This article discusses guidance published on official websites regarding the response of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) psychosocial care networks (RAPS) to the public health emergency caused by Covid-19. The discussion draws on the analysis of online materials published between 06/02/20 and 31/08/21 at state and federal level across all the country’s state capitals. We compare the results of the document analysis with guidance published by international organizations to reflect on the challenges, successes, mistakes and omissions in the guidance given to the RAPS at the beginning of the pandemic. It is concluded that, despite being formal, the guidance was poorly coordinated and integrated into the networks and with other sectors and pre-existing challenges, as recommended by the international community.

A presente análise documental tem como objetivo debater as orientações publicadas on-line em sites oficiais para guiar as respostas das Redes de Atenção Psicossocial (Raps) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil diante da emergência de Saúde Pública causada pela Covid-19. Baseia-se na análise de materiais publicados on-line entre 6/2/20 e 31/8/21 nos níveis federal e estadual e em todas as capitais do país. Combina essa análise documental com orientações e publicações de entidades internacionais a fim de refletir sobre os desafios, acertos, erros e omissões das orientações dadas para as Raps no país durante o início do período pandêmico. Conclui que as orientações, apesar de existentes formalmente, foram pouco articuladas e integradas dentro das próprias redes, com outros setores e com desafios preexistentes, conforme preconizado pela comunidade internacional.

El presente análisis documental tiene el objetivo de debatir las orientaciones publicadas online en páginas web oficiales para guiar las respuestas de las Redes de Atención Psicosociales (RAPS) del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) ante la emergencia de salud pública causada por la Covid-19. Se basa en el análisis de materiales publicados online entre el 06/02/20 y el 31/08/21 en las esferas de la federación y de los estados en todas las capitales del país. Combina este análisis documental con orientaciones y publicaciones de entidades internacionales para reflexionar sobre los desafíos, aciertos, errores y omisiones de las orientaciones dadas para las RAPS en el país durante el inicio del período pandémico. Concluye que las orientaciones, a pesar de existentes formalmente, fueron poco articuladas e integradas dentro de las propias redes con otros sectores y con desafíos preexistentes, conforme lo determina la comunidad internacional.

ABSTRACT The field capacity of Oxisol was evaluated using the flux density in the field, Arya-Paris model, and Richards pressure chamber with non-deformed samples, and the water retention curve and soil moisture were determined using the Arya-Paris model at a pressure of 10 kPa. The research was conducted at the Federal University of Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The soil evaluated was Oxisol at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. Using the flux density method, at a water flux density q = 0.10 mm per day and 1.0 mm per day, soil moisture values at field capacity were 0.30 and 0.32 m3 m-3, respectively, at a depth of 0-10 cm and 0.28 and 0.31 m3 m-3, respectively, at a depth of 10-20 cm. Comparing the results obtained with the pressure chamber with those of the field capacity obtained for q = 0.1 mm per day, the mean absolute error and bias were 0.880 and -0.218, respectively, for the 0-10 cm depth and 2.57 and -2.57, respectively, for the 10-20 cm depth. Field capacity of Oxisol can be obtained by subjecting undeformed 50 cm3 samples to a pressure of 10 kPa. The Arya-Paris model is an alternative for determining the soil water retention curve and the field capacity of Oxisol. AryaParis Arya Paris nondeformed non deformed 1 kPa Rondonópolis state Brazil 010 0 0-1 1020 20 10-2 method 1. 030 30 0.3 032 32 m m3, 3, 3 m-3 respectively 028 28 0.2 031 31 01 0. 0880 880 0.88 0.218, 0218 218 -0.218 257 2 57 2.5 2.57, -2.57 5 0- 102 10- 03 m- 02 088 88 0.8 0.218 021 21 -0.21 25 2. -2.5 08 8 0.21 -0.2 -2. -0. -2 -0 -

RESUMO A capacidade de campo do Latossolo foi avaliada usando os métodos de densidade de fluxo de água em campo, modelo Arya-Paris e câmara de pressão de Richards com amostras não deformadas, e a curva de retenção de água e a umidade do solo foram determinadas usando o modelo de Arya-Paris a uma pressão de 10 kPa. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. O solo avaliado foi Latossolo nas camadas 0-10 e 10-20 cm. Usando o método da densidade de fluxo, a uma densidade de fluxo de água q = 0,10 mm por dia e 1,0 mm por dia, os valores de umidade do solo na capacidade de campo foram de 0,30 e 0,32 m3 m-3, respectivamente, para uma profundidade de 0-10 cm, e 0,28 e 0,31 m3 m-3, respectivamente, para uma profundidade de 10-20 cm. Comparando os resultados obtidos com a câmara de pressão com os da capacidade de campo obtidos para q = 0,1 mm por dia, o erro absoluto médio e o viés foram 0,880 e -0,218, respectivamente, para a profundidade de 0-10 cm, e 2,57 e -2,57, respectivamente, para a profundidade de 10-20 cm. A capacidade de campo do Latossolo pode ser obtida submetendo amostras não deformadas de 50 cm3 a uma pressão de 10 kPa. O modelo Arya-Paris é uma alternativa para determinar a curva de retenção de água do solo e a capacidade de campo do Latossolo. AryaParis Arya Paris 1 kPa Rondonópolis Grosso 010 0 0-1 1020 20 10-2 cm 1, 030 30 0,3 032 32 m m3, 3, 3 m-3 respectivamente 028 28 0,2 031 31 01 0, 0880 880 0,88 0,218, 0218 218 -0,218 257 2 57 2,5 2,57, -2,57 5 0- 102 10- 03 m- 02 088 88 0,8 0,218 021 21 -0,21 25 2, -2,5 08 8 0,21 -0,2 -2, -0, -2 -0 -

ABSTRACT Nayib Bukele has been unconstitutionally re-elected as President of El Salvador. His government can rely on a hegemonic party system that presents a façade of democracy but denies opposition parties any real power. The elections followed an unparalleled subversion of democratic institutions and processes, carried out to consolidate the Central American leader’s electoral autocracy. Bukele claims popular legitimacy, but he has used his rule to eliminate checks and balances, manipulate the independence of the judiciary and the state administration, and stifle press freedom. Behind his grip on authority lies a desire to achieve political and economic influence for the Bukele family and an aspiring business elite associated with it. The President has built his popularity as a political leader through the spectacularization of a state of emergency. Ostensibly a crackdown on gangs, the measure is being used to arbitrarily detain citizens and repress critical voices. Bukele manages El Salvador’s security crisis not to reduce violence, but to bolster support for his regime.

RESUMEN Nayib Bukele ha sido reelegido inconstitucionalmente como Presidente de El Salvador. Su gobierno puede confiar en un sistema de partido hegemónico que presenta una fachada de democracia, pero niega a los partidos de oposición cualquier poder real. Las elecciones siguieron a una subversión sin precedentes de las instituciones y procesos democráticos, llevada a cabo para consolidar la autocracia electoral del líder centroamericano. Bukele afirma tener legitimidad popular, pero ha utilizado su gobierno para eliminar controles y contrapesos, manipular la independencia del poder judicial y de la administración estatal, así como reprimir la libertad de prensa. Detrás de su control de la autoridad se esconde un deseo de lograr influencia política y económica para la familia Bukele y una élite empresarial aspirante asociada a ella. El Presidente ha construido su popularidad como líder político mediante la espectacularización de un régimen de excepción. La medida, que aparenta ser una guerra contra las pandillas, se está utilizando para detener arbitrariamente a los ciudadanos y reprimir las voces críticas. Bukele maneja la crisis de seguridad de El Salvador no para reducir la violencia, sino para reforzar el apoyo a su régimen.

Emergency medical services (EMS) are a vital component of the health system and provide pre-hospital emergency care and specialised transport for patients requiring access to health facilities, thereby contributing to universal health coverage and improving health outcomes. Evidence regarding the current state of EMS within South Africa to fulfil this role is lacking and was the motivation for this review. Our objective was to describe the current state of EMS in South Africa. A literature search was conducted using keywords, BOOLEAN operating terms, and eligibility criteria on Sabinet, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases to find articles related to the components of the EMS system in South Africa. The articles were critically assessed, and six themes emerged: leadership and governance; resources; preparedness (knowledge, attitude, and practices) of the emergency care provider; health and safety; training; and communications. Challenges were found in all themes at a provincial EMS level despite improvements in legislation, leadership, and governance from the National Department of Health. These themes demonstrate that all components in the EMS system are not functioning optimally and may be affecting its contribution to improving universal health coverage and health outcomes. The current state of EMS appears to be constrained and requires greater leadership and governance from the Provincial Departments of Health to improve poorly functioning components of the EMS system. SIGNIFICANCE: The current state of EMS in South Africa lacks efficiency in its role to provide emergency care and transportation for patients wanting to access health facilities. Poorly functioning components of the EMS system have been identified and provide an opportunity for health authorities to make improvements so that the goal of universal health coverage and improved health outcomes can be realised.

Abstract Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common diagnoses in clinical practice, an important reason for unscheduled consultations in primary health care and emergency departments, with an increasing incidence in recent years. In patients with chronic comorbidities, the suspicion threshold should be even lower, as the form of presentation is often different from the classic one. Case description: We present the case of a 39-year-old man with a previous history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, who attended the emergency department for low back pain and fever and was diagnosed with renal colic. He subsequently consulted his primary care physician, to obtain a prescription for an imaging examination. However, due to persistent low back pain, fatigue, dyspnea, and crackles in the left lung base, we considered the alternative diagnostic hypothesis of community-acquired pneumonia. The patient was treated empirically with amoxicillin 1000 mg every 8 hours for seven days, together with azithromycin 500 mg 1 id for five days, and a chest X-ray was ordered. The patient had no complaints at the reassessment visit and was clinically stable. Comment: The main goal of this case report is to raise awareness of the less common presentations of pneumonia in primary healthcare and to state the importance of quality post-hospital care follow-up, which works as a safety net, ensuring favorable clinical outcomes and early detection of possible complications.

Resumo Introdução: A pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) é um dos diagnósticos mais frequentes na prática clínica e um motivo frequente de consultas não programadas nos cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) e serviços de urgência. No caso dos doentes com patologia crónica, o índice de suspeição deve ser ainda mais elevado já que a forma de apresentação é muitas vezes diferente da clássica. Descrição do caso: É descrito o caso de um homem de 39 anos com antecedentes de diabetes e doença cardiovascular, que recorreu ao serviço de urgência por dor lombar e febre, tendo sido diagnosticada cólica renal. Posteriormente dirigiu-se aos CSP com o objetivo de obter requisição para exame imagiológico. No entanto, por manutenção da lombalgia, cansaço, sensação de falta de ar e presença de fervores na base esquerda à auscultação pulmonar foi proposta a hipótese diagnóstica alternativa de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade. Foi instituída antibioterapia com amoxicilina 1000 mg de 8 em 8 horas por sete dias, juntamente com azitromicina 500 mg 1 id durante cinco dias e requisitada radiografia torácica. Na consulta de reavaliação, o doente apresentava-se sem queixas e clinicamente melhorado. Comentário: Este relato de caso tem como objetivo principal sensibilizar para apresentações menos comuns de pneumonia nos CSP, relembrar o papel indispensável do exame objetivo e reforçar a importância do seguimento pós-hospitalar atento e cuidado nos CSP, que funcionam como uma rede de segurança, permitindo confirmar diagnóstico hospitalar, assegurar a evolução clínica favorável e detetar precocemente eventuais complicações.

Resumen El uso y abuso del estado de sitio en Colombia fue una constante durante los siglos XIX y XX. Por ello, el Constituyente de 1991 fue tan cuidadoso a la hora de regular los estados de excepción estableciendo un sistema de exigentes límites y controles. El objetivo de este escrito es evidenciar que ahora el Presidente colombiano, en épocas de crisis, preferirá usar competencias de rango legal como lo son la emergencia sanitaria y la asistencia militar para limitar derechos humanos en vez de acudir a competencias constitucionales como los estados de excepción. A las diferentes formas de elusión constitucional propuestas por Manuel Quinche Ramírez en su texto "La elusión constitucional: una política de evasión del control constitucional en Colombia" tendríamos que agregar una nueva y es aquella realizada por el Presidente en épocas de crisis, al usar actos administrativos para enfrentar situaciones que requieren normas con fuerza de ley. Lo anterior, pues los controles para los decretos de estados de excepción son más exigentes y eficaces que los existentes para los actos administrativos. Con esto se configura un presidencialismo elusivo del control idóneo de constitucionalidad.

Abstract The use and abuse of the state of siege in Colombia was a constant during the 19th and 20th centuries. Consequently, the 1991 Constituent Assembly was careful when regulating martial law, establishing a demanding limit and control system. This paper aims to show that in times of crisis, the Colombian president prefers to use legal powers such as health emergency and military assistance to limit human rights instead of resorting to constitutional powers such as martial law. To the various forms of constitutional avoidance proposed by Manuel Quinche Ramírez in his work "Constitutional Avoidance: A Policy of Evasion of Constitutional Control in Colombia", we would have to add the president using administrative actions in times of crisis to tackle situations that require regulations with the power of law because the controls for martial law decrees are more severe and effective than those for administrative actions, thus giving rise to a presidential rule that avoids the ideal control of constitutionality.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused the stoppage of the movement of people globally, a situation that especially affected tourism as an economic activity. This article addresses the impact of the closure of the Peruvian-Chilean border during the COVID-19 pandemic on the hotel and gastronomic sector of Tacna. Through a qualitative methodology that included a bibliographic review, economic data analysis, and semi-structured interviews with hotel and restaurant owners and managers, we investigated the problems they had to face during the pandemic and the strategies to overcome them. The findings indicate that until March 2020 both items experienced strong growth within the framework of cross-border practices from Chileans to Tacna, within which enjoying Peruvian food was one of the main attractions. The pandemic forced small hotels and restaurants to deploy strategies such as layoffs and the provision of family labor to overcome the crisis and convert to delivery food. The largest and most formalized companies accessed subsidies and support from the state and in other cases, the reconversion was hand in hand with agreements with mining companies to house workers while the health emergency lasted.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 produjo la detención de los desplazamientos de personas a nivel global, situación que afectó especialmente al turismo como actividad económica. Este artículo aborda el impacto que produjo el cierre de la frontera peruano-chilena durante la pandemia de COVID-19, en el rubro hotelero y gastronómico de Tacna. A través de una metodología cualitativa que incluyó revisión bibliográfica, análisis de datos económicos y entrevistas semiestructuradas a dueños y administradores de hoteles y restaurantes, indagamos los problemas que debieron afrontar durante la pandemia y las estrategias para superarlos. Los hallazgos indican que hasta marzo del 2020, ambos rubros experimentaron un fuerte crecimiento en el marco de prácticas transfronterizas de chilenos a Tacna, dentro de los cuales, disfrutar de la comida peruana era uno de los principales atractivos. La pandemia obligó a los hoteles y restaurantes pequeños a desplegar estrategias como el despido y la provisión de mano de obra familiar para superar la crisis y reconvertirse a la comida por entregas o delivery. Las empresas más grandes y con mayor formalización accedieron a subsidios y apoyos del Estado y en otros casos, la reconversión fue de la mano de convenios con empresas mineras para alojar a trabajadores mientras duró la emergencia sanitaria.

ABSTRACT Communication is a process involving two or more human beings who share their experiences, knowledge and feelings; entails the passage from isolated individual existence to community social existence. This process is of extraordinary importance in the Integrated Medical Emergency System, since calls are received from people with sick relatives, passers-by or health professionals who request a mobile emergency service for the care and transfer of a patient, so the people who work there must achieve an adequate and coherent verbal communication, according to the emergency situation that arises and, even, taking into account the emotional state of the caller. In the Cienfuegos province, with the objective of improving the communication of the staff who work in the system, a work algorithm is proposed to integrate already established actions, with others that were incorporated, including from their selection to their training, in order to prepare the members of the coordinating board to achieve an effective communication, which allows optimizing the service provided. The purpose of this research is to present a work algorithm to improve the staff communications who work in the system.

RESUMEN La comunicación social es un proceso en el que intervienen dos o más seres humanos que comparten sus experiencias, conocimientos y sentimientos; conlleva el paso de la existencia individual aislada a la existencia social comunitaria. Este proceso es de importancia extraordinaria en el Sistema Integrado de Urgencia Médicas, pues se reciben las llamadas de personas con familiares enfermos, transeúntes o profesionales de la salud que solicitan un servicio de emergencia móvil para la atención y traslado de un paciente, por lo que las personas que en él laboran deben lograr una comunicación verbal adecuada y coherente, acorde a la situación de emergencia que se presenta e, incluso, teniendo en cuenta el estado emocional de quien llama. En la provincia de Cienfuegos, con el objetivo de mejorar la comunicación del personal que labora en el sistema, se propone un algoritmo de trabajo que integra acciones ya establecidas, con otras que se incorporaron, incluyendo desde su selección hasta su entrenamiento, a fin de preparar a los integrantes de la mesa coordinadora para el logro de una comunicación eficaz, que permita optimizar el servicio que se presta. Este trabajo tiene como propósito exponer un algoritmo de trabajo para mejorar la comunicación del personal que labora en el sistema.

Abstract: The present work addresses the complex social and political fabric in the implementation of National Law N° 26.160, which declares a state of emergency regarding the possession and ownership of indigenous lands in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. The analysis focuses on its articulation with local bureaucratic structures and the constraints on indigenous representation and participation. Additionally, it describes the “local styles of politics” which refer to the rules of engagement that indigenous representatives must adhere toand their influence on ethnicity, and the perceptions and evaluations of the legislation. It is concluded that overcoming ethnopolitical dilemmas is one of the most significant challenges facing Santa Fe communities to achieve outcomes that align with land tenure regularization, ensure territorial permanence, and even access to larger areas for their sociocultural development.

Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda la compleja trama social y política en la concreción de la Ley nacional N° 26.160 que declara la emergencia en materia de posesión y propiedad de tierras indígenas, en la provincia de Santa Fe (Argentina). El análisis se centra en su articulación con las estructuras burocráticas locales y en los límites para la representación y la participación indígena. A su vez, se describen los “estilos locales de hacer política” -que refiere a las reglas de juego a la que deben incorporarse los representantes indígenasy la influencia que esto tiene en la etnicidad y en la percepción y valoración de la normativa. Se concluye que superar los dilemas etnopolíticos es uno de los desafíos más importantes que tienen las comunidades santafesinas para alcanzar resultados que coincidan con la regularización del dominio de la tierra y aseguren la permanencia territorial e, incluso, el acceso a mayores extensiones para su desarrollo sociocultural.

Resumo A pandemia provocada pelo vírus covid-19 transformou a realidade em que vivemos, desde o social até às áreas mais íntimas. Por exemplo, as restrições governamentais implementadas obrigaram ao encerramento de cemitérios, o que afetou os espaços e atividades realizadas por homens e mulheres em rituais fúnebres. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como os homens redefiniram suas práticas nas cerimônias fúnebres durante a emergência sanitária do vírus covid-19 em uma comunidade do Estado do México. Para isso, utilizou-se um método qualitativo, através de etnografia na comunidade, bem como entrevistas em profundidade com homens que há vários anos se encarregam de realizar atividades nos funerais da cidade, o que lhes permite cumprir o seu lugar dentro comunidade, o que Connell chama de ordem de gênero (Connell, 1987). As principais conclusões mostram que os homens redefiniram as suas práticas para cumprir o mandato de ser um bom homem, marido e pai que deve proteger a sua família. Além disso, constatou-se que os rituais fúnebres apresentam atualmente resistências, embora os homens busquem restabelecê-los para retornar à estrutura e ordem previamente estabelecidas.

Abstract The pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus has transformed the reality in which we live, affecting both the social and the most intimate aspects of our lives. Government restrictions mandated the closure of cemeteries, thereby fracturing the spaces and activities traditionally associated with both men and women in funeral rituals. Against this backdrop, the objective of this research was to analyze how men redefined their practices in funeral ceremonies during the COVID-19 health emergency in a community in the State of Mexico. The method employed was qualitative; it involved ethnographic research within the community, alongside in-depth interviews with men who have been responsible for conducting activities at funerals in the town for several years, while conforming to their roles within what Connell refers to as the gender order (Connell, 1987). The primary findings indicate that men redefined their practices to meet the expectations of being a good man, husband, and father, responsible for protecting their families. Additionally, it is evident that funeral rituals encountered resistance, as men sought to reestablish them to conform to the previously established structure and order.

Resumen La pandemia causada por el virus de covid-19 transformó la realidad en la que vivimos, desde lo social a los ámbitos más íntimos. Por ejemplo, las restricciones gubernamentales implementadas obligaron el cierre de los cementerios, lo cual afectó a los espacios y a las actividades desarrolladas por hombres y mujeres en rituales fúnebres. Por eso, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar cómo los varones resignificaron sus prácticas en las ceremonias fúnebres durante la emergencia sanitaria del virus de covid-19 en una comunidad del Estado de México. Para ello, se empleó un método cualitativo, mediante una etnografía en la comunidad, así como entrevistas en profundidad a los varones que durante varios años se han encargado de realizar actividades en los funerales del pueblo, lo cual les permite cumplir con su lugar dentro de lo que Connell llama orden de género (Connell, 1987). Los principales hallazgos muestran que los varones resignificaron sus prácticas para cumplir con el mandato de ser buen hombre, esposo y padre que debe proteger a su familia. También, se halló que los rituales funerarios actualmente presentan resistencias, aunque los varones buscan volver a instaurarlos para volver a la estructura y el orden previamente establecido.

Abstract: Given the current social distance restrictions across the world, most individuals now use social media as their major medium of communication. Due to this, millions of people suffering from mental diseases have been isolated, and they are unable to get help in person. They have become more reliant on online venues to express themselves and seek advice on dealing with their mental disorders. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 450 million people are affected. Mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, etc., are immensely common and have affected an individual’s physical health. Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods have been presented to help mental health providers, including psychiatrists and psychologists, in decision-making based on patients’ authentic information (e.g., medical records, behavioral data, social media utilization, etc.). AI innovations have demonstrated predominant execution in numerous real-world applications, broadening from computer vision to healthcare. This study analyzed unstructured user data on the Reddit platform and classified five common mental illnesses: depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and PTSD. In this paper, we proposed a Transformer model with late fusion methods to combine the two texts (title and post) of the dataset into the model to detect the mental disorders of individuals. We compared the proposed models with traditional machine learning, deep learning, and transfer learning multi-class models. Our proposed Transformer model with the late fusion method outperformed (F1 score = 89.65) the state-of-the-art performance (F1 score = 89 [35]). This effort will benefit the public health system by automating the detection process and informing the appropriate authorities about people who need emergency assistance.

RESUMEN Introducción: En 2020, Colombia adoptó diferentes medidas para mitigar el impacto de la pandemia por Covid-19, principalmente medidas de aislamiento social y fortalecimiento en la prestación de servicios hospitalarios. Sin embargo, el país no contempló acciones para abordar los otros problemas en salud, como tampoco consideró la relevancia de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) para responder a la pandemia. Por lo cual se realizó una investigación para indagar por la oferta y posicionamiento de la APS entre los tomadores de decisiones para atender la emergencia de Covid-19 durante la primera ola de la pandemia y los aprendizajes para las siguientes. Metodología: De abril a junio de 2020 se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio mixto en 2 fases: (1) Encuesta a tomadores de decisiones, prestadores y académicos, y (2) Grupo focal a informantes clave. Resultados: La encuesta fue respondida por 227 participantes, 41 % académicos, 34.8 % prestadores y 17.6 % funcionarios de direcciones locales de salud; el 28.2 % consideró que la APS estuvo adaptada en los territorios para diferentes programas de salud por ciclo vital y entre el 80 al 98 % que la APS debía instaurarse en el territorio para vigilancia de casos, atención ambulatoria, manejo de pacientes crónicos, atención de otros programas y educación sanitaria. En el grupo focal participaron 12 informantes claves, quienes concluyeron que desde la autoridad sanitaria se debía promover la integración de la APS de forma urgente en los territorios, y garantizar una gobernanza eficaz para lograrlo; igualmente, recomendaron intensificar la alfabetización en salud y el empoderamiento de la población para la adopción de medidas individuales y colectivas. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la APS era una oportunidad para responder a la primera ola de la pandemia, como también para subsanar los problemas actuales y anticiparse a problemas futuros. Por lo cual, la APS debe convertirse en una política de Estado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In 2020, Colombia adopted different measures to mitigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, social isolation measures and strengthening the provision of hospital services. However, the country did not contemplate actions to address other health problems, nor did it consider the relevance of Primary Health Care (PHC) to respond to the pandemic. Therefore, an investigation was done to investigate the offer and positioning of PHC among decision-makers to address the Covid-19 emergency during the first wave of the pandemic and the learning for the following ones. Methodology: From April to June 2020, a mixed exploratory descriptive study was conducted in two phases: (1) a survey of decision-makers, providers, and academics, and (2) a focus group of key informants. Results: The survey was answered by 227 participants, 41 % academics, 34.8 % providers, and 17.6 % officials from local health directorates; 28.2 % considered that PHC was adapted in the territories for different life cycle health programs, and between 80 and 98 % that PHC should be established in the territory for case surveillance, outpatient care, management of chronic patients, care of other programs and health education. Twelve key informants participated in the focus group, who concluded that the health authority should urgently promote the integration of PHC in the territories, and guarantee effective governance to achieve it; Likewise, they recommended intensifying health literacy and the empowerment of the population for the adoption of individual and collective measures. Conclusions: It is concluded that PHC was an opportunity to respond to the first wave of the pandemic, as well as to correct current problems and anticipate future problems. Therefore, PHC must become a state policy.

ABSTRACT A staple of the PT governments’ new economic policy in Brazil has been the pursue of the internationalization of a selected group of domestic firms. From 2003 to 2013, the Brazilian State has promoted the globalization of such firms through various public policies, with the main goal being to position the most of them in the upper echelon of their respective industry globally. At the same time, internationalization had been a primary “defensive” strategy adopted by leading Brazilian firms since the ‘90s, turned in a truly “global strategy” in the last 20 years to deal with deeply transformative trends at world level. Here we look specifically at the internationalization path followed by JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV, highlighting common patterns such as undertaking expansive trajectories characterized by distinctive and cumulative phases of consolidation; penetrating rapidly concentrating world industries; a common tendency to dispersion of shareholding control, foreign takeover and delocalization of central activities in major markets; growing financialization of business; emergency of China as main market of reference. We conclude that the internationalization trajectories of JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV show some shortcomings in the “National Champions” strategy. Nonetheless, we warn against the temptation of regarding the mixed results of this strategy as simply a “failure” of the new industrial policy as a whole. governments 200 2013 policies globally time defensive “defensive 90s s ‘90s global 2 level JBS ABINBEV, ABINBEV AB INBEV, INBEV consolidation industries control markets business reference National Champions Nonetheless failure “failure whole 201

RESUMO Um elemento básico da nova política econômica dos governos do PT no Brasil tem sido a busca pela internacionalização de um grupo seleto de empresas nacionais. De 2003 a 2013, o Estado brasileiro promoveu a globalização dessas empresas por meio de diversas políticas públicas, com o objetivo principal de posicionar a maior parte delas no escalão superior de seus respectivos setores globalmente. Ao mesmo tempo, a internacionalização foi uma das principais estratégias “defensivas” adotadas pelas principais empresas brasileiras desde os anos ‘90, tornando-se uma verdadeira “estratégia global” nos últimos 20 anos para lidar com tendências profundamente transformadoras em nível mundial. Aqui, olhamos especificamente para o caminho de internacionalização seguido pela JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV, destacando padrões comuns como a realização de trajetórias expansivas caracterizadas por fases distintas e cumulativas de consolidação; penetração de indústrias mundiais em rápida concentração; uma tendência comum à dispersão do controle acionário, aquisição estrangeira e deslocalização das atividades centrais nos principais mercados; crescente financeirização dos negócios; emergência da China como principal mercado de referência. Concluímos que as trajetórias de internacionalização da JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV apresentam algumas deficiências na estratégia dos “Campeões Nacionais”. No entanto, alertamos contra a tentação de considerar os resultados mistos dessa estratégia simplesmente como um “fracasso” da nova política industrial como um todo. nacionais 200 2013 públicas globalmente tempo defensivas “defensivas 90 ‘90 tornandose tornando se global 2 mundial Aqui JBS ABINBEV, ABINBEV AB INBEV, INBEV consolidação concentração acionário mercados negócios referência Campeões Nacionais. Nacionais . Nacionais” entanto fracasso “fracasso todo 201 9 ‘9 ‘

Resumo Distantes temporalmente da declaração da emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional (ESPII) e emergência em saúde pública de importância nacional (ESPIN) provocada pela epidemia de zika, no ano de 2015, enunciamos a herança da emergência humanitária. Com base em uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de grupos focais realizados com profissionais de saúde e familiares das crianças afetadas epidemia de zika em Natal e Feira de Santana, buscamos discutir esse fenômeno de saúde pública pelas lentes da Antropologia do Estado. Concluímos que o não reconhecimento do Estado como uma instância encarnada no cotidiano das práticas por parte dos seus agentes locais leva à reprodução de práticas discriminatórias esvaziadas de sentido político e do reconhecimento de moralidades que permeiam as ausências nas ações de promoção de saúde e estratégias de reconhecimento e busca por estratégias para a garantia do direito à saúde.

Abstract Temporarily distant from the declaration of the Public Health Emergency of International Importance (ESPII) and Public Health Emergency of National Importance (ESPIN) caused by the Zika epidemic, in 2015, we enunciate the legacy of the humanitarian emergency. Based on qualitative research, through focus groups with health professionals and families of children affected by the Zika epidemic in Natal and Feira de Santana, we seek to discuss this public health phenomenon through the lens of State Anthropology. We conclude that the non-recognition of the State as an instance embodied in the daily practices of its local agents leads to the reproduction of discriminatory practices emptied of political sense and the recognition of moralities that permeate the absences in health promotion actions and recognition strategies, and search for methods to guarantee the right to health.

Resumo Este trabalho analisa as ações e parcerias estabelecidas entre os integrantes das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde e da Assistência Social do Rio de Janeiro e outras organizações da área da saúde e assistência para atender à emergência sanitária desencadeada pela síndrome congênita do vírus Zika entre os anos de 2015 e 2018. O contexto caracterizava-se por acentuada crise econômica, erosão da capacidade de governança das autoridades políticas no estado, e reduzido conhecimento técnico-científico sobre a epidemia. Além de análise de documentos relativos ao tema, foram feitas 17 entrevistas com gestores e profissionais das duas secretarias. Roteiros semiestruturados focalizaram ações intersetoriais e processos de cooperação e coordenação inter e intraorganizacional. A grade analítica contemplou aspectos dos papéis interpessoais, informacionais e de tomada de decisão dos gestores e técnicos. Os resultados mostram que, apesar da crise política e econômica, os atores das secretarias conseguiram criar um fluxo de atenção aos pacientes. Observou-se que mecanismos informais de cooperação e coordenação foram fundamentais para a criação de estratégias intersetoriais de longo prazo.

Abstract This paper focuses on the actions and partnerships established between members of the State Secretariats of Health and Social Assistance in Rio de Janeiro and other organizations in the health and assistance areas to respond to the health emergency triggered by the congenital Zika virus syndrome between 2015 and 2018. Some characteristics of the context were: a severe economic crisis, the erosion of the governance capacities of the state political authorities as well and scarce technical-scientific knowledge about the epidemic. The study was grounded on an analysis of documents related to the topic, 17 semi-structured interviews with managers and professionals from the two secretariats. Interview scripts focused on intersectoral actions and processes of cooperation and coordination within and between organizations. The analytical grid included aspects of the interpersonal, informational, and decision-making roles of managers and technicians. The results show that, despite the political and economic crisis, the Secretariat actors managed to create a flow of care for patients. Informal cooperation and coordination mechanisms were crucial for the creation of long-term intersectoral strategies.