Abstract Introduction: Positive mental health involves a mix of personal and psychosocial resources, as well as attitudes, affections, and positive behaviors that allow the person to face the challenges that arise in life, at a personal, family, social, and school level. Objective: Determine the association between personal factors and positive mental health in high school students during COVID-19. Methodology: Descriptive correlational study. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The sample consisted of 210 students of both sexes, ages 15 to 19, enrolled in cycle 2022-1 of the morning shift. Adolescents with visual conditions were excluded. A personal factors study and Positive Mental Health Scale were applied, with prior assent and informed consent. The statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential Results: The students were 64.8% female, 76.1% were under 17 years of age, 53.3% were in the sixth semester, 42% presented COVID-19 and 45% reported losses due to COVID-19. Global positive mental health was low in 50.5% of students. There was a significant positive statistical association in overall positive mental health with sex p=0.01, and a negative one with suffering from a mental illness p=0.01 and having family members who suffered from a mental illness p=0.05. Conclusion: Mental health of young people was not very positive. It needs to be studied to generate nursing interventions for promotion and prevention of school health to result in effective stress management of young people who are in high school when considering the family, society, and the educational field.

Abstrato Introdução: A saúde mental positiva envolve um conjunto de recursos pessoais e psicossociais, atitudes, afetos e comportamentos positivos que permitem à pessoa enfrentar os desafios que surgem na vida, a nível pessoal, familiar, social e escolar. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre fatores pessoais e saúde mental positiva em estudantes do ensino médio em tempos de COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, preditivo e correlacional. Amostragem não probabilística intencional, amostra 210 estudantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, matriculados no ciclo 2022-1 do turno da manhã. Foram excluídos os adolescentes com problemas visuais. Foram aplicados inquérito de fatores pessoais e Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva, com prévio assentimento e consentimento informado. A análise estatística foi descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Os alunos eram 64,8% do sexo feminino, 76,1% tinham menos de 17 anos, 53,3% estavam no sexto semestre, 42% apresentaram COVID-19 e 45% relataram perdas por COVID-19. A saúde mental positiva global foi baixa em 50,5% dos estudantes. Houve associação estatística positiva significativa na saúde mental geral positiva com sexo p=0,01, e negativa com sofrer de doença mental p=0,01 e ter familiares que sofriam de doença mental p=0,05. Conclusão: A saúde mental positiva dos jovens foi baixa, necessita ser estudada para gerar intervenções de enfermagem na promoção e prevenção da saúde escolar para promover o enfrentamento eficaz do manejo do estresse dos jovens que estão no ensino médio quando se considera a família, a sociedade e o campo educacional.

Resumen Introducción: La salud mental positiva involucra una mezcla de recursos personales y psicosociales, actitudes, afectos y comportamientos positivos que permiten a la persona enfrentar los retos que se le presentan en la vida, a nivel personal, familiar, social y escolar. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre factores personales y la salud mental positiva en estudiantes de bachillerato en tiempos de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional. Muestreo intencional no probabilístico, en una muestra de 210 estudiantes de ambos sexos, edades de 15 a 19 años, inscritos en ciclo 2022-1 del turno matutino. Se excluyeron adolescentes con afecciones visuales. Se aplicó encuesta de factores personales y Escala de Salud Mental Positiva, previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Los estudiantes fueron 64.8 % del sexo femenino, 76.1 % eran menores de 17 años, 53.3 % cursaban sexto semestre, 42 % presentó COVID-19 y 45 % manifestó pérdidas por Covid-19. La salud mental positiva global fue baja en 50.5 % de los estudiantes. Hubo asociación estadística significativa positiva en salud mental positiva global con sexo p=0.01, y negativa con padecer alguna enfermedad mental p=0.01 y contar con familiares que padecían alguna enfermedad mental p=0.05. Conclusión: La salud mental positiva de los jóvenes fue baja, se requiere ser estudiada para generar intervenciones de enfermería en promoción y prevención de la salud escolar para favorecer un afrontamiento efectivo del manejo el estrés de los jóvenes que cursan bachillerato al considerar a la familia, la sociedad y al ámbito educativo.

Abstract Introduction. The parameters of physiological response to drought stress are the result of a combination of slow- or fast-acting attributes. Gas exchange variables are classified as fast-acting and their level of occurrence or impact depends on the interaction between factors such as genotype and the duration, intensity, and phenological stage of stress occurrence. Objective. To identify the levels of physiological response exhibited by Solanum phureja under progressive water deficit stress. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted between 2019 and 2020 under semi-controlled conditions at the Obonuco Research Center of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria. Four potato cultivars were planted, with half of the trial was maintained at field capacity and the other half subjected to water deficit stress by withholding irrigation for 15 days, followed by rehydration. Gas exchange variables, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency were evaluated every three days. Results. Significant differences were observed, with maximum gas exchange values in control plants showing 16.67 µmol m-2 s-1 photosynthesis rate (A); 0.34 mol m-2 s-1 stomatal conductance (gs); 5.5 mmol m-2 s-1 transpiration (E), and under stress, 1.17 µmol m-2 s-1 (A); 0.013 mol m-2 s-1 (gs); 0.29 mmol m-2 s-1 (E). Chlorophyll content values ranged between 451.7 and 474.69 mg m-2 with and without irrigation, respectively. Conclusions. Stomatic closure was the earliest response to water deficit, and potato plants showed recovery in gas exchange values after rehydration following stress. Finally, three levels of physiological response were identified: mild, moderate, and severe stress, depending on the intensity and duration of stress, which is useful for future studies and the development of irrigation schedules.

Resumen Introducción. Los parámetros de respuesta fisiológica al estrés por sequía son la conjugación de una serie de atributos de acción lenta o rápida. Las variables de intercambio gaseoso son catalogadas como de respuesta rápida, su nivel de aparición o afección dependen de la interacción entre factores como el genotipo y duración, intensidad y etapa fenológica de ocurrencia del estrés. Objetivo. Identificar los niveles de respuesta fisiológica que presenta Solanum phureja bajo el estrés progresivo por déficit hídrico. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó entre 2019 y 2020, bajo condiciones semi-controladas en el Centro de Investigación Obonuco de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria. Se sembraron cuatro cultivares de papa, la mitad del ensayo se mantuvo con riego a capacidad de campo y a la otra parte se le suspendió para inducir estrés por déficit hídrico durante 15 días, luego se rehidrataron; se evaluaron variables de intercambio gaseoso, clorofila y eficiencia fotosintética cada tres días. Resultados. Se presentaron diferencias significativas con los valores máximos de intercambio gaseoso en plantas del tratamiento control con 16,67 µmol m-2 s-1 tasa de fotosíntesis (A); 0,34 mol m-2 s-1 conductancia estomática (gs) 5,5 mmol m-2 s-1 transpiración (E) y en estrés 1,17 µmol m-2 s-1 (A); 0,013 mol m-2 s-1 (gs); 0,29 mmol m-2 s-1 (E). En cuanto al contenido de clorofila, se presentaron valores entre 451,7 y 474,69 mg m-2 con riego y sin riego, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El cierre estomático fue la respuesta más temprana al déficit hídrico, además, las plantas de papa presentaron recuperación de los valores de intercambio gaseoso después del suministro de riego posterior al estrés. Finalmente, se identificaron tres niveles de respuesta fisiológica, estrés leve, moderado y severo, según la intensidad y duración del estrés, lo cual es de utilidad para futuros estudios y planteamientos de calendarios de riego.

The generally accepted view in rock blasting is that the sources of energy for the fracture and movement of rock reside in the shock wave and gas action resulting from the explosion, and yet the mechanisms by which these sources interact with the rock have remained unclarified. It has also been noted that up to 50% of the work capacity of an explosive released in a blast cannot be accounted for by field measurements of energy partitioning. In this study, we describe a physical model that details the response of rock to both shock wave and gas action. An analytical model based on momentum conservation is derived to describe the dynamics of shock-driven expansion of the blasthole. Radial expansion of the hole is the key parameter that permits the derivation of the following characteristics of rock response to shock loads: hole expansion time; volume of displaced rock; energy consumed per unit volume; expansion energy efficiency; stress wave pulse length; gas pressure in enlarged hole. Soon after the completion of hole expansion, the shock wave degenerates to an elastic stress wave that runs through the burden. Blasthole expansions of between 50% and 300% of diameter are completed in under 1 ms and, depending on rock properties, consume 32% to 42% of the detonation energy or about 55% of the available mechanical (Gurney) energy. Gas pressure in the enlarged holes in five rock types is between 35 MPa and 650 MPa, and drives the mass movement of burden rock.

ABSTRACT Red chili pepper Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum plants are one of the fruity vegetable types that are often cultivated in riparian tropical wetlands but are constrained by water stress such as waterlogging during rainy season and drought in dry season. The aim of this research was to evaluate the growth and morpho-physiological responses of red chili pepper cultivars subjected to waterlogging and drought stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a strip-plot design with two factors. The first factor was three water stress treatments, namely control (field capacity), waterlogging, and drought. The second factor was six cultivars of Indonesian red chili pepper. The findings indicated that both waterlogging and drought stress had a detrimental impact on the reduction of the growth parameters of red chili pepper such as root, shoot and total dry weight. Chili pepper defended its root weights in response to drought stress (0.653 g plant-1) whereas it preserved shoot weight in response to waterlogging (0.913 g plant-1). In the morphological characters, chili pepper exhibited an increase in specific leaf area expansion in response to both waterlogging (150.82 cm2) and drought (188.82 cm2) compared to control (140.91 cm2), but decreased specific leaf weight during stresses and recovered after 7 d in waterlogging. Leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) and leaf relative water content (LRWC), as physiological characteristics, also experienced a decline during exposure to both waterlogging and drought during 8 d; yet, SPAD and LRWC able to recover completely at 7 d after waterlogging and drought treatment were terminated.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiological aspects and biomass production of three soybean genotypes subjected to soil flooding in the vegetative and/or reproductive stages. The design adopted was completely randomized with 5 replications, in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, with three soybean genotypes: PELBR 17-46, PELBR 15-7016, and 75I77RSF IPRO; and three water treatment conditions: soil flooding for 10 days in the vegetative period + 10 days in the reproductive period; soil flooding for 10 days only in the reproductive period, and the control treatment, where the soil was maintained at 70% of field capacity. There was a reduction in the relative water content for the PELBR 15-7016 and PELBR 17-46 genotypes in the vegetative/reproductive stages and in the reproductive stage, while for the 75I77RSF IPRO there was no difference. The levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were reduced only for the PELBR 15-7016 and 75I77RSF IPRO genotypes. The dry matter in the leaves and roots was lower for PELBR 17-46 and PELBR 15-7016 when subjected to stress in the R2 soybean stage and for the grain production. PELBR 17-46 and PELBR 15-7016 genotypes are more susceptible to stress, while the 75I77RSF IPRO showed mechanisms to overcome waterlogging stress. andor or replications arrangement 1746, 1746 17 46, 46 157016, 157016 15 7016, 7016 IRSF I RSF conditions 1 70 capacity 15-701 17-4 vegetativereproductive difference b R 174 4 15701 701 7 15-70 17- 1570 15-7 157 15-

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aspectos ecofisiológicos e produção de biomassa de genótipos de soja submetidos ao alagamento do solo nas fases vegetativa e/ou reprodutiva. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 5 repetições, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3, com três genótipos de soja: PELBR 17-46, PELBR 15-7016 e 75I77RSF IPRO; e três condições de tratamento de água: alagamento do solo por 10 dias no período vegetativo + 10 dias no período reprodutivo; alagamento do solo por 10 dias apenas no período reprodutivo, e o tratamento testemunha, onde o solo foi mantido a 70% da capacidade de campo. Houve redução no teor relativo de água para os genótipos PELBR 15-7016 e PELBR 17-46 no vegetativo/reprodutivo e no reprodutivo, enquanto para 75I77RSF IPRO não houve diferença. Os teores de clorofila a, b e total foram reduzidos apenas para os genótipos PELBR 15-7016 e 75I77RSF IPRO. A matéria seca nas folhas e raízes foram menores para PELBR 17-46 e sensíveis quando submetidos ao estresse no estádio R2 da soja e para a produção de grãos. Os genótipos PELBR 17-46 e PELBR 15-7016 são mais suscetíveis ao estresse, enquanto o 75I77RSF IPRO apresentou mecanismos para superar o estresse por encharcamento. eou ou reprodutiva repetições 1746, 1746 17 46, 46 157016 15 7016 15-701 IRSF I RSF 1 reprodutivo testemunha 70 campo 17-4 vegetativoreprodutivo diferença R grãos encharcamento 174 4 15701 701 15-70 7 17- 1570 15-7 157 15-

ABSTRACT The common climatic characteristics in semi-arid regions can cause abiotic stress and be a limiting factor for crops. Under these conditions, the use of beneficial elements such as selenium (Se) is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and increase yield. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of onion grown in a semi-arid region under the application of Se. A field experiment was performed in a randomized block design, where five doses of Se (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g ha-1), by foliar application, were tested on two onion hybrids (Andrômeda and Rio das Antas). Growth, nutritional and yield variables were analyzed. Se increased the height and accumulation of dry mass in onion plants, with a maximum at the 60 g ha-1 dose of Se, the same dose at which the highest commercial (78.15 t ha-1) and total (86.03 t ha-1) bulb yields were obtained in Rio das Antas; however, for Andrômeda, there was no effect of Se on yield. Applied Se doses also increased the content of this element in the bulbs. Despite increasing bulb yields only in the Rio das Antas hybrid, 60 g ha-1 of Se is recommended for onions due to its effects on plant growth and the biofortification of bulbs with Se. semiarid semi arid crops conditions (Se Therefore design 0, 0 (0 15 30 45 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , Andrômeda Antas. . Antas) Growth analyzed plants ha- 78.15 7815 78 (78.1 86.03 8603 86 03 (86.0 however hybrid ( 3 4 78.1 781 7 (78. 86.0 860 8 (86. 78. (78 86. (86 (7 (8

RESUMO As características climáticas comuns em regiões semiáridas podem causar estresse abiótico e ser um fator limitante ao cultivo agrícola. Nessas condições, o uso de elementos benéficos como o selênio (Se) é uma alternativa para mitigar os efeitos deletérios dos estresses abióticos e aumentar a produtividade. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico da cebola cultivada em região semiárida sob aplicação de Se. Foi conduzido um experimento de campo, delineado em blocos casualizados completos, onde foram testadas cinco doses de Se (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g ha-1), por aplicação foliar, em dois híbridos de cebola (Andrômeda e Rio das Antas). Foram analisadas variáveis de crescimento, nutricional e produtividade. O Se aumentou a altura e o acúmulo de massa seca em plantas de cebola, com máxima na dose 60 g ha-1 de Se, mesma dose em que foi obtida a maior produtividade comercial (78,15 t ha-1) e total (86,03 t ha-1) de bulbos em Rio das Antas, todavia, para Andrômeda, não ocorreu efeito do Se sobre a produtividade. As doses de Se também aumentaram o teor desse elemento nos bulbos. Apesar de aumentar a produtividade de bulbos apenas em Rio das Antas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 60 g ha-1 de Se em cebola devido aos efeitos no crescimento da planta e na biofortificação dos bulbos com Se. agrícola condições (Se Portanto campo completos 0, 0 (0 15 30 4 6 ha1, ha1 ha 1 , foliar Andrômeda Antas. Antas . Antas) ha- 78,15 7815 78 (78,1 86,03 8603 86 03 (86,0 todavia recomendase recomenda se ( 3 78,1 781 7 (78, 86,0 860 8 (86, 78, (78 86, (86 (7 (8

ABSTRACT Under controlled conditions, it has been shown that the application of humic substances (HS) favors the growth and development of plants. But, scientific evidence in open field conditions with and without irrigation has been poorly documented. The objective was to characterize the humic acids (HA) extracted from vermicompost of urban solid waste using chemical and spectroscopic techniques, and to evaluate the effect of its root application on the reproductive stage, with continuous irrigation and with induced water deficit, in three selections of maize (Zea mays L.) from three regions of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, grown under field conditions. The regional corn selections used were identified as Cajete (Caj), Zapalote (Zap) and Cuilapam (Cuil). Three concentrations of HA were tested: 140, 150 and 160 mg L-1, a control treatment was included, without application. The product was applied by radical spraying, before, during and after the flowering stage of the corn plants. The HA promoted higher values in plant height, stem diameter, and production of root and shoot biomass, in the presence of irrigation and with induced water deficit. The relative content of water and proline were also stimulated, as well as the content of chlorophylls a, b, and a+b. The negative effects caused by an induced water stress were attenuated by the application of HA. HA from municipal solid waste vermicompost stimulated growth parameters in the reproductive phase and induced stress protection when irrigation use was limited.

RESUMEN En condiciones controladas, la aplicación de sustancias húmicas (SH) favorece el crecimiento y el desarrollo de las plantas. Pero la evidencia científica en condiciones de campo abierto con y sin riego, está escasamente documentada. El objetivo fue caracterizar los ácidos húmicos (AH) extraídos de vermicompost de residuos sólidos urbanos empleando técnicas químicas y espectroscópicas, y evaluar el efecto de su aplicación vía radical en la etapa reproductiva, con riego y déficit hídrico inducido, en tres selecciones de maíz (Zea mays L.) de tres regiones del estado de Oaxaca, México. Las selecciones regionales de maíz empleadas se identificaron como Cajete (Caj), Zapalote (Zap) y Cuilapam (Cuil). Se ensayaron tres concentraciones de AH: 140, 150 y 160 mg L-1, se incluyó un tratamiento control, sin aplicación. El producto se aplicó por aspersión vía radical, antes, durante y después de la etapa de floración de las plantas de maíz. Los AH promovieron mayor altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, producción de biomasa radical y aérea, en presencia de riego y con déficit hídrico inducido. El contenido relativo de agua y de prolina también fue estimulado, así como el contenido de clorofilas a, b y a+b. Los efectos negativos causados por un estrés hídrico inducido fueron atenuados por la aplicación de los AH. Los AH procedentes de vermicompost de residuos sólidos urbanos estimularon los parámetros de crecimiento en la fase reproductiva e indujeron protección anti estrés cuando se limitó el uso del riego.

ABSTRACT Population growth has led to an exponential demand for agricultural products, to meet this demand it is necessary to improve management and achieve efficient use of resources without compromising the sustainability of ecosystems, particularly agricultural ones. One of the technologies that facilitate these tasks is precision agriculture (PA), which focuses on the optimization of resources and inputs based on the compilation of precise and timely geo-information of variables of agricultural interest with high spatio-temporal variability, obtained through remote sensors of three types: images captured by satellites or airplanes, images obtained from manned and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and specific information with sensors mounted on machinery or in the field. These limitations were overcome by using multispectral images, which has increased applications for agricultural purposes. Currently, multispectral images allow quantifying soil moisture, monitoring the presence of droughts and the degree of crop water stress, estimating the temporal and spatial variability of evapotranspiration, monitoring phenology, detecting nutritional deficiencies, estimating the degree of weed infestation. and insects, calculate organic carbon and soil salinity, and estimate yields and agricultural production. The use of geospatial technologies in the PA has changed the paradigm of agriculture and today constitutes a viable alternative to face the challenges that food production demands in a world with high climate variability.

RESUMEN El crecimiento poblacional ha derivado en una demanda exponencial de productos agrícolas, para cubrir esta demanda se requiere mejorar la gestión y lograr un uso eficiente de recursos sin comprometer la sustentabilidad de los ecosistemas, en particular los agrícolas. Una de las tecnologías que facilitan estas tareas es la agricultura de precisión (AP), que se enfoca en la optimización de recursos e insumos basado en la compilación de geo información precisa y oportuna de variables de interés agrícola de alta variabilidad espacio-temporal, obtenida mediante sensores remotos de tres tipos: imágenes capturadas por satélites o aviones, imágenes obtenidas desde vehículos aéreos tripulados y no tripulados (VANT’s) e información puntual con sensores montados en maquinaria o en campo. Estas limitantes se superaron al usar imágenes multiespectrales, lo que ha incrementado las aplicaciones con fines agrícolas. Actualmente, las mágenes multiespectrales permiten cuantificar la humedad del suelo, monitorear la presencia de sequías y el grado de estrés hídrico de cultivos, estimar la variabilidad temporal y espacial de la evapotranspiración, dar seguimiento fenológico, detectar deficiencias nutricionales, estimar grado de infestación de malezas e insectos, calcular carbono orgánico y salinidad del suelo y estimar rendimientos y producción agrícola. El uso de tecnologías geoespaciales en la AP ha cambiado el paradigma de la agricultura y hoy en día constituye una alternativa viable para afrontar los retos que demanda la producción de alimentos en un mundo con alta variabilidad climática.

Abstract: This article aims to present a contemporary theoretical debate, based on an extensive literature review, in the field of social and political psychology on the configuration of prejudice and interspecies domination -speciesism- and between human social groups, as well as its inevitable analytical overlapping. To this end, this text is divided into three sections. The first, as an introduction, presents pioneering research from the fields of psychology and criminology, which from the 1980s onwards began to study the relationship between cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence. In the second, the most relevant theoretical models for the study of speciesism are outlined, based on the Social Domination Theory, together with other relevant analytical categories such as: perpetration-induced traumatic stress, moral stress, and psychic numbing, which allow explaining psychosocial processes underlying speciesist violence. Finally, the masculinization of this type of violence and the mechanisms of genderization behind social domination are exposed.

Resumen: Este artículo busca presentar un debate teórico contemporáneo, a partir de una extensa revisión de literatura especializada, en el campo de la psicología social y política sobre la configuración del prejuicio y la dominación interespecie -especismo- y entre grupos sociales humanos, así como su irreductible imbricación analítica. Para ello, este texto se divide en tres apartados. En el primero, a modo de introducción se presentan investigaciones pioneras desde el campo de la psicología y la criminología, las que a partir de los años ochenta empezaron el estudio de la relación entre la crueldad hacia los animales y la violencia interpersonal. En el segundo, se esbozan los modelos teóricos más relevantes para el estudio del especismo, que toman como base la teoría de la dominación social, junto con otras categorías analíticas relevantes como: estrés traumático inducido por perpetración, estrés moral y adormecimiento psíquico, que permiten explicar procesos psicosociales subyacentes a la violencia especista. Finalmente, se expone la masculinización de este tipo de violencia y los mecanismos de genderización detrás de la dominación social.

Resumo: Este artigo procura apresentar um debate teórico contemporâneo a partir de uma extensa revisão de literatura especializada no campo da psicologia social e política sobre a configuração do preconceito e a dominação interespécie -especismo- e entre grupos sociais humanos, assim como sua irredutível imbricação analítica. Para tanto, este texto divide-se em três partes. Na primeira, a modo de introdução apresentam-se pesquisas pioneiras desde o campo da psicologia e a criminologia, que a partir dos anos oitenta iniciaram o estudo da relação entre a crueldade com os animais e a violência interpessoal. Na segunda, esboçam-se os modelos teóricos mais relevantes para o estudo do especismo, baseados na Teoria da Dominação Social, junto com outras categorias analíticas relevantes como: estrese traumático induzido por perpetração, estrese moral e adormecimento psíquico, que permitem explicar processos psicossociais subjacentes à violência especista. Finalmente, expõe-se a masculinização desse tipo de violência e os mecanismos de genderização por trás da dominação social.

Abstract The use of irrigation in Mediterranean vineyards has increased significantly in recent years. Thus, in the current context of climate change, it is expected that the employment of various irrigation strategies will continue to increase, as rising temperatures and reduced rainfall could compromise the viability of Mediterranean viticulture. Although the application of irrigation could mitigate the effects of water stress on the vine, it could also have other undesirable effects that, to date, have not been deeply studied. In 2021, a field trial was implemented in an experimental vineyard located at Finca El Socorro (IMIDRA, Madrid) in order to analyse the effect of three irrigation strategies (crop coefficients Kc = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8) on different agri-environmental variables. Soil management in the three treatments was the same: tillage in vineyard inter-rows and a combination of tillage and glyphosate in vineyard rows. In order to assess the impact of irrigation on weed communities, a campaign of vegetation surveys was initiated in 2023 at two different times (spring, summer), measuring the percentage cover of each species both in the vineyard inter-row and vineyard row. Preliminary results indicate that some difficult to control weeds, such as Cirsium arvense, may be favoured at higher irrigation rates (Kc = 0.8), but the effect on the functional identity of the traits analysed is weak and inconsistent.

Resumen El uso del riego en los viñedos mediterráneos ha experimentado un aumento significativo en los últimos años. Así, en el contexto actual de cambio climático se prevé que el empleo de diversas estrategias de riego siga aumentando, ya que el aumento de las temperaturas y la reducción de las precipitaciones podrían comprometer la viabilidad de la viticultura mediterránea. Aunque la aplicación de riego puede paliar los efectos del estrés hídrico sobre la viña, también podría tener otros efectos no deseados que, hasta la fecha, no han sido estudiados en profundidad. En 2021, se implantó un ensayo en un viñedo experimental ubicado en la Finca El Socorro (IMIDRA, Madrid) con el fin de analizar el efecto de tres estrategias de riego (coeficientes de cultivo Kc = 0.2, 0.4 y 0.8) sobre diferentes variables agroambientales. El manejo del suelo en los tres tratamientos fue el mismo: laboreo en las calles del viñedo y una combinación de laboreo con intercepa y glifosato en las líneas. Con el fin de evaluar el impacto del riego sobre las comunidades arvenses, en 2023 se inició una campaña de muestreos de vegetación en dos momentos diferentes (primavera, verano), registrando el porcentaje de cobertura de cada especie tanto en la calle como en la línea del viñedo. Los resultados preliminares indican que algunas arvenses de difícil control como Cirsium arvense, podrían verse favorecidas a mayores dosis de riego (Kc = 0.8), pero el efecto sobre la identidad funcional de los rasgos analizados es débil e inconsistente.

Abstract Synthetic herbicides have been the most widely used tool for weed control since their discovery and development in the mid-20th century. However, their continued use has led to the emergence of resistant weed biotypes, reducing their efficacy. They also provoked environmental problems, affecting non-target species, and causing crop stress. It is therefore necessary to look for new herbicides that could be effective in controlling weeds while also being environmentally friendly. The essential oils of some plants have compounds with phytotoxic properties, which can inhibit the germination and growth of weeds. Carvacrol is a monoterpene phenol found mainly in the essential oils of plants of the Lamiaceae family, with proven herbicidal activity. The aim of the present work was to obtain a dose-response curve of carvacrol on Lolium rigidum (monocotyledonous weed model) and Sonchus oleraceus (dicotyledonous weed model). The tests were carried out under greenhouse conditions, applying different doses of carvacrol on the weeds studied to obtain the dose-response curves. To assess the herbicidal activity of carvacrol, its efficacy on weeds were determined. S. oleraceus was more sensitive to carvacrol than L. rigidum. The dose-response curves obtained will be used in the future as a reference for field trials and for the study of synergistic interactions of carvacrol with other compounds.

Resumen Los herbicidas sintéticos han sido la herramienta más utilizada para el control de las plantas arvenses desde su descubrimiento y desarrollo a mediados del siglo XX. Sin embargo, su uso continuado ha llevado a la aparición de biotipos de arvenses resistentes, disminuyendo su eficacia. Además, han causado problemas medioambientales, afectan a especies no diana, y pueden producir fitotoxicidad en los cultivos. Por ello, es necesario buscar nuevas materias herbicidas que sean efectivas en el control de las arvenses pero respetuosas con el medio ambiente. Los aceites esenciales de algunas plantas poseen compuestos con propiedades fitotóxicas, que pueden inhibir la germinación y el crecimiento de las arvenses. El carvacrol es un fenol monoterpénico que se encuentra principalmente en los aceites esenciales de las plantas de la familia Lamiaceae, con demostrada actividad herbicida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue obtener una curva dosis-respuesta del carvacrol sobre las especies Lolium rigidum (modelo de arvense monocotiledónea) y Sonchus oleraceus (modelo de arvense dicotiledónea). Los ensayos se realizaron en invernadero, aplicando distintas dosis de carvacrol sobre las arvenses estudiadas a fin de obtener la curva dosis-respuesta de cada una de ellas. Para evaluar la actividad herbicida del carvacrol se determinó su eficacia. S. oleraceus fue más sensible al carvacrol que L. rigidum. La obtención de estas curvas dosis-respuesta permitirá en el futuro utilizarlas como referencia para realizar ensayos en condiciones de campo y para el estudio de interacciones sinérgicas del carvacrol con otros compuestos.

Abstract In view of the growing scarcity of water for agriculture, the increase in food demand and future drought scenarios posed by climate change, it is essential to design new technologies that contribute to lower water consumption. In this research, high-resolution images have been used to estimate evapotranspiration in rice fields by applying the METRICTM (Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration) energy balance model. For this purpose, 5900 m2 of crop were monitored under continuous flood irrigation (CF) and 2600 m2 under alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), in addition to some plots with lateral filtration. Ten flights were conducted between tillering and flowering phases, five flights with a Matrice 210 UAV equipped with a Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera, and five flights with a Matrice 300 RTK equipped with a H20T thermal camera. Field data were collected from vegetation indices (NDVI and LAI), and readings from a radiometer, to adjust information from multispectral and thermal images, respectively, and to obtain the components of the surface energy balance. Mean values for crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of 6.34 ± 1.49 and 5.84 ± 0.41 mm d-1 were obtained for IC irrigation and AWD irrigation, respectively, obtaining a water saving of 42% with a yield reduction of 14%, providing a guide for proper irrigation management, however, it is suggested to use the model to optimize yield by obtaining critical thresholds for optimal application of AWD in the face of water resource scarcity.

Resumen Ante la creciente escasez del agua para la agricultura, el incremento de la demanda de alimentos y los futuros escenarios de sequía que nos plantea el cambio climático es indispensable diseñar nuevas tecnologías que contribuyan a un menor consumo de agua. En esta investigación se han empleado imágenes de alta resolución para estimar la evapotranspiración en arrozales aplicando el modelo de balance de energía METRICTM (Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration). Para ello, se monitorizaron 5900 m2 de cultivo bajo riego por inundación continua (IC) y 2600 m2 bajo la técnica de riego de alternancia humedecimiento y secado (AWD, por sus siglas en inglés), además de algunas parcelas con filtración lateral. Se realizaron 10 vuelos entre las etapas de macollamiento y floración, cinco vuelos con un VANT Matrice 210 con una cámara multiespectral Parrot Sequoia, y cinco vuelos con un Matrice 300 RTK equipado con una cámara térmica H20T. Se colectó información de campo de los índices de vegetación (NDVI e IAF), y lecturas de un radiómetro, para ajustar información de las imágenes multiespectrales y térmicas, respectivamente; y obtener los componentes del balance de energía en superficie. Se obtuvo valores medios para evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) de 6,34 ±1,49 y 5,84 ± 0,41 mm d-1 para riego IC y riego AWD, respectivamente, obteniéndose un ahorro de agua del 42% con una reducción del rendimiento en 14%, proporcionando una guía para la gestión adecuada del riego, sin embargo, se sugiere utilizar el modelo para optimizar el rendimiento obteniendo umbrales críticos para la aplicación óptima de AWD frente a la escasez del recurso hídrico.

Resumo A seca é um dos estresses abióticos mais prejudiciais que dificultam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos de vários quocientes de Ca/Mg sob estresse osmótico induzido por polietilenoglicol (PEG) no crescimento, absorção e translocação de Ca e Mg em Avena sativa L. As plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva suplementada com três diferentes quocientes molares de Ca/Mg (0,18, 2 e 4). Após 30 dias, as plantas foram expostas a duas concentrações diferentes de PEG (0,6 MPa e 0,2 MPa) por 8 dias, e as soluções foram renovadas após 4 dias. Uma solução contendo os nutrientes Ca e Mg mitigou o impacto negativo causado por estresse osmótico na taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR), taxa de crescimento absoluto (AGR), taxa de crescimento da cultura (CGR), razão de área foliar (LAR), razão de índice foliar (LAI), razão raiz-parte aérea (RSR), eficiência do uso da água (WUE) e taxa de assimilação líquida (NAR). Além disso, afetou negativamente os parâmetros de germinação, incluindo porcentagem final de emergência (FEP), tempo médio de germinação (MGT), índice de germinação de Timson (TGI), índice de taxa de germinação (GRI) e capacidade de campo percentual (%FC) de aveia (Avena sativa L.). O Mg e o Ca na parte aérea e raiz e o fator de translocação de Ca diminuíram com o aumento de Ca em solução, enquanto o fator de translocação de Mg aumentou com o aumento de Ca em solução nutritiva. Neste trabalho, são examinados os efeitos combinados de vários quocientes de Ca/Mg e estresse osmótico produzido por PEG em diferentes concentrações (0,6 MPa e 0,2 MPa) no crescimento e na absorção de elementos de Avena sativa L. Como resultado, o quociente de Ca/Mg pode combater naturalmente o estresse hídrico moderado experimentado pelas lavouras.

Abstract Drought is one of the most damaging abiotic stress that hinder plant growth and development. The present study aimed to determine the effects of various Ca/Mg quotients under polyethylene glycol (PEG)–induced osmotic stress on growth, uptake and translocation of Ca and Mg in Avena sativa (L). Plants were grown in nutrient solution supplemented with three different Ca/Mg molar quotients (0.18, 2, and 4). After 30 days plants were exposed to two different PEG (Polyethylene glycol) concentrations (0.6 MPa & 0.2 MPa) for 8 days, and solutions were renewed after 4 days. A solution containing Ca and Mg nutrients has mitigated the negative impact caused via osmotic stress on relative growth rate (RGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), Leaf index ratio (LAI), root-shoot ratio (RSR), water use efficiency (WUE) and net assimilation rate (NAR). In addition, it adversely affected germination parameters, including final emergence percentage (FEP), mean germination time (MGT), Timson germination Index (TGI), germination rate index (GRI) and percent field capacity (%FC), of oat (Avena sativa L.). Mg and Ca in shoot and root and Ca translocation factor decreased with increasing Ca in solution, while Mg translocation factor increased with increasing Ca in nutrient solution. In this work, the combined effects of various Ca/Mg quotients and osmotic stress produced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in different concentrations (0.6 MPa, 0.2 MPa) on the growth and element uptake of Avena sativa L. are examined. As a result, the Ca/Mg Quotient may naturally combat the moderate drought stress experienced by field crops.

Resumo O tempo de transplante e o genótipo contribuem para melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade da cultura da berinjela (Solanum melongena L.). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido para investigar o impacto da aplicação foliar de triacontanol (TRIA) e genótipos de berinjela 25919, Nirala, 28389 e Pak-10927, transplantados em 1 de março, 15 de março e 1 de abril de exposição a condições de alta temperatura do ar. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com o Randomized Complete Block Design e os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tuckey. O TRIA foi aplicado a 10 µM na fase de floração; água destilada foi utilizada como controle. Taxa de fotossíntese e transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência do uso da água e efeitos sobre as enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase) foram avaliados. O TRIA 10 µM aumentou a taxa de fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água e o rendimento foi melhorado em todos os genótipos transplantados nas diferentes datas. A aplicação foliar de TRIA 10µM aumentou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, POD e CAT) e melhorou os atributos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de genótipos de berinjela expostos a condições de alto calor. A atividade mais elevada da enzima dismutase 5,41mg / 1g FW foi registrada no genótipo Nirala no segundo transplante. Considerando que o mais baixo foi observado em PAK-10927 (2,30 mg / g FW). A produtividade máxima de frutos foi encontrada no acesso 25919 (1,725 kg por planta) no 1º transplante com Triacontanol, enquanto o acesso PAK-10927 deu a menor produção (0,285 kg por planta) no tratamento de controle no 3º transplante. Genótipo, data de transplante e aplicação de TRIA, melhoramento do crescimento, rendimento e atributos de qualidade sob estresse térmico em berinjela.

Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.

Resumo A seca é um estresse ecológico primário que limita o rendimento do trigo em regiões com deficiência hídrica. A realização de seleção genética direcionada de cultivares de trigo pode agilizar o processo de adaptação do trigo às condições climáticas da região, permitindo a identificação de variedades de alto rendimento com características genéticas estáveis. Este estudo investigou o impacto dos genes TaGW8 e TaGS3A, conhecidos por sua contribuição para a produtividade do trigo. Os genes de produtividade efetiva TaGW8-B1b/B1a e o genoma TaGS5-3A-T exercem uma influência de 32,8% na variabilidade da característica de peso de 1000 grãos (TGW). Essa influência decorre de genes individuais e de suas interações, com pelo menos 17,5% da variabilidade do TGW explicada pelas combinações de genes examinadas no estudo. O gene TaGS5-3A-T exibe uma correlação positiva significativa com o rendimento total, excedendo 63%. A integração desses genes de produtividade, com base em dados fenotípicos de campo, resultou em um aumento geral de rendimento de amostras selecionadas em 0,8 toneladas/ha em comparação com o indicador médio multianual do país. hídrica região estáveis TaGW TaGS3A TaGSA TaGS TaGW8B1b/B1a TaGW8B1bB1a TaGWBbBa B1b/B1a B1b B1a B b TaGS53AT TaGSAT TaGS5 3A T 328 32 8 32,8 100 TGW. . (TGW) interações 175 17 5 17,5 total 63 63% campo 08 0 0, toneladasha toneladas ha país TaGW8B1b bB B1bB1a BbBa Bb Ba AT 3 32, 10 (TGW 1 17, 6 TaGWBb

Abstract Drought is a primary ecological stress limiting wheat yield in water-deficient regions. Conducting targeted genetic selection of wheat cultivars can expedite the adaptation process of wheat to the climatic conditions of the region, allowing for the identification of high-yielding varieties with stable genetic traits. This study investigated the impact of the TaGW8 and TaGS3A genes, known for their contribution to wheat productivity. The effective productivity genes TaGW8-B1b/B1a and the TaGS5-3A-T genome exert a 32.8% influence on the variability of the 1000 grain weight (TGW) trait. This influence stems from both individual genes and their interactions, with at least 17.5% of TGW variability explained by the gene combinations examined in the study. Notably, the TaGS5-3A-T gene exhibits a significant positive correlation with total yield, exceeding 63%. The integration of these productivity genes, based on field phenotypic data, has resulted in an overall yield increase of selected samples by 0.8 tons/ha compared to the country's average multi-year indicator. waterdeficient water deficient regions region highyielding high yielding traits TaGW TaGSA TaGS A TaGW8B1b/B1a TaGW8B1bB1a TaGWBbBa B1b/B1a B1b B1a B b TaGS53AT TaGSAT TaGS5 3A T 328 32 8 32.8 100 (TGW trait interactions 175 17 5 17.5 Notably 63 63% data 08 0 0. tonsha tons ha countrys country s multiyear multi year indicator TaGW8B1b bB B1bB1a BbBa Bb Ba AT 3 32. 10 1 17. 6 TaGWBb