Abstract The architecture and epidermal surfaces of: Colubrina angustior (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, C. greggii S. Wats., C. lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín, C. macrocarpa (Cav.) G. Don var. macrocarpa, C. stricta Engelm. ex Blankinship, C. texensis (Torrey & Gray) A. Gray and C. yucatanensis (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, belonging to the Family Rhamnaceae are described and illustrated. The characters used for the separation of the taxa were the different types of venation, the insertion of the trichomes, the shape of the epidermal cells and their walls on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, the presence or absence of free veins in the veins of third and fourth category, as well as the types of stomata; in none of the taxa were glands found in the marginal teeth. In addition to the descriptions and photomicrographs of the taxa, a dichotomous key was developed to differentiate the species and varieties. It is also proposed that C. macrocarpa var. lanulosa has a status of new species, because marked differences were found with the type variety of C. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa; Colubrina lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín is proposed as comb. et stat. nov.

Resumen Se describe e ilustra la arquitectura y las superficies epidérmicas de: Colubrina angustior (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, C. greggii S. Wats., C. lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín, C. macrocarpa (Cav.) G. Don var. macrocarpa, C. stricta Engelm. ex Blankinship, C. texensis (Torrey & Gray) A. Gray y C. yucatanensis (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, pertenecientes a la Familia Rhamnaceae. Los caracteres usados para la separación de los taxones fueron los diferentes tipos de venación, la inserción de los tricomas, forma de las células epidérmicas y paredes de las mismas en las superficies adaxial y abaxial, la presencia o ausencia de venas libres en las venas de tercera y cuarta categoría, así como los tipos de estomas; en ninguno de los taxones se encontraron glándulas en los dientes marginales. Además de las descripciones y fotomicrografías de los taxones se elaboró una clave dicotómica para diferenciar las especies y variedades. Así también se propone que C. macrocarpa var. lanulosa tenga un estatus de especie nueva, debido a que se encontraron diferencias marcadas con la variedad tipo de C. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa; se propone a Colubrina lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín, comb. et stat. nov.

Abstract Background: Many Mexican Ternstroemia species mainly inhabit the tropical montane cloud forest. These species have been misidentified in herbaria due to their morphological resemblance. Question: Are there foliar anatomical and micromorphological characters with diagnostic value that allow discriminating between the Mexican species of Ternstroemia? Study species: Ternstroemia sylvatica Schltdl. & Cham. and T. lineata DC. subsp. lineata (Pentaphylacaceae Engl.), 2018-2019. Study site and date: Tropical montane cloud forests at the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental. Methods: Botanical specimens were collected and removed from herbarium sheets. The leaves were prepared through cleared, dehydration and paraffin inclusion techniques to observe and describe them. Results: The Ternstroemia species showed specific features of plants in humid environments, such as thin cuticle, mesophyll with scarce parenchyma palisade, and abundant intercellular spaces in the spongy parenchyma, and specific pigments that help to capture light and serve as protection. The species share a festooned broquidodromous venation pattern, anomocytic stomata, and closed collateral vascular bundle surrounded by perivascular fibers. Both species are differentiated by leaf shape, abundance of collenchyma layers, lenght of palisade parenchyma, and number of stomata per square millimeter on the abaxial surface. Conclusions: We support and validate some features recorded for Ternstroemia species and reject some previous generalizations made worldwide to the genus. This research is the first attempt to study anatomy, architecture, and foliar micromorphology of Mexican Pentaphylacaceae.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las especies mexicanas del género Ternstroemia habitan principalmente el bosque templado húmedo de montaña y han sido confundidas en los herbarios por su gran parecido morfológico. Pregunta: ¿Existen caracteres foliares, anatómicos y micromorfológicos, con valor diagnóstico que permitan separar a dos de las especies mexicanas de Ternstroemia? Especies de estudio: Ternstroemia sylvatica Schltdl. & Cham. y T. lineata DC. subsp. lineata (Pentaphylacaceae Engl.). Sitio de estudio y fecha: Bosques templado húmedos de montaña de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana y Sierra Madre Oriental, 2018-2019. Métodos: Se recolectaron en campo y removieron de ejemplares de herbario hojas de las dos especies. Las hojas se prepararon con técnicas de diafanizacion, deshidratación e inclusión en parafina para su observación y análisis. Resultados: Ambas especies de Ternstroemia mostraron características propias de las plantas de ambientes húmedos, como una cutícula delgada, escaso parénquima de empalizada, parénquima esponjoso laxo, esclereidas y pigmentos específicos que ayudan a captar la luz y sirven de protección. Las especies comparten un patrón de venación broquidódromo festoneado, estomas anomocíticos y haz vascular colateral cerrado rodeado por fibras perivasculares. Se diferencian por la forma de la hoja, abundancia en capas de colénquima, largo del parénquima en empalizada y número de estomas por milímetro cuadrado en la superficie abaxial. Conclusiones: Apoyamos y validamos algunas características registradas en el pasado para las especies de Ternstroemia a nivel mundial y rechazamos algunas generalizaciones previas hechas al género. Esta investigación es el primer estudio de la anatomía, arquitectura y micromorfología foliar de Pentaphylacaceae mexicanas.

Resumen: Antecedentes: El género Coryphantha es el segundo con mayor número de especies de la tribu Cacteae-Cactaceae. Morfológicamente se ha descrito que el tallo presenta variaciones globosas, ovoides y cilíndricas principalmente. Sin embargo, a nivel anatómico las descripciones son escasas y enfocadas a un tejido en particular (epidermis o xilema). El objetivo este trabajo contribuir al conocimiento del género. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: ¿Cuáles son las características anatómicas que permiten diferenciar a una especie con respecto a otra? ¿La presencia de cristales permite la diferenciación entre las especies? Especies de estudio: Coryphantha clavata, Coryphantha radiansy Coryphantha cornifera Sitio y años de estudio: San Luis Potosí y Querétaro, México, 2017, 2020. Métodos: Se colectaron tres individuos por especie y se le aplicaron las técnicas histológicas convencionales. Las descripciones anatómicas se hicieron por tejidos y se midieron las características estructurales para las especies. Resultados: Las especies exhibieron diferencias en la epidermis e hipodermis como la presencia de estomas subepidérmicos (C. radians), hipodermis de tres estratos (C. clavata) e hipodermis no colenquimatosa (C. cornifera). No se observaron cristales en la epidermis, solo en la hipodermis, drusas (C. cornifera y C. radians), prismas y cuerpos redondos (C. clavata). En el córtex C. clavata presentó abundantes células de mucilago. El xilema y floema exhibieron características similares a las de otras especies de Coryphantha. Conclusiones: Las características anatómicas de la epidermis e hipodermis se consideran de alto valor sistemático y podrían utilizarse para separar otras especies del género.

Abstract Background: The genus Coryphantha has the second largest number of species of the tribe Cacteae-Cactaceae. Morphologically, it has been reported that the stem presents mainly globose, ovoid and cylindric variations. However, at the anatomical level, descriptions are scarce and focused on particular tissues (epidermis or xylem). The aim of this work is to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of the genus. Questions and/or Hypotheses: What are the anatomical characteristics that differentiate one species from another? Does the presence of crystals allow differentiation between species? Study species: Coryphantha clavata, Coryphantha cornifera and Coryphantha radians. Site and years of study: San Luis Potosí and Querétaro, Mexico; 2017, 2020. Methods: Three individuals per species were collected, and conventional histological techniques were applied. Anatomical descriptions were made for different tissues, and structural characteristics were measured for each species. Results: The species exhibited the greatest differences in the epidermis and hypodermis, such as the presence of subepidermal stomata (C. radians), three-layered hypodermis (C. clavata), and non-collenchymatous hypodermis (C. cornifera). Crystals were not observed in the epidermises but instead in the hypodermes, which exhibited crystal shapes of druses (C. cornifera and C. radians), prisms and round bodies (C. clavata). In the cortical tissue, C. clavata had abundant mucilage cells. The observed xylem and phloem tissues exhibited characteristics similar to those of other Coryphantha species. Conclusions: The anatomical characteristics of the epidermis and hypodermis are considered of high systematic value and could be used to distinguish between species of the genus.

Abstract Iris sari Schott ex Baker, an endemic plant, has a natural distribution in Turkey. The plant, also known as “Ana kurtkulağı, Bahar çiçeği” among the people, has showy flowers. Chromosome doubling in the plant was successfully performed with colchicine applied to the micro bulbs of the I. sari obtained in vitro. The different colchicine doses and treatment times tested with I. sari were: 0.1 and 0.5% (2, 4, and 6 hours). The resulting polyploid plantlets were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The highest tetraploid plant yield was observed after 4 h of treatment with 0.1% colchicine. From a total of 45 surviving plantlets, 3 were detected. At the end of the applications, the control and other groups were compared in terms of the viability rates of plants. After 2 subcultures of in vitro conditions, the highest viability rate in plantlets was observed with the control group and 0.1% colchicine for 4 h application, 62.97%, and 67.12%, respectively. Also, I. sari putative tetraploid plantlets had fewer and larger stomata than the control, confirming the data. Although the best ratios in terms of stomata length and width (49.04 and 30.52 mm) were come off after 4 h of 0.5% colchicine treatment, tetraploid was not obtained as a result of this application.

Abstract Background Gomphrena perennis (Gpe) and G. pulchella (Gpu) are perennial glyphosate-tolerant amaranthaceous weeds of central and northern Argentina where glyphosate-resistant soybeans are grown with no-till. The study of weeds leaves morphoanatomy is important to understand environmental adaptation and could be used to explain herbicide absorption. Leaf surfaces of Gomphrena species were previously described for phylogenetic studies, and morphoanatomy of two Gomphrena perennis populations was characterized for glyphosate tolerance. There are no reports on comparative studies of Gpe and Gpu. We hypothesize that these two species differ in their morpho anatomical characteristics. Objective The aim of this research was to characterize and compare their leaf morphoanatomy throughout their life cycle. Methods Fully developed leaves of the upper middle third were extracted from plants grown in pots in a greenhouse at three phenological stages: eight true leaves (S1), beginning of branching (S2), and full flowering (S3). In both leaf sides, densities of epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes, and ostiole lengths were quantified. In main and secondary bundle anatomic parameters were measured: thickness of total blade, upper and lower epidermis, and mesophyll, and sheath length. Results Both species are amphiestomatic. Gpu had higher stomata densities in lower epidermis than Gpe at S1. Gpu had higher trichome densities than Gpe, whereas the latter presented higher values in anatomic variables mainly in secondary bundle (total blade and total mesophyll) at all stages. Conclusions There were no marked differences in the morphoanatomy between the two species throughout their life cycle.

Abstract The induction of polyploidy in Eucalyptus can lead to higher-yielding and more adapted clones, with better wood quality. After artificial polyploidization, it is necessary to certify the effectiveness of the process through cytogenetic analyses and anatomical trait evaluations. Thus, the aim of this study was to certify the chromosome duplication in artificially polyploidized clones of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla using cytogenetic analysis, flow cytometry, and leaf anatomy measurements. Chromosomal counts and DNA content estimation allowed the identification of artificially polyploidized clones and mixoploids. Polyploid clones had larger stomata diameter than diploids. The increase in stomata size was accompanied by lower stomatal density in most polyploid clones. The typical gigas effect of polyploidized plants was demonstrated by the expressive increase in leaf area in polyploid individuals compared to diploids. Our findings indicate that the use of polyploidy in Eucalyptus breeding is promising, allowing the discrimination of diploid, tetraploid, and mixoploid plants.

ABSTRACT Among species of the genus Dyckia Schult. & Schult. f. there are 13 endemic species of the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina informally treated as the Dyckia selloa complex. This study employed standard plant anatomy techniques to investigate variation in leaf morphology of species belonging to the genus Dyckia with a focus of establishing characters that help delimit the Dyckia selloa complex. The results allowed the survey of morphological and anatomical characters important for the characterization of species. Such characters include color of spines, the presence of water-storage parenchyma and mechanical hypodermis on both leaf surfaces, and the presence of tetracytic stomata on only the abaxial surface. Analyses support the current delimitation of the complex and recommend the investigation of reproductive and/or vegetative organs to better understand the relationships among these species of Dyckia.

Resumo As características anatômicas foliares são amplamente utilizadas para melhor compreender a taxonomia entre as angiospermas. No entanto, tais informação são escassas para a família Myrtaceae. Com o objetivo de preencher esta lacuna de conhecimento, estudamos a anatomia foliar de dez espécies do gênero Psidium: P. cattleyanum, P. cauliflorum, P. corynanthum, P. guajava, P. guineense, P. macahense, P. myrtoides, P. oligospermum, P. ovale e P. sartorianum. A epiderme unisseriada, os estômatos paracíticos, as cavidades secretoras e a hipoderme adaxial são comuns entre as espécies estudadas e são características típicas de Myrtaceae. A presença de três ou mais camadas de parênquima paliçádico e a ausência de esclerênquima são caracteres diagnósticos de P. guajava. A epiderme abaxial de Psidium cattleyanum e P. macahense possuem paredes curvas. Psidium corynanthum e P. macahense são as únicas espécies com paredes anticlinais sinuosas em ambos os lados da epiderme, sendo que todas as outras espécies têm paredes retas ou curvas. Os feixes vasculares bicolaterais abertos estão presentes em todas as espécies estudadas, exceto em P. guineense. Com exceção de P. cauliflorum, todas as espécies estudadas possuem drusas. A ausência de colênquima na face adaxial é exclusiva de P. ovale. A anatomia foliar de P. macahense, P. corynanthum, P. oligospermum e P. ovale é descrita pela primeira vez neste trabalho. angiospermas entanto Myrtaceae conhecimento P cauliflorum guajava guineense myrtoides sartorianum unisseriada paracíticos curvas drusas trabalho

Abstract Leaf anatomical features are widely used to better understand angiosperm taxonomy. However, such information is scarce for the family Myrtaceae. Aiming to fill this knowledge gap, we studied anatomical and micromorphological leaf characters of ten species of Psidium: P. cattleyanum, P. cauliflorum, P. corynanthum, P. guajava, P. guineense, P. macahense, P. myrtoides, P. oligospermum, P. ovale and P. sartorianum. Uniseriate epidermis, paracytic stomata, secretory cavities, and adaxial hypodermis are common among the studied species and are typical characteristics of Myrtaceae. The presence of three or more layers of palisade parenchyma and the absence of sclerenchyma are diagnostic characters of P. guajava. The abaxial epidermis of Psidium cattleyanum and P. macahense possess curved walls. Psidium corynanthum and P. macahense are the only species with sinuous anticlinal walls on both sides of the epidermis, with all other species having straight or curved walls. Open bicollateral vascular bundles are present in all the studied species except P. guineense. With the exception of P. cauliflorum, all the studied species possess druses. The absence of collenchyma in the adaxial face is exclusive to P. ovale. The leaf anatomy of P. macahense, P. corynanthum, P. oligospermum and P. ovale are described for the first time here. taxonomy However Myrtaceae gap P cauliflorum guajava guineense myrtoides sartorianum stomata cavities druses here

Resumo A segurança em relação aos produtos fitoterápicos é um fator de extrema importância, assim, a identificação rotineira dos materiais deve ser realizada para garantir que as matérias-primas utilizadas nos produtos farmacêuticos sejam adequadas ao uso pretendido. Para que os dados relacionados à identificação obtidos sejam precisos, a identificação de vários categorias de marcadores também é necessária. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características de Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. com base em marcadores morfoanatômicos qualitativos e codificação quantitativa de DNA. A morfologia desta planta tem hábito herbáceo com raiz principal e caule com ramos que surgem a partir do meio. As folhas são de tipo único, dispostas de maneira imperfeita e oposta, lanceoladas, finamente serrilhadas nas bordas, afiladas na base, pontiagudas nas extremidades e possuem superfície foliar pinada e peluda. As flores consistem em flores raiadas e flores tubulares em formato de taça. Enquanto isso, em relação à anatomia, E. alba possui aerênquimas, que estão espalhados no córtex da raiz e do caule. Além disso, existem estômatos anisocíticos, tricomas glandulares e tricomas não glandulares de formato alongado acompanhados de ornamentação encontrada na epiderme das folhas. Os resultados do alinhamento de sequências e da reconstrução filogenética da árvore mostram que as plantas amostrais estão intimamente relacionadas com espécies do gênero Eclipta. importância assim matériasprimas matérias primas pretendido precisos necessária L. L (L. Hassk DNA meio único oposta lanceoladas bordas peluda taça isso anatomia E aerênquimas disso anisocíticos (L

Abstract Safety regarding herbal products is very necessary; therefore, routine identification of raw materials should be performed to ensure that the raw materials used in pharmaceutical products are suitable for their intended use. In order for the identification-related data obtained to be accurate, the identification of various kinds of markers is also very necessary. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. based on qualitative morpho-anatomical markers and quantitative DNA coding. The morphology of this plant has herbaceous habit with a taproot and a stem with branches that appear from the middle. Leaves are single type imperfectly arranged oppositely, lanceolatus, finely serrated on the edges, tapered at the base, pointed at the end, and have a pinnate and hairy leaf surface. The flowers consist of ray flowers and tube flowers with a cup shape. Meanwhile, in terms of anatomy, E. alba has aerenchyma, which are scattered in the cortex of the root and stem. In addition, there are anisocytic stomata, glandular trichomes, and non-glandural trichomes with an elongated shape accompanied by ornamentation found on the leaf epidermis. The results of sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree reconstruction show that the sample plants are closely related to species in the genus Eclipta. necessary therefore use identificationrelated accurate L. L (L. Hassk morphoanatomical morpho anatomical coding middle oppositely lanceolatus edges base end surface Meanwhile anatomy E aerenchyma addition stomata nonglandural non glandural epidermis (L

ABSTRACT Trees transport water from underground to the atmosphere through the evapotranspiration process. Climate change can significantly compromise this process due to changes in land use, such as deforestation. This study aimed to characterize the hydraulic and anatomical attributes of Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don (Bignoniaceae), in the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. For this purpose, the xylem vulnerability curve of this species was described. The frequency and diameter of the xylem vessels and the stomata density were also measured. Finally, a hydraulic attribute of Jacaranda copaia was compared to other species at global, tropical, and Amazonian levels. The findings show that, in the region studied, the species Jacaranda copaia has diffuse-porous woods and numerous vessels (average vessel ranging from 8 to 14 nº/mm2) with small (<50µm) to medium (between 100 and 200 µm) diameters. The average stomatal density ranged from 289 to 309 stomata/mm2. The xylem hydraulic resistance to embolism (Ψ50) ranged from -0.814 to -2.400 MPa, with relatively narrow hydraulic safety margins (HSM50 ranging from -0.312 to 1.122; HSM88 ranging from 0.204 to 1.709). The average values of Ψ50 detected were similar to a large percentage of arboreal species at global, tropical, and Amazonian levels. Possibly, the studied species presents a more “risky” hydraulic strategy, with relatively narrow hydraulic safety margins, due to its dynamic character of fast growth, typical of pioneer species.

RESUMO As árvores transportam água do subsolo para a atmosfera através do processo de evapotranspiração. As mudanças climáticas podem comprometer significativamente esse processo devido a mudanças no uso da terra decorrentes, por exemplo, do desmatamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os atributos hidráulicos e anatômicos de Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don (Bignoniaceae) no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Para tanto, foi descrita a curva de vulnerabilidade do xilema desta espécie. A frequência e o diâmetro dos vasos do xilema e a densidade dos estômatos também foram medidos. Finalmente, um atributo hidráulico de Jacaranda copaia foi comparado a outras espécies em nível global, tropical e amazônico. Os achados mostram que, na região estudada, a espécie Jacaranda copaia possui lenhos de porosidade difusa e vasos numerosos (vasos médios variando de 8 a 14 nº/mm2) com diâmetros pequenos (<50µm) a médios (entre 100 e 200 µm). A densidade estomática média variou de 289 a 309 estômatos/mm2. A resistência hidráulica do xilema à embolia (Ψ50) variou de -0.814 a -2.400 MPa, com margens de segurança hidráulica relativamente estreitas (MSH50 variando de -0.312 a 1.122; MSH88 variando de 0.204 a 1.709). Em geral, os valores médios de Ψ50 detectados foram semelhantes a uma grande porcentagem de espécies arbóreas em nível global, tropical e amazônico. Possivelmente, a espécie estudada apresenta uma estratégia hidráulica mais “arriscada” (ou seja, margens de segurança hidráulica relativamente estreitas), devido ao seu caráter dinâmico de crescimento rápido, típico de espécies pioneiras.

Abstract Isoëtes is a cosmopolitan genus of aquatic lycophytes, containing more than 200 species. In Brazil, the genus comprises 29 species, with three occurring in Pará state, Amazon. Isoëtes cangae and I. serracarajensis are endemic to the ferruginous outcrops of Serra dos Carajás, and I. amazonica occurs on the inundated shores of the Tapajós River. Despite the great diversity of quillworts in South America, their anatomy remains unknown. This study discusses Brazilian Amazon species’ leaf and root anatomical traits in relation to habitat and genetic diversity. The amphibious I. amazonica and I. serracarajensis were observed to have similar stomata and cuticular ornamentations. Isoëtes cangae, a fully aquatic species, had smaller epidermal cells and a smooth cuticle and showed slight differences regarding the lacuna diaphragm. The genetically closer species from Carajás both lacked peripheral fiber strands on the leaves. Our study complements current knowledge regarding the morphoanatomy of Amazonian species and provides a better understanding of their biology, contributing to the development of conservation strategies for these species.

Resumo Isoëtes é um gênero cosmopolita de licófitas aquáticas, contendo mais de 200 espécies. No Brasil, o gênero compreende 29 espécies, e três delas ocorrem no estado do Pará, Amazônia. Isoëtes cangae e I. serracarajensis são endêmicas dos campos rupestres ferruginosos da Serra dos Carajás, e I. amazonica ocorre nas planícies de inundação do rio Tapajós. Apesar de sua grande diversidade na América do Sul, a anatomia dessas espécies ainda é desconhecida. Este estudo discute sobre os caracteres anatômicos das folhas e raízes das espécies de Isoëtes da Amazônia Brasileira, relacionando-os ao habitat e à sua diversidade genética. As espécies anfíbias I. amazonica e I. serracarajensis apresentaram estômatos e ornamentações cuticulares semelhantes. Isoëtes cangae, uma espécie aquática, apresentou células epidérmicas menores, cutícula lisa e demonstrou diferenças relacionadas aos diafragmas das lacunas. As espécies de Carajás, geneticamente mais próximas, não apresentaram feixes de fibras periféricas nas folhas. Nosso estudo complementa o conhecimento atual da morfoanatomia das espécies Amazônicas, e contribui com a melhor compreensão de sua biologia, subsidiando o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação para essas espécies.

Abstract The pandemic and the geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine are events that have caused economic instability in Peru. Reason that was investigated on the analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage fed with compost based on sugarcane residues. The objective was to analyze the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of cabbage from the adequate dose of compost based on sugarcane residues and distance between plants. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach, for which the Completely Random Block Design with a 4x 2 factorial arrangement was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 8 treatments that were the combination: F1 with 0, F2 with 8, T3 with 10 and F4 with 12 t/ha and spacing (D1) with 0.30 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows and (D2) with 0.35 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows. The physical characteristics of cabbage were evaluated and processed by analysis of variance, nutrient concentrations in leaves and stomatal density were analyzed. The results determined that T7 stood out in plant height with 41.88 cm, yield with 26.76 tn/ha and T6 in root length with 20.22 cm. In chemical analysis of leaves T1 stood out in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and T4 in calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In T7 stomata density with 977 stomata/mm2. It concludes that at an adequate dose and greater distance that T7 stands out in the concentration of nutrients that are within normal values and high density of stomata; Therefore, these characteristics influenced the optimal biochemical reactions, which obtained good development and yield that differed at 51.39% and 32.17% with respect to the controls T1 and T5.

Resumo A pandemia e o conflito geopolítico entre a Rússia e a Ucrânia são eventos que têm causado instabilidade econômica no Peru. Motivo que foi investigado na análise das características biológicas e químicas do repolho alimentado com composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar. O objetivo foi analisar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do repolho a partir da dose adequada de composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar e distância entre plantas. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com uma abordagem experimental, para a qual foi utilizado o Delineamento de Blocos Completamente Aleatório com arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, que consistia em 3 blocos e 8 tratamentos que eram a combinação: F1 com 0, F2 com 8, T3 com 10 e F4 com 12 toneladas/ha e espaçamento (D1) com 0,30 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas e (D2) com 0,35 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas. As características físicas do repolho foram avaliadas e processadas por análise de variância, as concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e a densidade estomática foram analisadas. Os resultados determinaram que T7 se destacou em altura de planta com 41,88 cm, produtividade com 26,76 tn/ha e T6 em comprimento de raiz com 20,22 cm. Na análise química das folhas T1 se destacou em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e T4 em cálcio, magnésio e enxofre. Em densidade de estômatos T7 com 977 estômatos/mm2. Conclui que em dose adequada e maior distância que T7 se destaca na concentração de nutrientes que estão dentro dos valores normais e alta densidade de estômatos; Portanto, essas características influenciaram nas reações bioquímicas ótimas, que obtiveram bom desenvolvimento e rendimentos que diferiram em 51,39% e 32,17% em relação aos controles T1 e T5.

Abstract Bauhinia pulchella Benth. (Fabaceae), is native to Brazil and popularly known as pata-de-bode. In folk medicine, it is used to treat diabetes. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated different properties, such as cytotoxic and antioxidant, and different chemical constituents, such as essential oil, triterpenoids, steroids, among others. In order to highlight the morphological differences of the species B. pulchella from the others of the genus, and its pharmacological potential, the present study aimed to carry out the anatomical and histochemical characterization of the stem and leaves of B. pulchella. Usual methods in plant anatomy were used in the preparation of semi-permanent slides containing cross sections of the stem, petiole and leaf blade and paradermal sections of the leaf blade for analysis in light microscopy and polarized light. Histochemical tests were also performed to localize the metabolites in the stem and leaf blade. The stem of B. pulchella has a cylindrical outline, the bark is composed of 7-8 layers of cells and discontinuously distributed sclerenchyma; petiole presents flat convex contour, prominences in the adaxial region, concentric amphicrivral vascular bundle, surrounding a small concentric anfivasal intramedullary bundle, adaxially two accessory bundles and tector trichomes; leaf blade with anisocytic and tetracytic stomata on the adaxial surface and anisocytic, tetracytic and anomocytic on the abaxial surface; and midrib with plain-convex outline, 1-2 layers of collenchyma and covering trichomes. Characteristics that differ from other species of the genus Bauhinia. Alkaloids, phenolic compounds, lipophilic compounds, lignin, triterpenes, steroids and tannins were observed in the species. The results are fundamental for the pharmacobotanical standardization of the studied species.

Resumo Bauhinia pulchella Benth. (Fabaceae), é nativa do Brasil e popularmente mais conhecida como pata-de-bode. Na medicina popular, é utilizada no tratamento de diabetes. Estudos farmacológicos demonstraram diferentes propriedades, como por exemplo, citotóxica e antioxidante, e diferentes constituintes químicos, como óleo essencial, triterpenoides, esteroides, entre outros. A fim de evidenciar as diferenças morfológicas da espécie B. pulchella das demais do gênero, e seu potencial farmacológico, o presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização anatômica e histoquímica do caule e das folhas de B. pulchella. Métodos usuais em anatomia vegetal foram utilizados na preparação de lâminas semipermanentes contendo seções transversais do caule, pecíolo e lâmina foliar e seções paradérmicas da lâmina foliar para análises em microscopia óptica de luz e luz polarizada. Testes histoquímicos também foram realizados para localizar os metabólitos no caule e lâmina foliar. O caule de B. pulchella apresenta contorno cilíndrico, casca composta de 7-8 camadas de células e esclerênquima distribuído descontinuamente; pecíolo apresenta contorno plano convexo, proeminências na região adaxial, feixe vascular concêntrico anficrivral, circundando pequeno feixe concêntrico anfivasal intramedular, adaxialmente dois feixes acessórios e tricomas tectores; lâmina foliar com estômatos anisocíticos e tetracíticos na face adaxial e anisocíticos, tetracíticos e anomocíticos na face abaxial; e nervura central com contorno plano-convexo, 1-2 camadas de colênquima e tricomas tetores. Características que difere de outras espécies do gênero Bauhinia. Alcaloides, compostos fenólicos, compostos lipofílicos, lignina, triterpenos, esteroides e taninos foram observados na espécie. Os resultados são fundamentais para a padronização farmacobotânica da espécie estudada.

Nine native species of Passiflora with attractive ornamental value, edible fruits and medicinal use grow in Córdoba, Argentina. The aim of this work was to characterize the seed and seedling morpho-anatomy of P. caerulea, P. mooreana and P. morifolia. Seeds were collected from natural plant populations and seedlings were obtained from germination tests. The analysis of the different structures was performed by conventional stereoscopic, optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The three species presented the seeds completely surrounded by a funicular aril that grows towards the chalaza and that differed by their shape and color. The seed coat was characterized by the reticulate-foveate pattern and includes three layers in both the testa and tegmen. The exotesta and mesotesta are formed by parenchymatous cells and the endotesta with lignified internal face cells. The exotegmen has macrosclereids in a sinuous pattern; mesotegmen and endotegmen have radially flattened cells. The analyzed species presented spatulate embryo in axial position immersed in a conspicuous ruminated endosperm. The germination of the three species is epigeal, phanerocotylar and the seedlings showed similar anatomical features; in contrast, the morphology of their nomophylls, extrafloral nectaries, stipules, stomata placement and the presence of trichomes varies considerably from each species. The described morpho-anatomical characteristics allow differentiating seeds and seedlings among the studied species, and provide important differential features to complete the characterization of Passiflora.

En Córdoba, Argentina, habitan nueve especies nativas de Passiflora de atractivo valor ornamental, frutos comestibles y uso medicinal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la morfo-anatomÃa de semillas y plántulas de P. caerulea, P. mooreana y P. morifolia. Fueron colectadas semillas de poblaciones naturales, y las plántulas fueron obtenidas mediante pruebas de germinación. Los análisis de las diferentes estructuras se realizaron mediante técnicas convencionales de microscopÃa estereoscópica, óptica y electrónica de barrido. Las tres especies presentaron semillas completamente rodeadas por un arilo de origen funicular que crece en dirección al extremo calazal, y se diferenciaron por su forma y color. La cubierta seminal se caracterizó por el patrón de ornamentación retÃculo-foveado, e incluye tres capas tanto en la testa como en el tegmen; exo y mesotesta formadas por células parenquimáticas, y endotesta lignificada en su cara interna. El exotegmen posee macrosclereidas en un patrón sinuoso; meso y endotegmen, células radialmente aplanadas. Las especies analizadas presentaron un embrión espatulado en posición axial, y un endosperma conspicuo ruminado. La germinación es epigea, fanerocotilar y las plántulas presentaron caracterÃsticas anatómicas similares; diferenciándose en la morfologÃa de sus nomofilos, nectarios extraflorales, estÃpulas, ubicación de estomas y presencia de tricomas. Las caracterÃsticas morfo-anatómicas descriptas permiten diferenciar a las tres especies en estado de semilla y plántula, y aportan información para completar una detallada caracterización de Passiflora.

Abstract The use of avocado rootstocks is very common, but these have been little studied from the anatomical and physiological point of view of the leaf, variables that can be useful to understand their role when grafted, such as those related to stomata and gas exchange. The aim of this research was to study the stomatal and gas exchange characteristics of the leaf blade in seedlings derived from ‘Colín V-33’ avocado seed to determine possible relationships between them. Ninety-three six-month-old ‘Colín V-33’ seed-derived plants were used. Four stomatal and five gas exchange variables were evaluated in the eleventh leaf of each plant. Stomata were classified as anomocytic, and their length ranged from 13.11 to 19.65 µm, their density varied from 317.65 to 105.88 stomata·mm-2 and their stomatal index was from 11.78 to 26.16 %. A significant positive correlation was found between the physiological variables stomatal conductance and transpiration rate (r = 0.96**), while the CO2 assimilation rate and internal CO2 concentration were negatively correlated (r = -0.64**). No association was found between gas exchange characteristics and stoma-related variables. Due to the variation found in stomatal density and stomatal index, it is possible to select contrasting genotypes that could have an impact on grafting when used as rootstocks, given the evidence from other studies where there are modifications in these variables.

Resumen El uso de portainjertos de aguacate es muy común, pero éstos han sido poco estudiados desde el punto de vista anatómico y fisiológico de la hoja, variables que pueden ser útiles para entender su papel al ser injertados, como las relacionadas con los estomas y el intercambio de gases. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las características de los estomas e intercambio de gases de la lámina foliar en plántulas derivadas de semilla de aguacate ‘Colín V-33’ para determinar posibles relaciones entre estas. Se utilizaron 93 plantas derivadas de semilla de ‘Colín V-33’ de seis meses de edad. Se evaluaron cuatro variables de estomas y cinco de intercambio de gases en la hoja once de cada planta. Los estomas se clasificaron como anomocíticos, y su longitud fue de 13.11 a 19.65 µm, su densidad varió de 317.65 a 105.88 estomas·mm-2 y su índice estomático fue de 11.78 a 26.16 %. Se encontró correlación positiva significativa entre las variables fisiológicas conductancia estomática y tasa de transpiración (r = 0.96**), mientras que en la tasa de asimilación de CO2 y la concentración interna de CO2 existió una correlación negativa (r = -0.64**). No se encontró asociación entre las características de intercambio de gases y las variables relacionadas con estomas. Debido a la variación encontrada en la densidad y el índice estomático, es posible seleccionar genotipos contrastantes que podrían tener impacto en el injerto cuando sean utilizados como portainjertos, dada la evidencia de otros estudios donde hay modificaciones en dichas variables.