Asphaltenes are complex molecules with a tendency to aggregate. This property can be an issue for the oil industry due to CO2 reinjection into reservoirs to mitigate these gas emissions. The present theoretical study aimed to study the CO2 interaction with no-substitute and substituted coronene as an asphaltene model compound at CAM-B3LYP-D3/6-311G(d,p) level. The electronic properties were evaluated using harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and reduced density gradient (RDG) methods. The results showed that the coronene’s functionalization by a sulfur atom changes the coronene’s electronic structure. However, functionalization does not change the type of interactions between the monomers, as they remain predominantly van der Waals interactions. CO2 interaction with substituted coronene barely changed due to the presence of sulfur atoms. However, in dimers, the position of the heteroatom directly influences the interaction with CO2, although it is insufficient to change the interaction’s magnitude. For this reason, our results indicate that the sulfur heteroatom in asphaltenes should be addressed. However, new studies must be conducted by increasing the number of substituents, CO2 numbers, and the model size. aggregate CO emissions nosubstitute no substitute CAMB3LYPD3/6311Gd,p CAMB3LYPD36311Gdp CAMBLYPDGdp CAM B3LYP D3/6 311G d,p D3 6 d p B LYP D G CAM-B3LYP-D3/6-311G(d,p level HOMA, HOMA , (HOMA) QTAIM, QTAIM (QTAIM) RDG (RDG methods coronenes s structure However monomers dimers magnitude reason addressed substituents numbers size CAMB3LYPD3 6311Gd CAMB LYPD Gd Gdp BLYP D36 D3/ dp (HOMA (QTAIM CAMBLYPD CAMB3LYPD

Abstract Introduction One of the paths in the investigation of congenital sensorineural hearing loss (CSNHL) is to try to characterize its etiology through the inner ear evaluation using high resolution computer tomography (CT) scans. With minor malformation, it is not always possible for a simple visual inspection to recognize if the structure in the inner ear is normal or not. Objective To verify if measurements of the inner ear are predictive of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and suggest cutoff points of size limits. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study of inner ear CT scan measurements of 214 patients, 50 with congenital SNHL (CSNHL) and 164 acquired SNHL (ASNHL) (control group). Results In the CSNHL group, central bony island (CBI) were 0.48 mm smaller (p < 0.001), cochlear nerve aperture was (CNA) 0.10 mm smaller (p < 0.001), and cochlea height was (CH) 0.15 mm smaller (p < 0.001). Vestibular aqueduct (VA) and cochlea width (CW) were similar between groups (0.70 vs 0.72, p = 0.19, and 7.20 vs 7.15 p = 0.23). The predictive cutoff points for CSNHL were CBI = 3.6 mm, CAN = 1.4 mm, CH = 3.4 mm, CW = 7.0 mm, and VA = 0.9 mm. Conclusion Congenital sensorineural hearing loss determined a decrease in CBI, opening of the cochlear nerve (OCN), and CW. Thus, these measures, at the cutoff points indicated, should make us aware of the diagnosis of congenital hearing loss. (CSNHL (CT scans malformation (SNHL limits crosssectional cross sectional 21 patients 5 16 ASNHL (ASNHL control group. group . group) (CBI 048 0 48 0.4 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 001 0.001) CNA (CNA 010 10 0.1 (CH 015 15 0.001. (VA (CW 0.70 070 70 (0.7 072 72 0.72 019 19 0.19 720 7 20 7.2 715 7.1 0.23. 023 0.23 23 0.23) 36 3 6 3. 14 1 4 1. 34 7. 09 9 0. OCN, OCN (OCN) Thus measures indicated 2 04 000 0.00 00 01 0.7 07 (0. 71 02 0.2 (OCN 0.0 (0 (

Abstract Distichlis spicata is a gramineous halophyte species that grow around the coastal areas. The objective of the study was to identify the modifications in the anatomical structure of stomates of the D. spicata leaf epidermis, cultivated with irrigation and without irrigation conditions. Two populations were selected, 1) plants of D. spicata with irrigation and 2) plants of D. spicata without irrigation. Ten plants per replication were selected from each population, and from each selected plant, the fourth leaf was taken. Each leaf was cut longitudinally into four segments which were dried and analyzed using an Electronic Scanning Microscope. The variables measured were the stomatal density, length, and width of stomates and pores, the stomatal area, the proportion of the pore area concerning the size of the stomata, and the stomata proportion per surface. The results showed that D. spicata populations with irrigation and without irrigation showed anatomical modifications in the structure of stomates in the adaxial epidermis but not in the abaxial epidermis. In the adaxial epidermis, the plants with irrigation showed higher values of stoma length, stoma width, stoma area and pore length, while plants without irrigation showed higher values of proportion pore/stoma and stomatal density. The D. spicata plants without irrigation showed small stomates than plants with irrigation, also, the plants without irrigation, increased the accumulation of salt crystals in the abaxial epidermis.

Resumen Distichlis spicata es una especie de gramínea halófita que crece en las zonas costeras. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las modificaciones en la estructura anatómica de estomas de la epidermis foliar de D. spicata, cultivadas con riego y sin riego. Se seleccionaron dos poblaciones, 1) plantas de D. spicata con riego y 2) plantas de D. spicata sin riego. De cada población se seleccionaron 10 plantas por repetición y de cada planta seleccionada se tomó la cuarta hoja. Cada hoja se cortó longitudinalmente en cuatro segmentos que se secaron y analizaron utilizando un microscopio electrónico de barrido. Las variables medidas fueron la densidad estomática, largo y ancho de estomas y poros, el área estomática, la proporción del área de poros con respecto al tamaño de los estomas y la proporción de estomas por superficie. Los resultados mostraron que la población de D. spicata con riego y sin riego mostraron modificaciones anatómicas en la estructura de los estomas en la epidermis adaxial pero no en la epidermis abaxial. En la epidermis adaxial, las plantas con riego presentaron valores más altos de longitud de estoma, ancho de estoma, área de estoma y longitud de poro, mientras que las plantas sin riego mostraron valores más altos de proporción poro/estoma y densidad estomática. Las plantas de D. spicata sin riego presentaron estomas más pequeños respecto a las plantas con riego; además, las plantas sin riego incrementaron la acumulación de cristales de sal en la epidermis abaxial.

ABSTRACT The marine phytoplankton community responds to latitudinal, longitudinal (coast to ocean), and vertical environmental gradients, an important subject in Oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). The phytoplankton structure and the effect of environmental gradients along the central Mexican Pacific, an area within an OMZ, were studied, especially the importance of size fractions and taxonomic groups. A combination of various methods and protocols, such as microscopic analysis, flow cytometer, and pigment analysis, were followed in this study. Oceanographic conditions included thermal gradients along the study area and unreported evidence of a weak upwelling in the southern zone (Acapulco). Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a showed subsurface maxima (SCM, 15-45 m depth) in all stations, and deeper chlorophyll-a maxima (DCM, 85-95 m depth) in more oceanic stations. Chain-forming diatoms dominated in the northern zone stations. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeukaryotes abundances ranged between 0.01 to 21.7 cells×104 mL−1, although most samples showed the highest contribution to biomass (47.95 µg C L−1) by picoeukaryotes. Expected tendencies of Prochlorococcus distribution were observed: highest densities coincided with the DCM and divinyl chlorophyll-a distribution at oceanic stations. Fucoxanthin had the highest concentrations, whereas fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin concentrations were higher at SCM depths. We documented the co-dominance of the pico- and microplankton: picoplankton was important at the DCM, related to oligotrophic and more stratified water column, whereas microplankton prevailed in coastal stations, with mixed water column, high nutrient concentrations, and diatoms as the dominant group. Picoeukaryotes abundances were related to the concentration of prasinoxanthin, which suggests an important mamiellophyte component not previously revealed.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the ecology considering distribution, abundance, population structure, and fecundity of the marine diplostraceans Penilia avirostris and Pseudevadne tergestina in the Veracruz Reef System National Park, southwest Gulf of Mexico. Surface samples were collected with a 300 μm mesh plankton net at 26 sampling sites in June, August, October (2011), May (2012) and June (2013). Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ. The temperature range was 26.53 ± 0.41 and 29.29 ± 0.27°C, salinity between 33.43 ± 0.49 and 35.91 ± 0.09, and dissolved oxygen between 2.92 ± 0.08 and 6.56 ± 0.08 mg L-1. P. avirostris and P. tergestina presented the highest density, with 2200 ind 100 m-3 in June and 5980 ind 100 m-3 in October, respectively. Four stages were determined in P. avirostris. In P. tergestina, there were five instars, with males in August and October. The size of parthenogenic females of P. avirostris was 773.4 ± 20.08 μm. In P. tergestina, it was 637.6 ± 49.28 μm. The number of embryos in P. avirostris was 2 to 7, and in P. tergestina, 2 to 8 embryos. The correlations between body length and the number of embryos in both species were statistically significant under the potential model (r > 0.68 for both species, P < 0.001). The transects with the highest abundance were the northern and the southern zones because they are far from the influence of the Jamapa River. The density of these crustaceans is related to optimal temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen values. The low proportions obtained from gamogenic individuals of P. avirostris and P. tergestina suggest that in tropical and subtropical regions, gamogenesis is not crucial for the life cycle of these organisms.

ABSTRACT This study examines the distributional behavior of the anchovy (Engraulis ringens) in the area between latitudes 06° 00´ and 11° 59´ S during four research activities conducted by Imarpe from February to June 2022. This area was initially restricted in the first fishing season due to the high presence of juvenile specimens. The purpose was to observe the redistribution of anchovy to propose management measures for fisheries sustainability. During activities 1 and 2, a high concentration and abundance of anchovy were observed, while in activities 3 and 4, the anchovy dispersed, migrating towards areas away from the coast. This variability in distribution affected energetic and morphometric descriptors, with high values during high concentrations and lower values when it was dispersed. In the coastal strip of the 55.56 km (30 nautical miles), there was an overlap of juveniles and adults, with normal somatic growth between activities 1 and 4. The main modes in each activity were 8.5, 10, 9.5, and 10.5 cm, respectively. Biomass varied from 6.86 million tons in activity 1 to 3.00 million tons in activity 4, influenced by oceanographic conditions and chlorophyll-a productivity.

Abstract The corporate and economic composition of long-lived active companies (over 25 years) within Zone 8 of Ecuador's territorial ordering by the year 2022 is diverse and complex. To analyze this dynamic, a descriptive cross-sectional study with an inductive and quantitative basis is applied through documentary collection in official databases. After analyzing 4,449 companies, the research shows that only one of them manages to exceed a century of existence and that the most representative size corresponds to micro-enterprises, which accounts for the low level of growth not only of their total income but also of their organizational structure.

Resumen La composición societaria y económica de las empresas activas longevas (mayores a 25 años) dentro de la Zona 8 del ordenamiento territorial el Ecuador al año 2022 es diversa y compleja. Para analizar esta dinámica se aplica un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal con base inductiva y cuantitativa a través de la recopilación documental en bases de datos de carácter oficial. Una vez analizadas 4.449 organizaciones, la investigación arroja que tan solo una logra superar el siglo de existencia y que el tamaño más representativo corresponde a microempresas, lo que da cuenta del bajo nivel de crecimiento no solo de sus ingresos totales sino también de su estructura organizacional.

School readiness assessments in South Africa still predominantly focus on the assessment of cognitive skills. The Emotional Social Screening Tool for School Readiness (E3SR) was developed to bridge the perceived gap in assessing emotional-social skills as a domain of school readiness. An emerging body of research reports exists on the psychometric properties and factor structure of the E3SR. An initial validation study recommended a 6-factor solution instead of the theoretical 9-factor model that was proposed in the development of the E3SR. The E3SR (Revised) was also reduced in length. We report here on a pilot study of which the aim was to establish the reliability and construct validity of the E3SR (Revised). A cross-sectional survey design was used to gather data from 9 pre-schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Pre-school teachers (n = 24) constituted the respondent group who completed the E3SR (Revised) screening questionnaires on Grade R learners (n = 394). Analysis was conducted on 321 completed screening questionnaires. With the data analysis we aimed to: a) summarise sample characteristics of teachers and children; b) establish reliability estimates; and c) establish construct validity and confirming the factor structure. Ethics clearance was given by the Humanities and Social Science Research Ethics Committee (HSSREC) of the University of the Western Cape. The study adhered to stipulated ethics requirements. Data failed to show multivariate normality; however, this violation of normality was expected and was theoretically supported. The sample size (n = 321) was sufficient for factor analysis of a 36-item scale. All subscales showed excellent reliability: Cronbach's alphas ranged between .939 and .971. CFA results demonstrated a good model fit. The E3SR (Revised) was found to be reliable and valid for use. The use of a rigorous methodological process including the decision-making matrix represent good research practice that can be used in instrument development across cultures.

Abstract The relative growth on spiny lobster Panulirus gracilis was analyzed a multimodel selection approach and Akaike information theory. In the carried out samples at the landing commercial of spiny lobster, at the south of Sinaloa, Mexico during season 2014 and 2015, and 2017 and 2018. In 298 female P. gracilis individuals were measures caparace length (CL) mm, total weight (W) g, and gonad maturity stages. The structure sizes between 54.6 to 103.1 mm CL. The organism minor size mature was 57.5 mm CL but maturity percent stages rise on larger sizes. The best model was broken stick (Wi = 65.09%) but also two segments has statistic support (Wi=34.87%). A differential relative growth in both models, coincident with a rise in the percent gonad maturity toward big sizes in P. gracilis.

Resumen Se analizó el crecimiento relativo de langosta espinosa Panulirus gracilis, con un enfoque de selección multimodelo y la teoría de la información de Akaike. Se realizaron muestreos en capturas comerciales de langosta espinosa del sur de Sinaloa, México entre las temporadas de pesca de 2014 y 2015 y, 2017 y 2018. En 298 hembras de P. gracilis se registró la longitud cefalotórax (LC) mm, peso total (PT) g y fase de madurez gonádica. La estructura de tallas varió de 54.6 a 103.1 mm de LC. Se observaron hembras maduras a partir de 57.5 mm de LC, con un incremento de proporción de madurez en tallas mayores. El mejor modelo fue Línea Rota (Wi=65.09%) y Dos Segmentos (Wi%=34.87). El cambio en el crecimiento relativo a la talla en ambos modelos, coincidió con un incremento en la proporción de madurez en tallas mayores a 60 mm de LC en P. gracilis.

This article evinces that policies and plans at the national level in South Africa recognise the importance of postgraduate education within the broader national education and training system, and that they place particular emphasis on promoting access to, and success in postgraduate education as one of the priorities on the country's development agenda. It identifies and discusses ten issues that have a bearing on the national policies, plans, programmes and initiatives aimed at promoting access to, and success in postgraduate education. These issues emerge from the analysis, triangulation, and interpretation of sets of information and data obtained from multiple projects focusing on postgraduate education, that the Council on Higher Education has implemented since 2018. They are therefore referred to as "emerging issues". They include the relatively small size of the postgraduate component of higher education, the pyramidal structure of the distribution of students across the different levels of postgraduate education, and the offsetting of the increase in the numbers of graduates produced at all levels of postgraduate education, by a corresponding increase in the numbers of students taking longer to complete their studies than the periods stipulated by the institutions, and by relatively high dropout rates. Other issues are about transformation, student funding, inadequate supervisory capacity, under-preparedness of students, and lack of adequate support services for postgraduate students. The article sets the scene for, and context of the other articles contained in this special issue of the South African Journal of Higher Education, and prepares the readers to understand and appreciate the contents of those articles.

Abstract Introduction: Irregular echinoids are characterized by having a selection of the substrate mainly on soft bottoms. In El Salvador, seven species of irregular echinoids have been recorded on the main sandy beaches of the country, M. stokesii is one of them. Objective: Determine the abundance, density and size structure of M. stokesii on beaches at the mouth of the El Tamarindo estuary, El Salvador. Methods: The research was carried out in the dry season in the east of the country on the beaches of the El Tamarindo estuary, which is characterized by large extensions of sand mixed with organic matter. At each site, band transects parallel to the coast were plotted by 9 quadrants of 10 m2 separated from each other by 10 m (total area of 90 m2), where individuals of M. stokesii found within the delimited area were counted and measured. Results: 958 individuals of M. stokesii were counted with a total density of 10.64 ± 13.22 ind/m2. The size range was 1-6.5 cm. The habitat was characterized by presenting sand with organic matter in the first mm of the substrate in the company of other invertebrates. Conclusions: The abundance and density of M. stokesii are similar to the ones recorded in other studies in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Los equinoideos irregulares se caracterizan por tener una selección del sustrato en fondos blandos principalmente. En El Salvador se han registrado siete especies de equinoideos irregulares en las principales playas arenosas del país, M. stokesii es una de ellas. Objetivo: Determinar la abundancia, densidad y estructura de tallas, en playones de la bocana del estero El Tamarindo, El Salvador. Métodos: La investigación se realizó en época seca en el oriente del país en playones del estero El Tamarindo que se caracteriza por presentar grandes extensiones de arena mezclada con materia orgánica. En cada sitio, se trazaron transectos en banda paralelos a la costa mediante 9 cuadrantes de 10 m2 separados entre sí por 10 m (área total de 90 m2), en donde se contabilizaron y midieron los individuos de M. stokesii que se encontraran dentro del área delimitada. Resultados: Se contabilizaron 958 individuos de M. stokesii con una densidad total de 10.64 ± 13.22 ind/m2. El rango de tamaños fue de 1-6.5 cm. El hábitat se caracterizó por presentar arena con materia orgánica en los primeros mm del sustrato en compañía de otros invertebrados. Conclusiones: La abundancia y densidad de M. stokesii es similar a la registrada en otros estudios de la región.

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the spatial distribution patterns of Pinus and Quercus species along an altitudinal gradient in a temperate forest in northwestern Mexico. Individual uniformity (W i ), species mixture (M i ), and size dominance (U i ) were analyzed using structural parameters based on the relationships with the four nearest neighbors. Data were obtained from 37 sampling sites at three different altitude levels (Level 1: 2 200-2 600 m, Level 2: 2 600-2 800 m, and Level 3: 2 800-3 200 m), generating a total of 979 structural groups for all species. Pinus contributed 191, 51, and 41 groups at levels 1, 2, and 3, while Quercus contributed 192, one and zero, respectively. Pinus showed a tendency towards randomness, as did the oaks at Level 1; although, in this analysis, it was observed that at higher altitudes, Pinus tends towards a regular distribution. The species mix was medium to high for Pinus, which indicates that its individuals are surrounded by trees of different species, unlike Quercus. Size dominance revealed that Pinus specimens are taller than those of the Quercus genus throughout the gradient, especially at Level I. This approach provides an accurate understanding of the role of species in forest ecosystem dynamics.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los patrones de distribución espacial de las especies de Pinus y Quercus a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en un bosque templado del noroeste de México. Se analizó la uniformidad de los individuos (W i ), la mezcla de especies (M i ) y la dominancia dimensional (U i ) mediante parámetros estructurales basados en las relaciones con los cuatro vecinos más cercanos. Los datos se obtuvieron de 37 sitios de muestreo en tres niveles altitudinales (Nivel 1: 2 200-2 600 m, Nivel 2: 2 600-2 800 m y Nivel 3: 2 800-3 200 m), lo que generó un total de 979 grupos estructurales para todas las especies. Pinus contribuyó con 191, 51 y 41 grupos en los niveles 1, 2 y 3; mientras que Quercus aportó 192, uno y cero, respectivamente. Pinus evidenció tendencia hacia la aleatoriedad, y los encinos también en el Nivel 1, aunque en este análisis se observó que a mayor altitud Pinus tiende hacia una distribución regular. La mezcla de especies fue de media a alta para Pinus, lo cual indica que sus individuos están rodeados de árboles de especies diferentes, y con Quercus ocurrió al contrario. La dominancia dimensional reveló que los ejemplares de Pinus tienen mayor altura que los del género Quercus en todo el gradiente, especialmente en el Nivel 1. Este enfoque proporciona una comprensión exacta de la función que cumplen las especies en la dinámica de los ecosistemas forestales.

ABSTRACT Fifteen glands from clinically healthy bovine calves were evaluated using geometric morphometry methods. The right and left lobes were studied separately, comparing their differences in size and shape. The results reflected the presence of fluctuating asymmetry for the shape; that is, a deviation from the symmetry between lobes expected for this bilateral structure. No directional asymmetry was found. It is assumed that the degree of asymmetry is completely physiological; That is, fluctuating asymmetry, commonly used as a measure of developmental instability, would not represent in the case studied an inability of the gland to maintain its normal physiology.

RESUMEN Se evaluaron 15 glándulas de terneros, clínicamente sanos, mediante métodos de morfometría geométrica. Se estudiaron por separado los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo, comparando sus diferencias en tamaño y forma. Los resultados reflejaron la presencia de asimetría fluctuante para la forma; es decir, una desviación de la simetría entre lóbulos esperada para esta estructura bilateral. No se encontró asimetría direccional. Se asume que el grado de asimetría resulta totalmente fisiológica; o sea, que la asimetría fluctuante, comúnmente usada como medida de la inestabilidad del desarrollo, no representaría en el caso estudiado una incapacidad de la glándula para mantener su normal fisiología.

Abstract Purpose: This study empirically investigates the relationship between goodwill assets and capital structure (i.e. debt ratio) of firms and the moderating effect of financial market development on the relationship between goodwill assets and capital structure. Design/methodology/approach: This research applied a quantitative method. The article collects large samples of listed firms from 23 developing and nine developed countries and applied the panel data techniques. This research used firm-level data from the DataStream database for both developed and developing countries. The study uses 4,912 firm-level data from 23 developing countries and 4,303 firm-level data from nine developed countries. Findings: The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between goodwill assets and capital structure in developing countries, but goodwill assets have a significant negative relationship with capital structure in developed countries. Moreover, financial market development positively moderates the relationship between goodwill assets and the capital structure of firms in developing countries. The results inform firm managers that goodwill assets serve as additional collateral to secure debt financing. Moreover, policymakers should formulate a debt market policy that recognizes goodwill assets as additional collateral for the purpose of obtaining debt capital. Research limitations/implications: The study has several implications. First, goodwill assets are identified as a factor of capital structure in this study. Fixed assets have been identified as one of the drivers of capital structure in previous research, although goodwill assets are seldom included. Second, this article shows that along with demand-side determinants, supply-side determinants also play an important role in terms of the firms' choice about the capital structure. Therefore, firms should take both the demand-side and supply-side factors into consideration when sourcing for external financing (i.e. debt capital). Originality/value: The study considered goodwill as a component of capital structure. The study analysis includes a large sample of enterprises, including 4,912 big firms from 23 developing countries and 4,303 large firms from nine industrialized or developed countries, which adds to the current capital structure information. Furthermore, a large sample size increases the results' robustness and generalizability.

Abstract Starches from some legume grown in Cameroon were evaluated for their granule structure and size, turbidity, firmness and gel strength, thermal and freeze-thaw properties. Amylose contents were in the range of 26.21%–44.85%. Morphological analysis of the starch granules showed bimodal distribution, multiple sizes and shapes from small spherical to the bigger kidney shape. Significant differences were observed among starch in light transmittance, firmness and gel strength. The thermal parameters of starches were evaluated using differential scanning calorimeter and significant differences were observed. The peak gelatinisation temperature was positively correlated to starch granule size but the amylose content showed no evidence of their impact on legume starch properties studied. The data reported can be useful to facilitate the selection of variety of legume and conditions closer to the desired application. turbidity strength freezethaw freeze thaw 26214485 26 21 44 85 26.21%–44.85% distribution shape transmittance studied application 2621448 2 4 8 26.21%–44.85 262144 26.21%–44.8 26214 26.21%–44. 2621 26.21%–44 262 26.21%–4 26.21%– 26.21% 26.21 26.2 26.

Resumo Neste trabalho, amidos de algumas leguminosas cultivadas em Camarões foram avaliados quanto à estrutura e tamanho dos grânulos, turbidez, firmeza e resistência do gel, propriedades térmicas e de congelamento e descongelamento. Os conteúdos de amilose estavam na faixa de 26,21% a 44,85%. A análise morfológica dos grânulos de amido mostrou distribuição bimodal, múltiplos tamanhos e formas desde o pequeno esférico até o maior formato de rim. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os amidos na transmissão de luz, firmeza e força do gel. Os parâmetros térmicos dos amidos foram avaliados usando calorímetro diferencial de varredura e diferenças significativas foram examinadas. A temperatura de pico de gelatinização foi positivamente correlacionada com o tamanho do grânulo de amido, no entanto, o teor de amilose não mostrou evidência de impacto nas propriedades do amido de leguminosas estudadas. Os dados informados podem ser úteis para facilitar a seleção de variedades de leguminosas e condições mais próximas da aplicação desejada. trabalho turbidez gel descongelamento 2621 26 21 26,21 4485 44 85 44,85% bimodal rim luz examinadas entanto estudadas desejada 262 2 26,2 448 4 8 44,85 26, 44,8 44,