The present work reports on the isolation and characterisation of two novel antiviral ester compounds from dichloromethane leaf extracts of Spondias mombin (SM). The characterisation and structural elucidation were established from spectroscopic evidence of nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared and mass spectroscopy. The compounds identified were 6-methylheptyl pentadecanoate and 6-methylheptyl-15-(1,2,3,4,4a,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl)pentadecanoate. The novel isolated ester compounds were reported to have anti-rhino virus activity in silico against a known biological target (HsNMT1) that plays a key role in developing therapeutics against the common cold. Molecular docking analysis revealed the binding affinity across all targets within the range of -4.6 to -8.2 kcal/mol, whilst molecular dynamic simulation showed that systems attained good stability due to the maintenance of mean root-mean-square deviation values within the acceptable range of 1.5-2.5 Å. It can be concluded that the novel compounds are potential inhibitory candidates against rhinovirus protein target HsNMT1. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments are further required to validate the possible inhibitory candidates against rhinovirus disease (common cold). SIGNIFICANCE: The significance of this study contributes to the scientific rationale for using SM leaf extracts to treat viral diseases. Two novel compounds, 6-methylheptyl pentadecanoate and 6-methylheptyl-15-(1,2,3,4,4a,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl)pentadecanoate, were predicted through computer-aided techniques to possess anti-rhinovirus properties.

BACKGROUND: Plants are increasingly explored for their potential as antimicrobial agents. Spondias mombin plants have been used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of dental health and general health issues. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of S. mombin aqueous and ethanol stem bark, leaves and charcoal extracts on Streptococcus mutans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty grams of each plant part was soaked in 100ml of ethanol and boiled in distilled water and left to stand for 24h with intermittent shaking until evaporated. The dried filtrates were diluted to obtain concentrations of 500mg/ml, 250mg/ ml, 125mg/ml and 62.5mg/ml in duplicates. The zone of inhibition, minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration tests on S mutans were carried out using a standard procedure. RESULTS: Ethanol and aqueous extracts of S. mombin displayed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The leaves and stem bark extracts demonstrated superior potency compared to charcoal extracts. Ethanol extracts (32.4mm) consistently exhibited stronger inhibitory effects than aqueous extracts (25mm). CONCLUSION: The salient feature of this study justifies the folkloric medicinal use of Spondias mombin plants in the treatment of toothaches and prevention of dental caries.

Abstract: Spondias mombin is an arboreal species, the fruits of which possess a unique flavor and aroma and contain both nutritive and bioactive compounds. Considering that knowledge regarding the genetic variability in S. mombin is important for the establishment of a genetic improvement program, the aim was to characterize S. mombin accessions collected in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, northeastern Brazil, using molecular analysis with simple sequence repeats markers (ISSR). Twenty-six accessions maintained in the Embrapa Meio-Norte germplasm bank (Teresina, PI, Brazil) and two dwarf accessions collected from a private property in Teresina-PI were evaluated. The 12 ISSR markers employed presented strong discriminatory power as demonstrated by the high percentage of polymorphism (88.75%) and mean polymorphic information content (0.641). High genetic diversity among the accessions was demonstrated by the diversity indices of Nei (H=0.37) and Shannon (I=0.55), while gene flow between populations was considered moderate (Nm=0.6268 migrants per generation). The genetic diversity could be explained mainly by variability within-populations (88.71%) rather than between-populations (11.29%), although the genetic differentiation coefficient between-populations was moderate (GST=0.11) and statistically significant (P < 0.01). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Population Structure analysis showed genetically distinct groups. The dwarf accessions were the most divergent and should be incorporated into the germplasm bank. Our study verified the existence of genetic differentiation between the tested S. mombin accessions and confirmed that such variability could be exploited through genetic improvement programs. Abstract species compounds S program Piauí Brazil ISSR. . (ISSR) Twentysix Twenty six MeioNorte Meio Norte Teresina, Teresina (Teresina PI TeresinaPI evaluated 1 88.75% 8875 88 75 (88.75% 0.641. 0641 0.641 0 641 (0.641) H=0.37 H037 H 37 (H=0.37 I=0.55, I055 I I=0.55 , 55 (I=0.55) Nm=0.6268 Nm06268 Nm 6268 (Nm=0.626 generation. generation generation) withinpopulations within 88.71% 8871 71 (88.71% betweenpopulations 11.29%, 1129 11.29% 11 29 (11.29%) GST=0.11 GST011 GST (GST=0.11 P 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) UPGMA (UPGMA groups programs (ISSR 88.75 887 8 7 (88.75 064 0.64 64 (0.641 H=0.3 H03 3 (H=0.3 I05 I=0.5 5 (I=0.55 Nm=0.626 Nm0626 626 (Nm=0.62 88.71 (88.71 112 11.29 2 (11.29% GST=0.1 GST01 (GST=0.1 00 0.0 88.7 (88.7 06 0.6 6 (0.64 H=0. H0 (H=0. I0 I=0. (I=0.5 Nm=0.62 Nm062 62 (Nm=0.6 11.2 (11.29 GST=0. GST0 (GST=0. 0. 88. (88. (0.6 H=0 (H=0 I=0 (I=0. Nm=0.6 Nm06 (Nm=0. 11. (11.2 GST=0 (GST=0 (88 (0. H= (H= I= (I=0 Nm=0. Nm0 (Nm=0 (11. GST= (GST= (8 (0 (H (I= Nm=0 (Nm= (11 (GST ( (I Nm= (Nm (1

Resumo Spondias mombin é uma espécie arbórea cujos frutos possuem sabor e aroma únicos e contêm compostos nutritivos e bioativos. Considerando que o conhecimento sobre a variabilidade genética em S. mombin é importante para o estabelecimento deum programa de melhoramento genético, objetivou-se caracterizar acessos de S. mombincoletados nos Estados do Maranhão e Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando análisemolecular com repetições simples de sequência: marcadores (ISSR). Foram avaliados 26 acessos mantidos no banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Meio-Norte (Teresina-PI, Brasil) e dois acessos anões coletados em propriedade privada, em Teresina-PI. Os 12 marcadores ISSR empregadosapresentaram forte poder discriminatório demonstrado pelo alto percentual de polimorfismo(88,75%) e conteúdo médio de informação polimórfica (0,641). A altadiversidade genética entre os acessos foi demonstrada pelos índices de diversidade de Nei (H=0,37)e Shannon(I=0,55), enquanto o fluxo gênico entre populações foi considerado moderado(Nm=0,6268 migrantes por geração). A diversidade genética pode ser explicada,principalmente, pela variabilidade dentro das populações (88,71%) e não entre populações (11,29%), embora ocoeficiente de diferenciação genética entre populações tenha sido moderado (GST = 0,11) e estatisticamente significativo (P <0,01). O método de grupos de pares nãoponderados com agrupamento de média aritmética (UPGMA) e a análise de estrutura populacional mostraram grupos geneticamente distintos. Os acessos anões foram os mais divergentes edeveriam ser incorporados ao banco de germoplasma. Nosso estudo verificou a existência de diferenciação genética entre os acessos testados de S. mombine confirmou quetal variabilidade poderia ser explorada através de programas de melhoramento genético. bioativos S genético objetivouse objetivou se Piauí Brasil sequência ISSR. . (ISSR) 2 MeioNorte Meio Norte TeresinaPI, TeresinaPI Teresina PI, PI (Teresina-PI privada TeresinaPI. PI. Teresina-PI 1 polimorfismo88,75% polimorfismo8875 polimorfismo 88,75% 88 75 polimorfismo(88,75% 0,641. 0641 0,641 0 641 (0,641) H=0,37e H037e He H=0,37 H 37 ShannonI=0,55, ShannonI055 ShannonI Shannon I=0,55 , I 55 Shannon(I=0,55) moderadoNm=0,6268 moderadoNm06268 moderadoNm Nm=0,6268 Nm 6268 moderado(Nm=0,626 geração. geração geração) explicadaprincipalmente explicada principalmente explicada,principalmente 88,71% 8871 71 (88,71% 11,29%, 1129 11,29% 11 29 (11,29%) GST 0,11 011 P <0,01. 001 <0,01 01 <0,01) UPGMA (UPGMA distintos (ISSR polimorfismo88 polimorfismo88,75 polimorfismo887 8875 88,75 8 7 polimorfismo(88,75 064 0,64 64 (0,641 37e H037 H=0,3 3 ShannonI=0,55 ShannonI05 I055 I=0,5 5 Shannon(I=0,55 moderadoNm=0,626 moderadoNm0626 Nm06268 Nm=0,626 626 moderado(Nm=0,62 88,71 887 (88,71 112 11,29 (11,29% 0,1 00 <0,0 polimorfismo8 polimorfismo88,7 88,7 polimorfismo(88,7 06 0,6 6 (0,64 H03 H=0, ShannonI=0,5 ShannonI0 I05 I=0, Shannon(I=0,5 moderadoNm=0,62 moderadoNm062 Nm0626 Nm=0,62 62 moderado(Nm=0,6 (88,7 11,2 (11,29 0, <0, polimorfismo88, 88, polimorfismo(88, (0,6 H0 H=0 ShannonI=0, I0 I=0 Shannon(I=0, moderadoNm=0,6 moderadoNm06 Nm062 Nm=0,6 moderado(Nm=0, (88, 11, (11,2 <0 polimorfismo(88 (0, H= ShannonI=0 I= Shannon(I=0 moderadoNm=0, moderadoNm0 Nm06 Nm=0, moderado(Nm=0 (88 (11, < polimorfismo(8 (0 ShannonI= Shannon(I= moderadoNm=0 Nm0 Nm=0 moderado(Nm= (8 (11 polimorfismo( ( Shannon(I moderadoNm= Nm= moderado(Nm (1

Abstract The fruit of Spondias mombin (cajazeira) is widely consumed in the northeast region of Brazil. In this work, three different extraction methods, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), turbo-extraction (TE) and pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), were evaluated in order to investigate the potential of cajazeira leaves as an alternative source of bioactive compounds. The extraction methods were compared in terms of yield, chemical composition and total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts. The highest yields and TPC values were obtained by TE with a mixture ethanol: water (70:30%, v/v) as the solvent. PHWE has not yet been applied for the extraction of cajazeira leaves. Thus, it was evaluated as one alternative for the recovery of phenolic compounds under conditions of 80, 100 and 120 °C and 100 and 120 bar. A modeling study of PHWE kinetics was investigated at 80 °C and 200 bar. Furthermore, a biorefinery approach considering integrated processes to recover bioactive compounds was investigated and the results showed that combining processes may enhance the valorization of agricultural waste. (cajazeira Brazil work ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted UAE, UAE , (UAE) turboextraction turbo (TE PHWE, (PHWE) yield (TPC extracts ethanol 7030%, 7030 70 30%, 30 (70:30% v/v vv v solvent Thus 10 12 C bar 8 20 Furthermore waste (UAE (PHWE 7030% 703 7 30% 3 (70:30 1 2 (70:3 (70: (70 (7 (

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil is characterized by scarcity of water for irrigation purposes due to long periods of drought, compromising the development of species such as Spondias tuberosa L. and Spondias mombin L., which, despite being considered drought tolerant, can have their yield negatively affected by low water availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiology, quantum efficiency and water relations of S. tuberosa and S. mombin rootstocks under different irrigation intervals in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. The experimental design was carried out in randomized blocks, in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, referring to 5 irrigation intervals - INT (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after each irrigation event) and two species of the genus Spondias - SPC (S. tuberosa and S. mombin) with four replicates and three plants per plot, totaling 120 plants. Irrigation management with a five-day irrigation interval reduced gas exchange and growth of rootstocks of the Spondias species. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II of Spondias rootstocks (S. tuberosa and S. mombin) was not compromised when the plants were irrigated every two and four days. Irrigation every three days in the early stages of development of Spondias species can be used with the lowest losses in gas exchange and growth of rootstocks. semiarid semi arid L which tolerant availability morphophysiology S Paraíba blocks scheme 1, 1 (1 3 event (S plot 12 fiveday five day (

RESUMO O semiárido nordestino é caracterizado pela escassez hídrica para fins de irrigação em decorrência de longos períodos de estiagem, comprometendo o desenvolvimento de espécies como Spondias tuberosa e a Spondias mombin, que apesar de serem considerados tolerantes a seca, podem ter seu rendimento afetado negativamente pela baixa disponibilidade de água. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a morfofisiologia, a eficiência quântica e as relações hídricas de porta-enxertos de S. tuberosa e S. mombin sob diferentes turnos de rega no semiárido paraibano. O delineamento experimental realizado em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, referentes a 5 turnos de rega - INT (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 dias após cada evento de irrigação) e duas espécies do gênero Spondias - SPC (S. tuberosa e S. mombin) com quatro repetições e três plantas por parcela, totalizando 120 plantas. O manejo da irrigação com turno de rega de cinco dias reduziu as trocas gasosas e o crescimento dos porta-enxertos das espécies de Spondias. A eficiência quântica do fotossistema II de porta-enxertos de Spondias (S. tuberosa e S. mombin) não é comprometida quando as plantas foram irrigadas a cada dois e quatro dias. A irrigação a cada três dias nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento das espécies Spondias pode ser utilizada com as menores perdas nas trocas gasosas e no crescimento dos portaenxertos. estiagem seca água Objetivouse Objetivou se morfofisiologia portaenxertos porta enxertos S paraibano acaso 2 1, 1 (1 3 (S parcela 12 (

Abstract The study on the cyclicity of energy sources in agroforestry systems allows monitoring of changes in management techniques and makes it possible to infer the sustainability of these plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the decomposition and nutrient release rates in several agroforestry systems in the municipality of Belterra, Pará. The litter collection was carried out monthly for a year, from September 2015 to August 2016, from four collectors arranged randomly in each area. For the litter stock, three collections were added, including the beginning of the dry period (August 2015), the beginning of the rainy season (January 2016) and the end of the rainy season (June 2016), by monographs by area. In the laboratory, the material was screened in the leaf fractions, woody material, reproductive structure and fragmented material, and the aerial part in an oven at 70 ºC. Macronutrients decomposition and release were evaluated by considering the dry mass weight using the Olson (1963) formulas. On average, the N, P and K macronutrient update rates appeared in SAF 3, which together have a specie Moringa oleifera Lam legume, as well as the highest decomposition rate (K) and the lowest renewal period (1 / k). The highest stocking rate of macronutrients was verified in SAF 2, as well as a lower rate of decomposition due to the greater accumulation of foliar fractionation, densified arrangement and the presence of a deciduous species (Spondias mombin L.) as a component of the system. plantations Belterra Pará year 201 2016 area stock added 2015, , 2015) January June laboratory fractions 7 ºC 1963 (1963 formulas average N 3 legume (K 1 ( k. k . k) 2 fractionation Spondias L. L system 20 196 (196 19 (19

Resumo O estudo sobre a ciclagem de nutrientes da serapilheira em sistemas agroflorestais permite avaliar possíveis alterações de técnicas de manejo e possibilita inferir a sustentabilidade desses plantios. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a taxa de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes em diferentes sistemas agroflorestais no município de Belterra, Pará. A coleta da serapilheira produzida foi realizada mensalmente durante um ano, no intervalo de setembro de 2015 a agosto de 2016, a partir de seis coletores dispostos aleatoriamente em cada área. Para determinação do estoque de serapilheira, foram feitas três coletas, compreendendo o início do período seco (agosto de 2015), início do período chuvoso (janeiro de 2016) e no final do período chuvoso (junho de 2016), através de seis amostragens por área. Em laboratório, o material foi triado nas frações folha, material lenhoso, estrutura reprodutiva e material fragmentado, e posteriormente seco em estufa a 70ºC. A decomposição e a liberação de macronutrientes foram avaliadas considerando o peso da massa seca através das equações de Olson (1963). Em média as maiores taxas de liberação dos macronutrientes N, P e K ocorreram no SAF 3, que possui em seu arranjo a espécie Moringa oleifera Lam, assim como a maior taxa de decomposição (K) e o menor período de renovação (1/k). O maior estoque de macronutrientes foi verificado no SAF 2, assim como a menor taxa de decomposição, devido ao maior acúmulo de fração foliar, arranjo adensado e a presença de uma espécie caducifólia (Spondias mombin L.) como componente do sistema. plantios Belterra Pará ano 201 2016 área coletas 2015, , 2015) janeiro junho laboratório folha lenhoso fragmentado 70ºC ºC 1963. 1963 . (1963) N 3 Lam (K 1/k. 1k k 1/k 1 (1/k) 2 foliar Spondias L. L sistema 20 196 (1963 (1/k 19 (196 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT Survival and insect pests of forest and fruit species in Puerto Almendra, Loreto, Peru were evaluated. Seedlings and cuttings of 15 forest species and 04 fruit species were obtained from natural populations and home gardens; these were installed in plots of 25 x 25 m, 25 individuals per species. Spondias purpurea cuttings had the highest survival (84%), Spondias mombin and Spondias dulcis reached 36% and 24% respectively. Plants from botanical seeds with Very good survival (80‑100%) were Copaifera paupera, Dipteryx odorata, Carapa guianensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Hura crepitans, Chorisia integrifolia, S. mombin, Guazuma ulmifolia, Pleurothyrium parviflorum and Amburana cearensis. With Good survival (60‑79%) are Cedrelinga cateniformis, Cedrela odorata, Genipa americana. In the category Regular (40‑59%) are Caryodendron orinocense y Calycophyllum spruceanum. In the category Bad (< 40%) are Calophyllum brasiliense and Aniba rosaeodora. Insect damage on plants was thoroughly checked, 04 pests were recorded: Hypsipyla grandella on S. macrophylla, C. odorata and G. ulmifolia with incidences between 100 and 84%; Parasaissetia nigra had incidence (88%) on G. ulmifolia; Apioscelis bulbosa was found on G. ulmifolia, C. integrifolia, S. purpurea and S. dulcis with incidences of 80, 56, 8 and 4%, respectively and Aphis gossypii was recorded on S. purpurea with 20% incidence. This research provides information oriented to the propagation, management and conservation of forest and fruit species in the Peruvian Amazon.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la supervivencia e insectos plaga de especies forestales y frutales en Puerto Almendra, Loreto, Perú. Se obtuvieron plántulas y estacas de 15 especies forestales y de 04 especies frutales, a partir de poblaciones naturales y huertos familiares; estas fueron instaladas en parcelas de 25 x 25 m, 25 individuos por especie. Las estacas de Spondias purpurea tuvieron mayor supervivencia (84%), Spondias mombin y Spondias dulcis alcanzaron 36% y 24% respectivamente. Las plantas provenientes de semillas botánicas con muy buena supervivencia (80‑100%) fueron Copaifera paupera, Dipteryx odorata, Carapa guianensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Hura crepitans, Chorisia integrifolia, Spondias mombin, Guazuma ulmifolia, Pleurothyrium parviflorum, Amburana cearensis. Con buena supervivencia (60‑79%) se encuentran Cedrelinga cateniformis, Cedrela odorata y Genipa americana. En la categorı́a regular (40‑59%) están Caryodendron orinocense y Calycophyllum spruceanum. En la categoría malo (<40%) Calophyllum brasiliense y Aniba rosaeodora. Se revisaron minuciosamente los daños de los insectos en las plantas, 04 plagas fueron registradas: Hypsipyla grandella en S. macrophylla, C. odorata y G. ulmifolia con incidencia de entre 100% y 84%; Parasaissetia nigra tuvo una incidencia de 88% en G. ulmifolia; Apioscelis bulbosa fue encontrada en G. ulmifolia, C. integrifolia, S. purpurea y S. dulcis con incidencias del 80, 56, 8 y 4% respectivamente y Aphis gossypii fue registrada en S. purpurea con 20% de incidencia. Esta investigación proporciona información orientada a la propagación, manejo y conservación de especies forestales y frutales de la Amazonia peruana.

RESUMO Introdução: A espécie Spondias mombin L. é uma planta que cresce em Cuba e à qual são relatados um número considerável de aplicações etnofarmacológicas e alto poder antioxidante. No entanto, a maioria desses relatos é voltada para o fruto, que se destaca pelo seu valor nutricional. Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antioxidante de um extrato de folhas de Spondias mombin L. em etanol 70%. Método: A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada por seis diferentes métodos: determinação do índice de oxidação, poder redutor, inibição dos radicais DPPH e ABTS, capacidade redutora do peróxido de hidrogênio e capacidade de neutralização do radical oxigênio. Foram avaliadas concentrações de 1000 a 62,5 µg/mL, preparadas a partir do valor de sólidos totais determinado. Resultados: Para o índice de oxidação, concentrações de 250 µg/mL foram suficientes para descolorir a solução de permanganato no mesmo período de tempo do padrão de quercetina. No entanto, o IC50 calculado para o poder redutor, a inibição do radical DPPH e ABTS foram superiores ao padrão de ácido ascórbico com valores de 362,33; 190,34 e 241,88 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusões: O extrato de folhas de Spondias mombin L. em etanol 70% apresenta alta ação antioxidante nos seis modelos experimentais testados, embora na maioria dos casos com valores inferiores à substância de referência utilizada. Esses resultados, juntamente com a diversidade estrutural de metabólitos presentes nele, destacam seu valor como potencial antioxidante natural.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The species Spondias mombin L. is a plant that grows in Cuba, and to which a considerable number of ethnopharmacological applications and high antioxidant power are reported. However, most of these reports are oriented to the fruit, which stands out for its nutritional value. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of an extract of Spondias mombin L. leaves in 70% ethanol. Method: The antioxidant activity was evaluated by six different methods: determination of the oxidation index, reducing power, inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals, hydrogen peroxide reducing capacity and oxygen radical neutralization capacity. Concentrations from 1000 to 62.5 µg/mL were evaluated, prepared from the value of total solids determined. Results: For the oxidation index, concentrations of 250 µg/mL were sufficient to decolorize the permanganate solution in the same period of time as the quercetin standard. However, the IC50 calculated for the reducing power, the inhibition of the DPPH radical and ABTS were higher than the ascorbic acid standard with values of 362.33; 190.34 and 241.88 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The extract of leaves of Spondias mombin L. in 70% ethanol presents a high antioxidant action in the six experimental models tested, even though in most cases, with lower values than the reference substance used. These results, together with the structural diversity of metabolites present in it, highlight its value as a potential natural antioxidant.

RESUMEN Introducción: La especie Spondias mombin L. es una planta que crece en Cuba y a la que se le reporta un número considerables de aplicaciones etnofarmacológicas y elevado poder antioxidante. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de estos reportes está orientada al fruto, el cual resalta por su valor nutricional. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antioxidante de un extracto de hojas de Spondias mombin L. en etanol al 70 %. Método: La actividad antioxidante fue evaluada por seis métodos diferentes: determinación del índice de oxidación, poder reductor, inhibición de los radicales DPPH y ABTS, capacidad reductora del peróxido de hidrógeno y capacidad de neutralización del radical oxígeno. Se evaluaron concentraciones desde los 1 000 hasta los 62,5 µg/mL preparadas a partir del valor de sólidos totales determinados. Resultados: Para el índice de oxidación, concentraciones de 250 µg/mL resultaron suficientes para decolorar la solución de permanganato en igual período de tiempo que el patrón de quercetina. Sin embargo, los IC50 calculados para el poder reductor, la inhibición del radical DPPH y del ABTS resultaron mayores que el estándar de ácido ascórbico con valores de 362,33; 190,34 y 241,88 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El extracto de hojas de Spondias mombin L. en etanol al 70 % presenta una elevada acción antioxidante en los seis modelos experimentales ensayados, aun cuando en la mayor parte de casos, con valores inferiores al de la sustancia de referencia empleada. Estos resultados conjuntamente con la diversidad estructural de metabolitos presentes en el mismo resaltan su valor como potencial antioxidante natural.

Abstract Yellow mombin juice was microencapsulated by spray drying. Optimum operating conditions were selected from the outcomes of tests carried out according to a central composite rotatable design, using air inlet temperature (90 to 190 °C), feed flow rate (0.20 to 1.00 L/h) and 15 DE maltodextrin concentration (10 to 30%) as the independent variables, while powder moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, total carotenoids retention, and process yield as the responses. As expected, water activity, moisture content and yield of samples were significantly reduced by spray drying. The powder prepared under optimum conditions, whose reconstituted nectar was the most appreciated by panelists in sensory analysis, was partially characterized in terms of physicochemical properties. It exhibited an apparent density of 0.59 g/mL and a solubility of 81.49%. Particles generally occurred in clusters and exhibited spherical shape and smooth surface. The antioxidant activity was shown to be weak to intermediate.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Diversos estudios han destacado el importante papel de los monos aulladores (Alouatta palliata mexicana) en la dispersión de semillas y, con ello, en la regeneración de las poblaciones de plantas con frutos carnosos de los bosques tropicales. Sin embargo, poca es la evidencia empírica sobre cuáles podrían ser los mecanismos que les permitiría a los monos aulladores favorecer la germinación de las semillas de muchas especies de plantas, incluyendo la escarificación de su cubierta externa. En este trabajo se evaluó si los endocarpos de Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae), una especie importante en la dieta de los monos aulladores, podrían ser escarificados al pasar por el tracto digestivo de estos primates. Métodos: Se colectaron endocarpos de las heces de monos aulladores, así como frutos maduros del suelo, en la región de Los Tuxtlas, municipio Catemaco, Veracruz, México. Mediante cortes transversales de los endocarpos y su análisis en el microscopio electrónico de barrido, se tomaron medidas del grosor de la cubierta externa y probaron las diferencias entre ambos tipos de muestras (i.e., endocarpos de frutos y endocarpos que pasaron por el tracto digestivo). Resultados clave: Se observó que el grosor de la cubierta de los endocarpos en frutos fue mayor ( X ~=47.05±9.69 µm) que el de endocarpos en heces ( X ~=1.51±3.60 µm) (W=0.48, p<0.001). Conclusiones: Los resultados evidencian que la ingesta de endocarpos de S. mombin por A. p. mexicana puede tener un efecto de escarificación de los tejidos que conforman su cubierta externa. Esto apoya la versión sobre la función de los frugívoros, como los monos aulladores, reduciendo la cubierta externa de las semillas y aumentando así su capacidad para germinar; siendo, por lo tanto, organismos clave en la dinámica de regeneración de bosques tropicales.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Several studies have emphasized the important role of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) in seed dispersal and, as a result, in the regeneration of fleshy-fruited plant populations in tropical forests. However, there is little empirical evidence regarding the possible mechanisms that would allow howler monkeys to promote seed germination of many plant species, including seed coat scarification. In this study, we evaluated whether endocarps of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae), an important species in howler monkey diet, could be scarified by passage through the digestive tract of these primates. Methods: We collected endocarps from howler monkey feces as well as ripe fruits fallen on the ground, in the region of Los Tuxtlas, Catemaco municipality, Veracruz, Mexico. By analyzing endocarp transverse sections using a scanning electron microscope, we measured the thickness of the outer layer and tested differences between both types of samples (i.e., fruit endocarps and endocarps that had passed through the digestive tract). Key results: We observed that the outer layer thickness of endocarps in fruits was greater ( X ~=47.05±9.69 µm) than that of endocarps found in feces ( X ~=1.51±3.60 µm) (W=0.48, p<0.001). Conclusions: Our results highlight that consumption of S. mombin endocarps by A. p. mexicana may have a scarification effect on the tissues that constitute the outer layer. This supports the hypothesis of the role of frugivores, such as howler monkeys, in reducing the seed coat and thus increasing germination ability; therefore, being key organisms in regeneration dynamics of tropical forests.

ABSTRACT Knowledge about the spatial distribution of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and tritrophic interactions (fruit-fruit fly parasitoid) contributes to the monitoring and maintenance of the numerical density at a level lower than economic damage. The purpose of this study was to identify the spatial distribution and associations of fruit flies with their parasitoids and host plants in the municipality of Bom Jesus-PI. The flies were obtained from fruit collection from July 2018 to May 2019. A total of 1,711 individuals were obtained, represented by six species: Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835), An. fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), An. alveata Stone, 1942, An. sororcula Zucchi, 1979, An. zenildae Zucchi, 1979 and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824). Anastrepha obliqua was the species with the widest distribution throughout the ecotone area. Ceratitis capitata is distributed only in the urban perimeter. A tritrophic relationship occurred between four species of parasitoids, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958) or Opius sp. associated with An. obliqua in Spondias mombin or S. tuberosa fruits. Opius sp. has also been associated with An. alveata in Ximenia americana. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae was obtained from C. capitata in Malpighia emarginata, in addition to An. obliqua in Averrhoa carambola. Therefore, fruit flies are associated with native fruit trees (S. tuberosa, S. mombin, S. purpurea, P. acutangulum, Inga laurina, X. americana) and exotic fruits (M. emarginata, A. carambola, P. guajava). Ceratitis capitata was recorded for the first time in the state of Piauí infesting I. laurina (Sw.) Willd. This is the first record of the parasitoid genus Spalangia. in An. obliqua in Piauí and in the semiarid region of Brazil.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to determine some quality parameters and to evaluate the stability of hydroethanolic to 70% extract of leaves of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae), stored at room temperature for one year. This specie is used traditionally for the treatment of diverse diseases because to its activity as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The leaves were collected in different stages of the cycle of life and it was used the maceration method. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as gallic acid and derivates and quercetin 3-O- glucosides. The parameters: organoleptic characteristics, pH, relative density, total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, total phenolic and total flavonoids content were determined; the confidence intervals were established. The obtained data from the extract to the study of stability, related with these parameters, allow to assure stable behaviour during one year, from a physical-chemical standpoint.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estabilidad a temperatura ambiente, por un periodo de un año, del extracto en etanol al 70 % de las hojas de la especie Spondias mombin L. Esta planta se usa para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, debido principalmente a su actividad antibacteriana, antiinflamatoria y antioxidante. El material vegetal fue recolectado en diferentes etapas del ciclo de vida y se utilizó la maceración como método de extracción. El análisis químico por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución mostró la presencia mayoritaria de ácido gálico y derivados y de la quercetina 3-O-glicosilada. Fueron determinados los siguientes parámetros: características organolépticas, pH, densidad relativa, sólidos totales, sólidos fijos, sólidos volátiles, contenido total de fenoles y contenido total de flavonoides; se establecieron además los intervalos de confianza. Los datos obtenidos del extracto sometido al estudio de estabilidad, relacionados con estos parámetros, permiten asegurar comportamiento estable durante un año, desde un punto de vista físico-químico.

Resumen Introducción: El fruto amarillo del jobo o yuplón (Spondias mombin L.) destaca por sus cualidades sensoriales y funcionales. Sin embargo, existe poco conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de esta especie, lo que ayudaría a la implantación del cultivo del fruto como cultivo, ya que la producción actual se basa en el extractivismo. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad y estructura genética de poblaciones naturales de S. mombin en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, a través de marcadores moleculares microsatélites para ayudar en la implementación de estrategias de conservación y recolección de recursos genéticos. Métodos: Se muestrearon un total de 139 individuos de S. mombin en diez poblaciones naturales. Las amplificaciones por PCR se realizaron con siete cebadores de microsatélites marcados con fluorescencia. La diversidad genética se evaluó por el número de alelos, heterocigosidad esperada (He) y observada (Ho), contenido de información polimórfica (PIC), índice de fijación (ƒ), alelos raros y exclusivos. La estructura genética se evaluó mediante AMOVA, dendrograma UPGMA y análisis estadístico bayesiano. Resultados: Se amplificaron 46 alelos, los cuales tenían un promedio de 6.6 alelos por locus. Fue más alto que Ho y f positivo, lo que indica la presencia de endogamia. El PIC osciló entre 0.048 y 0.700, y solo dos loci fueron poco informativos. Encontramos 27 alelos raros y 16 alelos únicos. El mayor componente de variación fue intrapoblacional (90.64 %). El flujo de genes estimado fue de 1.99, lo que indica que no hay aislamiento genético entre poblaciones y justifica el valor de FST (0.0963). Las diez poblaciones se agruparon en dos grupos y dos poblaciones constituyeron un grupo aislado. La prueba de Mantel demostró que la estructura genética no está relacionada con la distancia geográfica entre poblaciones. Conclusión: Existe diversidad genética en las poblaciones de S. mombin, la cual debe ser conservada in situ o ex situ, por la diversidad que presentan y porque son fuentes promisorias para la recolección de germoplasma.

Abstract Introduction: The fruit of the yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) is notable due to its sensory and functional qualities. However, there is little knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of this species, and this would aid the implantation of the cultivation of the fruit as a crop, since current production is based on extractivism. Objective: Evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of natural populations of S. mombin in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, through microsatellite molecular markers in order to assist in the implementation of conservation strategies and the collection of genetic resources. Methods: A total of 139 S. mombin individuals were sampled in ten natural populations. PCR amplifications were performed with seven fluorescence-marked microsatellite primers. Genetic diversity was evaluated by the number of alleles, expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), polymorphic information content (PIC), fixation index (ƒ), rare and exclusive alleles. The genetic structure was evaluated using AMOVA, UPGMA dendrogram and Bayesian statistical analysis. Results: 46 alleles were amplified, which had an average of 6.6 alleles per locus. He was higher than Ho and f was positive, indicating the presence of inbreeding. The PIC ranged from 0.048 to 0.700, and only two loci were poorly informative. We found 27 rare alleles and 16 unique alleles. The largest component of variation was intrapopulational (90.64 %). The estimated gene flow was 1.99, which indicates that there is no genetic isolation between populations, and justifies the FST value (0.0963). The ten populations were grouped into two groups, and two populations constituted an isolated group. The Mantel test demonstrated that the genetic structure is not related to the geographic distance between populations. Conclusion: There is genetic diversity in the populations of S. mombin, which must be conserved in situ or ex situ, due to the diversity they present and because they are promising sources for collection of germplasm.

Resumo Há uma ausência de estudos sobre espécies de madeiras tropicais que mostram a optimização em quantidade e dimensões da fotografia em estudos anatómicos de madeira, um aspecto que restringe a representatividade estatística em estudos anatómicos em espécies tropicais. O estudo apresentado como objectivo para determinar as dimensões e quantidade mínima de fotografias macroscópicas que podem ser representadas em espécies tropicais e para analisar a relação entre dimensões fotográficas e características anatómicas. Dez espécies de árvores foram selecionadas para este fim; oito a quinze amostras cilíndricas de madeira de 12,5 mm de diâmetro e 75 mm de comprimento foram recolhidas de cada espécie, que foram secas e fotografadas no lado transversal. Os resultados mostraram uma variação de 19 a 35 fotografias como quantidade mínima por espécie, sendo Spondias mombin a espécie com maior exigência de fotografias com 35, enquanto Caryocar costarricense a espécie com menor quantidade de fotografias mínimas; além disso, a dimensão óptima comum das fotografias foi de 1,25 x 1,25 mm, sendo Peltogyne purpúrea a espécie que poderia ser trabalhada com dimensões ainda mais baixas. A combinação do número mínimo de fotografias e a dimensão óptima permitiu ter representatividades e produtividades superiores a 90 %. Finalmente, foi encontrada uma correlação entre o tamanho da imagem e o diâmetro dos vasos; a razão foi que, como o diâmetro dos vasos é menor, é possível trabalhar com fotografias menores com uma razão superior a 70 %.

Abstract There is an absence of studies on tropical timber species that show the optimization in quantity and dimensions of wood photography in anatomical studies, an aspect that restricts the statistical representativeness in anatomical studies in tropical species. The study presented as an objective to determine the dimensions and minimum quantity of macroscopic photographs that can be represented in tropical species and to analyze the relationship between photographic dimensions and anatomical characteristics. Ten tree species were selected for this purpose; eight to fifteen cylindrical wood specimen of 12.5 mm diameter and 75 mm length were collected from each species, which were dried and photographed on the transverse side. The results showed a variation from 19 to 35 photographs as minimum quantity per species, being Spondias mombin the species with the highest requirement of photographs with 35, while Caryocar costarricense the one with the lowest amount of minimum photographs; furthermore, the optimal common dimension of photographs was 1.25 x 1.25 mm, being Peltogyne purpurea the species that could be worked with even lower dimensions. The combination of the minimum number of photographs and the optimal dimension allowed to be representative and reproducible in more than 90 %. Finally, a correlation was found between the size of the image and the diameter of the vessels; the ratio was that as the diameter of the vessels is smaller, it is possible to work with smaller photographs with a ratio greater than 70 %.

Resumen Existe una ausencia de estudios en especies maderables tropicales que muestren la optimización en cantidad y dimensiones de fotografía de madera en estudios anatómicos, aspecto que restringe la representatividad estadística en estudios anatómicos en especies tropicales. El estudio presentó como objetivo determinar la dimensiones y cantidad mínima de fotografías macroscópicas representables en especies tropicales y analizar la relación entre dimensiones fotográficas y características anatómicas. Para ello se seleccionaron diez especies arbóreas; de cada especie se colectaron de ocho a quince muestras cilíndricas de madera de 12,5 mm de diámetro y longitud de 75 mm, las cuales se secaron y fotografiaron en la cara trasversal. Los resultados mostraron una variación de 19 a 35 fotografías como cantidad mínima por especie, siendo Spondias mombin la especie con mayor requerimiento de fotografías con 35, mientras Caryocar costarricense la de menor cantidad de fotografías mínimas; además, la dimensión óptima común de fotografías fue de 1,25 x 1,25 mm, siendo Peltogyne purpurea la especie que se pudo trabajar con dimensiones todavía más bajas. La combinación de la cantidad de fotografías mínimas y la dimensión óptima permitió tener representatividades y reproducibilidades superiores al 90 %. Finalmente, se halló una correlación entre la dimensión de la imagen y el diámetro de vasos; la relación consistía en que conforme el diámetro de vasos es menor, es posible trabajar con fotografías de menor dimensión con una relación superior al 70 %.

Agroindustrial residues, such as leaves of fruit plants, can be sources of bioactive molecules, thus adding value to co-products that are rarely explored in agroindustry. In this context, this study aimed to look into the phytochemical profiles in detail and to explore the antitumor potential of S. tuberosa and S. mombin leaves. We observed that, S. tuberosa leaf extract was cytotoxic in both tumor and healthy cells. S. mombin extracts selectively inhibited cell proliferation in the tumor cell line for prostate cancer (PC3) and did not significantly affect healthy cells. The metabolic profiles of the extracts were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and twenty-three metabolites were identified. The correlation of metabolic profiles with cytotoxic tests indicated possible chemical markers that may be responsible for the inhibition of cell proliferation. This study revealed that the unexplored co-products in agroindustry may have great therapeutic potential, and therefore should be screened for biologically active compounds.