Resumo A pandemia da Covid-19 pode ser considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública internacional dos últimos decénios, sendo evidentes os problemas de saúde mental ligados à imposição do confinamento durante a mesma. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática de literatura com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos da restrição da liberdade e do isolamento social na qualidade de vida das pessoas em Portugal durante o período de pandemia. Recorremos à Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online (B-On), procurando artigos publicados entre setembro de 2019 e março de 2022, e utilizando os termos: “Mental Health AND Confinement OR Quarantine OR Lockdown”, com seleção do campo “[TI Título]” e “Portugal OR Portuguese”. Os artigos incluídos no estudo identificaram efeitos negativos do confinamento no bem-estar mental e no estado emocional, associados a comportamentos de estilo de vida pouco saudáveis, inatividade física e social, má qualidade de sono, comportamentos alimentares pouco saudáveis, desemprego ou inatividade laboral e maior utilização da tecnologia durante o período de confinamento. As medidas de restrição culminaram no agravamento da sintomatologia depressiva, de ansiedade e na diminuição da qualidade de vida, associada a sentimentos de solidão e isolamento social.

Abstract Covid-19 pandemic can be considered one of the biggest international public health problems in the last decades, and had a severe impact on the mental health and wellbeing of people around the world linked to the imposition of confinement. We carried out a systematic literature review with the aim of analyzing the effects of restriction of freedom and social isolation on the quality of life of people in Portugal during the pandemic period. We used the Online Knowledge Library (B-On), looking for articles published between September 2019 and March 2022, and using the terms: “Mental Health AND Confinement OR Quarantine OR Lockdown”, selecting the field “[TI Title]” and “Portugal OR Portuguese”. We tried to identify negative effects of confinement on mental well-being and emotional state, associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, physical and social inactivity, poor sleep quality, unhealthy eating behaviors, unemployment or work inactivity and greater use of technology during the confinement period. The restriction measures culminated in the worsening of depressive and anxiety symptoms and a decrease in quality of life, associated with feelings of loneliness and social isolation.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research has been to provide information about the psychological effects of confinement forced by a prolonged quarantine in a suitable adult sample of 596 Bolivians of both sexes. It was sought to explore the perceptions of the participants about their own emotional state: fears, anxieties, depressions, while they were in isolation to reduce the probability of contagion of COVID 19. Additionally, we were interested in verifying the modulating effects of resilience and self-efficacy on such emotional states. The results indicated, in the same direction of similar studies, significant relationships between high perceived loneliness, high levels of stress and anxiety, with relatively high levels of depression. Likewise, it was clear that stress, perceived loneliness, and anxiety are predictors of depression among those in conditions of forced isolation. Finally, it was found that both resilience and self-efficacy exert a clear moderating effect by attenuating the relationships of perceived loneliness and anxiety, on depression.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi fornecer informações sobre os efeitos psicológicos do confinamento forçado por uma quarentena prolongada em uma amostra adequada de 596 bolivianos de ambos os sexos. Buscou-se explorar as percepções dos participantes sobre seu próprio estado emocional: medos, ansiedades, depressões, enquanto estavam em isolamento para reduzir a probabilidade de contágio por COVID-19. Além disso, nos interessava verificar os efeitos moderadores da resiliência e autoeficácia nesses estados emocionais. Os resultados indicaram, na mesma direção de estudos similares, relações significativas entre a alta percepção de solidão, níveis elevados de estresse e ansiedade, com níveis relativamente altos de depressão. Da mesma forma, ficou claro que o estresse, a percepção de solidão e a ansiedade são preditores da depressão entre aqueles em condições de isolamento forçado. Por fim, descobriu-se que tanto a resiliência quanto a autoeficácia exercem um claro efeito moderador ao atenuar as relações entre a percepção de solidão e ansiedade, sobre a depressão.

RESUMEN El propósito de esta investigación ha sido proporcionar información sobre los efectos psicológicos del confinamiento forzado por una cuarentena prolongada en una muestra adecuada de 596 bolivianos de ambos sexos. Se buscó explorar las percepciones de los participantes sobre su propio estado emocional: miedos, ansiedades, depresiones, mientras estaban en aislamiento para reducir la probabilidad de contagio de COVID-19. Además, nos interesaba verificar los efectos moduladores de la resiliencia y la autoeficacia en dichos estados emocionales. Los resultados indicaron, en la misma dirección de estudios similares, relaciones significativas entre la percepción alta de soledad, niveles altos de estrés y ansiedad, con niveles relativamente altos de depresión. Asimismo, quedó claro que el estrés, la percepción de soledad y la ansiedad son predictores de la depresión entre aquellos en condiciones de aislamiento forzado. Finalmente, se encontró que tanto la resiliencia como la autoeficacia ejercen un claro efecto moderador al atenuar las relaciones entre la percepción de soledad y ansiedad, sobre la depresión.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, se ha prestado mucha atención a la búsqueda de métodos eficientes para evaluar las habilidades de escritura de los estudiantes universitarios. Se ha señalado que los ejercicios de escritura en inglés existentes son en gran medida ineficaces para los estudiantes universitarios entrantes, y los estudiantes tienen dificultades con las tareas de escritura libre. De esta manera, desarrollar sólidas habilidades de escritura en inglés plantea muchos desafíos para los estudiantes, por lo que es necesario buscar formas eficientes de mejorar el conocimiento, la estructura de las oraciones y el contenido de los estudiantes al escribir. En este sentido, un objetivo clave es enfatizar la importancia de la evaluación para enseñar con éxito la escritura en inglés. Considerando lo anterior, este estudio examina conceptos para evaluar las habilidades de escritura en inglés de los estudiantes universitarios. Para lograr este objetivo, los principales métodos de investigación utilizados fueron una revisión de la literatura y una encuesta entre estudiantes de la Universidad Pedagógica Estatal de Azerbaiyán. El estudio destaca cómo el dominio de la escritura beneficia el crecimiento cognitivo de los estudiantes y considera los impactos psicológicos de las evaluaciones de escritura. Los hallazgos indican que las evaluaciones pueden aumentar la ansiedad y reducir el rendimiento de la escritura de los estudiantes universitarios. Como resultado, evaluar el trabajo escrito de los estudiantes plantea dificultades para los educadores. Además, el proceso de escritura y las características de una escritura efectiva difieren en contextos de investigación versus evaluación. Los hallazgos clave de la encuesta realizada muestran que las instrucciones descritas para evaluar la escritura ofrecen a los estudiantes conocimientos sistemáticos para desarrollar eficazmente sus habilidades de escritura.

ABSTRACT In recent years, finding efficient methods to assess university students' writing abilities has received significant attention. It has been pointed out that existing English writing exercises are largely ineffective for incoming university students, and students struggle with free writing tasks. This way, developing strong writing skills in English poses many challenges for students so, it is necessary to look for efficient ways to improve students' knowledge, sentence structure, and content when writing. In this regard, a key goal is emphasizing the importance of assessment for successfully teaching English writing. Considering the above, this study examines concepts for assessing university students' English writing skills. To accomplish this goal, the main methods of research used were a literature review and a survey among students at Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University. The study highlights how writing proficiency benefits students' cognitive growth and considers the psychological impacts of writing assessments. Findings indicate that assessments may increase anxiety and lower performance for college students' writing. As a result, evaluating students' written work poses difficulties for educators. Moreover, the writing process and features of effective writing differ in research versus assessment contexts. Key findings in the survey conducted show that instructions described for assessing writing offer students’ systematic knowledge for effectively developing their writing abilities.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the level of COVID-19 risk perception (PCR-CV19) by returning to in-person classes and to analyze this perception with sociodemographic and health variables associated with such disease. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and prospective study. The questionnaire was adapted to assess the PCR-CV19 among 532 university students. Moreover, an association analysis of the four dimensions of the PCR-CV19 (cognitive vulnerability, emotional vulnerability, risky-protective behaviors and severity) and the perception index was performed with sociodemographic and health variables. The following statistical methods were used: one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, Levene’s test for homogeneity of variances and Tukey’s honest significant difference or Games-Howell post hoc tests. These analyses were performed using the Jamovi statistical software, version 1.2.2. Results: A moderate level of PCR-CV19 was found, where the most relevant dimensions were risky-protective behaviors and severity. In addition, there was an association between the dimensions PCR-CV19 and perception index with the variables age, gender, alcohol consumption, physical and mental health indicators (anxiety and depression), and experiences with COVID-19. Cognitive vulnerability and emotional vulnerability were the most sensitive dimensions in the evaluation of the PCR-CV19. Conclusions: We continue to face constant risk conditions, thus making it necessary to maintain a surveillance scheme of the PCR-CV19 experienced by the population. In university students, cognitive vulnerability and emotional vulnerability were the most sensitive dimensions in the evaluation of PCR-CV19 and experiences with COVID-19 (illness or death). The fact that university students do not feel vulnerable and/or do not perceive the severity associated with COVID-19 transmission may affect their self-care behaviors. These results have key implications for public health; therefore, an intersectoral approach is required to have relevant information in order to face future pandemics.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de percepción de riesgo de contagio de la COVID-19 frente al retorno a las clases presenciales y analizar esta percepción con variables sociodemográficas y de salud asociadas a esta enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y prospectivo. Se adaptó el cuestionario para evaluar la percepción de riesgo de contagio de la COVID-19 (PCR-CV19) en 532 universitarios. Además, se realizó un análisis de asociación de las cuatro dimensiones del PCR-CV19 (vulnerabilidad cognitiva, vulnerabilidad emocional, conductas de riesgo-protección y gravedad) y el índice de percepción con variables sociodemográficas y de salud. Se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas: análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de una vía (OneWay ANOVA), previa verificación de la prueba de normalidad Shapiro-Wilk y la prueba de Levene para la homogeneidad y la prueba post-hoc de Tukey o Ganes-Howell. Estos análisis se realizaron en el programa estadístico JAMOVI, versión 1.2.2. Resultados: Se evidenció un nivel moderado de percepción de riesgo de contagio, en donde las dimensiones de las conductas de riesgo-protección y gravedad se identificaron como las más relevantes; asimismo, se encontró asociación entre las dimensiones del PCR-CV19 y el índice de percepción con las variables edad, género, consumo de alcohol e indicadores de salud física y mental (ansiedad y depresión) y las experiencias vividas con la enfermedad de la COVID-19. Los aspectos de vulnerabilidad cognitiva y emocional fueron las dimensiones más sensibles en la evaluación de la percepción. Conclusiones: Seguimos enfrentando condiciones de riesgo que surgen de manera constante, lo que hace necesario mantener un esquema de vigilancia de la percepción de riesgo que experimenta la población. En los universitarios, los aspectos de vulnerabilidad cognitiva y emocional fueron las dimensiones más sensibles en la evaluación de la percepción del riesgo y las experiencias vividas con la COVID-19 (enfermedad o muerte). El hecho de que los universitarios no se sientan vulnerables y/o no perciban la gravedad asociada al contagio puede afectar sus conductas de autocuidado. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones claves para la salud pública, por lo que se requiere un abordaje intersectorial, con el objetivo de contar con información relevante para enfrentar futuras pandemias.

Abstract An athlete’s sporting experience is a factor associated with better-coping strategies and emotional regulation, especially concerning competitive anxiety and its symptoms. To verify whether more experienced athletes have lower rates of negativism and higher levels of self-confidence, we compared the means of these two variables between athletes with more and less experience. A meta-analysis was performed, following the PRISMA model. Seven articles were selected that measured, through the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 (CSAI-2 or its shortened version, CSAI-2R), the levels of self-confidence and negativism of high-performance athletes with different sports experiences. Significant statistical differences were found regarding the levels of negativism between athletes with more and less experience (p < .001). The same occurred with the levels of self-confidence between athletes with more and less sports experience (< .001). The results align with our initial hypothesis, formulated by Martens et al. (1990), that athletes with more experience would have higher self-confidence and lower negativism averages. One of the reasons may be using more effective coping strategies that are improved during the career years.

Resumo A alta experiência desportiva de um atleta é um fator que está associado a melhores estratégias de coping e regulação emocional, principalmente em relação a ansiedade competitiva e os seus sintomas. Com o intuito de verificar se atletas mais experientes possuem menores índices de negativismo e maiores índices de autoconfiança, comparamos as médias dessas duas variáveis entre atletas com maior e menor experiência. Foi realizada uma meta-análise, seguindo o modelo PRISMA. Foram selecionados 7 artigos que medissem, através do Competitive State Anxiety Inventory - 2 (CSAI-2 ou sua versão reduzida, CSAI-2R), os níveis de autoconfiança e negativismo de atletas de alta performance com diferentes experiências desportivas. Em relação aos níveis de negativismo entre atletas com maior e menor experiência, foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < .001). O mesmo ocorreu com os níveis de autoconfiança entre atletas com maior e menor experiência desportiva (< .001). Os resultados obtidos vão de encontro com nossa hipótese inicial, formulada por Martens et al. (1990), no sentido de que atletas com maior experiência teriam maiores médias de autoconfiança e menores de negativismo. Um dos motivos pode ser o uso de estratégias mais eficazes de coping que são aprimoradas durante os anos de carreira.

The study aimed to analyze the association of anxiety and the use of anxiolytics among college students in the health area. This is a sectional study of the web-survey type, with a sample of 286 college students from some courses in the health area. Data collection occurred through electronic forms in Google forms sent by e-mail and Instagram social network. A higher frequency of clonazepam use (n= 31; 62%; p= 0.588) was associated with high trait anxiety. There was a preponderance of the use of the same drug (n= 30; 60%; p= 0.982) related to moderate state anxiety. These occurrences were more pronounced in female college students (42.3%) and those who attended public institutions (55.3%). Given this, it is concluded that higher education institutions should invest in awareness-raising actions on the use of anxiolytics and aimed at minimizing anxiety in this population. Portuguese version of the article: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.4348

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la asociación de la ansiedad y el uso de ansiolíticos entre los estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud. Se trata de un estudio seccional, de tipo encuesta web, con una muestra de 286 estudiantes universitarios de algunos cursos del área de la salud. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante formularios electrónicos de Google enviados por correo electrónico y la red social Instagram. Se percibió una mayor frecuencia de uso de Clonazepam (n= 31; 62%; p= 0,588) asociada a la ansiedad de alto nivel. También hubo una preponderancia del uso del mismo fármaco (n= 30; 60%; p= 0,982) relacionado con la ansiedad estatal moderada. Estos sucesos fueron más pronunciados en las mujeres universitarias (42,3%) y que asistieron a instituciones públicas (55,3%). Ante esto, se concluye que las instituciones de educación superior deben invertir en acciones de sensibilización sobre el uso de ansiolíticos, y dirigidas a minimizar la ansiedad en esta población. Versión en portugués del artículo: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.4348

O estudo objetivou analisar a associação da ansiedade e uso de ansiolíticos entre estudantes universitários da área saúde. Trata-se de um estudo seccional, do tipo web-survey, com amostra de 286 estudantes universitários de alguns cursos da área da saúde. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de formulários eletrônicos no Google forms enviados por e-mail e rede social Instagram. Percebeu-se uma frequência maior de uso de Clonazepam (n= 31; 62%; p= 0,588) associado à ansiedade traço alta. Assim como houve uma preponderância do uso do mesmo medicamento (n= 30; 60%; p= 0,982) relacionado à ansiedade estado moderada. Essas ocorrências foram mais acentuadas em estudantes universitárias do sexo feminino (42,3%) e que frequentavam instituições públicas (55,3%). Diante disso, conclui-se que as instituições de ensino superior devem investir em ações de conscientização sobre o uso de ansiolíticos, e que visem a minimização da ansiedade dessa população. Versão em Português do artigo: https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.4348

The study aimed to analyze the association of anxiety and use of anxiolytics among college students in the health area. This is a sectional study, of the web-survey type, with a sample of 286 college students from some courses in the health area. Data collection occurred through electronic forms in Google forms sent by e-mail and Instagram social network. It was noticed a higher frequency of Clonazepam use (n= 31; 62%; p= 0.588) associated with high trait anxiety. Just as there was a preponderance of the use of the same drug (n= 30; 60%; p= 0.982) related to moderate state anxiety. These occurrences were more pronounced in female college students (42.3%) and who attended public institutions (55.3%). Given this, it is concluded that higher education institutions should invest in awareness-raising actions on the use of anxiolytics, and aimed at minimizing anxiety in this population.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la asociación de la ansiedad y el uso de ansiolíticos entre los estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud. Se trata de un estudio seccional, de tipo encuesta web, con una muestra de 286 estudiantes universitarios de algunos cursos del área de la salud. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante formularios electrónicos de Google enviados por correo electrónico y la red social Instagram. Se percibió una mayor frecuencia de uso de Clonazepam (n= 31; 62%; p= 0,588) asociada a la ansiedad de alto nivel. También hubo una preponderancia del uso del mismo fármaco (n= 30; 60%; p= 0,982) relacionado con la ansiedad estatal moderada. Estos sucesos fueron más pronunciados en las mujeres universitarias (42,3%) y que asistieron a instituciones públicas (55,3%). Ante esto, concluimos que las instituciones de educación superior deberían invertir en acciones de concienciación sobre el uso de ansiolíticos, y dirigidas a minimizar la ansiedad en esta población.

O estudo objetivou analisar a associação da ansiedade e uso de ansiolíticos entre estudantes universitários da área saúde. Trata-se de um estudo seccional, do tipo web-survey, com amostra de 286 estudantes universitários de alguns cursos da área da saúde. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de formulários eletrônicos no Google forms enviados por e-mail e rede social Instagram. Percebeu-se uma frequência maior de uso de Clonazepam (n= 31; 62%; p= 0,588) associado à ansiedade traço alta. Assim como houve uma preponderância do uso do mesmo medicamento (n= 30; 60%; p= 0,982) relacionado à ansiedade estado moderada. Essas ocorrências foram mais acentuadas em estudantes universitárias do sexo feminino (42,3%) e que frequentavam instituições públicas (55,3%). Diante disso, conclui-se que as instituições de ensino superior devem investir em ações de conscientização sobre o uso de ansiolíticos, e que visem a minimização da ansiedade dessa população.

Resumen El estado emocional de los jugadores profesionales resulta importante para consolidar comportamientos autorregulados y adaptativos dentro de contextos competitivos. La investigación tuvo el propósito de determinar la relación entre ansiedad y tolerancia a la frustración en futbolistas pertenecientes a equipos profesionales de Riobamba, durante los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2022, en el contexto del Club Deportivo Olmedo. Esta tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental y alcance correlacional; en la que participaron 70 futbolistas profesionales. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de revisión de documentos, a partir de las fichas de perfiles levantadas como parte de una estrategia gerencial, durante cuyo diagnóstico se aplicaron los instrumentos psicométricos: Cuestionario de Ansiedad Competitiva SAS-2 y Escala de Frustración de las Necesidades Psicológicas en el Ejercicio Físico. El nivel alto predominó en la dimensión preocupación (3,35) perteneciente a la ansiedad. Todos los valores de las medias de las necesidades psicológicas relacionadas con la frustración estuvieron en el nivel alto (de 3,32 a 3,80). La correlación entre las dimensiones de ambas variables ansiedad y frustración resultó estadísticamente significativa y directamente proporcional en todos los casos, predominando una intensidad de moderada a fuerte.

Abstract The emotional state of professional players is essential to consolidating self-regulated and adaptive behaviors within competitive contexts. This research aimed to determine the relationship between anxiety and frustration tolerance in soccer players belonging to professional teams in Riobamba during November and December 2022 in the context of the Olmedo Sports Club. This study had a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental design and correlational scope, in which 70 professional footballers participated. The data were obtained through the document review technique from the profile sheets created as part of a management strategy. The psychometric instruments were applied during the diagnosis: SAS-2 Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire and Needs Frustration Scale. Psychological in Physical Exercise. The high level predominated in anxiety's worry dimension (3.35). All mean values related to frustration-related psychological needs were high (3.32 to 3.80). The correlation between the measurements of both anxiety and frustration variables was statistically significant and directly proportional in all cases, with moderate to strong intensity predominating.

Blumenberg 's philosophical anthropology, about the origin and development of imaginative thinking among early human beings, serves as the backdrop to this article about the reasons art exists as a human activity. The article could be read in conjunction with a prior set of two articles by myself (in Afrikaans), "Hans Blumenberg's philosophical anthropology" and "Hans Blumenberg's model for the evolution of thought". Blumenberg posited that a strong connection exists between the earliest existential anxiety and the development of self-consciousness in humans and that this sets the human apart from the natural animal. My article looks at the evolution of thinking about art in the European human being, the way it occurred in various historical times, against the backdrop of the first thinking responses in primordial times. Art originated as a form of wishful thinking, as part of a survival response, which compensated for the early human's sudden lack of belonging in the world. This sudden lack occurred when the creature accidently strayed from its earliest natural habitat - that of being enclosed by primordial forests - and ended up on the open grasslands exposed to all kinds of dangers. As a result of this catastrophe, the early creature was confronted by the "absolutism of reality", as Blumenberg calls it, i.e. a near total lack of control over his own destiny in the face of overpowering factors of reality. The creation of art had a direct connection to this abysmal existential anxiety because it featured forms of imaging that assuaged the anxiety. Through the ages and to this day art plays a pacifying role in human culture. Blumenberg points out that the earliest developed forms of thinking were mostly of a mythical nature, i.e. of a wished-for or dreamt-up nature, such as the creation of the gods, and art in its first forms was part of this response. The primordial humans placed the gods between themselves and the absolutism of reality. They could approach the gods for favours or at least ascribe their sufferings to the wilful actions of these all-powerful beings. The humans made art as a form of assuaging their anxieties but as makers they had to make sure that they did not transgress on the gods 'primary right of creation. Move on now from primordial time to historical time. Especially in the Middle Ages, the human being found itself in a position of intense negotiation with Christian theology and with God as the Creator to make sure that while they created things they still could rely on the favour of the Creator. My article looks at Blumenberg's analyses of historical epochs, defined as such by him, that preceded the Modern Epoch and how this diachronic historical process eventually opened up the space for modern art to make its appearance. According to Blumenberg, the nature of the epochs and the reality concepts that govern these epochs, as well as their intermediary junctures, can only become apparent in retrospect. It is Modernity and the phenomenological ability that comes with modern times that enables this retrospective awareness in people. Blumenberg believes that the shapes of knowledge - be it philosophy, religion, culture or art - exist in particular ways within the broad machinations of an epoch - a way that pertains to that epoch alone. Knowledge has certain functions that may change in a follow-up epoch. Every epoch's institutions and traditions have the primary goal to ensure the survival of the human being as a social being (i.e. a failed natural creature). Aristotle's idea of "art as mimesis of nature" was the conception of art that reigned from European Antiquity through the Renaissance to early modernity. It was an idea designed to keep the favour of Providence while humankind slowly, and hidden to itself, expanded human autonomy in its self-expression. The Aristotelian God was the maker of things, based on the Forms of Plato, through the influence of Neoplatonism, and people did not exist as anything else but a subsidiary part of God's creation. The article traces several reoccupations within the Aristotelian scheme towards the eventually fully autonomous modern artist. All the reoccupations happened within reigning Christian theology, including the last vital one, the freeing of the human will on account of the expanding influence of Augustine's free-will thesis. It was theology that governed all knowing and its possibilities. But the changing of the guard in the reoccupation process leading to the meanings of modern art was laborious and slow. The "logic" of a particular threshold-period, namely the Renaissance of Leonardo da Vinci, was still bound up with the idea of a privileged viewpoint within the Aristotelian mimesis structure, much comparable in structure to the scientific observations of Copernicus. Both thinkers were still coming to terms with the unseating of the centrality of the given world. Blumenberg's critique of Paul Valéry 's wished-for analysis of Leonardo in Valery's own modern terms, argues that premodern art can only be understood for what it says if judged within the function of its own epochal frame. However, Blumenberg admires Valéry 's terms for modern art, especially the term objet ambigu, which finally leaves behind the privileged window image of art that reigned supreme during the Renaissance. The objet ambigu is an art product that has full spacial dexterity and movement. My article argues that the hard-earned freedoms that characterise the objet ambigu bring new securities as well as insecurities to the human being's world concept. One of the great gains for the modern mind is that it can consciously view meanings in terms of phenomenology, that is in a distanced way as if he is in the other time despite being in his own time. The earliest patterns of meaning that were devised by a primordial mind are mythical. These are so basic to thinking that they are imperishable, and still very instrumental in the communication modes of modern art, as my analysis of a Robert Frost poem shows. But the metaphorology underlying these "significance structures" has now been rendered self-conscious in the human, compared to the human of premodern and primordial art. In conclusion, it is postulated that certain shifts in late modernity are bringing about new forms of the absolutism of reality and existential anxiety, and that these have definite implications for the art product. Blumenberg's reality concept (Wirklichkeitsbegriff) of Widerstand ("withstanding") - of a world utterly traumatised by its freedoms and divisions - seems particularly apt, and my article cautions that the late modern state of affairs holds a threat to the freedom and intentional dimensionality of the objet ambigu. The reason for this, I propose, is that a world disunited in its attempts to save its rhetorical bulwark - i.e. the broad range of human mind activities that sets him apart as a social being - will be inclined to demand simplicity and partisan allegiance from the late modern artist, which amounts to an anti-modern and retrogressive stance despite all our means available to the contrary.

Die artikel gee 'n uiteensetting van die ontstaansredes vir die aktiwiteit van kuns teen die agtergrond van Hans Blumenberg se antropologie van die denke. Kuns is ten diepste 'n oorlewingsmeganisme en een van die mens se vroegste denkvorme. Volgens Hans Blumenberg se filosofiese antropologie bestaan daar 'n sterk verband tussen die noodsaak om kuns te skep en die beswering van eksistensiële angs, wat teruggaan na die mens se vroegste tyd van 'n selfbewussyn. Die vroegste denkvorme was mitewerkend van aard, en hieronder val die vroegste kuns ook. Dan beweeg die artikel van die primordiale na die (meer onlangse) historiese tyd, en karteer dit die Europese mens se veranderende kunsopvatting vanaf die Antieke Tyd tot by die Moderne Tyd teen die agtergrond van die filosofiese antropologie. Op grond van Blumenberg se model van tydperke wat volgens hul eie afsonderlike "tydslogika" funksioneer, en sy siening van "werklikheidsbegrippe", wat tye en tydsgewrigte tipeer, word die verskeie stadia van die Aristoteliaanse model van kuns bekyk in terme van die werking van "reokkupasie" - Blumenberg se begrip vir hoe die funksies van ideesisteme in historiese tyd evolueer. Die Aristoteliaanse opvatting het geglo kuns is die nabootsing van die natuur (Skepping). My artikel illustreer hoe die een na die ander term in hierdie opvatting sy funksie verander het totdat dit die moderne kunsopvatting, wat nie meer op nabootsing gegrond is nie maar op die selfstandige selfverwysende kunswerk, moontlik gemaak het. Leonardo da Vinci word binne die Renaissance-werklikheidsbegrip met die objet ambigu van die moderne kuns vergelyk. Die bedreiging wat 'n opnuut getraumatiseerde laatmoderne tyd vir die funksionering van die objet ambigu inhou, word bekyk.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a diferença hormonal (cortisol) entre os sexos, especialidades do nado e desempenho dos nadadores adolescentes, verificar a existência das relações entre cortisol e aspectos cognitivos, entre 35 nadadores média de idade 15,41± 0,51 anos, avaliados durante o Campeonato Brasileiro Juvenil de Natação. Além disso, foram utilizados questionários, Ansiedade do Estado Competitivo (CSAI-2) e caracterização sociodemográfica. Também foram efetuadas coletas salivares. As nadadoras apresentaram maior ansiedade cognitiva (22,28± 5,16) vs masculino (16,84± 6,15, p= 0,012), ansiedade somática feminino (19,14± 5,43) vs masculino (15,15± 2,40, p= 0,008). Os velocistas apresentaram maior ansiedade somática (18,43± 4,80) do que nadadores de meia e longa distância vs meio fundo e fundo (15,35± 3,46, p= 0,042). Nadadores com baixo desempenho mostraram maior ansiedade cognitiva (21,80± 6,42) quando comparado a atletas de alto desempenho (17,55± 5,07, p= 0,049). Os velocistas exibiram maiores níveis de cortisol pré-competição (0,41± 0,12). Nadadores do sexo masculino apresentaram relações negativas entre ansiedade cognitiva e autoconfiança (r= −0,56; p= 0,001), ansiedade somática (r= −0,45; p= 0,001), bem como nadadores de média e longa distância (r= −0,52, p= 0,001) e nadadores de alto desempenho (r= −0,78, p= 0,001). Do mesmo modo, foi encontrado uma relação psicofisiológica nos atletas de baixo desempenho entre ansiedade somática e cortisol pré-competição (r= −0,50; p= 0,002). Portanto, treinadores e demais envolvidos na preparação destes atletas podem utilizar a medida biológica do cortisol salivar como marcador de ansiedade e desempenho esportivo em nadadores jovens.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to compare the hormonal difference (cortisol) between the sexes, swimming specialities and performance of adolescent swimmers to verify the existence of the relationship between cortisol and cognitive aspects among 35 swimmers with an average age of 15.41± 0.51 years, evaluated during the Brazilian Youth Swimming Championship. In addition, questionnaires, Competitive State Anxiety (CSAI-2) and sociodemographic characterisation were used. Together, salivary collections were performed. Female swimmers had higher cognitive anxiety (22.28± 5.16) vs male (16.84± 6.15, p= 0.012). female (19.14± 5.43) vs male (15.15± 2.40, p= 0.008) somatic anxiety. Sprinters had higher somatic anxiety (18.43± 4.80) than middle and long-distance swimmers vs middle and long-distance swimmers (15.35± 3.46, p= 0.042). Low-performance swimmers had greater cognitive anxiety (21.80± 6.42) than high-performance swimmers (17.55± 5.07, p= 0.049). Sprinters exhibited higher pre-competition cortisol levels (0.41± 0.12). Male swimmers showed negative relationships between cognitive anxiety and self-confidence (r= −0.56; p= 0.001), somatic anxiety (r= −0.45; p= 0.001), as well as middle and long-distance swimmers (r= −0.52, p= 0.001) and high-performance swimmers (r= −0.78, p= 0.001). Likewise, a psychophysiological relationship was found in low-performance athletes between somatic anxiety and pre-competition cortisol. (r= −0.50; p= 0.002). Therefore, coaches and others involved in the preparation of these athletes can use the biological measurement of salivary cortisol as an anxiety marker and sports performance in young swimmers.

Summary The purpose of this instrumental design study was to analyze the psychometric evidence of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) for its application in university students in Metropolitan Lima. A total of 520 students participated, 292 women (56%) and 228 men (44%), between 18 and 61 years of age (M = 24.89, SD = 5.17). The confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable values for the bifactor model: χ2/gl = 4.645, CFI = .99, TLI = .98, SRMR = .027, RMSEA = .084 (90% C.I., .072, .096) and WRMR = .99. Additionally, a value of H = .945, PUC = .727, ECV = .695 and the ωH = .85 were obtained for the general factor. Convergent validity was examined with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) (r = .50; r2 = .25) and divergent validity with the Test Anxiety Inventory-State (TAI-State) (r = -.32; r2 = .10). In addition, reliability was determined through the ordinal omega coefficient for the general scale (ω = .97) and its three factors respectively: (ω = .90), (ω = .96) and (ω = .93). Finally, the factorial invariance analysis showed evidence of fairness by sex (ΔCFI<.010, ΔRMSEA <.015). In conclusion, the MSPSS has adequate psychometric properties to quantify the variable perceived social support in Lima university students.

Resumen El presente estudio de diseño instrumental tuvo como finalidad analizar las evidencias psicométricas de la Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social Percibido (MSPSS) para su aplicación en estudiantes universitarios de Lima Metropolitana. Participaron 520 estudiantes, 292 mujeres (56%) y 228 hombres (44%), entre 18 a 61 años (M = 24.89, DE = 5.17). El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró valores aceptables para el modelo bifactor: χ2/gl = 4.645, CFI = .99, TLI = .98, SRMR = .027, RMSEA = .084 (90% I.C., .072, .096) y WRMR = .99. Adicionalmente, se obtuvo en el factor general un valor de H = .945, PUC = .727, ECV = .695 y el ωH = .85. La validez convergente se examinó con la Escala de Autoeficacia General (EAG) (r = .50; r2 = .25) y la validez divergente con el inventario de ansiedad ante exámenes-estado (TAI-Estado) (r = -.32; r2 = .10). Además, la confiabilidad se determinó a través del coeficiente omega ordinal para la escala general (ω = .97) y sus tres factores respectivamente: (ω = .90), (ω = .96) y (ω = .93). Finalmente, el análisis de invarianza factorial mostró evidencias de equidad por sexo (ΔCFI<.010, ΔRMSEA <.015). En conclusión, la MSPSS reúne adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para cuantificar la variable apoyo social percibido en universitarios limeños.

Abstract A descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out in order to characterize the state of mental health in a group of individuals from the central Ecuadorian Highlands. The studied variables were somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and severe depression. The sample consisted of 301 taxi drivers from the Chimborazo province, selected by a non-probabilistic test for convenience. The self-administered Goldberg Health Questionnaire (GHQ28) was applied. The age of the patient and the total score of each by points were associated. However, there was not enough empirical evidence (p > 0.05) to affirm that the sociodemographic characteristics: origin, residence, cohabitation, ethnicity, educational level, marital status, religion and having children were associated with having new-onset mental health problems. This last variable was higher in women than in men, while the tenure of chronic problems was similar in both sexes.

Resumen Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional en función de caracterizar el estado de salud mental en un grupo de individuos de la Sierra centro ecuatoriana, a través de las variables: síntomas somáticos, ansiedad e insomnio, disfunción social y depresión grave. La muestra estuvo constituida por 301 taxistas de la provincia Chimborazo, seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se aplicó el cuestionario de salud de Goldberg (GHQ28) autoadministrado. Se buscó relación entre la edad y la calificación total de cada paciente por puntos; sin embargo, no se observó evidencia empírica suficiente (p>0,05) para afirmar que las características sociodemográficas: procedencia, la residencia, la convivencia, la etnia, el nivel educacional, el estado civil, la religión y la tenencia de hijos se asocian con la tenencia de problemas de salud mental de nueva aparición. Esta última variable fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres; mientras que la tenencia de problemas crónicos fue similar en ambos sexos.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en realizar la adaptación cultural y el estudio psicométrico de la versión española del Job Contents Questionnaire en trabajadores de Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y de Gran Buenos Aires. La muestra se conformó de 331 (70% es de género femenino y 30% es de género masculino, media de edad de 33,15, DS=11,84). Primero se realizó una adaptación cultural mediante la evaluación de jueces expertos y una prueba piloto. La versión adaptada se conformó de 29 ítems. Para evaluar el comportamiento de los ítems se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio bajo la modalidad de correlaciones policóricas aplicando el método de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados (ULS) con un método de rotación Varimax. El instrumento quedó constituido por 21 ítems que se adecúan al modelo propuesto por Karasek. Los ítems que componen el factor Demandas (5), Control (6) y Apoyo Social (10). Los resultados evidencian criterios de validez aparente, de contenido y de constructo, con excelentes índices de fiabilidad (alfas ordinales mayores a .86). Además, se evidenció validez externa tomando como medida de criterio la escala de Ansiedad Estado del STAI. El instrumento presentó propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias para su aplicación en el contexto local.

Abstract: This article aims to present the cultural adaptation and the psychometric study of the Spanish version of the Job Contents Questionnaire (JCQ, originally built by Karasek) for workers from the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires and Gran Buenos Aires. The sample consisted on 331 workers (70% are female and 30% are male, mean age of 33.15, SD=11,84). In the first instance, a cultural adaptation was carried out based on the evaluation of expert judges and a pilot test. The adapted version was made up of 29 items. To evaluate the behavior of the items, an exploratory factor analysis was performed under the polychoric correlation modality, applying the unweighted least squares (ULS) method with a Varimax rotation method. The instrument was made up of 21 items that fit the model proposed by Karasek. In summary, the items that make up the factor Demands (5), Control (6) and Social Support (10). The results show face, content and construct validity criteria, with excellent reliability indices (ordinal alphas greater than .86). In addition, external validity was evidenced by taking the STAI State Anxiety scale as a criterion measure. The instrument presented satisfactory psychometric properties for its application in the local context.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar a adaptação cultural e o estudo psicométrico da versão em espanhol do Job Contents Questionnaire em trabalhadores da Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires e Grande Buenos Aires. A amostra foi composta por 331 (70% do sexo feminino e 30% do sexo masculino, média de idade de 33,15, DP=11,84). Primeiramente, foi realizada uma adaptação cultural por meio da avaliação de juízes especialistas e um teste piloto. A versão adaptada foi composta por 29 itens. Para avaliar o comportamento dos itens, foi realizada uma análise fatorial exploratória sob a modalidade de correlação policórica, aplicando-se o método dos mínimos quadrados não ponderados (ULS) com um método de rotação Varimax. O instrumento foi composto por 21 itens que se enquadram no modelo proposto por Karasek. Os itens que compõem o fator Demandas (5), Controle (6) e Apoio Social (10). Os resultados mostram critérios de validade de face, conteúdo e construto, com excelentes índices de confiabilidade (alfas ordinais maiores que 0,86). Além disso, a validade externa foi evidenciada tomando-se a escala STAI State Anxiety como medida de critério. O instrumento apresentou propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias para sua aplicação no contexto local.

ABSTRACT Studying a professional career promotes the personal and academic growth of people, however, this formative period is considered critical from the psychological point of view due to the multiple stressors that exist in the mentioned context, which could affect the emotional state of the students. students. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyze depression, anxiety, and stress in students of a private Peruvian university during the post-pandemic period. The approach was quantitative, the design was non-experimental and the type was descriptive-transversal. The emotional state of 269 students was evaluated through the use of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, an instrument with adequate levels of content validity and reliability. The results indicate that the students presented low levels of depression and anxiety, however, they showed moderate levels of stress. Similarly, it was identified that the most frequently reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were feeling discouraged and sad, being worried about various situations, and feeling angry easily. On the other hand, it was determined that women suffered from higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress than men. Finally, it was concluded that there were symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in the students of a private Peruvian university during the post-pandemic period. For this reason, it is necessary that the university authorities implement strategies for the evaluation, prevention and promotion of mental health in future professionals to favor their performance and personal well-being.

RESUMO Estudar uma carreira profissional promove o crescimento pessoal e académico das pessoas, no entanto, este período formativo é considerado crítico do ponto de vista psicológico devido aos múltiplos estressores existentes no referido contexto, que podem afetar o estado emocional dos estudantes. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a depressão, ansiedade e estresse em estudantes de uma universidade privada peruana durante o período pós-pandemia. A abordagem foi quantitativa, o desenho não experimental e o tipo descritivo-transversal. O estado emocional de 269 estudantes foi avaliado por meio da Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse, instrumento com níveis adequados de validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade. Os resultados indicam que os estudantes apresentaram baixos níveis de depressão e ansiedade, porém, apresentaram níveis moderados de estresse. Da mesma forma, identificou-se que os sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse mais relatados foram sentir-se desanimado e triste, preocupar-se com várias situações e sentir raiva com facilidade. Por outro lado, foi determinado que as mulheres sofriam de níveis mais elevados de depressão, ansiedade e estresse do que os homens. Concluiu-se que houve sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse nos estudantes de uma universidade privada peruana durante o período pós-pandemia. Por isso, é necessário que as autoridades universitárias implementem estratégias de avaliação, prevenção e promoção da saúde mental nos futuros profissionais para favorecer seu desempenho e bem-estar pessoal.

Resumen. Objetivo. Identificar los procesos que predicen un estado óptimo de Flow en deportistas universitarios. Método. En esta investigación se utilizó una muestra de 75 deportistas que participaron en la Universiada Estatal y Nacional con edades comprendidas entre 18 a 25 años (M = 21.26, DT = 1.89). Se aplicó la escala de ansiedad estado competitivo, de motivación en el deporte, de afectos y de estado de Flow. Resultados. Los deportistas con altos niveles en emociones positivas y de un estado óptimo de Flow presentaron bajos niveles de ansiedad somática y cognitiva. Así, la variable que predice en mayor medida un estado óptimo de Flow fueron los afectos positivos seguidos de los apoyos, las horas de entrenamiento y la motivación intrínseca.

Abstract. Objective. The aim of this study was to identify the processes that predict the optimal state of Flow in university athletes. Method. A sample of 75 athletes that participated in the State and National Universiada with ages between 18 and 25 years (M = 21.26, SD = 1.89) was selected in this research. The scale of Competitive State Anxiety, Sport Motivation, Affects and Flow State was administered. Results. Athletes that had higher levels of positive emotions accompanied with optimal state of Flow showed lower levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety. Thus, the variables that predicted an optimal state of Flow to a greater extent had a positive effect along support, hours of training and intrinsic motivation.