Abstract: This paper studies China’s partnership diplomacy and its practice in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). China has constructed an all-round, multi-level, and three-dimensional partnership network in LAC through three stages: strategic exploration, development, and improvement. China has implemented differential governance towards its partners, which enables active shaping and dynamic management of the partnership network. This paper categorizes the 15 partner countries into three types: pivot countries, link countries, and node countries based on their political friendliness with China, geopolitical influence, and potential for economic and trade cooperation. China’s partnerships in LAC are vital support for implementing its diplomatic strategy in the region. However, challenges to this strategy’s development include insufficient mutual support from other diplomatic means, doubts and misinterpretations of the China-Latin America partnership by some Latin American countries, and the political and identity shifts within these countries. To enhance the role of partnerships in maintaining state relations and promoting the implementation of diplomatic strategies, China has introduced new content to its partnership diplomacy in LAC.

Resumen: Este artículo estudia la diplomacia de asociación de China y su práctica en América Latina y el caribe (LAC, siglas en inglés). Después de tres etapas de exploración estratégica, desarrollo y mejora, China ha construido una red integral, multi-nivel y tridimensional de asociaciones en LAC. De acuerdo con el grado de amistad política, la influencia geopolítica y el potencial de cooperación económica y comercial de los 15 países asociados con china, este artículo los divide en tres categorías: países de pivote, países de vínculo y países nodales. Las asociaciones de China en LAC son apoyos importantes para que China implemente estrategias diplomáticas en la región. Sin embargo, su desarrollo también enfrenta desafíos, incluido el apoyo insuficiente con otros medios diplomáticos; dudas e interpretaciones erróneas de las relaciones asociativas; y la transformación de identidad nacional de algunos países asociados. Con el fin de fortalecer el papel de las asociaciones en el mantenimiento de las relaciones nacionales y promover la implementación de las estrategias diplomáticas, China ha agregado nuevos contenidos a la diplomacia de asociación en LAC.

Abstract The Faculty of Design and Communication of the University of Palermo in strategic alliance with the Faculty of Law of the University of Salamanca for research purposes contribute to the awareness of the importance of the intellectual property rights of designers and the need for their protection through different mechanisms. Likewise, both institutions reinforce the work towards sustainability in the different areas of design.

Resumen La Facultad de Diseño y Comunicación de la Universidad de Palermo en alianza estratégica con la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Salamanca con fines de investigación contribuyen a la toma de conciencia de la importancia de los derechos de propiedad intelectual de los diseñadores y la necesidad de su protección a través de distintos mecanismos. Asimismo ambas instituciones refuerzan el trabajo en pos de la sostenibilidad en los distintos ámbitos del diseño.

Resumo A Faculdade de Design e Comunicação da Universidade de Palermo em aliança estratégica com a Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Salamanca para fins de pesquisa, contribui para aumentar a consciência sobre a importância dos direitos de propriedade intelectual dos designers e a necessidade de sua proteção por meio mecanismos diferentes. Da mesma forma, ambas as instituições reforçam o trabalho em prol da sustentabilidade nas diferentes áreas do design.

This study mainly focused on measuring maize farmers' technical efficiency and impact on maize production in Eastern Cape province. This research has employed a formal survey conducted on a sample size of 164 farmers. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages were used for descriptive statistics to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of family-owned maize farms. The stochastic frontier model was also used to estimate the technical efficiency of family-owned maize farms under present conditions. The results have shown that the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers largely influence accessibility and awareness to these kinds of technologies. The adoption is delayed due to limited farmer support, lack of awareness, scepticism about these technologies within rural households, and poor perceptions and attitudes. Furthermore, the results have revealed that socio-demographic characteristics influence farmers' decisions on whether or not to adopt the technology. Most farmers are old and still believe in what works for them, which limits and elongates the adoption process. The empirical analysis shows that adopting genetically modified seeds enhances the productivity of family-owned farms. Furthermore, this study finds that the technical efficiency of adopters is higher compared to non-adopters. Therefore, this study recommends that strategic alliance is an important and necessary condition for farmers to adopt genetically modified technologies.

Abstract One of the characteristics of the Pacific Alliance is the implementation of open regionalism which is shared within the member countries as a strategic policy for the commercial development in an internationally competitive scenario. Foreign Direct Investment represents a tool used in these mechanisms, with which we can evaluate the performance of the Alliance. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the impact of the mechanism in local governments, from its creation to the present time, in terms of institutional capabilities related to public services, mobility, urban development and environmental impact, taking the cities of San Luis Potosí in Mexico and Medellín in Colombia as case studies. Through a qualitative methodology, supported in the revision of official information, we can conclude that local governments do not possess a desirable degree of governance which could face the impacts that the international dynamics have in these cities.

Resumen La Alianza del Pacífico posee como característica la implementación del regionalismo abierto, la cual es compartida por los países miembros como política estratégica para el desarrollo comercial en un escenario competitivo internacional. Una de las herramientas utilizadas en estos mecanismos es la Inversión Extranjera Directa, con la cual se evalúa su trascendencia. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de dicho mecanismo en los gobiernos locales, desde su creación hasta la actualidad, en términos de las capacidades institucionales relacionadas con los servicios públicos, movilidad, desarrollo urbano e impacto ambiental, tomando como casos de estudio las ciudades de San Luis Potosí en México y Medellín en Colombia. A través de una metodología cualitativa basada en observación in situ en las ciudades de Medellín y San Luis Potosí, y apoyada en la revisión de información oficial, se concluye que los gobiernos locales no poseen un grado deseable de gobernabilidad que pueda hacerle frente a los efectos que las dinámicas internacionales tienen en estas ciudades.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las relaciones geopolíticas en el contexto del Corredor Bioceánico Brasil-Chile, con énfasis en la importancia de Brasil y sus implicaciones para los países involucrados y la región. El objetivo es investigar las implicaciones geopolíticas del proyecto y los desafios y oportunidades relacionados con su implementación. La metodología adoptada consistió en una investigación bibliográfica en tres etapas: revisión bibliográfica, análisis de los datos recopilados y síntesis de los resultados. Los resultados de la investigación resaltan la posición central de Brasil en el proyecto, como una de las principales potencias regionales y su historial de cooperación con los países vecinos. El Corredor Bioceánico Brasil-Chile se considera un proyecto estratégico para la integración comercial y logística en América del Sur, además de fortalecer las relaciones bilaterales entre Brasil y Chile. El estudio también destaca la importancia geopolítica de Brasil en el contexto del corredor, promoviendo la integración regional e impulsando la cooperación entre el Mercosury la Alianza del Pacífico. La investigación concluye que la implementación del proyecto depende de la continuidad de las relaciones internacionales, la superación de desafíos geopolíticos y la implementación de políticas públicas favorables. Para lograrlo, Brasil debe fortalecer sus relaciones con los países involucrados y con organizaciones internacionales, buscando financiamiento y apoyo para la conclusión del proyecto. El éxito del Corredor Bioceánico Brasil-Chile traerá beneficios como una mayor integración regional, desarrollo económico y estabilidad política. Brasil desempeña un papel central en este proyecto, fortaleciendo su posición como líder regional, ampliando sus relaciones comerciales y consolidando su influencia en la política exterior latinoamericana. BrasilChile, BrasilChile Chile, Chile región etapas vecinos Sur corredor Pacífico internacionales favorables lograrlo latinoamericana

Abstract This article examines the geopolitical relations in the context of the Brazil-Chile Bi-Oceanic Corridor, with a focus on the importance of Brazil and its implications for the countries involved and the region. The objective is to investigate the geopolitical implications of the project and the challenges and opportunities related to its implementation. The methodology adopted consisted of a three-stage literature research: literature review, analysis of collected data, and synthesis of results. The research results highlight Brazil's central position in the project as one of the main regional powers and its history of cooperation with neighboring countries. The Brazil-Chile Bi-Oceanic Corridor is considered a strategic project for commercial and logistical integration in South America, while also strengthening the bilateral relations between Brazil and Chile. The study also emphasizes Brazil's geopolitical significance in the context of the corridor, promoting regional integration and driving cooperation between Mercosur and the Pacific Alliance. The research concludes that the project's implementation depends on the continuity of international relations, overcoming geopolitical challenges, and implementing favorable public policies. To achieve this, Brazil needs to strengthen its relations with the countries involved and international organizations, seeking funding and support for project completion. The success of the Brazil-Chile Bi-Oceanic Corridor will bring benefits such as increased regional integration, economic development, and political stability. Brazil plays a central role in this project, strengthening its position as a regional leader, expanding its trade relations, and consolidating its influence in Latin American foreign policy. BrazilChile Chile BiOceanic Bi Oceanic region threestage three stage review data Brazils s America corridor Alliance projects policies organizations completion development stability leader policy

Resumo Este artigo analisa as relações geopolíticas no contexto do Corredor Bioceânico Brasil-Chile, com ênfase na importância do Brasil e suas implicações para os países envolvidos e a região. O objetivo é investigar as implicações geopolíticas do projeto e os desafios e oportunidades relacionados à sua implementação. A metodologia adotada consistiu em uma pesquisa bibliográfica em três etapas: revisão bibliográfica, análise dos dados coletados e síntese dos resultados. Os resultados da pesquisa destacam a posição central do Brasil no projeto, como uma das principais potências regionais e seu histórico de cooperação com os países vizinhos. O Corredor Bioceânico Brasil-Chile é considerado um projeto estratégico para a integração comercial e logística na América do Sul, além de fortalecer as relações bilaterais entre Brasil e Chile. O estudo também destaca a importância geopolítica do Brasil no contexto do corredor, promovendo a integração regional e impulsionando a cooperação entre o Mercosul e a Aliança do Pacífico. A pesquisa conclui que a implementação do projeto depende da continuidade das relações internacionais, da superação de desafios geopolíticos e da implementação de políticas públicas favoráveis. Para isso, o Brasil precisa fortalecer suas relações com os países envolvidos e com organizações internacionais, buscando financiamento e apoio para a conclusão do projeto. O sucesso do Corredor Bioceânico Brasil-Chile trará benefícios como maior integração regional, desenvolvimento econômico e estabilidade política. O Brasil desempenha um papel central nesse projeto, fortalecendo sua posição como líder regional e ampliando suas relações comerciais, consolidando sua influência na política externa latino-americana. BrasilChile, BrasilChile Chile, Chile região etapas vizinhos Sul corredor Pacífico internacionais favoráveis isso comerciais latinoamericana. latinoamericana latino americana. americana latino-americana

Abstract This article aims to provide an overview of British military planning for Portugal during the Second World War. To this end, various documentary collections from the United Kingdom National Archives have been consulted, particularly the War Cabinet and the Joint Planning Staff series. Among the main conclusions, the evolution of the strategic situation and Spanish non-belligerence are highlighted as the main factors driving this planning, limiting, or qualifying both the traditional Anglo-Portuguese alliance and the rapprochement between the Salazar and Franco regimes.

Resumo Este artigo pretende oferecer uma visão geral no planejamento militar britânico com respeito a Portugal durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Com esse objetivo, diversas coleções documentais dos National Archives do Reino Unido foram consultadas, entre os quais se destaca o War Cabinet e a série do Joint Planning Staff. Entre suas principais conclusões se destacarem a evolução da situação estratégica e a não beligerância espanhola como os principais fatores que impulsionaram este planejamento militar, que limita ou qualifica tanto a tradicional aliança anglo-portuguesa como a reaproximação entre os regimes de Salazar e Franco.

RESUMEN: En mayo de 2023, las juntas directivas de la Federación Mexicana de Especialistas y Residentes en Medicina Familiar A.C. (FMERMF) y del Consejo Mexicano de Certificación en Medicina Familiar A.C. (CMCMF) develaron una placa en la casa de los médicos familiares del país, dentro de las instalaciones del CMCMF, con la siguiente inscripción: «La Medicina Familiar somos todos, pero trabajando juntos la engrandecemos». Esta frase, más allá de lo plasmado en la placa para la posteridad, tiene un mensaje profundo y filosófico, haciendo alusión a la necesidad imperiosa, más que nunca, de trabajar de manera colaborativa ambas instituciones conglomerando a todos los médicos familiares del país para empoderar la especialidad y buscar cambios paradigmáticos en la sociedad y los sistemas de salud. Tanto la FMERMF como el CMCMF, en estos 2 años, trabajaron bajo un esquema de profesionalización de los procesos e implementación de un modelo de calidad fomentando la innovación en la medicina familiar mexicana.

ABSTRACT: In May 2023, the boards of directors of the Mexican Federation of Specialists and Residents in Family Medicine A.C. (FMERMF) and the Mexican Council of Certification in Family Medicine AC (CMCMF) unveiled a plaque in the home of the countryÍs family doctors, within the CMCMF facilities, with the following inscription: “Family Medicine is everyone, but working together we make it great”. This phrase beyond what is reflected in the plaque for posterity has a deep and philosophical message, alluding to the urgent need, more than ever, to work collaboratively both institutions conglomerating all family doctors in the country to empower the specialty and seek paradigmatic changes in society and health systems. Both the FMERMF and the CMCMF, in these 2 years, worked under a scheme of professionalization of the processes and implementation of a quality model promoting innovation in Mexican family medicine.

ABSTRACT South Korea is always pointed out as an example of a country that overcame the middle-income trap, with the upgrading of the productive structure dominated by national conglomerates (chaebols) and a highly competitive international insertion. How this occurred is the subject of heated academic debate. In this article, we identify three lines of interpretation: i) neoclassical/neoliberal, which argues that the South Korean economy was governed by the free-market, mainly since the 1980s; ii) endogenist heterodox, which points to the protagonism of the State; iii) radical dependentist, which emphasizes the positive and determining characteristic of the external context. Alternatively, we emphasize a form of dependent association with the hegemonic power (the United States of America) that propitiated the oligopolistic control of national capital companies in the leading branches of the manufacturing industry. Such association cannot be understood without reference to social conflicts in the Korean peninsula and, in particular, to the policy of the Park Chung-hee government (1961-1979) regarding the capital ownership structure and the project of achieving technological autonomy. Even after the liberalizing reforms forced in part by the hegemonic power in the 1980s and 1990s, the oligopolistic control of national companies in the leading branches of manufacturing industry remained a strategic factor for the maintenance of technological autonomy and for the alliance between the chaebols and the State in the global dispute for markets. middleincome middle income trap (chaebols insertion debate article interpretation i neoclassicalneoliberal neoclassical neoliberal neoclassical/neoliberal freemarket, freemarket free market, market free-market s ii heterodox iii dependentist context Alternatively America particular Chunghee Chung hee 19611979 1961 1979 (1961-1979 1990s markets 1961197 196 197 (1961-197 196119 19 (1961-19 19611 1 (1961-1 (1961- (1961 (196 (19 (1 (

RESUMO A Coreia do Sul sempre é apontada como exemplo de país que superou a armadilha da renda média, com upgrading da estrutura produtiva dominada por conglomeradores nacionais (chaebols) e inserção internacional altamente competitiva. Como isso ocorreu é objeto de debate acadêmico caloroso. Neste artigo, identificamos três linhas de interpretações: i) neoclássica/neoliberal, a qual defende que a economia sul-coreana foi regida pelo livre-mercado, principalmente a partir dos anos 1980; ii) heterodoxa endogenista, a qual aponta o protagonismo do Estado; iii) dependentista radical, que enfatiza a característica positiva e determinante do contexto externo. Alternativamente, realçamos uma forma de associação dependente com a potência hegemônica (os Estados Unidos) que propiciou o controle oligopolista de empresas de capital nacional dos ramos líderes da indústria de transformação. Tal associação não pode ser entendida sem referência a conflitos sociais na península coreana e, em particular, à política do governo Park Chung-hee (1961-1979) em relação à estrutura de propriedade do capital e ao projeto de alcance da autonomia tecnológica. Mesmo depois das reformas liberalizantes forçadas em parte pela potência hegemônica nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o controle oligopolista de empresas nacionais dos ramos líderes da indústria de transformação permaneceu fator estratégico para a manutenção da autonomia tecnológica e para a aliança entre os chaebols e o Estado na disputa global por mercados. média (chaebols competitiva caloroso artigo interpretações i neoclássicaneoliberal neoclássica neoliberal neoclássica/neoliberal sulcoreana sul livremercado, livremercado livre mercado, mercado livre-mercado ii endogenista iii radical externo Alternativamente Unidos particular Chunghee Chung hee 19611979 1961 1979 (1961-1979 198 1990 mercados 1961197 196 197 (1961-197 19 199 196119 (1961-19 1 19611 (1961-1 (1961- (1961 (196 (19 (1 (

Abstract: The Critical Medicine journal, formerly the Journal of the Mexican Association of Critical care Medicine and Intensive Care (AMMCTI), is the Official Organ for Scientific Divulgation of the Mexican College of Critical Medicine. Shortly after the AMMCTI was founded in 1973 the members of this group considered the need to have a journal specialized in intensive care. With a strategic alliance with the Mexican Journal of Anesthesiology, the first issue of a medical journal specialized in intensive care was published in March 1975, with the name of Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología y Terapia Intensiva. The objective of this work is to make a historical analysis of the first intensive care journal in México and to recognize those who made it possible, 48 years after its publication.

Resumen: La revista Medicina Crítica, antes Revista de la Asociación Mexicana de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva (AMMCTI), es el Órgano Oficial de Divulgación Científica del Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica. Al poco tiempo de fundada la AMMCTI en el año de 1973, los integrantes de esta agrupación consideraron la necesidad de contar con una revista especializada en terapia intensiva. Mediante una alianza estratégica con la Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología se publicó el primer número de una revista médica especializada en terapia intensiva en marzo de 1975, con el nombre de Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología y Terapia Intensiva. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer un análisis histórico de la primera revista de terapia intensiva en México y reconocer a quienes la hicieron posible, a 48 años de su publicación.

Resumo: A revista Medicina Crítica, antiga Revista da Associação Mexicana de Medicina Crítica e Terapia Intensiva (AMMCTI), é o Órgão Oficial de Divulgação Científica da Associação Mexicana de Terapia Intensiva. Pouco depois de ser fundada AMMCTI em 1973, os integrantes deste grupo consideraram a necessidade de ter uma revista especializada em Terapia Intensiva. Através de uma aliança estratégica com a Revista Mexicana de Anestesiologia, foi publicado em março de 1975, o primeiro número de uma revista médica especializada em terapia intensiva, com o nome de Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología e Terapia Intensiva. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise histórica da primeira revista de Terapia Intensiva no México e reconhecer aqueles que a fizeram possível, 48 anos após sua publicação.

Resumen En el año 2005, el Negocio Cárnico conformado por las empresas, Rica Rondo Industria Nacional de Alimentos S.A, Suizo S.A e Industria de Alimentos Zenú S.A y Almacenes La 14 S.A, crearon una alianza estratégica con miras a incrementar la eficiencia en la cadena de abastecimiento a la que denominaron: "Carrusel Colaborativo". Su principal objetivo fue el de mejorar los tiempos de pedido, recibo y surtido de los productos de las marcas Zenú, Rica y Suizo en los diez puntos de venta de Almacenes La 14 S.A., con el fin de ofrecer un mejor nivel de servicio al consumidor final; el resultado de esta experiencia y que sirvió de aprendizaje colectivo, permitió a las partes identificar oportunidades de mejora en las operaciones logísticas. El articulo presenta un caso de exito con base en la aplicación del principio de colaboración en los procesos de última milla. La metodologia utilizada corresponde al metodo de caso narrativo, presenta la evolución empresarial de varios negocios, da cuenta del éxito del proceso de articulación (paso a paso) tipo carrusel colaborativo, que vincula recursos, actores, intereses, cultura y resultados.

Abstract By the year 2005, the meat business sector formed by "Rica Rondo S.A.", "Industria Nacional de Alimentos S.A.", "Suizo S.A."," Zenú S.A". and "Almacenes La 14 S.A.", started a new strategic alliance looking forward to increase their supply chain efficiency, this was named "Collaborative Carousel". Their main goal was to improve the delivery times, reception and assortment of products in a supermarket of brands such as: "Zenú", "Rica Rondo" and "Suizo" in the ten points of sales of "Almacenes La 14 S.A.", looking forward to ensure the best service level to the final consumer. The result of this experience helped to generate a collective learning, allowing the parts to identify improvement opportunities in their logistics operations. The article presents a success story based on the application of the principle of collaboration in last mile processes. The methodology used corresponds to the narrative case method, presents the business evolution of several businesses, accounts for the success of the collaborative carousel type articulation process (step by step), which links resources, actors, interests, culture and results.

Resumen. Este artículo analiza las estrategias empleadas por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) desde la primera década del siglo XXI para aumentar su influencia en las dinámicas de la gobernanza económica mundial. En particular, la OCDE ha emprendido tres estrategias: una alianza estratégica con el G-20; la inclusión de nuevos miembros, especialmente Estados cuyo ingreso resulta estratégico, y el reforzamiento de la asociación sin membresía, con el objeto de apoyar el desarrollo en transición de los países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Con una metodología cualitativa de revisión documental de textos académicos, oficiales y de prensa, se concluye que estas estrategias han dado resultados disímiles a la organización. Por una parte, son pertinentes los vínculos con el G-20; pero, el ingreso de nuevos miembros no ha sido claramente efectivo.

Abstract. This article analyzes the strategies the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has employed to increase its influence on the dynamics of global economic governance since the first decade of the 21st century. The OECD has undertaken three strategies: a strategic alliance with the G-20; the inclusion of new members, especially states whose membership is strategic; and the strengthening of the non-membership partnership to support the transitional development of Latin American and Caribbean countries. This article uses a qualitative methodology involving a documentary review of academic, official, and press texts. It is concluded that these strategies have yielded different results for the organization. On the one hand, the links with the G-20 are relevant; however, the entry of new members’ effectiveness is unclear.

Resumen: Con datos a nivel de los 300 distritos electorales del país se analiza el impacto de los gastos de campaña en la elección presidencial de 2006. Debido a la falta de información, se realiza una aproximación a través de las erogaciones realizadas en las campañas para Diputados Federales. Entre los resultados principales destacan que el candidato del PAN tuvo una mayor rentabilidad electoral de sus gastos de campaña, sobre todo en el rubro de medios audiovisuales; mientras que, para el candidato del PRD, los gastos operativos de campaña resultaron más efectivos. Al considerar su efecto estratégico estático, los gastos del PAN restaron votos al candidato del PRD, pero no se encontró evidencia estadística del efecto contrario. Se obtiene evidencia de una baja rentabilidad electoral por parte del candidato del PRI, así como efectos estratégicos de los gastos de los partidos Nueva Alianza y Alternativa Socialdemócrata sobre los principales contendientes.

Abstract: With data at the level of the 300 electoral Mexican districts, we analize the impact of campaign spending on the 2006 presidential election. Due to the lack of information, we suggest an approximation through the campaing spendings made in the campaigns for Federal Deputies. Among the main results, the PAN candidate had the greater electoral profitability, especially in mass media, while for the PRD candidate the item of land campaign spending had the major impact. Considering static strategic effects, the campaign spending of the PAN sub-tracted votes from the PRD candidate, but no statistical evidence of the opposite effect was found. Moreover, the results indicate a low electoral profitability of the PRI expenditures, as well as interesting strategic effects of the campaign spending of the New Alliance and Social Democratic Alternative parties.

Abstract The goal of this study is to assess the relationships between the country’s regulatory institutions and the relational capability and performance of clinical-trial strategic alliances. The country’s regulation is made up of a set of formal institutions, i. e. codified rules, which aim to determine social actors’ practices. Strategic alliances are long-term cooperative relationships voluntarily established between two or more autonomous companies with shared interests and goals to create competitive advantage. Clinical-trial strategic alliances are organized according to the contractual relationship and parties’ relational capabilities that aim to overcome difficulties in the partnership activities and ensure intercompany cooperation, reflecting on organizational efficiency and effectiveness, and impacting on alliance performance. This work developed a critical review of the literature and expanded it through the establishment of novel relational propositions regarding the relationship between formal regulatory institution of countries and strategic alliances for clinical trial of new medicines.

Resumen El propósito de la publicación es identificar la evolución y características específicas de la cooperación entre Paraguay y Rusia, en el siglo XXI. En el estudio, se aplican los métodos científicos generales, descripción histórica y comparación, análisis estructural y sistémico que permiten examinar a fondo el desarrollo del diálogo paraguayo-ruso, ubicándolo en el amplio contexto regional e internacional. El análisis abarca tres puntos temáticos: línea global de Paraguay y política latinoamericana de Rusia, con el foco en probables motivos y circunstancias de su convergencia; trayectoria general del diálogo del Paraguay poststroessnerista con Rusia; y camino a la alianza estratégica entre ambos países durante la presidencia de Mario Abdo Benítez y sus obstáculos. Los principales resultados consisten tanto en mostrar el desarrollo y los límites del acercamiento paraguayo-ruso como en encontrar factores determinantes del dinamismo del diálogo entre países y sus perspectivas.

Abstract This paper aims to identify the evolution and characteristics of the relation between Paraguay and Russia in the 21st century. The study uses general scientific methods, historical description and comparison, and structural and systemic analysis that allow an in-depth examination of the development of the Paraguay-Russia dialogue within the broad regional and international context. The analysis encompasses three topics: the global policy of Paraguay and the Latin American policy concerning Russia focused on the probable reasons and circumstances of their convergence; the general trajectory of the dialogue of the post-Stroessnerist Paraguay with Russia; and the road to the strategic alliance between both countries during the presidency of Mario Abdo Benitez and its obstacles. The main results show the development and limits of the Paraguay-Russia relations and present some determining factors of the dynamism of this dialogue and its perspectives.

Resumen: Producto de las nuevas amenazas que engloban el complejo panorama del sistema internacional contemporáneo, el presente trabajo propone un análisis de los niveles de la estrategia de la política de seguridad y defensa de Colombia en cuanto a su alineación e incorporación como socio estratégico de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN). Colombia busca posicionarse en el ambiente geopolítico regional y global, y con esta alianza pretende convertirse en el pivote ideológico y estratégico en aras de fortalecer la democracia en el hemisferio y contrarrestar el accionar político gestado desde algunos centros ubicados en el área del Circuncaribe. Se propone desde el plano estratégico el análisis de las herramientas de la disuasión y la contención en función de la asociación con la OTAN para concluir a cuál se ajusta más esta relación multilateral.

Resumo: Como resultado das novas ameaças que abrangem o complexo panorama do sistema internacional contemporâneo, este artigo propõe uma análise dos níveis da estratégia política de segurança e defesa da Colômbia em termos de seu alinhamento e incorporação como parceiro estratégico da Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN). A Colômbia busca posicionar-se no ambiente geopolítico regional e global, e com esta aliança pretende se tornar o pivô ideológico e estratégico para fortalecer a democracia no hemisfério e contestar as ações políticas geradas por alguns centros localizados na área Circum-Caribe.

Abstract: As a result of the new threats that encompass the complex panorama of the contemporary international system, this paper proposes an analysis of the levels of Colombia’s security and defense policy strategy in terms of its alignment and incorporation as a strategic partner ofthe Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO). Colombia seeks to position itself in the regional and global geopolitical environment, and with this alliance it intends to become the ideological and strategic pivot in order to strengthen democracy in the hemisphere and counteract the political actions generated from some centers located in the Circum-Caribbean area. The analysis of deterrence and containment tools based on the association with NATO is proposed from the strategic level to conclude which one best fits this multilateral relationship.