Abstract Biomarkers of environmental contamination have been frequently used in the assessment of marine ecosystem quality because they provide quantitative measures of biological changes in organisms exposed to pollutants such as hydrocarbons from oil spills. Polychaetes have been tested as sentinel organisms of marine environmental health because they are abundant taxa of benthic assemblages and their sedentary lifestyle ensures chronic exposure to toxins in impacted areas. In this study, we evaluated whether the polychaete Scolelepis goodbodyi can be used as a reliable sentinel species for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from an experimental diesel spill in a dissipative sand beach in the Southern Atlantic. The design used in this study comprised replicated control and diesel impact sites sampled four times (one, two, four and seven days) before and after the impact. Total PAH levels reached 114.0 ng g -1 in the impact site one day after the diesel spill; however, the pattern of biomarker responses in S. goodbodyi was primarily influenced by spatial variation rather than being attributed to the simulated diesel spill. The apparent absence of a contaminating effect may be linked to the low levels of the toxins retained in the sediment after the spill was simulated to elicit a response or to the presence of an efficient repair system within the organism. Furthermore, the sediments tested in this study, composed of sandy fractions, had a low capacity to concentrate PAHs after the simulated diesel spill, which may have contributed to the low significant changes in their biomarker activities. Based on our results, further studies testing other Polychaeta species and simulating oil spills in sedimentary environments composed of fine sediments such as salt marshes and mangroves may help produce evidence on more effective biomarker responses in these organisms. areas (PAHs Atlantic one, (one two days 1140 114 0 114. 1 - however S organism Furthermore fractions activities results 11

Abstract Recent disasters involving mining companies in Brazil have drawn attention not only because of the scale of the social and environmental damage caused, but also due to the management practices implemented by the state. In November 2015 the world’s largest iron ore tailings spill occurred when the Samarco dam, located in the municipality of Mariana, Minas Gerais, failed catastrophically. A trail of destruction and death extended downstream for 700km until the mud reached the Atlantic ocean. Accompanying the reconciliation meetings and hearings at the Mariana Justice Forum with local communities, corporations and State officials, I identify some of the traps set by the negotiation space that, rather than offering an ideal condition of autonomy and symmetrical capacity for choice, operates as a mechanism for containing criticism and indirectly manipulating behaviour. Pursuing this line of analysis, the article discusses the political rationality and forms of control contained in extrajudicial conflict resolution strategies. caused state 201 worlds world s dam Gerais catastrophically km ocean communities officials that choice behaviour analysis strategies 20 2

Resumo Desastres recentes envolvendo mineradoras no Brasil chamaram atenção não somente pela dimensão dos danos sociais e ambientais, mas também pelas práticas de gestão experimentadas pelo Estado. Em novembro de 2015 ocorreu o maior derramamento de rejeito de minério de ferro no mundo, a partir do rompimento da barragem da Samarco, localizada no município de Mariana, Minas Gerais. Um rastro de destruição e morte se estendeu por 700km até a lama atingir o oceano Atlântico. Ao acompanhar as reuniões e audiências de conciliação no Fórum de Justiça de Mariana, entre comunidades locais, corporações e funcionários do Estado, aponto para algumas armadilhas do espaço de negociação que, ao invés da condição hagiográfica de autonomia e capacidade simétrica de escolha, opera como mecanismo de contenção de críticas e manipulação indireta de condutas. Neste sentido, o artigo analisa a racionalidade política e as formas de controle contidas nas estratégias extrajudiciais de resolução dos conflitos. ambientais Estado 201 mundo Samarco Mariana Gerais km Atlântico locais que escolha condutas sentido conflitos 20 2

Abstract: According to the International Maritime Organisation, oil tankers transport around 2.9 billion tonnes of crude oil and petroleum products by sea each year worldwide. Most of the time, oil is transported safely and quietly. However, the development of the transport activity is not free from risks that threaten the success of the navigation, endangering the ship, the oil cargo and, of course, the environment. This article studies, analyses, systematises and understands how the «unseaworthiness» of the ship is a prerequisite that maximises the probability of the occurrence of an environmental catastrophe due to the spillage or dumping of oil at sea. For this purpose, it is determined what is seaworthiness, the factors on which the concept is based; the consequences of the absence, lack of suitability, incompetence or lack of completeness are analysed which, if present both in a structural and naval technical aspect, as well as in the surveillance and control exercised by the tanker owner over the crew and other dependents, could ensure and prevent the occurrence of risks that may be an efficient cause for the spill or dumping of oil at sea.

Resumen: Según la Organización Marítima Internacional, los buques petroleros transportan alrededor de 2.900 millones de toneladas de petróleo crudo y productos derivados del petróleo por mar cada año en todo el mundo. La mayor parte del tiempo, los hidrocarburos se transportan de manera segura y tranquila. No obstante, el desarrollo de la actividad transportadora no está exenta de riesgos que amenacen el éxito de la navegación, poniendo en peligro al buque, la carga de petróleo, y como no al medio ambiente. El presente artículo estudia, analiza, sistematiza y comprende cómo la falta de navegabilidad o «innavegabilidad» del barco, constituye un presupuesto que maximiza la probabilidad de advenimiento de una catástrofe ambiental, por el derrame o vertimiento de hidrocarburos en el mar. Para ello, se determina qué es la navegabilidad, los factores en que se erige el concepto; se analizan las consecuencias de la ausencia, carencia de idoneidad, incompetencia o falta de completitud que, de estar presentes tanto en un aspecto estructural y de técnica naval, como en la vigilancia y control que ejerce el armador del buque petrolero, sobre la tripulación y demás dependientes, podrían asegurar y prevenir la ocurrencia de los riesgos que pueden ser causa eficiente para el derrame o vertimiento de hidrocarburos en el mar.

Abstract Oil spills, intrinsically related to the petroleum production chain, represent a risk to the marine environment and a potential threat to humans through seafood consumption. We revised the NE Brazil oil spill and other accidents along the Brazilian coast, with a focus on seafood contamination, covering topics such as bioaccumulation, bioaccessibility, and risk analysis. Comprehensive knowledge of the impacts of spills helps in the interpretation of the dynamics of hydrocarbons released into the sea, contributing to actions to control their negative impacts. Currently, no legal limits have been established permanently in Brazil for PAHs in seafood edible tissues.

Resumen Entre los diferentes agentes de control de derrames de hidrocarburos en mares, las formulaciones dispersantes naturales se presentan como una alternativa sostenible frente a los convencionales dispersantes químicos . Este estudio analiza la eficiencia de una mezcla surfactante de origen vegetales con solvente D-limoneno, para dispersar hidrocarburos del petróleo presentes en cuerpos de agua salada. Esto se evaluó con dos tipos de hidrocarburos comerciales en Colombia: crudo Castilla Blend de 19,1° API y crudo South Blend 29,8° API. Los datos mostraron un promedio de efectividad de dispersión del 22.83% para el Castilla Blend y un 50% para el crudo South Blend respectivamente. Estos resultados revelan el potencial de las mezclas surfactantes naturales para ser una solución ecológica y económica en el control de derrames de hidrocarburos.

Abstract Among the different agents for controlling oil spills in seas, natural dispersant formulations are presented as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical dispersants. This study analyzes the efficiency of a surfactant mixture of vegetable origin with D-limonene solvent, to disperse petroleum hydrocarbons present in salt water bodies. This was evaluated with two types of commercial hydrocarbons in Colombia: Castilla Blend crude of 19.1 ° API and South Blend crude of 29.8 ° API. The data showed an average dispersion effectiveness of 22.83% for Castilla Blend and 49.98% for South Blend crude respectively. These results reveal the potential of natural surfactant mixtures to be an ecological and economical solution in the control of hydrocarbon spills.

Abstract Tomatoes in food industry are essential for their flavor and high nutritional value. For Mexico, it is of great importance due to the spill economic and the generation of direct and indirect jobs. Therefore, post-harvest quality is essential, which can be influenced by conditions such as temperature, transport, and storage, causing the development of pathogenic fungi that deteriorate its quality and prevent its commercialization, generating economic losses. The primary control strategy is synthetic fungicides; However, although they are effective, they adversely affect the environment and humans and develop resistant strains. Because of this, consumers constantly demand safe and residue-free products. In this sense, this review shows a general overview of the control methods applied to tomato fruits during their post-harvest stage. Posing its application to the use of fungicides, such as heat treatments, ultraviolet light, organic and inorganic salts, chitosan, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, plant extracts, essential oils, and microorganisms; considering safe and economic ecological systems that protect against pathogens, increase shelf life and preserve fruit quality.

Resumen Los tomates en la industria alimentaria son fundamentales por su sabor y alto valor nutricional. Para México, es de gran importancia económica por la generación de empleos directos e indirectos. Por esto la calidad postcosecha es fundamental, y puede verse alterada por condiciones como: temperatura, transporte y almacenamiento al provocar el desarrollo de hongos patógenos, que deterioran su calidad e impiden la comercialización del producto con pérdidas económicas. La principal estrategia de control son los fungicidas sintéticos, sin embargo, aunque son eficaces, afectan negativamente al medio ambiente y a los seres humanos al desarrollar cepas resistentes. Motivo por el que, los consumidores demandan constantemente productos seguros y sin residuos. Esta revisión muestra un panorama general de los métodos de control aplicados a los frutos de jitomate durante la etapa de postcosecha y plantea su aplicación, como una alternativa al uso de fungicidas, ellos son: los tratamientos térmicos, la luz ultravioleta, las sales orgánicas e inorgánicas, el quitosano, el metil jasmonato, el ácido salicílico, los extractos vegetales, los aceites esenciales y los microorganismos; considerados como sistemas ecológicos seguros y económicos que protegen contra los fitopatógenos, aumentan la vida útil y conservan la calidad de los frutos.

Abstract COVID-19 has had a rapid dissemination. Departing from China, the virus has traveled all around the world. With the use of accurate mathematical models, the global spread of the disease was anticipated. Some additional information to these predictive models could be provided by the comparison of freely available maps depicting commercial air travel routes and disease spread. This analysis informs on what seems to be a direct relationship between the initially unequal worldwide distribution of the disease and the density of the commercial air traffic. This comparison may also help to identify international distributional hubs of the disease out of China. The observation of this easily accessible information may contribute to the understanding of COVID-19 spill over and help health control policies to better focus on the spread of this and other aggressively spreading respiratory infectious diseases.

Resumen La novel enfermedad COVID-19 ha tenido una rápida diseminación. Desde China, el virus viajó por todo el mundo. El potencial de la propagación global de COVID-19 fue anticipado y calculado mediante el uso de modelos matemáticos precisos. A estos modelos predictores se puede agregar información obtenida mediante la comparación de mapas gratuitos que representan la propagación internacional de la enfermedad y la densidad de las rutas aerocomerciales. Este análisis proporciona información de lo que parece ser una relación directa entre la distribución mundial inicial desigual de la enfermedad y la densidad del flujo aerocomercial. Esta comparación también puede estar sugiriendo la presencia de centros internacionales de distribución secundaria fuera de China. Con esta información de rápido acceso se puede contribuir a la mejor comprensión del derrame internacional de COVID-19 y orientar los esfuerzos de las políticas de salud para el control de esta y otras enfermedades infecciosas respiratorias agresivas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the biodegradability of a product to control oil spill. It was evaluated the primary and final biodegradability of an anti-spill product in aqueous medium, also the total elimination by aerobic microorganisms. The kinetic of biodegradation followed by ISO standard method of dichromate to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), in an aqueous static system containing a selected quantity of the compound. It was prepared a biodegradable reference compound solution and a blank with test medium and inoculum. The removal increased until 14 days, same to the reference compound. The evaluated product can be considered biodegradable, according to the COD removal at the time. The kinetic of biodegradation followed a polynomial equation of second order, and reached a 94.5% COD removal.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se determina la biodegradabilidad de un producto comercial utilizado para el control de derrames de hidrocarburos. Mediante la aplicación del método Zahn-Wellens se evaluó la biodegradabilidad primaria y final en medio acuoso, así como su eliminación total por microorganismos aeróbicos. La cinética de biodegradación se siguió mediante el método standard ISO de dicromato para Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO) en un sistema acuoso estático, que contiene una cantidad determinada del compuesto. Se preparó una disolución de un compuesto de referencia biodegradable y un blanco con medio de prueba e inóculo. La remoción se incrementó notablemente hasta los 14 días, igual comportamiento observado para el compuesto de referencia. El producto evaluado puede ser considerado biodegradable, de acuerdo a la remoción de DQO obtenida en el tiempo. La cinética de biodegradación sigue el comportamiento de una ecuación polinómica de segundo orden, la cual alcanzó un 94,5% de remoción de DQO.

Abstract This research was implemented in the Colombian Amazon forest area; to assess the effect of Tween-80® surfactant in the degradation of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in bioremediation treatments under aerobic conditions in the laboratory and pilot-scale. One control treatment, Natural Attenuation (AT) and four biostimulation treatments with leonardite with four different dosages of Tween-80® were proposed. The efficacy of organic stimulators and nonionic surfactant in soil microbiota was studied at laboratory and pilot scales, the latter in a passive aeration reactor. The test that presented a better performance was carried out with a Convective Flow Reactor (CFR) at pilot-scale. The results showed that bioremediation strategies improved the natural degradation process; the best outcomes were obtained in a treatment that includes Leonardite and Tween-80® (1.5 g/L) with 52% TPH degradation in 80 days (d).Tween-80® produced an effect in TPH solubility, and increased the production of CO2 in distinctive bioremediation treatments in both periods. The kinetics of CO2 production showed that the system required a periodic addition of a co-substrate as well as an increase of soil microbiota through the addition of compost (pilot scale). In this stage more than 76% of contaminant was degraded in 60d.

Resumo A bacia do Rio Doce sofreu o maior acidente ambiental com o influxo de rejeitos de Fundão e Santarém, pertencentes à empresa de mineração Samarco, devido ao desastre em Mariana. Um derramamento entre 50 e 60 milhões de m3 de rejeitos foi estimado pela empresa. De acordo com a Samarco, o rejeito despejado era composto principalmente de argila, silte e alguns metais pesados como ferro, cobre e manganês. Com isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os danos genotóxicos em juvenis de Geophagus brasilienses expostos a água do rio Doce antes (DRWAA – água do Rio Doce antes do acidente) e depois (DRWBA- água do Rio Doce depois do acidente) da chegada dos rejeitos do rompimento das barragens de Germano e Santarém em Mariana, MG, Brasil. Para isso, 24 indivíduos da espécie G. brasilienses (obtidos na piscicultura do IFES/ALEGRE) foram submetidos a um bioensaio com três tratamentos e oito réplicas. Os tratamentos eram: 1) Controle (com água do abastecimento urbano, filtrada com filtro analítico de 0,45 µm); 2) DRWBA e 3) DRWAA. Após um período de 96 h, esses peixes foram anestesiados para retirada de sangue para avaliação dos danos genotóxicos (micronúcleo e cometa). Para a realização do bioensaio, um total de 80 L de água do Rio Doce foram coletados antes da chegada dos rejeitos e outros 80 L foram coletados depois da chegada dos rejeitos e ambas foram submetidas a análises de quantificação de metal. Os peixes expostos ao DRWBA e ao DRWAA apresentaram um aumento significativo na quantidade de micronúcleos eritrocitários e no índice de danos do DNA em relação aos peixes controle, no entanto não apresentaram diferenças entre si. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a DRWBA já era genotóxica para os peixes, principalmente, em função das concentrações de Cu dissolvido na água. A DRWAA apresentou genotixicidade, provavelmente, em função do aumento da fração dissolvida e do efeito sinérgico de diversos metais presentes nos rejeitos do acidente de Mariana.

Abstract The Doce River basin has suffered the largest environmental accident ever occurred in Brazil with the influx of tailings from Fundão and Santarém, belonging to Samarco mining company, due to the disaster in Mariana. A spill between 50 and 60 million m3 of tailings was estimated by the company. According to Samarco, the wastewater was composed mainly of clay, silt and heavy metals like iron, copper and manganese. Thereby, the objective of the present study was evaluated the genotoxic damage in juvenile of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) exposed to Doce river water before (DRWBA – Doce River water before acident) and after (DRWAA – Doce River water after acident) the influx of tailings from the Germano and Santarém Dam disasters in Mariana, MG, Brazil. For this, 24 individuals of the species G. brasiliensis (obtained on IFES/ALEGRE fish culture) were submitted to a bioassay with three treatments and eight replicates. The treatments were: 1) Control water (water from the urban water supply system, filtered with a 0.45 µm membrane), 2) DRBA and 3) DRAA. After 96 h, these fishes were anesthetized to remove blood for evaluation of genotoxic damage (micronucleus and comet). For the bioassay, a total of 80 L of The Doce River water were collected before the influx of tailings and after the influx and then submitted to metal quantification analysis. Fish exposed to DRWBA and DRWAA treatments showed a significant increase in both the number of erythrocyte micronuclei and the DNA damage index in relation to the control fish; however, they did not present any differences between the two treatments. The results demonstrate that the DRWBA treatment was already genotoxic for the fish, mainly due to dissolved Cu concentrations in the water. The DRWAA treatment probably presented genotoxicity due to the increase in the dissolved fraction and synergistic effects of several metals found in the tailings of the Mariana accident.

Abstract In Mexico, soils impacted by hydrocarbons are remediated by various techniques; some reduce the concentration of the pollutant and others stabilize it, this is why the final conditions will depend on the applied process. When not considering this situation, some restored areas with an agricultural-livestock vocation use present problems such as low production of crops and/or forages. Based on the above, the present work aimed to evaluate the changes in the properties of a post-remediation soil (one month and one year) by comparing it with a control soil. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) were observed below the regulatory limit (600 mg∙kg-1 to 660 mg∙kg-1) and did not vary after one year; moreover, changes in soils such as pH (~6.4 to ~7.4), humidity (~14% to ~10%), apparent density (~1.1 g͎∙cm-3 to ~ 1.4 g͎∙cm-3) and real density (~2.0 g∙cm-3 to ~2.5 g∙cm-3), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) (~26 Cmol ∙ kg-1 to ~11 Cmol ∙ kg-1) and textures (from clayey to sandy-loam), unchanged at one year.

Resumen En México, los suelos impactados por hidrocarburos son remediados mediante diversas técnicas, algunas reducen la concentración del contaminante y otras lo estabilizan; es por ello que las condiciones finales dependerán del proceso aplicado. Al no considerar esta situación, algunas áreas restauradas con vocación de uso agrícola-ganadera presentan problemas tales como baja producción de cultivos y/o forrajes. Debido a lo anterior, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios en las propiedades de un suelo post-remediación (un mes y un año), comparándolo con un testigo. Se observaron Hidrocarburos Totales del Petróleo (HTP) debajo del límite normativo (600 mg∙kg-1 a 660 mg∙kg-1) y no varían después de un año; además, se observaron cambios en los suelos tales como pH (~6.4 a ~7.4), humedad (~14% a ~10%), densidad aparente (~1.1 g͎∙cm-3 a ~1.4 g͎∙cm-3) y densidad real (~2.0 g∙cm-3 a ~2.5 g∙cm-3), Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC) (~26 Cmol∙kg-1 a ~11 Cmol∙kg-1) y texturas (de arcillosa a franco-arenosa) sin cambios después del año.

Resumen En este artículo se discute la habilidad de las técnicas econométricas de antecedente, para evaluar el impacto de las tasas retributivas como instrumento para el control de los vertimientos en Colombia. Con este propósito se estima el efecto de las tarifas sobre la contaminación a partir de dos estrategias, que difieren en cuanto al tipo de información que se utiliza como variable de tratamiento. En la primera estimación se emplea un conjunto de datos panel, resultado de la implementación de las tasas retributivas en la jurisdicción de CORNARE durante el periodo 2011-2014. En esta primera evaluación, el precio a la contaminación es la tarifa que cobra la autoridad ambiental. En el segundo caso, la información proviene de una encuesta aplicada a empresas con vertimientos en la ciudad de Bogotá durante el año 2014. Para este caso, la variable de tratamiento es el precio percibido por los agentes contaminadores. Se encontró que la primera estrategia subestima el efecto de las tarifas, porque no captura el efecto heterogéneo del precio a la contaminación, lo que genera estimadores sesgados e inconsistentes de su impacto.

Abstract This article discusses the ability of traditional econometric estimates of the impact of the retributive taxes as an instrument for spill control in Colombia. For this purpose the effect of fees on pollution is estimated based on two strategies that differ in the type of information that is used as a treatment variable. The first estimate uses a panel data set resulting from the implementation of the retributive taxes in CORNARE's jurisdiction during the period 2011-2014. In this first evaluation the price of the pollution is the rate that charges the environmental authority. In the second case the information comes from a survey applied to companies with spills in the city of Bogotá during the year 2014. For this case the treatment variable is the price perceived by the polluting agents. It was found that the first strategy underestimates the effect of fees because it does not capture the heterogeneous effect of price to pollution and this generates biased and inconsistent estimators of its impact.

Resumo Este artigo discute a capacidade de técnicas econométricas para avaliar a história impacto das Tasas Retributivas como uma ferramenta para controlar as descargas na Colômbia. Para este efeito, o efeito de taxas de poluição de duas estratégias que diferem no tipo de informação que é usada como uma variável de tratamento é estimado. Na primeira estimativa é utilizado um conjunto de dados de painel resultado a aplicação das Tasas Retributivas na jurisdição da CORNARE durante o período de 2011-2014. Neste primeiro poluição preço de avaliação é a taxa cobrada pela autoridade ambiental. No segundo caso, a informação vem de um levantamento das empresas com vertimientos em Bogotá durante 2014. Neste caso, a variável de tratamento é o preço recebido pelos poluentes. Verificou-se que a primeira estratégia subestima o efeito de taxas, porque não captar o efeito heterogêneo de preço sobre a poluição e isso gera estimativas enviesados e inconsistentes de seu impacto.

Abstract: In August 2014, a 40 thousand squaremeter acidified copper sulphate spill took place at the Buenavista del Cobre mine, which belongs to Grupo México, located in Cananea, Sonora. It flowed down the Tinajas stream, as well as the Bacanuchi and Sonora rivers to El Molinito dam, which supplies water to Hermosillo City. The spill brought about the worst socio-environmental disaster linked to the mining industry in the nation’s history. It took its toll on the health and economy of the municipalities of Cananea, Ures, Baviácora, Aconchi, San Felipe de Jesús, Huépac, Banámichi and Arizpe, including the ecosystems in the basin of Sonora River. According to the nearby residents of the basin, the three levels of government and the Buenavista del Cobre mine disregarded the disaster. The primary remedial action, taken by Grupo México, was the creation of a trust to compensate the damages of affected people, and to clean up the river. Nevertheless, the local population found this solution to be inappropriate and insufficient. Thus, a united front against Grupo México was formed, which brought together those affected by the spill and other social actors to protest publicly against the damages caused by the Buenavista del Cobre mine. It is relevant to highlight that the facility of one of the hydraulic power stations, which supplies the mining company with water, was taken over. At the same time, the Basin Committees of Sonora River engaged in a legal battle against the Buenavista del Cobre mine due to the violation of the human right to a healthy environment. The text addresses the anthropogenic hazard-disaster process management implemented since the toxic spill of the Buevanista del Cobre mine. The mining industry is a widespread activity on national territory, but the hazards derived from it receive little attention by the three levels of government in spite of the fact that Mexico regulates the civil and environmental protection policies, which protects of the local population, its goods and the ecosystems. The chemical and technological hazard process management raises some problems, for these two policies are dissociated from each other. They do not share any goals, strategies or action plans; therefore, a greater interconnection between the two is necessary, as well as among the levels of the government, the companies and the residents so as to manage the chemical and technological hazards and to avoid disasters. Both policies must be implemented into development schemes at the local, state and national levels in order to reach a consistency between the development model and the protection of the local population, its goods and the ecosystems, since disasters of this kind are a consequence of the model of economic growth. The disaster under consideration, called “ecocide” due to its consequences, demonstrates that civil and environmental protection policies are reactive rather than preventive. Preventive actions under government oversight are scarce; especially when it comes to hazards derived from the activity of large, important and influential companies at a local, regional and even national level. That is the case of the Buenavista del Cobre mine, which did not comply with any of the requirements established by civil protection or environmental law at the time of the spill. This is relevant because hazard management seeks to control the future unintended consequences derived from anthropogenic activities. Thus, actions must be taken before one of these consequences emerges. The hazard-disaster processes have an unavoidable spatial dimension. Therefore, they must be taken into account in development plans especially at the municipal level since that is the level of administrative political organization of the territory where contingencies are put into place, and where the impacts and consequences of the disasters are experienced. Building upon this study, it is noticeable that the civil protection policy tends to omit the anthropogenic hazards, and the preventive tasks regarding them are left in the hands of the same companies responsible for creating them, without any strict monitoring. Over time, the company has fueled a great amount of environmental damage, and has socialized with the residents of the municipality of Cananea and the basin of Sonora River, while the profits have been privatized. The disaster caused major damages to the local population and ecosystems. Therefore, this should constitute an opportunity for the three levels of government and the secretariats involved to redefine hazard management guidelines in order to lead to mitigation and a guaranteed compensation of damages when natural disasters should happen.

Resumen: En agosto de 2014, en la mina Buenavista del Cobre, ubicada en Cananea, Sonora, ocurrió un derrame de sulfato de cobre acidulado en el río Sonora. El derrame dio lugar a un desastre socioambiental que afectó a los habitantes y a los ecosistemas de la cuenca del río. Tras investigar cómo se gestionan los procesos de riesgo-desastre de origen antrópico, a partir del caso del derrame tóxico de la mina de cobre Buenavista, encontramos que la política de protección civil y la ambiental, encargadas de estos riesgos, están desvinculadas entre sí, no convergen en objetivos, estrategias ni escalas de acción, lo que genera vacíos en su gestión, por lo que es necesaria una mayor interconexión entre las políticas, los niveles de gobierno, las empresas y la población para poder gestionar los riesgos químico-tecnológicos. Ambas políticas deben proyectarse sobre los planes de desarrollo local, estatal y nacional, con la finalidad de lograr una mayor congruencia entre el modelo de desarrollo y la protección de la población, sus bienes y los ecosistemas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of marine diesel oil on the development and survival of three different species of mangrove propagules with or without a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial consortium and the possible use of propagules for the recovery of mangroves impacted by oil. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, near a mangrove from which we collected samples of sediments and propagules of Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia schaueriana and Rhizophora mangle. The bacterial consortium comprised Bacillus spp., Rhizobium spp., Pseudomonas spp., Ochrobactrum spp. and Brevundimonas spp. After six months, L. racemosa and A. schaueriana only survived in control treatments and R. mangle showed the highest survival rates of the three species, indicating that different mangrove species do not respond uniformly to oil spills. Propagules of R. mangle are much more resistant and the hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial consortium we tested can be applied in the phytoremediation of pollutants.

The Aedes aegypti vector for dengue virus (DENV) has been reported in urban and periurban areas. The information about DENV circulation in mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas is limited, so we aimed to evaluate the presence of DENV in Ae. aegypti females caught in rural locations of two Colombian municipalities, Anapoima and La Mesa. Mosquitoes from 497 rural households in 44 different rural settlements were collected. Pools of about 20 Ae. aegypti females were processed for DENV serotype detection. DENV in mosquitoes was detected in 74% of the analysed settlements with a pool positivity rate of 62%. The estimated individual mosquito infection rate was 4.12% and the minimum infection rate was 33.3/1,000 mosquitoes. All four serotypes were detected; the most frequent being DENV-2 (50%) and DENV-1 (35%). Two-three serotypes were detected simultaneously in separate pools. This is the first report on the co-occurrence of natural DENV infection of mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas. The findings are important for understanding dengue transmission and planning control strategies. A potential latent virus reservoir in rural areas could spill over to urban areas during population movements. Detecting DENV in wild-caught adult mosquitoes should be included in the development of dengue epidemic forecasting models.