Resumen Dentro de las estructuras de retención o contención, usadas ampliamente en la infraestructura vial, existe una gama amplia de posibilidades, como son las estructuras de gravedad convencionales (gaviones, criba, etc.), reforzadas, embebidas, anclajes, suelo estabilizado mecánicamente, entre otras. Dentro de ellas también, se encuentran las bolsas gigantes de geotextil, las cuales funcionan por gravedad usando material de relleno del sitio y demostrando un buen rendimiento ante la protección contra la erosión fluvial, marítima y en obras de protección o de contención para vías. Este artículo presenta la versatilidad de las bolsas gigantes de geotextil en la infraestructura vial, en la estabilización de terraplenes, taludes; y control de erosión fluvial y costera. Se presenta como estudio de caso a la zona de Bengala (kilómetro 21 de la vía Garzón - Neiva) y Túnel de Crespo (Cartagena - Colombia). La metodología utilizada para evaluar la evolución de la mejora con la intervención de bolsas gigantes de geotextil se realiza mediante el reporte de diseño, ejecución, seguimiento y control de la geometría del sitio de estudio. Las zonas intervenidas con bolsas de geotextil gigante presentan un comportamiento efectivo en la estabilidad del terreno, en el control de erosión y en la recuperación geométrica. A nivel cualitativo se logra evidenciar el proceso de restauración y estabilización de la costa y talud afectados, gracias a la intervención con bolsas de geotextil gigantes. A nivel cuantitativo se aprecia la estabilidad a largo plazo y la recuperación geométrica de las zonas intervenidas.

Abstract Between retaining structures, widely used in road infrastructure, there is a wide range of possibilities: conventional gravity structures (gabions, screens, etc.), reinforced, embedded, anchors, mechanically stabilized soil, among others. Among them, there is also the giant geotextile bags, which work by gravity using fill material from the site and demonstrating good performance against fluvial and maritime erosion, and road protection or containment. This article presents the versatility of giant geotextile bags in road infrastructure, embankment or slope stabilization; and river and coastal erosion control. As a case study, the Bengala (kilometer 21 of the Garzón - Neiva road) and Crespo Tunnel (Cartagena - Colombia) are presented. The methodology used to evaluate the evolution of the improvement with the intervention of giant geotextile bags is done through the report of design, execution, follow-up and control of the geometry of the intervened site. The areas intervened with giant geotextile bags show an effective behavior in soil stability, erosion control and geometric recovery. At a qualitative level, the process of restoration and stabilization of the affected coast and slope is evident, thanks to the intervention with giant geotextile bags. At a quantitative level, the long-term stability and geometric recovery of the intervened areas can be appreciated.

Summary Innovative methods of weed management, such as cover crops, are becoming increasingly necessary. However, despite the objectives set out in the European Green Deal, their adoption by farmers has been gradual, regardless of the advantages they offer in terms of maintaining soil organic matter, preventing erosion and, in particular, reducing the abundance and biomass of weeds. In order to assess the impact of mixtures of Poaceae and Fabaceae as cover crops on the structure of the floristic community of the maize crop, a trial was set up in Ribatejo region comparing the use of cover crops with soil tillage and a control as reference. During the autumn-winter period, the biomass of the cover crop was assessed on five periodic dates accompanied by observations using satellite images. The NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) and the amount of biomass were used to assess the effects of cover crops on the floristic community. In spring, the effect of these cultural methods on the abundance and frequency of weeds and on maize productivity was assessed. By the middle of the crop cycle, the NDVI values made it possible to detect significant differences between treatments. At 1.5 months from harvest these differences were not significant, which can be attributed to the development of the crop, which attenuates the effect of weed competition. Cover crops could provide a new opportunity for farmers to increase the sustainability of cropping systems, reducing dependence on herbicides and improving soil quality.

Resumo São cada vez mais necessários meios inovadores, para a gestão das infestantes, como são as culturas de cobertura. No entanto, e apesar dos objetivos definidos no Pacto Ecológico Europeu, a sua adoção pelos agricultores tem sido gradual independentemente das vantagens que apresentam na manutenção de matéria orgânica do solo, prevenção da erosão e em particular na redução da abundância e biomassa das infestantes. Para avaliar o impacto de misturas de Poaceae e Fabaceae como culturas de cobertura na estrutura da comunidade florística da cultura do milho foi instalado um ensaio no Ribatejo com três modalidades: Testemunha, cultura de cobertura e mobilização do solo. Durante o período de outono-inverno foi avaliada a biomassa da cultura de cobertura em cinco datas periódicas acompanhadas de observações através de imagens de satélite. Recorreu-se ao índice NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) e à quantidade de biomassa para avaliar o efeitos das culturas de cobertura sobre a comunidade florística. Na primavera avaliou-se o efeito destas medidas culturais nas abundância e frequência das infestantes e na produtividade do milho. Até meio do ciclo da cultura os valores de NDVI permitiram detetar diferenças significativas entre tratamentos. A 1,5 meses da colheita estas diferenças não foram significativas, o que pode ser atribuído ao desenvolvimento da cultura, que atenua o efeito da competição das infestantes. As culturas de cobertura podem constituir uma nova oportunidade para os agricultores aumentarem a sustentabilidade dos sistemas culturais, reduzindo a dependência dos herbicidas e melhorando a qualidade do solo.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to model nutrient losses in an Oxisol under varied soil properties and vegetation cover. The experimental area was located at the Paraná Rural Development Institute, in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six cover crops in summer, six cover crops in winter, and management systems no-tillage (NT) traditional (control), NT with gypsum, and NT with scarification. Nutrient data were collected at each natural rainfall through sample collection from collection troughs. The design was completely randomized, and the data were adjusted using an exponential function of two variables, as a function of soil density, macroporosity, straw dry mass, green cover, and rainfall. Greater losses of Mg and Ca was related to higher soil density and lower macroporosity. Lower losses of Mg, Ca, K, and P were associated with lower straw dry mass and higher green cover. K and P losses were stable for all soil density values, but they decreased with an increase in macroporosity. Institute Oeste Brazil summer winter notillage no tillage (NT control, control , (control) gypsum scarification troughs randomized variables macroporosity values (control

Abstract The terracing is important for erosion processes control in agricultural areas. However, agricultural terraces are being removed from the production areas under no-tillage systems. There are still uncertainties about the terracing effects on the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and macroporosity (Macro), which represent the functionality of the system. We aimed to evaluate the magnitude and spatial distribution of Ks and Macro and the correlation between these soil properties in two paired megaplots, of 1.923 ha, one with terraces (T) and another without terraces (WT). Ks and Macro were determined at 0.00-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m, 0.20-0.30 m, and 0.30-0.40 m soil layers and submitted to descriptive statistical, geostatistics, and Spearman correlation analysis. Ks was highest in the 0.00-0.20 m and lowest in the 0.20-0.40 m layers in T. In WT, Ks was highest in the 0.00-0.10 m and lowest in the 0.10-0.40 m layers. However, the Macro was highest in the 0.00-0.10 m and lowest in the 0.10-0.40 m layers in both megaplots. Ks and Macro had a positive correlation in both megaplots. The spatial distribution of Ks and Macro had a positive correlation, with regions with higher Ks coinciding with regions with higher Macro in both megaplots. The spatial distribution of Ks and Macro in WT did not have a clear trend, while in T there was a slight stratification in strips interspersed with higher and lower Ks and Macro. These initial trends are not conclusive considering the short term between terraces removal and Ks and Macro evaluation. However notillage no tillage systems (Ks Macro, , (Macro) system megaplots 1923 1 923 1.92 ha (T WT. . (WT) 0.000.10 000010 0.00 0.10 0 00 10 0.00-0.1 0.100.20 010020 0.20 20 0.10-0.2 0.200.30 020030 0.30 30 0.20-0.3 0.300.40 030040 0.40 40 0.30-0.4 statistical geostatistics analysis 0.000.20 000020 0.00-0.2 0.200.40 020040 0.20-0.4 0.100.40 010040 0.10-0.4 trend evaluation (Macro 192 92 1.9 (WT 000 0.000.1 00001 0.0 010 0.1 0.00-0. 100 0.100.2 01002 020 0.2 2 0.10-0. 200 0.200.3 02003 030 0.3 3 0.20-0. 300 0.300.4 03004 040 0.4 4 0.30-0. 0.000.2 00002 0.200.4 02004 0.100.4 01004 19 9 1. 0.000. 0000 0. 01 0.00-0 0.100. 0100 02 0.10-0 0.200. 0200 03 0.20-0 0.300. 0300 04 0.30-0 0.000 0.00- 0.100 0.10- 0.200 0.20- 0.300 0.30-

Abstract Conservation soil management systems can promote beneficial changes in the edaphic fauna, which is important in improving and maintaining soil quality. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the edaphic fauna in two areas with soils managed under no-till with and without terraces for four years. The edaphic fauna was evaluated by installing 32 pitfall trapsin each experimental plot. After seven days, the traps were removed, and the sampled individuals were classified at the level of major taxonomic groups. Collembola, Acari, Formicidae, Coleoptera, and Araneae were the most abundant in both study areas. The mean abundance of the order Coleoptera stood out in the no-till system with terraces in 2021, while the orders Collembola and Acari were more abundant without terraces in 2019 and 2021, and 2021 and 2022, respectively. There was a greater abundance of organisms for both areas in 2021, with significant equitability in the no-till system with terraces. Thus, the results showed that only some groups are positively affected by mechanical erosion control. quality Hence notill no till years 3 plot days removed Formicidae 201 202 2022 respectively Thus control 20 2

ABSTRACT Agriculture intensification in Southern Brazil’s subtropical regions combined with the frequent occurrence of erosive rainfall has rendered the area a global water erosion hotspot. In this scenario, understanding and regulating erosion processes at the river catchment scale is critical for mitigating soil and water resource degradation. Traditional methods for tracing sediment sources are expensive and time-consuming and justify the development of alternative approaches. Therefore, in this study, we employed diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analyses in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS), near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (MIR) ranges, combined with multivariate models and spectral pre-processing techniques to estimate sediment source contributions in a homogeneous subtropical catchment (Conceição River, 804 km²). Soil samples (n = 181) were collected to characterize the four potential sediment sources, including: cropland (n = 78), stream bank (n = 36), unpaved road (n = 40) and pasture (n = 27). Moreover, 44 sediment samples were collected, including suspended sediment (n = 8), fine sediment deposited on the riverbed (n = 15), and suspended sediment samples collected in the water column during storm events (n = 21). Vector machine (SVM) model outperformed the others, with better accuracy and reliability. While UV-VIS spectra proved less effective due to soil homogeneity across the catchment, NIR and MIR spectra provided valuable information for discriminating sediment sources. Furthermore, reducing the number of potential sources (from four to three or two) improved model predictions, especially when distinguishing between surface sources (cropland and pasture) and subsurface sources (unpaved roads and stream banks). The study’s findings shed light on the power of efficient and cost-effective alternative methods for assessing sediment sources, which are vital for promoting effective erosion control and sustainable land management in similar regions. Brazils Brazil s hotspot scenario degradation timeconsuming time consuming approaches Therefore study ultravioletvisible ultraviolet visible UVVIS, UVVIS UV VIS , (UV-VIS) nearinfrared near infrared NIR, (NIR) midinfrared mid (MIR ranges preprocessing pre processing Conceição River 80 km². km² km . km²) n 181 78, 78 78) 36, 36 36) 40 27. 27 27) Moreover 4 8, 8 8) 15, 15 15) 21. 21 21) SVM (SVM others reliability Furthermore from two predictions banks. banks banks) studys costeffective cost (UV-VIS (NIR 18 7 3 2 1

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the importance of sulfur as an essential mineral in the agroecological management of agricultural systems. Materials and Methods: To develop this research, more than 80 scientific publications dealing with sulfur and sulfocalcic broth in agricultural systems were consulted. The fundamental role of these elements in the soil, their use by plants for pest prevention, as well as their effect on mites and ticks hosted by animals, and their value in ruminant nutrition were documented. Papers were also studied that address in the current context, the effects of climate change, the condition of the soil as the basis of all systems and the importance of agroecological management in agriculture and animal husbandry. Results: Sulfur can be used in a variety of ways, as a soil pH reducer, fertilizer, pesticide and medicine for plants and animals. Its use in the manufacture of sulfuric acid and in ruminant nutrition is also contemplated. In addition, when combined with calcium as a sulfocalcic broth, sulfur is effective as an insecticide, fungicide, and medicine against mites and ticks. Its use is also necessary because 33 % of the soils in Cuba show a state of degradation ranging from moderate to high. This is due to various factors such as erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification and chemical contamination, which also causes the loss of biodiversity. Conclusions: The use of sulfur or sulfocalcic broth is essential in agroecological soil management, due to the high percentage of areas with diverse affectations, to which its multiple applications in plants and animals are added. In Cuba, the use of this substance is a challenge due to the available quantities and the small doses that are used. However, their application facilitates the production of healthy and abundant food at low cost, without causing damage to the environment, and contributes significantly to human welfare.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia del azufre como un mineral esencial en la gestión agroecológica de los sistemas agropecuarios. Materiales y Métodos: Para desarrollar esta investigación se consultaron más de 80 publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre el azufre y el caldo sulfocálcico en los sistemas agropecuarios. Se documentó la función fundamental que desempeñan estos elementos en el suelo, su uso por las plantas para la prevención de las plagas, así como su efecto en ácaros y garrapatas que se hospedan en animales; además de su valor en la nutrición de rumiantes. También se estudiaron artículos que abordan en el contexto actual, los efectos del cambio climático, la condición del suelo como base de todos los sistemas y la importancia de la gestión agroecológica en la agricultura y la ganadería. Resultados: El azufre se puede utilizar de diversas maneras, como reductor del pH del suelo, fertilizante, pesticida y medicamento para plantas y animales. También se contempla su uso en la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico y en la nutrición de rumiantes. Además, cuando se combina con calcio como caldo sulfocálcico, el azufre es efectivo como insecticida, fungicida, y medicamento contra ácaros y garrapatas. También es necesario su uso debido a que el 33 % de los suelos en Cuba presentan un estado de degradación que va desde moderada hasta alta. Esto se debe a diversos factores como la erosión, la salinización, la compactación, la acidificación y la contaminación química, lo cual también provoca la pérdida de biodiversidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de azufre o caldo sulfocálcico es esencial en el manejo agroecológico del suelo, debido al elevado porcentaje de áreas con diversas afectaciones, a lo que se adicionan sus múltiples aplicaciones en plantas y animales. En Cuba la utilización de esta sustancia es un desafío por las cantidades disponibles y las pequeñas dosis que se utilizan. No obstante, con su aplicación se facilita la producción de alimentos sanos y abundantes a costo bajo, sin causar daños al medioambiente, y contribuir significativamente al bienestar humano.

ABSTRACT Identifying sediment sources is fundamental for protecting and improving soil and water quality. Conventional fingerprinting studies have often collected sediments at the overall watershed outlet only, resulting in an important spatial scale dependency. This study aimed to identify and to assess the delivery patterns of sediment sources within three priority sub-catchments (Sapocaji, Piedade and Minas) located in the downstream portion of the Ipojuca River watershed in Brazil. This research would build on understanding sediment sources in the studied watershed by elucidating source type contributions on a sub-catchment basis. Both bed and suspended sediment samples were collected in these sub-catchments, and two types of sources were sampled: surface and subsurface sources. A total of 21 geochemical tracers were measured. The tracers were evaluated for their conservation and discriminatory ability (Kruskal-Wallis test and linear discriminant analysis), and the best set of tracers was selected for source apportionment modeling using MixSIAR. Surface (i.e., sugarcane croplands) sources contributed the highest to suspended sediments in the Piedade and Minas sub-catchments. There was a difference in the quality of riverbank management, which helped explain contrasts in the importance of this source. Overall, sub-catchment-specific sediment control management measures, such as the revegetation of riparian forests, need to be implemented, mainly in the Sapocaji sub-catchment. These results underscore the importance of connectivity for surface source contributions. only dependency subcatchments sub catchments Sapocaji, (Sapocaji Brazil subcatchment catchment basis subcatchments, catchments, sampled 2 measured KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis analysis, analysis , analysis) MixSIAR i.e., ie i e (i.e. croplands subcatchments. catchments. Overall subcatchmentspecific specific measures forests implemented subcatchment. catchment. i.e. (i.e i.e

Abstract This study presents a laboratory investigation on the susceptibility of suffusion in soil samples collected from a very old earth dam. The dam, rebuilt around 1800, is composed of two earth fills and lacks a clay core or filtration components, making it vulnerable to internal erosion. Following an inspection in 2006, concerns were raised about the dam's vulnerability to internal erosion during strong floods. Boreholes and vibro-cores were performed to collect samples, which were then tested for suffusion susceptibility. The study found that four out of six samples were highly susceptible to suffusion erosion, with the erosion process starting at gradients much lower than unity. The opposite was observed for samples with fines content greater than 30% and showing some plasticity. The results were compared to predictions from seven geometric criteria found in the literature, but none of the methods could forecast the behaviour of all tests. The study highlights the need for laboratory tests when there is no agreement between the predictions from available criteria. The findings of this study were used to inform the rehabilitation of the dam, which included installing sand filters designed to capture the smallest particles and relief wells distributed along the entire length and height of the eastern embankment. The study demonstrates the importance of assessing suffusion susceptibility in embankment dam safety control and the need for laboratory tests to validate predictions from geometric criteria. 1800 components 2006 dams s floods vibrocores vibro cores unity 30 plasticity literature 180 200 3 18 20 1 2

ABSTRACT Soil degradation is a problem facing agriculture, with water being the most important erosive agent, affecting, among others, crop yields. The objective of this study was to know the effect of four plant covers on soil erosion and starchy corn yield, in three locations in the Ayacucho region (Peru) during the 2018 - 2019 agricultural season. Five treatments were assigned: control, clover cover, vetch cover, vetch-oat cover, and mulch, in corn plots under a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with four blocks. Combined analysis of variance was used to evaluate the results. It was observed that soil erosion and corn yield were significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by plant cover and locations. Vetch-oat and clover cover significantly reduced soil erosion (-53 and -36%, respectively) due to the higher leaf biomass produced by both (6131 and 6052 kg ha-1, respectively). Clover cover produced the highest corn yield (3749 kg ha-1; +78%); while vetch-oats produced the lowest (1955 kg ha-1), without significant differences with the control. The highest production of biomass, N and C of the foliar coverages was produced in the location with the least slope; while the highest performance occurred in steeper areas. Clover cover turned out to be a better option to reduce soil erosion and increase corn yield.

RESUMEN La degradación del suelo es un problema que enfrenta la agricultura, siendo el agua' el agente erosivo más importante, afectando, entre otros, el rendimiento de cultivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el efecto de cuatro coberturas vegetales sobre la erosión del suelo y el rendimiento de maíz amiláceo, en tres localidades de la Región Ayacucho (Perú) durante la campaña agrícola 2018-2019. Se asignaron cinco tratamientos: testigo, cobertura de trébol, cobertura de vicia, cobertura de vicia-avena, y mulch, en parcelas de maíz bajo un diseño de bloques completo al azar (DBCA), con cuatro bloques. Se utilizó el análisis de varianza combinado para evaluar los resultados. Se observó que la erosión del suelo y el rendimiento de maíz fueron significativamente (P < 0,001) influenciados por las coberturas vegetales y las localidades. Las coberturas de vicia-avena y de trébol disminuyeron significativamente la erosión de suelo (-53 y -36%, respectivamente), a partir de la mayor biomasa foliar producida por ambas (6131 y 6052 kg ha-1, respectivamente). La cobertura de trébol generó el mayor rendimiento de maíz (3749 kg har 1 ; +78%); mientras que vicia-avena, generó el menor (1955 kg ha -1 ), sin diferencian significativas con el testigo. En la localidad con menor pendiente se produjo la mayor producción de biomasa, N y C foliar de las coberturas; mientras que el mayor rendimiento se produjo en zonas más empinadas. La cobertura de trébol resultó ser una mejor opción para reducir la erosión del suelo e incrementar el rendimiento de maíz.

Abstract Introduction: Land use changes represent the factor with the greatest impact on terrestrial ecosystems. The conceptual framework of ecosystem services allows understanding how changes in ecosystems affect human well-being. Objective: To evaluate changes in five key ecosystem functions and two key ecosystem services in the Argentina Pampas between 2001 and 2018, and to analyze their relationship with land use changes. Materials and methods: Five ecosystem functions (soil organic carbon storage, biomass carbon storage, erosion control, soil fertility and retention of excess precipitation by vegetation cover) and two regulating ecosystem services (flood regulation and climate regulation were mapped from 2001-2018 using biophysical models. The main land uses were characterized based on remote sensing data. Results and discussion: Ecosystem functions, except for biomass carbon storage, decreased at the regional scale between 2001 and 2018; precipitation retention by cover (40.7 %) and erosion control (35.4 %) decreased the most. Also, the ecosystem services of flood regulation and climate regulation decreased 6.78 % and 6.8 %, respectively. The spatial patterns of decrease in the levels of provision of these services were associated with the replacement of natural grasslands by cropland. Conclusion: The use of biophysical models allowed us to analyze, spatially, the dynamics of regulating ecosystem services and to evaluate their relationship with land use changes.

Resumen Introducción: Los cambios en el uso del suelo representan el factor de mayor impacto sobre los ecosistemas terrestres. El marco conceptual de servicios ecosistémicos permite la comprensión de cómo los cambios en los ecosistemas afectan al bienestar humano. Objetivo: Evaluar cambios en cinco funciones y dos servicios ecosistémicos clave en la región pampeana entre el 2001 y 2018, y analizar su relación con los cambios de usos del suelo. Materiales y métodos: A partir de modelos biofísicos se mapearon cinco funciones ecosistémicas (almacenamiento de carbono orgánico en el suelo, almacenamiento de carbono en biomasa, control de la erosión, fertilidad de suelos y retención de excesos de precipitación por la cobertura vegetal) y dos servicios ecosistémicos de regulación (amortiguación de inundaciones y regulación climática) en el periodo 2001-2018. Los principales usos del suelo se caracterizaron a partir de datos de sensores remotos. Resultados y discusión: Las funciones ecosistémicas, a excepción del almacenamiento de carbono en biomasa, disminuyeron a escala regional entre el 2001 y 2018; la retención de precipitación por la cobertura (40.7 %) y el control de la erosión (35.4 %) disminuyeron en mayor medida. De igual manera, los servicios ecosistémicos de amortiguación de inundaciones y regulación climática disminuyeron 6.78 % y 6.8 %, respectivamente. Los patrones espaciales de disminución en los niveles de provisión de dichos servicios se asociaron al reemplazo de pastizales naturales por cultivos agrícolas. Conclusión: El uso de modelos biofísicos permitió analizar, espacialmente, la dinámica de servicios ecosistémicos de regulación y evaluar su relación con los cambios en el uso del suelo.

Abstract Introduction: Soil loss caused by water erosion impacts both positive and negative fluxes of carbon to the atmosphere. Objective: To identify the main research trends related to the influence of water erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution and its relationship with soil and water conservation practices. Materials and methods: Literature published in national and international journals was consulted in Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. Research trends were analyzed using predefined keywords and grouped according to their affinity. Results: In the period 2012-2022, 80 % of global research focused on SOC redistribution caused by the effect of water erosion and the effect of soil management and conservation practices; however, no studies were found in this regard in Mexico. Due to water erosion, programs for the construction of soil and water conservation works have been implemented in Mexico with significant success, such as sediment control dams, but the impacts in terms of C storage have not been evaluated. Conclusions: In Mexico there are areas of opportunity to focus research at different scales: (I) analyze the redistribution of SOC caused by water erosion, (II) estimate the storage of SOC in sediments, (III) analyze the potential of mechanical soil and water conservation practices as carbon sinks, and (IV) propose a risk index of SOC loss using remote sensing.

Resumen Introducción: La pérdida de suelo por erosión hídrica influye en los flujos positivos y negativos de carbono hacia la atmósfera. Objetivo: Identificar las principales tendencias de investigación con respecto a la influencia de la erosión hídrica en la redistribución del carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) y su relación con las prácticas de conservación del suelo y agua. Materiales y métodos: La literatura publicada en revistas nacionales e internacionales se consultó en Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, ResearchGate y Google Académico. Mediante palabras clave predefinidas se analizaron las tendencias de investigación y se agruparon según su afinidad. Resultados: En el periodo 2012-2022, 80 % de la investigación global se enfocó en la redistribución del COS por efecto de la erosión hídrica y en el efecto del manejo del suelo y de las prácticas de conservación; sin embargo, no se encontraron trabajos al respecto en México. Debido a la erosión hídrica, en México se han implementado programas para la construcción de obras de conservación de suelos y aguas con éxito significativo, como las presas de control de sedimentos, pero no se han evaluado los impactos en términos del almacenamiento de C. Conclusiones: En México existen áreas de oportunidad para enfocar la investigación a diferentes escalas: (I) analizar la redistribución del COS por efecto de la erosión hídrica, (II) estimar el almacenamiento del COS en sedimentos, (III) analizar el potencial de prácticas mecánicas de conservación de suelo y agua como sumideros de carbono y (IV) proponer un índice de riesgo de pérdida del COS utilizando sensores remotos.

Resumen Las obras de conservación de suelos son muy utilizadas en México para disminuir la erosión y propiciar la recuperación de suelos erosionados. Estas obras son particularmente notables en Tlaxcala, estado que presenta grandes superficies con diferentes niveles de erosión edáfica. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 2020 en las localidades Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Zacapexco y San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, Tlaxcala; sitios con obras de conservación de suelo (zanja bordo y zanja trinchera). El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto del establecimiento de las obras de conservación a través de propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. En el sitio Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, los valores de las propiedades del suelo no fueron significativamente diferentes respecto al testigo a ocho años de su implementación. En Zacapexco, a cinco años de la construcción de las zanjas bordo, se verificó un impacto positivo en varias propiedades químicas y biológicas del suelo. En San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, después de más de 40 años de la realización de las zanjas bordo, no se observaron cambios significativos en las propiedades biológicas del suelo. El análisis de componentes principales permitió identificar que la materia orgánica (MO), la capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), calcio, pH, N total y la proporción de arcilla y arena son propiedades que influyen de manera importante en la calidad del suelo en los sitios de estudio, por lo que el monitoreo de estas variables es de gran utilidad en la evaluación del impacto de obras de conservación.

Abstract Soil conservation practices are widely used in Mexico to reduce soil erosion and to promote recovering of eroded soils. These practices are particularly important in the state of Tlaxcala, which has extensive areas with different levels of soil erosion. The study was carried out in 2020 in Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, Zacapexco and San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, sites with soil conservation practices (board-ditches and trench-ditches). The objective was to assess the effects of soil conservation practices through physical, chemical and biological soil properties at each location site. At the Gustavo Díaz Ordaz site, the values of soil properties did not significantly different from the control with the conservation practices after eight years of its establishment. At Zacapexco, after five years of the establishment of board-ditches, there is a positive impact on several chemical and biological soil properties, whereas, at San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, after more than 40 years of establishment of board-ditches, there were no significant effects on biological properties of the soil. A principal components analysis allowed us to identify that organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), calcium, pH, total N and the proportion of clay and sand, are properties that significantly influence soil quality in the study sites, therefore, monitoring these variables is greatly useful in assessing the impact of conservation practices.

Resumen Este trabajo combina la ingeniería aplicada y los servicios ambientales para el bienestar del municipio de Guadalupe en el estado de Nuevo León. El norponiente del río y cerro de la Silla es zona con riesgos geológicos e hidrometeorológicos, ahí la población está vulnerable en cada evento meteorológico y recursivamente los daños ascienden a millones de pesos (mdp). Existen dos herramientas para prevenir y compensar los daños en 24 colonias distribuidas en 6 cuencas hidrológicas superficiales con encharcamientos y susceptibles de riesgo geológico reportados en el Atlas de Riesgos Estatal. Se identificaron algunas zonas para mejorar, regenerar y ampliar el espacio público en parques, cañadas, glorietas, y camellones. El método de línea clave o key line es un diseño hidrológico del terreno para controlar el escurrimiento del agua, la distribución de la infraestructura y los patrones de las áreas verdes en las colonias. A cada espacio público se le calculó el valor económico de los servicios ambientales en la superficie con riesgos geológicos e hidrometeorológicos. El valor estimado de los servicios ambientales es para 21 aspectos de lo urbano y natural. Los servicios incluyen la protección a las inundaciones, la cobertura y erosión del suelo, la estabilidad y contención del macizo rocoso, entre otros. Mantener un ordenamiento con ingeniería de los espacios públicos garantiza la prevención ante algún agente perturbador producido por la naturaleza o inducido. De esta investigación, la mitigación del riesgo en los espacios públicos puede producir servicios ambientales por $28.7 mdp para zonas susceptibles con riesgo geológico y $23.8 mdp para la protección a inundaciones. Valorar los beneficios de los espacios urbanos junto con los servicios en geología e hidrometeorología pueden ser útiles para evaluar los desastres naturales y en la toma de las decisiones para proteger a la población.

Abstract This work combines applied engineering and environmental services for the well-being of the municipality of Guadalupe in the state of Nuevo León. The northeast of the river and Cerro de la Silla is an area with geological and hydrometeorological risks, in there, the population is vulnerable to each meteorological event, and recursively, the damages arise to millions of pesos (mop.). Two tools prevent and compensate for damage in 24 neighborhoods distributed in 6 surface watershed basins with flooding and susceptible to geological risk reported on the State Risk Atlas. Some areas were identified to improve, regenerate and expand the public space of parks, gullies, traffic circles, and medians. The key line method is a hydrological design of the land to control runoff, the distribution of infrastructure, and the patterns of green areas of the neighborhoods. For each public space, the economic value of environmental services was calculated in areas with geological and hydrometeorological risks. The estimated value of environmental services is for 21 urban and natural aspects. The services include flood protection, soil cover and erosion, rock mass stability and containment, among others. Keeping the order of public spaces with engineering guarantees prevention against any disturbing agent produced by nature or induced. From this investigation, risk mitigation in public spaces can produce environmental services for $28.7 million pesos for susceptible areas with geological risk and $23.8 million pesos for flood protection. Assessing the benefits of urban spaces together with geology and hydrometeorology services can help evaluate natural disasters and for decision-making to protect the population.

RESUMEN En el sur de Córdoba la simplificación en los sistemas de producción ha incrementado el riesgo a la erosión eólica, debido a los cambios en la dinámica de la cobertura vegetal y la remoción de suelo. Por lo tanto, nuestros objetivos fueron evaluar la fracción erosionable por el viento en diferentes manejos y ambientes en el Sur del Córdoba, y relacionarla con propiedades edáficas. Para ello, en tres macro-ambientes (Oeste, Centro y Este) y en cuatro manejos: Monte (P), Mixto (M), Agricultura sin maní (A0) y Agricultura con maní (A1) se tomaron muestras de suelo sin disturbar para la determinación de la fracción erosionable por el viento (FE) usando un tamiz rotativo. Además, se tomaron muestras para la determinación de materia orgánica (MO) y textura. Existió interacción entre el manejo y el macro-ambiente para la FE. En el Oeste, la FE fue similar entre manejos y con valores por encima del umbral, en el Este también fue similar entre manejos, pero con valores por debajo del umbral. En el Centro, la FE de A1 fue mayor, presentando valores por encima de 40%. La FE se relacionó de manera lineal y negativa con la MO y de manera lineal y positiva con el contenido de arena. En suelos con más de 70% de arena es necesario el uso de cultivos de servicio para controlar la erosión, mientras que este umbral se reduce a 60% para aquellas secuencias con maní.

ABSTRACT In the South of Córdoba province, the simplification of agricultural production systems has increased the risk of wind erosion, due to changes in the dynamics of vegetation cover and land use. Therefore, our objectives were to evaluate the soil erodible fraction by wind in response to different management practices and environments in southern Córdoba province and to relate it to soil properties. For them, in three macro-environments (West, Central and East southern Córdoba) under four soil uses: Forest (P), Mixed (M), Agriculture without peanut crop (A0) and Agriculture with peanut crop (A1), undisturbed samples were taken for the determination of the wind erodible fraction (FE) using a rotary sieve. Additional samples were taken for the determination of organic matter (OM) and texture. There was interaction between soil use and the macro-environment for FE. In West and East southern Cordoba, FE was similar among soil uses with values above the threshold in the former and below the threshold in the latter. In the Central macro-region, FE of A1 was higher, with values above 40%. A linear negative relation was observed between FE and OM, whereas a linear positive relation was established between FE and sand content. In soils with above 70% sand, the use of service crops is necessary to control erosion, while this threshold is reduced to 60% for those sequences with peanut crop.