed that the substrate content has an important impact on chemical and sensory properties of the oyster mushrooms. This study provides knowledge on the chemical and sensory characteristics of three different Pleurotus mushroom species cultivated on different composts.

Abstract Vegetative propagation methods of acerola cherry are important in standardizing orchards and fruit quality, and the cutting process has been investigated as a promising alternative. The present work aimed to propose the best combination of substrate and cutting type (herbaceous and semi-woody) to provide a greater root rate and seedling development. The trial was conducted in a greenhouse at the State University of Maranhão, in São Luís - MA under intermittent nebulization conditions. The cuttings with dimensions of 10 cm were treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 2,000 mg L-1, and as substrate were used vermiculite (MV), Plantmax ® (PL) (commercial substrate based on decomposed pine bark), agricultural soil + tanned and sieved bovine manure (S + M) (50% + 50%, v / v); and vegetable soil (VS) composed of fresh soil with the remains of decomposed plants (leaves, stems, bark, and tree fern). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete design in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement (2 types of cuttings x 4 substrates) with eight replications with five cuttings per plot. At 60 days after the establishment of the trial, it was concluded that the best combination for rooting cuttings was vermiculite with herbaceous cuttings because they favor a higher rooting rate (95.0%). The alternative substrate composed of soil and tanned bovine manure provided promising results in the rate of rooting (72.5%), root formation, and vegetative development of the aerial part. quality semiwoody semi woody semi-woody Maranhão conditions 1 IBA (IBA 2000 000 2,00 L1, L1 L 1, L-1 MV, MV , (MV) PL (PL commercial bark bark) S M 50% 50 (50 v) VS (VS leaves, leaves (leaves stems fern. fern . fern) ( substrates plot 6 95.0%. 950 95.0% 95 0 (95.0%) 72.5%, 725 72.5% 72 5 (72.5%) formation part 200 00 2,0 L- (MV (5 95.0 9 (95.0% 72.5 7 (72.5% 20 2, 95. (95.0 72. (72.5 (95. (72. (95 (72 (9 (7

RESUMEN Los subproductos del maíz (olote, totomoxtle y rastrojo) podrían servir como sustrato para producir extractos enzimáticos por fermentación sólida (FS). El objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar la actividad de enzimas celulasas y lacasas de cepas de Pleurotus ostreatus a cinco y diez días de FS. La FS se realizó en matraces Erlenmeyer con 50 g de sustrato (80 % humedad) inoculados con 5 g de una cepa e incubados a 30 ºC. En cada tiempo de fermentación se obtuvo el extracto enzimático y al fermento sólido se le determinó proteína cruda (PC), materia orgánica (MO), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra detergente ácido (FDA). El diseño experimental fue un arreglo factorial 2x3x2 en un diseño completamente al azar; usando cepas, sustratos y tiempo de fermentación como factores. La actividad enzimática de las celulasas y la PC no mostraron diferencias entre cepas y tipos de sustrato (p > 0.05). La FS a 10 d mostró mayor actividad de las celulasas y PC que a los cinco días; la mayor actividad de las lacasas fue en la FS por cinco días usando la cepa P15 y olote o rastrojo; el fermento con rastrojo presentó menor FDN que totomoxtle y olote; el fermento sólido a diez días mostró mayor FDA que a cinco días de FS; la FS con diez días usando rastrojo y la cepa MR mostró menor MO (p < 0.05). En conclusión, olote y totomoxtle son sustratos efectivos en FS para producir extractos enzimáticos de celulasas y lacasas, además el contenido de nutrientes del sustrato se modificó con el tiempo de fermentación.

ABSTRACT Maize by-products (corn stover, totomoxtle and stubble) could serve as a substrate to produce enzyme extracts by solid fermentation (SF). The objective of this study was to quantify the activity of cellulase and laccase enzymes of Pleurotus ostreatus strains at five and ten days of SF. The SF was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 g of substrate (80% humidity) inoculated with 5 g of a strain and incubated at 30 ºC. At each fermentation time, the enzymatic extract was obtained and crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined from the solid ferment. The experimental design was a 2x3x2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design; using strains, substrates and fermentation time as factors. Cellulase enzyme activity and CP showed no differences between strains and substrate types (p > 0.05). The SF at ten days showed higher cellulase activity and CP than at five days; the highest laccase activity was in the SF for five days using strain P15 and corn stover or stubble; the ferment with stubble showed lower NDF than totomoxtle and corn stover; the solid ferment at ten days showed higher ADF than at five days of SF; the SF with ten days using stubble and strain MR showed lower OM (p < 0.05). In conclusion, olote and totomoxtle are effective substrates in SF to produce enzymatic extracts of cellulases and laccases, and the nutrient content of the substrate changed with fermentation time.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to explore methods for producing forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) cv. Belomonte seedlings and their introduction into an established pasture with Tamani grass. The experiment was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, seedlings were generated from stolons with three treatments: stolons produced in water; stolons produced in nutrient solution; and stolons produced with commercial substrate. The treatment with commercial substrate did not produce sufficient seedlings for the second phase of the experiment and was, therefore, discontinued. In the second phase, the seedlings were planted in an established pasture of BRS Tamani grass. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three treatments: peanut seedlings produced in water, peanut seedlings produced in nutrient solution, and raw stolon. The variables evaluated included seedling survival rate and the survival and development of the different types of rooted forage peanut seedlings at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after planting. Stolon survival rate exceeded 70% for the treatments using pure water and nutrient solution. The average stolon length and the number of leaves per plant were greater for the treatment using the nutrient solution. At the end of the experiment, there was no significant difference in the number of live plants. Forage peanut seedlings can be produced using a nutrient solution for broadleaf plants or simply with water, indicating easy production. Pre-rooting the seedlings in a nutrient solution for broadleaf plants favors the growth of stolons and leaves. Arachis pintoi cv grass phases therefore discontinued 30 60 90 12 planting 70 production Prerooting Pre rooting 3 6 9 1 7

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar métodos de produção de mudas de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) cv. Belomonte e sua introdução em pasto já estabelecido com capim Tamani. O experimento foi realizado em duas fases. Na primeira fase foi realizada a produção de mudas a partir dos estolões com três tratamentos: estolões produzidos em água; estolões produzidos em solução nutritiva e estolões produzidos com substrato comercial. Para o tratamento com substrato comercial, este não obteve mudas suficientes para a segunda fase do experimento, sendo descartado. A segunda fase consistiu no plantio das mudas em pastagem já estabelecida de capim BRS Tamani. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos: mudas de amendoim produzidas em água, mudas de amendoim produzidas em solução nutritiva e estolão bruto. As variáveis avaliadas foram o índice de sobrevivência de mudas e a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento dos diferentes tipos de mudas enraizadas de amendoim forrageiro aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após plantio. O índice de sobrevivência dos estolões foi superior a 70% para os tratamentos utilizando água pura e solução nutritiva. O comprimento médio dos estolões e o número de folhas por planta, foram superiores para o tratamento utilizando solução nutritiva. No final do experimento, o número de plantas vivas não foi diferente. A produção de mudas enraizadas de amendoim forrageiro pode ser realizada utilizando solução nutritiva pra folhosas ou apenas com água, indicando facilidade na produção. O enraizamento prévio das mudas em solução nutritiva para folhosas favorece o crescimento de estolões e folhas. Arachis pintoi cv Tamani fases comercial descartado bruto 30 60 9 12 70 planta diferente 3 6 1 7

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify the pitting corrosion behavior in the surface layers obtained by plasma nitrocarburizing at 400 and 450 °C/5 h on two types of super-martensitic stainless steel, namely micro-alloyed (Nb-SMSS) and unalloyed (SMSS). The results reveal that in all the nitrocarburized layers, a discontinuous, thin layer measuring less than 5µm in thickness exhibits a microhardness exceeding 950 HV0.05, for the two steels. Furthermore, the structure of the surface layer is a combination of expanded austenite (γN), expanded martensite (α`N), ε-Fe2-3N, cementite (θ-Fe3C), and traces of CrN. The surfaces exhibit poor corrosion resistance across all layers, which can be attributed to localized micro-galvanic corrosion between the iron nitride (ε-Fe2-3N) and expanded austenite (γN), since they are known to have higher corrosion resistance, as well as expanded martensite ((α`N) and cementite (θ-Fe3C), which have lower corrosion resistance. This corrosion process initiates after the dissolution of the surface layer in a 3.5% NaCl solution, subsequently leading to substrate corrosion. 40 45 C5 C 5 °C/ supermartensitic super martensitic steel microalloyed micro alloyed NbSMSS Nb SMSS (Nb-SMSS SMSS. . (SMSS) discontinuous µm 95 HV005 HV HV0 05 HV0.05 steels Furthermore γN, γN , (γN) α`N, αN α`N α N (α`N) εFe23N, εFe23N εFeN ε Fe2 3N, 3N Fe ε-Fe2-3N θFe3C, θFe3C θFeC θ Fe3C (θ-Fe3C) CrN microgalvanic galvanic (ε-Fe2-3N ((α`N 35 3 3.5 solution 4 °C (SMSS 9 HV00 0 HV0.0 (γN (α`N εFe θFe FeC (θ-Fe3C 3. HV0.

RESUMO No cultivo in vitro do morango são aplicadas técnicas de micropropagação para obtenção de plantas livres de doenças e com altas taxas de multiplicação. Para melhorar a eficácia dos protocolos de micropropagação é necessário conhecer o efeito dos reguladores de crescimento, principalmente as citocininas, porém não há informações a respeito do uso combinado da transzeatina (Zt) com outras citocininas para indução de brotações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito combinado de Zt com 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), 6-furfurilaminopurina (KIN) ou 2-isopenteniladenina (2iP) na propagação in vitro de três cultivares de morangueiro. Combinações de citocininas, Zt e BAP, Zt e KIN, Zt e 2iP foram propostas para avaliar a indução de brotos. Na aclimatação das mudas foram utilizados dois tipos de substratos (Pro-Mix, Pro-Mix e húmus 2:1). Observou-se que o uso de Zt e KIN induziu maior número de brotos por explante, o maior número de folhas e raízes foi obtido quando foram utilizados Zt e 2iP ou Zt e BAP. O substrato Pro-Mix ou Pro-Mix e humus não apresentou diferenças significativas para o número de folhas e raízes, e elevados valores de índice SPAD. Os resultados indicam que o uso da combinação de Zt e KIN permitiu obter o maior número de brotos por explante que não produziram calos e promoveram o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, da mesma forma, o substrato Pro-Mix ou Pro-Mix e humus foi adequado para aclimatação permitindo crescimento e desenvolvimento de mudas de morango. multiplicação (Zt brotações 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 BAP , (BAP) 6furfurilaminopurina furfurilaminopurina (KIN 2isopenteniladenina isopenteniladenina 2 iP (2iP morangueiro ProMix, ProMix Pro Mix, Mix (Pro-Mix 21. 21 1 . 2:1) Observouse Observou se SPAD radicular forma (BAP 2:1 2:

ABSTRACT In the in vitro propagation of strawberry plants, techniques have been applied to obtain disease-free plants with high multiplication rates. To improve the efficacy of micropropagation protocols, it is necessary to determine the effect of growth regulators, mainly cytokinins; however, there is no information regarding the combined use of trans zeatin (Zt) and other cytokinins for shoot induction. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Zt combined with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 6-furfurylaminopurine (KIN) or 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) on the in vitro propagation of three strawberry cultivars. Combinations of cytokinins, Zt and BAP, Zt and KIN, and Zt and 2iP were proposed to evaluate shoot induction. For the acclimatization of the seedlings, two types of substrates were used (Pro-Mix, Pro-Mix plus humus 2:1). The use of Zt and KIN increased the average number of shoots per explant, and the greatest number of leaves and roots was obtained when Zt and 2iP or Zt and BAP were used. The Pro-Mix and Pro-Mix plus humus substrates did not significantly affect the number of leaves or roots, or the SPAD. These results indicate that the use of the combination of Zt and KIN allowed us to obtain the greatest number of shoots per explant that did not produce calli and promoted the development of the root system; likewise, the Pro-Mix or Pro-Mix plus humus substrate were adequate for acclimatization, allowing the growth and development of strawberry plants. diseasefree disease free rates protocols regulators however (Zt induction 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 , (BAP) 6furfurylaminopurine furfurylaminopurine (KIN 2isopentenyladenine isopentenyladenine 2 iP (2iP cultivars seedlings ProMix, ProMix Pro Mix, Mix (Pro-Mix 21. 21 1 . 2:1) SPAD system likewise (BAP 2:1 2:

ABSTRACT Considering the climate uncertainty, an increase in world population and the need to produce food under low water availability, studies showing alternatives for vegetable production, having in mind the rational use of water, are extremely necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the type of substrate, sprout thinning and irrigation management strategies on water use efficiency (WUE) and grape tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield in a protected environment. Tomatoes were grown with one, two, three and four stems. Additionally, the impacts of “fixed” and “variable” rates of irrigation on the crop productivity and water consumption of the plants were verified. The used substrates were: 100% local soil; 80% local soil + 20% carbonized rice husk; and commercial substrate Carolina Soil XVI®. Plant spacing was 1x0.7 m. The plants were arranged in a completely randomized experimental design in a protected environment. The 3x4x2 factorial scheme (3 substrates, 4 ways of conducting stems and 2 ways of managing irrigation) resulted in 24 treatments and five replications. Water use efficiency and plant yield were evaluated. No difference in the averages of the production variables in relation to irrigation management strategies was observed. The fixed and variable rate of irrigation did not influence productivity, both in mass and number of fruits. However, when grape tomato was grown with only one stem, the production was reduced, compared to the crop grown using two, three and four stems. WUE was 8.9 g/L when the crop was grown with 1 stem; when growing with 2 stems, an increase in WUE was noticed, 30.8% (11.6 g/L); from 1 to 3 stems an increase of 53.4% (13.7 g/L) was noticed, and from 1 to 4 stems, the authors observed an increase of 55.8% (13.9 g/L). An increase in the number of stems per cultivated plant resulted in greater WUE. The types of substrates influenced the total mass obtained; plants grown in commercial substrate showed an average of 14.9 g/L, whereas when growing in soil and mixture of soil + rice husk no significant variations were observed, 10.3 g/L and 10.1 g/L, respectively. uncertainty availability necessary (WUE Solanum L. L environment two Additionally “fixed “variable verified 100 80 20 XVI XVI® 1x07 x 1x0 7 1x0. m xx 3x4x ( replications evaluated fruits However stem reduced 89 8 9 8. gL g noticed 308 30 30.8 11.6 116 11 6 (11. 534 53 53.4 13.7 137 13 (13. 558 55 55.8 13.9 139 g/L. . obtained 149 14 14. 103 10 10. 101 respectively 1x 30. 11. (11 5 53. 13. (13 55. (1

RESUMO Diante das incertezas climáticas, aumento da população mundial e necessidade de produzir alimentos sob baixa disponibilidade hídrica, estudos que apontem alternativas para cultivo vegetal com racionalização na aplicação de água tornam-se extremamente necessários. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos do tipo de substrato, desbrota e estratégias de manejo de irrigação na eficiência do uso da água (EUA) e rendimento de frutos do tomate “grape” (Solanum lycopersicum L.) em ambiente protegido. Cultivou-se o tomate conduzido com uma, duas, três e quatro hastes. Adicionalmente, verificou-se as implicações do manejo de irrigação com turno de rega “fixo” e “variável” na produtividade e consumo hídrico da cultura. Os substratos utilizados foram: 100% de solo local; 80% de solo local + 20% de casca de arroz carbonizada; e substrato comercial Carolina Soil XVI®. As plantas foram dispostas em espaçamento de 1x0,70 m e distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. O esquema fatorial 3x4x2 (3 substratos, 4 formas de condução de hastes e 2 formas de manejar a irrigação) resultou em 24 tratamentos e cinco repetições. Avaliou-se a EUA e o rendimento das plantas. Os resultados obtidos indicam não haver diferença nas médias das variáveis de produção em função das estratégias de manejo de irrigação. O turno de rega fixo e variável não influenciou nas variáveis de produtividade, tanto em massa como em número de frutos. Já quanto à forma de condução, verificou-se que conduzir o tomate grape com apenas uma haste diminuiu a produção, comparativamente à condução com duas, três e quatro hastes. Ao cultivar-se com 1 haste obteve-se a “EUA” de 8,9g/L; elevando-se para 2 hastes houve um incremento de 30,8% (11,6 g/L) na “EUA”; já de 1 para 3 hastes a elevação é de 53,4% (13,7 g/L) e de 1 para 4 hastes o acréscimo é de 55,8% (13,9 g/L). O aumento no número de ramos por planta cultivada implicou em maior “EUA”. Os tipos de substratos influenciaram a massa total de tomate obtida. As plantas cultivadas em substrato comercial apresentaram média de 14,9 g/L, enquanto o cultivo em solo e mistura de solo + casca de arroz não apresentaram variações significativas, sendo 10,3 g/L e 10,1 g/L, respectivamente. climáticas hídrica tornamse tornam se necessários Objetivouse Objetivou (EUA “grape Solanum L. L protegido Cultivouse Cultivou duas Adicionalmente verificouse verificou “fixo “variável cultura 100 80 20 carbonizada XVI XVI® 1x070 x 1x0 70 1x0,7 casualizado xx 3x4x ( repetições Avaliouse Avaliou cultivarse cultivar obtevese obteve “EUA 8,9g/L 89gL gL 8 9g g elevandose elevando 308 30 30,8 11,6 116 11 6 (11, 534 53 53,4 13,7 137 13 7 (13, 558 55 55,8 13,9 139 9 g/L. . EUA. obtida 149 14 14, significativas 103 10 10, 101 respectivamente 1x07 1x 1x0, 30, 11, (11 5 53, 13, (13 55, (1

Abstract The Southeast region of Brazil contains a great wealth of species of anuran amphibians, which face several threats, such as environmental degradation and climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out more studies on the influence of environmental variables on their space-time distribution, especially in the breeding season. The objective of the study was to identify the main climatic and habitat variables that influence the distribution of anuran amphibians in Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection in the field was carried out on a fine scale, at the study sites Montanhas do Japi (MJ) and Sítio do Sol (SS), where the environmental variables: climatic (temperature and relative humidity of the air) and terrain elevation were measured, as well as the habitat variables (types of substrate, position within the substrate, terrain slope, height of the individual to the ground, and distance to the water mirror). The variables elevation, temperature and relative humidity were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient; while habitat and location variables were evaluated through a multivariate approach, using cluster analysis with the k-means technique. In MJ, four groups were obtained, with six species of frogs, where the predominant one was Brachycephalus rotenbergae. In SS, three groups were obtained, with seven species, where the predominant one was Phyllomedusa burmeisteri. Spatiotemporal distribution was obtained under a different combination of variables, where fine information was included on substrate (water or adjacent to water, soil, vegetation) and position of the observed individual (in water or soil, leaf litter, herbaceous/shrub vegetation). It was confirmed that there is an environmental climate dependence on the reproductive conditions of anurans living in Mata Atlântica conditions, although there is little variability explained based on the analyzed data. These results contribute to the generation of more specific knowledge about the requirements of frogs during their breeding season.

Resumen El sureste de Brasil contiene una gran riqueza específica de anfibios anuros, los cuales enfrentan diversas amenazas, tales como degradación del ambiente y el cambio climático. Ante esto, es necesario realizar más estudios sobre la influencia de las variables ambientales en su distribución espacio-temporal, especialmente en la época reproductiva. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las principales variables ambientales, climáticas y del hábitat, que influyen en la distribución de anfibios anuros en la Serra do Japi, São Paulo, Brasil. La toma de datos en campo se realizó a escala fina, en los sitios de estudio Montanhas do Japi (MJ) y Sítio do Sol (SS), donde se midieron variables ambientales: climáticas (temperatura y humedad relativa del aire) y elevación del terreno, así como variables del hábitat (tipos de sustrato, posición dentro del sustrato, pendiente del terreno, altura del individuo al suelo y distancia al espejo de agua). Las variables elevación, temperatura y humedad relativa fueron analizadas a través del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; mientras que las variables del hábitat y ubicación se evaluaron mediante un enfoque multivariado, utilizando análisis de cluster con la técnica de k-medias. En MJ se obtuvieron cuatro cluster, con seis especies de anuros, donde la predominante fue Brachycephalus rotenbergae. En SS se obtuvieron tres cluster, con siete especies, donde la predominante fue Phyllomedusa burmeisteri. Se obtuvo la distribución espacio temporal bajo diferente combinación de variables, donde se incluyó información fina sobre el sustrato (agua o adyacente al agua, suelo, vegetación) y la posición del individuo observado (en el agua o sobre el suelo, hojarasca, vegetación herbácea/arbustiva). Se confirmó que hay dependencia de situaciones ambientales y climática en las condiciones reproductivas de los anuros que viven en condiciones de Mata Atlântica, aunque hubo poca variabilidad explicada con base a los datos analizados. Estos resultados contribuyen en la generación de conocimiento más puntual sobre los requerimientos de los anuros durante su época reproductiva.

ABSTRACT This paper reports a novel coating containing activated TiO2 for improving corrosion resistance of Cu. In this study, three types of coatings were compared: one made from GPTMS (3-Glycidopropyltrimethoxysilane) (GC1), and two hybrid sol-gel coatings derived from G1 (solution organic) and activated with titanium. The Class I (GC2) coatings contained crystallized TiO2 particles integrated into the matrix, while the Class II (GC3) coatings used the liquid precursor TTIP (titanium (IV) isopropoxide). The three coatings, with thicknesses of 0.777 ± 0.5 μm (GC1), 2.054 ± 0.5 μm (GC2), and 3.774 ± 0.23 μm (GC3), were analyzed using XRD, optical profilometry, and SEM techniques. GC1 and GC3 exhibited uniform structures, while GC2 showed cracks due to TiO2 particles. After salt spray exposure per ASTM B117, the coatings were labeled GCE1, GCE2, and GCE3 for evaluation. Salt spray exposure caused SiO2 precipitates, impacting coating performance. GC3, with TTIP, showed a uniform surface and controlled roughness, leading to superior corrosion resistance (95% efficiency, 2764 Ω), outperforming GC2 (94% efficiency, 1331 Ω) and the substrate (918 Ω). TTIP improved adhesion and barrier formation, while TiO2 coatings (GC1, GC2) had increased roughness due to particle irregularities. GC3’s thicker, well-integrated structure contributed to its enhanced performance in corrosive environments. TiO Cu study compared 3Glycidopropyltrimethoxysilane Glycidopropyltrimethoxysilane 3 (3-Glycidopropyltrimethoxysilane GC1, GC , (GC1) solgel sol gel G solution organic titanium (GC2 matrix (GC3 IV (IV isopropoxide. isopropoxide . isopropoxide) 0777 0 777 0.77 05 5 0. 2054 2 054 2.05 GC2, 3774 774 3.77 023 23 0.2 XRD profilometry techniques structures B117 B GCE1 GCE GCE2 evaluation SiO precipitates 95% 95 (95 efficiency 276 Ω, Ω 94% 94 (94 133 918 (91 Ω. formation (GC1 irregularities GC3s GCs s thicker wellintegrated well environments (GC 077 77 0.7 205 2.0 377 3.7 02 B11 9 (9 27 13 91 07 7 20 2. 37 3. B1 ( 1

Abstract Tuxpan is a port with economic and industrial important activity subject to atmospheric corrosion of metal structures such as boats, ships, oil platforms, and power stations. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the atmospheric corrosion of Tuxpan Veracruz, it was necessary to install an exposition panel with carbon steel specimens, galvanized steel (zinc), and copper to evaluate them in every season by electrochemical methods (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) and potentiodynamic polarization curves (CP). In addition, corrosivity indexes of atmospheric are evaluated by CLIMAT and ISO methodology. An exposition panel was installed with specimens of aluminum wire on steel screws, copper screws, and nylon screws to study corrosivity indexes through mass loss in every season of the year and thus classify the different types of atmospheres; marine, industrial, and rural-urban according to the values specified in the standard (ISO 8408, 9223, 9224). The corrosivity indexes are under the standards allowed in the regulations. However, they show the aggressiveness of the marine and industrial atmosphere due to the location and activities of the port in the northern zone. Zinc and carbon steel corrodes due to aggressive agents such as chlorides and sulfur dioxide, forming soluble oxides on the surface of the metallic substrate, while copper forms corrosion products that weakly protect its surface.

Resumen Tuxpan es un puerto con importante actividad económica e industrial, ha sido objeto del proceso de corrosión atmosférica en las estructuras metálicas como embarcaciones, botes, plataformas petroleras y Termoeléctricas. El propósito principal de este trabajo es evaluar la corrosión atmosférica de Tuxpan Veracruz, se instaló un panel de exposición con probetas de acero al carbono, acero galvanizado (zinc) y cobre para poder evaluarlas en cada estación del año por métodos electroquímicos (impedancia electroquímica espectroscopia (EIE), resistencia de polarización lineal (Rp) y curvas de polarización potenciodinámicas (CP). Además, se evalúan los índices de corrosividad de la atmósfera mediante la metodología CLIMAT e ISO. Se instaló un panel de exposición con probetas de alambre de aluminio sobre tornillos de acero, tornillos de cobre y tornillos de plástico para estudiar los índices de corrosividad por pérdida de masa en cada estación del año, y así clasificar los diferentes tipos de atmósferas: marina, industrial y rural-urbana según los valores especificados en la norma (ISO 8408, 9223, 9224). Los índices se encuentran por debajo de los estándares permitidos en la normatividad. Sin embargo, muestran la agresividad del ambiente marino e industrial producto de la ubicación y actividades del puerto en la zona norte. El zinc y el acero al carbono se corroen debido a agentes agresivos como los cloruros y el dióxido de azufre, formando óxidos solubles en la superficie del sustrato metálico, mientras que el cobre forma productos de corrosión que protegen débilmente su superficie.

Abstract Mint (Mentha arvensis), is one of the most commercially valuable and mostwidespread herbs in the world, it has numerous properties which is why it is highly required in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. In Paraguay there is a high demand for this item, especially in the yerbatero sector. Currently there is a problem to obtainhealthy plants, free of pathogens, of the varieties required in the local market. The objective of this work was to evaluate different disinfection methods for in vitro multiplication and different types of substrates for the acclimatization of vitroplants, in order to optimize a sanitation protocol for the production of mother plants. The disinfection treatments consisted of: T1 NaClO 1 % for 10 minutos; T2 NaClO 1.5 % for 10 minutos; T3 NaClO 1 % for 15 minutos and T4 NaClO 1.5 % for 15 min. The substrates used were: perlite; Carolina® commercial substrate; perlite + commercial substrate (1:1). The disinfection results indicate that treatments 3 and 4 with a concentration of 1 % and 1.5 % NaClO for 15 minutes were the best, and the commercial substrate obtained the best performance in the vegetation house, which has a 100 % of acclimatized plants.

Resumen La menta (Mentha arvensis), es una de las hierbas comercialmente más valiosas y más difundidas en todo el mundo, tiene numerosas propiedades por lo que es muy requerido en las industrias cosméticas, farmacéuticas y de alimentos. En Paraguay existe una alta demanda de este rubro, especialmente en el sector yerbatero. Actualmente existe una problemática con la obtención de plantas sanas, libres de patógenos, para las mudas, de las variedades requeridas en el mercado local. Por consecuente, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar diferentes métodos de desinfección para la multiplicación in vitro y diferentes tipos de sustratos para la aclimatación de vitroplantas, con el fin de optimizar un protocolo de saneamiento de stock de plantas para producción de plantas madre. Los tratamientos de desinfección consistieron en: T1 NaClO 1 % por 10 minutos; T2 NaClO 1,5 % por 10 minutos; T3 NaClO 1 % por 15 minutos y T4 NaClO 1,5 % por 15 minutos, los sustratos utilizados fueron: perlita; sustrato comercial Carolina®; perlita + sustrato comercial (1:1). Los resultados de la desinfección indican que los tratamientos 3 y 4 con una concentración de NaClO al 1 % y 1,5 % por 15 minutos fueron los mejores, y el sustrato comercial obtuvo el mejor desempeño en casa de vegetación, pues se logró un 100 % de plantas aclimatadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the reproductive phenology in a Monteverdia ilicifolia plantation, whose seedlings were produced with Trichoderma spp. and vermicompost, in order to identify the moment when the shift to the adult reproductive stage of the species occurs and possible effects of biostimulants on reproductive development of the species. The seedlings was carried out in tubes of 180 cm³ volume in a greenhouse in November 2015. For the Trichoderma spp. assay, three non-commercial strains (T1 and T2: Trichoderma asperelloides; T10: Trichoderma virens) inoculated in commercial substrate and one treatment without Trichoderma (control) were tested, comprising four treatments with five replications each, totaling 20 plants. For the vermicompost assay, different proportions of vermicompost and non-sterile soil were tested. The percentages of vermicompost evaluated were: 0; 20; 40; 50; 60 and 80% in relation to the non-sterile soil (treatments T0, T20, T40, T50, T60 and T80), being tested ten replications per treatment, totaling 60 plants. The seedlings were transplanted to the field at 330 days, at a spacing of 4.0 m x 3.5 m, constituting two trials, which were evaluated individually. The reproductive phenology of M. ilicifolia was evaluated in 2018, 2019 and 2020, using the presence/absence of flowering and fruiting method, quantified by the activity index (AI), which expresses the percentage of individuals that manifested the events in each sampling. The analyzes were carried out directly and monthly, between the months of August and December of each year. The first reproductive phenology of the species occurred 22 months after planting. The flowering activity index was more intense than the fruiting activity index during the three reproductive periods analyzed, but it is still incipient to infer about the action of biostimulants, in view of the presence of two floral types with characteristics that may have influenced the results found. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the floral typology of each cultivated individual to better understand the reproductive dynamics of the species in the study area and confirm possible effects of biostimulants. plantation spp 18 cm 2015 assay noncommercial non T1 T (T T2 asperelloides T10 virens control (control 2 plants nonsterile sterile 0 40 50 6 80 T0 T20 T40 T50 T6 T80, T80 , T80) 33 days 4 4. 35 3 5 3. trials individually M 2018 201 2020 presenceabsence absence method AI, AI (AI) sampling monthly year planting analyzed found Therefore 1 8 T4 T5 T8 202 (AI

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a fenologia reprodutiva em um plantio de Monteverdia ilicifolia, cujas mudas foram produzidas com Trichoderma e vermicomposto, visando identificar o momento em que ocorre a mudança para a fase adulta reprodutiva da espécie e possíveis efeitos dos bioestimulantes no desenvolvimento reprodutivo das plantas. A semeadura foi realizada em tubetes de 180 cm³ de volume em casa de vegetação em novembro de 2015. Para o ensaio com Trichoderma spp., foram testadas três cepas não-comerciais (cepas T1 e T2: Trichoderma asperelloides; T10: Trichoderma virens) inoculadas em substrato comercial e um tratamento sem Trichoderma (controle), constituindo quatro tratamentos com cinco repetições cada, totalizando 20 plantas. Para o ensaio com vermicomposto, foram testadas diferentes proporções de vermicomposto e solo não-estéril. Os percentuais de vermicomposto avaliados foram: 0; 20; 40; 50; 60 e 80% em relação ao solo não-estéril (tratamentos T0, T20, T40, T50, T60 e T80), sendo testadas dez repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 plantas. O transplante das mudas para o campo ocorreu aos 330 dias, em espaçamento 4,0 m x 3,5 m, constituindo dois ensaios, os quais foram avaliados individualmente. A fenologia reprodutiva de M. ilicifolia foi avaliada em 2018, 2019 e 2020, pelo método presença/ausência de floração e frutificação, quantificados pelo índice de atividade (IA), que exprime o percentual de indivíduos que manifestaram os eventos em cada amostragem. As análises foram realizadas de forma direta e mensalmente, entre os meses de agosto a dezembro de cada ano. A primeira fenologia reprodutiva da espécie ocorreu 22 meses após o plantio. O índice de atividade de floração foi mais intenso que o índice de atividade de frutificação no decorrer dos três períodos reprodutivos analisados, mas ainda são incipientes para inferir sobre a ação dos bioestimulantes, tendo em vista a presença de dois tipos florais com características que podem ter influenciado nos resultados encontrados. Por isso, é necessário avaliar a tipologia floral de cada indivíduo cultivado para compreender melhor a dinâmica reprodutiva da espécie na área de estudo e confirmar possíveis efeitos dos bioestimulantes. plantas 18 cm 2015 spp spp. nãocomerciais não comerciais T T2 asperelloides T10 virens controle, controle , (controle) 2 nãoestéril. nãoestéril estéril. estéril 0 40 50 6 80 T0 T20 T40 T50 T6 T80, T80 T80) 33 dias 4 4, 35 3 5 3, ensaios individualmente M 2018 201 2020 presençaausência ausência IA, IA (IA) amostragem mensalmente ano analisados encontrados isso 1 (controle 8 T4 T5 T8 202 (IA

Abstract: Background: Lichen diversity in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes has historically been neglected. Lichen species in all vegetation types, except for the arid zones, remain underexplored. Hypotheses: Lichenized fungi richness reported for Aguascalientes will increase due to exploration and collecting activities in vegetation types other than xerophilous scrubs. This will allow finding species of interest for conservation purposes, including Mexican endemics and/or threatened taxa. Data description: Lichenized fungi, vegetation types, substrates. Study site and dates: Mexican state of Aguascalientes, 2018 to 2021. Methods: Revision and taxonomic identification of lichenized fungi specimens deposited at the HUAA herbarium. Once the endemic species were detected, the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and the Area of Occupancy (AOO) were calculated to assess their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. Results: 162 new records were found for Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen, and Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Mag., were new records for the country. The epiphytic substrate and the foliose growth form were dominant. Parmotrema acutatum had an EOO = 192,141 km2, while Phaeophyscia sonorae had a EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusions: The number of lichenized fungi species recorded for Aguascalientes increased to 218. We suggest publication of Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. as Least Concern (LC) and Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. as Vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List.

Resumen Antecedentes: La diversidad liquénica en el estado de Aguascalientes ha sido históricamente desatendida. Excepto por las investigaciones efectuadas en sus zonas áridas, los demás tipos de vegetación permanecen inexplorados. Hipótesis: La riqueza de hongos liquenizados registrados para el estado de Aguascalientes aumentará con la exploración y colecta en los tipos de vegetación presentes en el estado. Con esto, se encontrarán especies de interés para la conservación de los ecosistemas, incluyendo especies endémicas de México y/o amenazadas. Descripción de datos: Hongos liquenizados, tipos de vegetación, sustratos. Sitio y años de estudio: Estado de Aguascalientes, 2018 a 2021. Métodos: Revisión e identificación taxonómica de la colección de hongos liquenizados del herbario HUAA. Una vez detectadas las especies endémicas, se calcularon la Extensión de Ocurrencia (EOO) y el Área de ocupación (AOO) para evaluar el estado de conservación según la Lista Roja de la UICN. Resultados: Se presentaron 162 registros nuevos para el estado de Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen y Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Magn., fueron registros nuevos para el país. Los líquenes epífitos y la forma de crecimiento foliosa fueron dominantes. Parmotrema acutatum ocupó un EOO = 192,141 km2, mientras Phaeophyscia sonorae resultó en EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusiones: El número de especies de hongos liquenizados para el estado de Aguascalientes asciende a 218. Se sugiere la publicación en la Lista Roja de la UICN para Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. en la categoría de Menor Preocupación (LC) y Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. como Vulnerable (VU).

ABSTRACT The presence of salts in the culture medium and the addition of phytohormones, necessary to break seed dormancy in the in vitro germination of passion fruit, can induce critical values of osmotic potential. This can change the membrane permeability of seeds, affecting the hydration rate, enzyme release, ion transport, pH, and inhibitor values, which may decrease germination percentage. The aim of this study was to evaluate different types of culture media, composed of other substances, combined with mechanical techniques of tegument removal to determine the most appropriate culture medium for the in vitro germination of Passiflora edulis (Sims flavicarpa Deg.) seeds obtained by open pollination. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 10 × 3 factorial scheme (10 culture media × three types of seed-intact, scarified, and cut), with eight replicates and five seeds per plot. Scarified seeds cultivated in a medium composed of a commercial substrate and gibberellic acid presented a higher percentage of germination than intact or cut seeds cultivated in different concentrations of Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. Scarification is a satisfactory method for breaking the dormancy of passion fruit seeds, and commercial substrates Bioflora® enriched with gibberellic acid may replace in vitro germination. phytohormones potential rate release transport pH substances Sims Deg. Deg pollination 1 (1 seedintact, seedintact intact, seed-intact scarified cut, , cut) plot MS (MS Bioflora (

RESUMO A presença de sais no meio de cultura e a adição de fitohormônios, necessários para quebrar a dormência das sementes na germinação in vitro do maracujá, podem levar o potencial osmótico a níveis críticos. Isso pode alterar a permeabilidade da membrana das sementes, afetando a taxa de hidratação, a liberação de enzimas, o transporte iônico, o pH e os teores de inibidores, o que pode acarretar na diminuição do percentual de germinação. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar diversos tipos de meios de cultura, compostos por diferentes substâncias, combinados com técnicas mecânicas de remoção do tegumento, para determinar o tratamento mais adequado para a germinação in vitro de sementes de Passiflora edulis (Sims flavicarpa Deg.) obtidas por polinização aberta. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 10 × 3 (10 meios de cultura × três tipos de sementes - intactas, escarificadas e cortadas), com oito repetições e cinco sementes por parcela. Sementes escarificadas cultivadas em meio composto de substrato comercial e ácido giberélico apresentaram taxa de germinação superior às sementes intactas ou cortadas cultivadas em diferentes concentrações de meio Murashige & Skoog (MS). A escarificação é um método satisfatório de quebra de dormência de sementes de maracujá e substratos comerciais Bioflora® enriquecidos com ácido giberélico podem substituir o meio MS na germinação in vitro. fitohormônios críticos hidratação enzimas iônico inibidores substâncias tegumento Sims Deg. Deg aberta casualizado 1 (1 cortadas, , cortadas) parcela MS. . (MS) Bioflora ( (MS