ABSTRACT This study aimed to model nutrient losses in an Oxisol under varied soil properties and vegetation cover. The experimental area was located at the Paraná Rural Development Institute, in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná, Brazil. The treatments consisted of six cover crops in summer, six cover crops in winter, and management systems no-tillage (NT) traditional (control), NT with gypsum, and NT with scarification. Nutrient data were collected at each natural rainfall through sample collection from collection troughs. The design was completely randomized, and the data were adjusted using an exponential function of two variables, as a function of soil density, macroporosity, straw dry mass, green cover, and rainfall. Greater losses of Mg and Ca was related to higher soil density and lower macroporosity. Lower losses of Mg, Ca, K, and P were associated with lower straw dry mass and higher green cover. K and P losses were stable for all soil density values, but they decreased with an increase in macroporosity. Institute Oeste Brazil summer winter notillage no tillage (NT control, control , (control) gypsum scarification troughs randomized variables macroporosity values (control

Abstract Conservation soil management systems can promote beneficial changes in the edaphic fauna, which is important in improving and maintaining soil quality. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the edaphic fauna in two areas with soils managed under no-till with and without terraces for four years. The edaphic fauna was evaluated by installing 32 pitfall trapsin each experimental plot. After seven days, the traps were removed, and the sampled individuals were classified at the level of major taxonomic groups. Collembola, Acari, Formicidae, Coleoptera, and Araneae were the most abundant in both study areas. The mean abundance of the order Coleoptera stood out in the no-till system with terraces in 2021, while the orders Collembola and Acari were more abundant without terraces in 2019 and 2021, and 2021 and 2022, respectively. There was a greater abundance of organisms for both areas in 2021, with significant equitability in the no-till system with terraces. Thus, the results showed that only some groups are positively affected by mechanical erosion control. quality Hence notill no till years 3 plot days removed Formicidae 201 202 2022 respectively Thus control 20 2

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia del azufre como un mineral esencial en la gestión agroecológica de los sistemas agropecuarios. Materiales y Métodos: Para desarrollar esta investigación se consultaron más de 80 publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre el azufre y el caldo sulfocálcico en los sistemas agropecuarios. Se documentó la función fundamental que desempeñan estos elementos en el suelo, su uso por las plantas para la prevención de las plagas, así como su efecto en ácaros y garrapatas que se hospedan en animales; además de su valor en la nutrición de rumiantes. También se estudiaron artículos que abordan en el contexto actual, los efectos del cambio climático, la condición del suelo como base de todos los sistemas y la importancia de la gestión agroecológica en la agricultura y la ganadería. Resultados: El azufre se puede utilizar de diversas maneras, como reductor del pH del suelo, fertilizante, pesticida y medicamento para plantas y animales. También se contempla su uso en la fabricación del ácido sulfúrico y en la nutrición de rumiantes. Además, cuando se combina con calcio como caldo sulfocálcico, el azufre es efectivo como insecticida, fungicida, y medicamento contra ácaros y garrapatas. También es necesario su uso debido a que el 33 % de los suelos en Cuba presentan un estado de degradación que va desde moderada hasta alta. Esto se debe a diversos factores como la erosión, la salinización, la compactación, la acidificación y la contaminación química, lo cual también provoca la pérdida de biodiversidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de azufre o caldo sulfocálcico es esencial en el manejo agroecológico del suelo, debido al elevado porcentaje de áreas con diversas afectaciones, a lo que se adicionan sus múltiples aplicaciones en plantas y animales. En Cuba la utilización de esta sustancia es un desafío por las cantidades disponibles y las pequeñas dosis que se utilizan. No obstante, con su aplicación se facilita la producción de alimentos sanos y abundantes a costo bajo, sin causar daños al medioambiente, y contribuir significativamente al bienestar humano.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the importance of sulfur as an essential mineral in the agroecological management of agricultural systems. Materials and Methods: To develop this research, more than 80 scientific publications dealing with sulfur and sulfocalcic broth in agricultural systems were consulted. The fundamental role of these elements in the soil, their use by plants for pest prevention, as well as their effect on mites and ticks hosted by animals, and their value in ruminant nutrition were documented. Papers were also studied that address in the current context, the effects of climate change, the condition of the soil as the basis of all systems and the importance of agroecological management in agriculture and animal husbandry. Results: Sulfur can be used in a variety of ways, as a soil pH reducer, fertilizer, pesticide and medicine for plants and animals. Its use in the manufacture of sulfuric acid and in ruminant nutrition is also contemplated. In addition, when combined with calcium as a sulfocalcic broth, sulfur is effective as an insecticide, fungicide, and medicine against mites and ticks. Its use is also necessary because 33 % of the soils in Cuba show a state of degradation ranging from moderate to high. This is due to various factors such as erosion, salinization, compaction, acidification and chemical contamination, which also causes the loss of biodiversity. Conclusions: The use of sulfur or sulfocalcic broth is essential in agroecological soil management, due to the high percentage of areas with diverse affectations, to which its multiple applications in plants and animals are added. In Cuba, the use of this substance is a challenge due to the available quantities and the small doses that are used. However, their application facilitates the production of healthy and abundant food at low cost, without causing damage to the environment, and contributes significantly to human welfare.

Abstract The terracing is important for erosion processes control in agricultural areas. However, agricultural terraces are being removed from the production areas under no-tillage systems. There are still uncertainties about the terracing effects on the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and macroporosity (Macro), which represent the functionality of the system. We aimed to evaluate the magnitude and spatial distribution of Ks and Macro and the correlation between these soil properties in two paired megaplots, of 1.923 ha, one with terraces (T) and another without terraces (WT). Ks and Macro were determined at 0.00-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m, 0.20-0.30 m, and 0.30-0.40 m soil layers and submitted to descriptive statistical, geostatistics, and Spearman correlation analysis. Ks was highest in the 0.00-0.20 m and lowest in the 0.20-0.40 m layers in T. In WT, Ks was highest in the 0.00-0.10 m and lowest in the 0.10-0.40 m layers. However, the Macro was highest in the 0.00-0.10 m and lowest in the 0.10-0.40 m layers in both megaplots. Ks and Macro had a positive correlation in both megaplots. The spatial distribution of Ks and Macro had a positive correlation, with regions with higher Ks coinciding with regions with higher Macro in both megaplots. The spatial distribution of Ks and Macro in WT did not have a clear trend, while in T there was a slight stratification in strips interspersed with higher and lower Ks and Macro. These initial trends are not conclusive considering the short term between terraces removal and Ks and Macro evaluation. However notillage no tillage systems (Ks Macro, , (Macro) system megaplots 1923 1 923 1.92 ha (T WT. . (WT) 0.000.10 000010 0.00 0.10 0 00 10 0.00-0.1 0.100.20 010020 0.20 20 0.10-0.2 0.200.30 020030 0.30 30 0.20-0.3 0.300.40 030040 0.40 40 0.30-0.4 statistical geostatistics analysis 0.000.20 000020 0.00-0.2 0.200.40 020040 0.20-0.4 0.100.40 010040 0.10-0.4 trend evaluation (Macro 192 92 1.9 (WT 000 0.000.1 00001 0.0 010 0.1 0.00-0. 100 0.100.2 01002 020 0.2 2 0.10-0. 200 0.200.3 02003 030 0.3 3 0.20-0. 300 0.300.4 03004 040 0.4 4 0.30-0. 0.000.2 00002 0.200.4 02004 0.100.4 01004 19 9 1. 0.000. 0000 0. 01 0.00-0 0.100. 0100 02 0.10-0 0.200. 0200 03 0.20-0 0.300. 0300 04 0.30-0 0.000 0.00- 0.100 0.10- 0.200 0.20- 0.300 0.30-

ABSTRACT Identifying sediment sources is fundamental for protecting and improving soil and water quality. Conventional fingerprinting studies have often collected sediments at the overall watershed outlet only, resulting in an important spatial scale dependency. This study aimed to identify and to assess the delivery patterns of sediment sources within three priority sub-catchments (Sapocaji, Piedade and Minas) located in the downstream portion of the Ipojuca River watershed in Brazil. This research would build on understanding sediment sources in the studied watershed by elucidating source type contributions on a sub-catchment basis. Both bed and suspended sediment samples were collected in these sub-catchments, and two types of sources were sampled: surface and subsurface sources. A total of 21 geochemical tracers were measured. The tracers were evaluated for their conservation and discriminatory ability (Kruskal-Wallis test and linear discriminant analysis), and the best set of tracers was selected for source apportionment modeling using MixSIAR. Surface (i.e., sugarcane croplands) sources contributed the highest to suspended sediments in the Piedade and Minas sub-catchments. There was a difference in the quality of riverbank management, which helped explain contrasts in the importance of this source. Overall, sub-catchment-specific sediment control management measures, such as the revegetation of riparian forests, need to be implemented, mainly in the Sapocaji sub-catchment. These results underscore the importance of connectivity for surface source contributions. only dependency subcatchments sub catchments Sapocaji, (Sapocaji Brazil subcatchment catchment basis subcatchments, catchments, sampled 2 measured KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis analysis, analysis , analysis) MixSIAR i.e., ie i e (i.e. croplands subcatchments. catchments. Overall subcatchmentspecific specific measures forests implemented subcatchment. catchment. i.e. (i.e i.e

Resumen Las obras de conservación de suelos son muy utilizadas en México para disminuir la erosión y propiciar la recuperación de suelos erosionados. Estas obras son particularmente notables en Tlaxcala, estado que presenta grandes superficies con diferentes niveles de erosión edáfica. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 2020 en las localidades Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Zacapexco y San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, Tlaxcala; sitios con obras de conservación de suelo (zanja bordo y zanja trinchera). El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto del establecimiento de las obras de conservación a través de propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. En el sitio Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, los valores de las propiedades del suelo no fueron significativamente diferentes respecto al testigo a ocho años de su implementación. En Zacapexco, a cinco años de la construcción de las zanjas bordo, se verificó un impacto positivo en varias propiedades químicas y biológicas del suelo. En San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, después de más de 40 años de la realización de las zanjas bordo, no se observaron cambios significativos en las propiedades biológicas del suelo. El análisis de componentes principales permitió identificar que la materia orgánica (MO), la capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), calcio, pH, N total y la proporción de arcilla y arena son propiedades que influyen de manera importante en la calidad del suelo en los sitios de estudio, por lo que el monitoreo de estas variables es de gran utilidad en la evaluación del impacto de obras de conservación.

Abstract Soil conservation practices are widely used in Mexico to reduce soil erosion and to promote recovering of eroded soils. These practices are particularly important in the state of Tlaxcala, which has extensive areas with different levels of soil erosion. The study was carried out in 2020 in Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, Zacapexco and San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, sites with soil conservation practices (board-ditches and trench-ditches). The objective was to assess the effects of soil conservation practices through physical, chemical and biological soil properties at each location site. At the Gustavo Díaz Ordaz site, the values of soil properties did not significantly different from the control with the conservation practices after eight years of its establishment. At Zacapexco, after five years of the establishment of board-ditches, there is a positive impact on several chemical and biological soil properties, whereas, at San Bartolomé Matlalohcan, after more than 40 years of establishment of board-ditches, there were no significant effects on biological properties of the soil. A principal components analysis allowed us to identify that organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), calcium, pH, total N and the proportion of clay and sand, are properties that significantly influence soil quality in the study sites, therefore, monitoring these variables is greatly useful in assessing the impact of conservation practices.

Resumen Este trabajo combina la ingeniería aplicada y los servicios ambientales para el bienestar del municipio de Guadalupe en el estado de Nuevo León. El norponiente del río y cerro de la Silla es zona con riesgos geológicos e hidrometeorológicos, ahí la población está vulnerable en cada evento meteorológico y recursivamente los daños ascienden a millones de pesos (mdp). Existen dos herramientas para prevenir y compensar los daños en 24 colonias distribuidas en 6 cuencas hidrológicas superficiales con encharcamientos y susceptibles de riesgo geológico reportados en el Atlas de Riesgos Estatal. Se identificaron algunas zonas para mejorar, regenerar y ampliar el espacio público en parques, cañadas, glorietas, y camellones. El método de línea clave o key line es un diseño hidrológico del terreno para controlar el escurrimiento del agua, la distribución de la infraestructura y los patrones de las áreas verdes en las colonias. A cada espacio público se le calculó el valor económico de los servicios ambientales en la superficie con riesgos geológicos e hidrometeorológicos. El valor estimado de los servicios ambientales es para 21 aspectos de lo urbano y natural. Los servicios incluyen la protección a las inundaciones, la cobertura y erosión del suelo, la estabilidad y contención del macizo rocoso, entre otros. Mantener un ordenamiento con ingeniería de los espacios públicos garantiza la prevención ante algún agente perturbador producido por la naturaleza o inducido. De esta investigación, la mitigación del riesgo en los espacios públicos puede producir servicios ambientales por $28.7 mdp para zonas susceptibles con riesgo geológico y $23.8 mdp para la protección a inundaciones. Valorar los beneficios de los espacios urbanos junto con los servicios en geología e hidrometeorología pueden ser útiles para evaluar los desastres naturales y en la toma de las decisiones para proteger a la población.

Abstract This work combines applied engineering and environmental services for the well-being of the municipality of Guadalupe in the state of Nuevo León. The northeast of the river and Cerro de la Silla is an area with geological and hydrometeorological risks, in there, the population is vulnerable to each meteorological event, and recursively, the damages arise to millions of pesos (mop.). Two tools prevent and compensate for damage in 24 neighborhoods distributed in 6 surface watershed basins with flooding and susceptible to geological risk reported on the State Risk Atlas. Some areas were identified to improve, regenerate and expand the public space of parks, gullies, traffic circles, and medians. The key line method is a hydrological design of the land to control runoff, the distribution of infrastructure, and the patterns of green areas of the neighborhoods. For each public space, the economic value of environmental services was calculated in areas with geological and hydrometeorological risks. The estimated value of environmental services is for 21 urban and natural aspects. The services include flood protection, soil cover and erosion, rock mass stability and containment, among others. Keeping the order of public spaces with engineering guarantees prevention against any disturbing agent produced by nature or induced. From this investigation, risk mitigation in public spaces can produce environmental services for $28.7 million pesos for susceptible areas with geological risk and $23.8 million pesos for flood protection. Assessing the benefits of urban spaces together with geology and hydrometeorology services can help evaluate natural disasters and for decision-making to protect the population.

RESUMEN En el sur de Córdoba la simplificación en los sistemas de producción ha incrementado el riesgo a la erosión eólica, debido a los cambios en la dinámica de la cobertura vegetal y la remoción de suelo. Por lo tanto, nuestros objetivos fueron evaluar la fracción erosionable por el viento en diferentes manejos y ambientes en el Sur del Córdoba, y relacionarla con propiedades edáficas. Para ello, en tres macro-ambientes (Oeste, Centro y Este) y en cuatro manejos: Monte (P), Mixto (M), Agricultura sin maní (A0) y Agricultura con maní (A1) se tomaron muestras de suelo sin disturbar para la determinación de la fracción erosionable por el viento (FE) usando un tamiz rotativo. Además, se tomaron muestras para la determinación de materia orgánica (MO) y textura. Existió interacción entre el manejo y el macro-ambiente para la FE. En el Oeste, la FE fue similar entre manejos y con valores por encima del umbral, en el Este también fue similar entre manejos, pero con valores por debajo del umbral. En el Centro, la FE de A1 fue mayor, presentando valores por encima de 40%. La FE se relacionó de manera lineal y negativa con la MO y de manera lineal y positiva con el contenido de arena. En suelos con más de 70% de arena es necesario el uso de cultivos de servicio para controlar la erosión, mientras que este umbral se reduce a 60% para aquellas secuencias con maní.

ABSTRACT In the South of Córdoba province, the simplification of agricultural production systems has increased the risk of wind erosion, due to changes in the dynamics of vegetation cover and land use. Therefore, our objectives were to evaluate the soil erodible fraction by wind in response to different management practices and environments in southern Córdoba province and to relate it to soil properties. For them, in three macro-environments (West, Central and East southern Córdoba) under four soil uses: Forest (P), Mixed (M), Agriculture without peanut crop (A0) and Agriculture with peanut crop (A1), undisturbed samples were taken for the determination of the wind erodible fraction (FE) using a rotary sieve. Additional samples were taken for the determination of organic matter (OM) and texture. There was interaction between soil use and the macro-environment for FE. In West and East southern Cordoba, FE was similar among soil uses with values above the threshold in the former and below the threshold in the latter. In the Central macro-region, FE of A1 was higher, with values above 40%. A linear negative relation was observed between FE and OM, whereas a linear positive relation was established between FE and sand content. In soils with above 70% sand, the use of service crops is necessary to control erosion, while this threshold is reduced to 60% for those sequences with peanut crop.

Abstract Soil loss depends on natural and anthropic factors with high spatial and temporal variability, and can be inferred by predictive models such as the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). In this sense, the objective of this work is to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution and variation of soil losses in the state of Goiás for the years 1985, 2000 and 2018, based on the application of RUSLE and using the drainage basin as a multiscale unit of analysis. The results generally show that there has been an increase in the average loss of soils in the state between the observed years with the average in 1985 being 2.4 ton.ha-1.year-1, growing to 10.8 ton.ha-1.year-1 in 2000, and 11.56 ton.ha-1.year-1 in 2018. The hydrographic regions of Tocantins and Paraná presented the highest losses. In addition to the general control of the Cerrado conversion expansion, the state of Goiás presents two spatial soil loss patterns; one in which the control of natural factors predominates, being linked to morphogenetic aspects with a strong influence of the topographic factor; and the other being rain erosivity, spatialized in areas such as the “front” of Cuesta Caiapó, Serra Dourada and Serra dos Pireneus. When associated, these two factors define sensitive areas with the highest soil losses in the state of Goiás. variability RUSLE. . (RUSLE) sense spatiotemporal spatio 200 2018 analysis 198 24 2 4 2. ton.ha1.year1, tonha1year1 tonhayear ton.ha 1.year 1, ton ha 1 year 108 10 8 10. ton.ha1.year1 ton.ha-1.year- 1156 11 56 11.5 expansion patterns predominates factor erosivity front “front Caiapó Pireneus associated (RUSLE 20 201 19 ha1 year1 tonha tonha1year 1year ton.ha1.year ton.ha-1.year 115 5 11.

Resumo A perda de solos depende de fatores naturais e antrópicos com elevada variabilidade espacial e temporal que podem ser inferidos por modelos de predição como a Equação Universal de Perda de Solos Revisada (EUPS-M). Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a distribuição e a variação espaço-temporais das perdas de solo no estado de Goiás para os anos de 1985, 2000 e 2018, a partir da aplicação da EUPS-M, tendo a bacia hidrográfica como unidade de análise multiescalar. Os resultados demonstram que, em geral, há o aumento na perda média de solos no estado entre os anos observados, sendo que, em 1985 a média foi 2,4 ton.ha-1.ano-1, crescendo para 10,8 ton.ha-1.ano-1 no ano de 2000 e 11,56 ton.ha-1.ano-1 em 2018. As regiões hidrográficas do Tocantins e do Paraná são as que apresentam maiores perdas. Para além do controle geral da expansão da conversão dos Cerrados, o estado de Goiás apresenta dois padrões espaciais de perda de solos, um no qual predomina o controle dos fatores naturais, ligados aos aspectos morfogenéticos com forte influência do fator topográfico e o outro da erosividade das chuvas, espacializadas em áreas como o “front” da cuesta Caiapó, a Serra Dourada e a Serra dos Pireneus. Esses dois fatores, quando associados definem áreas sensíveis, com as maiores perdas de solo do estado de Goiás. EUPSM. EUPSM EUPS M . (EUPS-M) sentido espaçotemporais espaço temporais 200 2018 EUPSM, M, EUPS-M multiescalar observados 198 24 2 4 2, ton.ha1.ano1, tonha1ano1 tonhaano ton.ha 1.ano 1, ton ha 1 108 10 8 10, ton.ha1.ano1 ton.ha-1.ano- 1156 11 56 11,5 Cerrados chuvas front “front Caiapó Pireneus sensíveis (EUPS-M 20 201 19 ha1 ano1 tonha tonha1ano 1ano ton.ha1.ano ton.ha-1.ano 115 5 11,

ABSTRACT No-till vegetable farming is a feasible alternative to reduce erosion-induced losses and to increase soil nutrient availability, because cover crop residue protects the soil and its decomposition promotes nutrient cycling, which can improve the yield of the subsequent crop. The present study assessed the production and decomposition of cover crops and the agronomic performance of broccoli grown on this residue using different nitrogen doses in a no-till system. A randomized block design was used, in a split-split plot arrangement of main plots (cover crops), sub-plots (N doses) and sub-sub plots (decomposition times), with four repetitions. Seven cover crops were studied, as follows: [1) signal grass (SG); 2) sunn hemp (SH); 3) pearl millet (PM): 4) SG+SH; 5) SG+PM; 6) SH+PM and 7) SG+SH+PM]; in addition to four doses of nitrogen topdressing [T1) no N application (control); T2) 60 kg/ha N; T3) 90 kg/ha N and T4) 120 kg/ha N]; and five cover crop residue decomposition times: zero (cutting), 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT) the broccoli seedlings. Cover crop dry weight (DW) production, residue decomposition, and the head fresh (HFW) and dry weight (HDW) and yield (YLD) of broccoli were assessed. Among the cover crops, sunn hemp and the intercropped SG+SH treatment exhibited the lowest DW production and, along with signal grass, the shortest half-life (T½) and highest residue decomposition rate. The best-performing broccoli plants were those grown using PM, SH and a combination of both as cover crops. The highest broccoli production was obtained using sunn hemp residue, regardless of nitrogen topdressing, with HFW of 788 g/plant and YLD of 30 t/ha. Notill No till erosioninduced erosion induced availability cycling notill system used splitsplit split , crops) subplots sub subsub times, times times) repetitions studied follows 1 [1 SG (SG) 2 (SH) 3 PM (PM) 4 SGSH 5 SG+PM SGPM 6 SHPM 7 SG+SH+PM SGSHPM SG+SH+PM] T1 T [T1 control (control) T2 kgha kg ha T3 9 T4 12 N] cutting, cutting (cutting) 15 DAT (DAT seedlings (DW (HFW HDW (HDW (YLD halflife half life T½ (T½ rate bestperforming best performing 78 gplant g plant tha t t/ha [ (SG (SH (PM [T (control (cutting (T

RESUMO O plantio direto de hortaliças tem sido uma alternativa viável para diminuir as perdas causadas pela erosão e aumentar a disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, pois a manutenção da palha na superfície protege o solo e, com a decomposição destes resíduos, ocorre a ciclagem de nutrientes. Esse fato pode proporcionar aumento da produtividade das culturas em sucessão. Neste estudo avaliou-se a produção e a decomposição dos resíduos de plantas de cobertura e o desempenho agronômico do brócolis cultivado sobre estes resíduos e com diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada em sistema de plantio direto. O estudo foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas (doses de N) e sub-subdivididas (tempos de decomposição), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados sete tipos de cobertura, sendo 1) braquiária (B); 2) crotalária (C); 3) milheto (M); 4) consórcio B+C; 5) B+M; 6) C+M e 7) B+C+M. Foram avaliados também 4 doses de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, sendo T1) sem aplicação de N (controle); T2) 60 kg/ha de N; T3) 90 kg/ha de N e T4) 120 kg/ha de N. Ainda, avaliamos cinco tempos de decomposição dos resíduos das plantas de cobertura, sendo: zero (manejo), 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o transplante das mudas de brócolis. Foram avaliados a produção de massa seca (MS) das coberturas, decomposição dos resíduos, massa fresca (MFC) e seca das cabeças (MSC) e produtividade (PROD) na cultura do brócolis. Crotalária e o consorcio B+C apresentaram a menor produção de MS e junto com a braquiária o menor T½ vida e maior taxa de decomposição dos resíduos. O melhor desempenho do brócolis ocorreu quando as plantas foram cultivadas sobre os resíduos de M, C e nos consórcios destas plantas como coberturas. A maior produção de brócolis ocorreu no cultivo sob os resíduos de crotalária, independente da adição ou não de adubo nitrogenado em cobertura, com MFC de 788 g/planta e PROD de 30 t/ha. sucessão avaliouse avaliou se casualizados subsubdivididas sub decomposição, , decomposição) repetições 1 B (B) 2 (C) 3 M (M) BC 5 B+M BM 6 CM 7 BCM B+C+M T1 T controle (controle) T2 kgha kg ha T3 9 T4 12 Ainda manejo, manejo (manejo) 15 (MS coberturas (MFC MSC (MSC (PROD 78 gplanta g planta tha t t/ha (B (C (M (controle (manejo

ABSTRACT Anthropic activities in their various aspects have promoted soil degradation in the Brazilian semi-arid region (SAB). As a result, significant losses in productivity and in the ability of soils to fulfill their ecological functions have been reported. The present study investigated the effects of degradation on soil attributes and properties under dense (CAD) and sparse (CAE) shrubby Caatinga in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Samples from the 0-20 cm layer of soil were investigated via physical (particle size distribution and soil density), chemical (acidity, electrical conductivity, macronutrients, soil organic matter) and microbiological attributes (microbial biomass carbon (C-BMS), basal respiration of the soil (RBS) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) Data were submitted to the Mann-Whitney Test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Anthropic actions on the CAE promoted the exposure of the saprolitic layer on the surface. This layer has imperfect drainage, low levels of nutrients and organic matter and high sodicity, which contributes to the slow regeneration of vegetation. Carbon stock and microbial activity are significantly lower in CAE compared to CAD. Degradation resulted in losses of supporting ecosystem services (nutrient cycling and primary production) and regulation (erosion control and climate regulation). The results can be used to understand the dynamics of landscapes of low complexity (high degradation) in the SAB and serve as a framework to find strategies to restore the productive capacity of extensive degraded and/or desertified areas in the SAB. semiarid semi arid . (SAB) result reported CAD (CAD (CAE Grande PB Brazil 020 0 20 0-2 particle density, density , density) acidity, acidity (acidity conductivity macronutrients CBMS, CBMS C BMS (C-BMS) RBS (RBS qCO2 qCO (qCO2 MannWhitney Mann Whitney PCA. PCA (PCA) surface drainage sodicity vegetation nutrient production erosion regulation. regulation) andor or (SAB 02 2 0- (C-BMS (qCO (PCA

RESUMO As atividades antrópicas em seus diversos aspectos têm promovido a degradação dos solos no Semiárido brasileiro (SAB). Como consequência, têm sido reportadas perdas significativas de produtividade e da capacidade dos solos em cumprir suas funções ecológicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da degradação nos atributos e propriedades de solos sob Caatinga arbustiva densa (CAD) e esparsa (CAE) em Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. Amostras da camada de 0-20 cm do solo foram analisadas quanto aos atributos físicos (granulometria e densidade do solo), químicos (acidez, condutividade elétrica, macronutrientes, matéria orgânica) e microbiológicos (carbono da biomassa microbiana (C-BMS), respiração basal do solo (RBS) e quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados foram submetidos ao Teste de Mann-Whittney e à Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). As ações antrópicas na CAE promoveram a exposição da camada saprolítica em superfície. Esta camada possui drenagem imperfeita, baixos teores de nutrientes e de matéria orgânica e elevada sodicidade, o que contribui para a lenta regeneração da vegetação. O estoque de carbono e a atividade microbiana são significativamente mais baixos na CAE em relação à CAD. A degradação acarretou em perdas de serviços ecossistêmicos de suporte (ciclagem de nutrientes e produção primária) e de regulação (controle da erosão e regulação do clima). Os resultados podem ser utilizados para compreensão da dinâmica de paisagens de baixa complexidade (elevada degradação) no SAB, bem como para adoção de estratégias de restabelecimento da capacidade produtiva de extensas áreas degradadas e/ou desertificadas no SAB. SAB . (SAB) consequência ecológicas CAD (CAD (CAE Grande PB Brasil 020 0 20 0-2 granulometria solo, , solo) acidez, acidez (acidez elétrica macronutrientes CBMS, CBMS C BMS (C-BMS) RBS (RBS qCO2. qCO2 qCO (qCO2) MannWhittney Mann Whittney ACP. ACP (ACP) superfície imperfeita sodicidade vegetação ciclagem primária controle clima. clima clima) eou ou (SAB 02 2 0- (C-BMS (qCO2 (ACP (qCO

ABSTRACT No-tillage system (NTS) plays a prominent role in conservation agriculture, however, its benefits can be further improved by adopting complementary soil management and conservation practices, such as using autumnal cover crops, contour seeding, and terraces. This study aimed to evaluate how soil biological activity responds to soil management and conservation systems. The treatments consisted of three macroplots with an area of 11.000 m2 each, as follows: a) Non-Terraced catchment (NTC), cultivated in NTS similar to most farmers of the region, in which the agricultural operations are carried out in the direction of the slope and without terraces used; b) Best Management Practices (BMPs) were adopted in NTS with additional autumnal cultivation of cover crops, and also the direction of machine traffic was transverse to the slope direction; and c) Terraced catchment (TC), cultivated in NTS was associated to mechanical practices to erosion control, using wide base terrace on level. Soil microbial properties sampled in the 0.00-0.10 m layer were evaluated during 2019, 2020, and 2021, all shortly after the summer crop harvest. Natural inoculum potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), respirometry, metabolic coefficient, acid phosphatase activity, and organic carbon and nitrogen in the microbial biomass were assessed. Averages of each microbiological properties were compared through the confidence intervals (p<0.05). The results showed a greater potential for AMF inoculum in BMPs and TC systems. The NTC showed the highest values of respirometry and metabolic quotient, releasing 31.7 and 27.3 % more CO2 compared to BMPs and TC, respectively. The BMPs and TC were able to retain 13.8 and 16.5 % more carbon in the microbial biomass and 8.0 and 8.8 % more nitrogen in the biomass than NTC, respectively. Adopting soil management and conservation practices such as autumn cover crops, level seeding, and wide base terrace on level improved the soil microbial properties, with an increase in AMF inoculum potential, higher levels of acid phosphatase activity, and increment of carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass. Notillage No tillage (NTS agriculture however crops seeding systems 11000 11 000 11.00 follows NonTerraced Non , (NTC) region used b (BMPs c (TC) control 0.000.10 000010 0.00 0.10 0 00 10 0.00-0.1 2019 2020 2021 harvest AMF, (AMF) coefficient assessed p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 05 (p<0.05) quotient 317 31 7 31. 273 27 3 27. CO respectively 138 13 8 13. 165 16 5 16. 80 8. 88 1100 1 11.0 (NTC (TC 0.000.1 00001 0.0 010 0.1 0.00-0. 201 202 (AMF p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 2 110 11. 0.000. 0000 0. 01 0.00-0 20 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 0.000 0.00- p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

Resumen: Los desafíos que enfrentan los productores familiares, como el deterioro de la calidad del suelo y los bajos ingresos familiares, no se pueden abordar trabajando por componentes individuales. Mejorar la sostenibilidad de estos predios requiere un enfoque de sistemas multiobjetivo y puede verse como un proceso evolutivo compuesto por ciclos de aprendizaje. Desarrollamos un proyecto de coinnovación con trece productores familiares desde 2014 a 2017, que involucró la caracterización, el diagnóstico, el rediseño y la implementación y la evaluación de los predios. Los bajos ingresos familiares, la baja productividad de la mano de obra y el deterioro de la calidad del suelo fueron los principales problemas que afectaron la sostenibilidad. Identificamos factores de manejo de los cultivos y deficiencias de fertilidad del suelo como las principales causas de los bajos rendimientos. Luego de tres ciclos de diagnóstico, rediseño, implementación y seguimiento, el ingreso familiar promedio aumentó 32%, la productividad del trabajo aumentó 22% y todos los predios implementaron medidas de control de la erosión. Una mayor implementación de los planes mejoró el ingreso familiar, la productividad del trabajo y el rendimiento de los cultivos. Identificamos cuatro tipos de actividades que contribuyeron al aprendizaje a lo largo del proceso de coinnovación: visitas prediales regulares; reuniones para discutir diagnóstico, planificación y evaluación; días de campo, y talleres de reflexión. El uso estratégico de herramientas de análisis de sistemas para promover el aprendizaje facilitó la comunicación entre diferentes actores, y permitió el aprendizaje compartido.

Abstract: Current global challenges for family farmers, such as the deterioration of arable land and low family income, cannot be addressed only by working on single farm components. Improving the sustainability of family farms requires a multi-objective systems approach and may be seen as an evolutionary process composed of iterative learning cycles. We developed a co-innovation project from 2014 to 2017 that involved characterisation, diagnosis, redesign, and implementation and evaluation of the redesigns on farms. Low family income, low labour productivity and the deterioration of soil quality were the main problems impacting farm sustainability. We identified crop management factors and soil fertility deficiencies as the main causes of low yields. After three cycles of diagnosis, redesign, implementation and monitoring, the average family income increased by 32%, labour productivity increased by 22%, and all the farms implemented soil erosion control measurements. Greater implementation of the farm redesign plans resulted in greater improvements in family income, labour productivity, and crop yields. We identified four types of activities that supported learning throughout the co-innovation process: regular farm visits; meetings to discuss diagnosis, planning and evaluation; field days, and reflection workshops. The strategic use of system analysis tools to promote learning eased communication among different actors, allowing shared learning.

Resumo: Os desafios enfrentados pelos agricultores familiares, como a deterioração da qualidade do solo e a baixa renda familiar, não podem ser enfrentados trabalhando em componentes individuais. A melhoria da sustentabilidade desses sitios requer uma abordagem sistêmica multiobjetiva e pode ser vista como um processo evolutivo composto por ciclos de aprendizagem. Desenvolvemos um projeto de coinovação com treze agricultores familiares de 2014 a 2017 que envolveu a caracterização, diagnóstico, redesenho e implementação e avaliação nos sitios. Baixa renda familiar, baixa produtividade do trabalho e deterioração da qualidade do solo foram os principais problemas que afetaram a sustentabilidade. Identificamos fatores de manejo de culturas e deficiências de fertilidade do solo como as principais causas de baixos rendimentos. Após três ciclos de diagnóstico, redesenho, implantação e monitoramento, a renda média familiar aumentou 32%, a produtividade do trabalho aumentou 22% e todas os sitios implementaram medidas de controle da erosão. A maior implementação dos planos melhorou a renda familiar, a produtividade do trabalho e o rendimento das colheitas. Identificamos quatro tipos de atividades que contribuíram para o aprendizado ao longo do processo de coinovação: visitas regulares os sitios, reuniões para discussão de diagnóstico, planejamento e avaliação, dias de campo e oficinas de reflexão. O uso estratégico de ferramentas de análise de sistemas para promover o aprendizado facilitou a comunicação entre diferentes atores, permitindo o aprendizado compartilhado.

Resumo Atualmente, um dos maiores problemas ambientais ao nível do globo é a perda de solo por erosão hídrica. O agente erosivo pode provocar perdas significativas de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, principalmente quando a superfície do solo suporta um reduzido coberto vegetal. Em Portugal, o fogo controlado é uma prática comumente utilizada no controlo da disponibilidade de combustível e consequente redução do risco de incêndio. Contudo, esta prática remove em grande parte a cobertura vegetal, deixando o solo mais exposto aos processos erosivos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito do fogo controlado na erosão hídrica em áreas de matos do Parque Natural de Montesinho, NE Portugal. Após o fogo, foram instaladas 6 parcelas de erosão de 4 m2 cada (4 × 1 m), para avaliação da perda de solo e do escoamento superficial na área queimada. Os resultados englobam 8 meses de ensaio (março a dezembro de 2021), e as colheitas foram realizadas por cada evento de precipitação, perfazendo um total de 6 avaliações. O volume de água de escoamento e a perda de solo (massa de sedimentos) foram obtidos através de cálculos que englobaram o escoamento, os sedimentos transportados para o interior dos reservatórios de colheita do escoamento e os sedimentos depositados na parte frontal das parcelas de erosão (colocação de um dispositivo que permite a recolha dos sedimentos transportados). A quantidade média de perda de solo foi de 15,4 g m-2, o escoamento superficial médio foi de 1,4 mm, traduzindo-se num coeficiente de escoamento de 4,2%. Para avaliação das perdas de C e N, os sedimentos foram separados em 4 classes de tamanho (<0,2mm, 0,2-0,5mm, 0,5-2mm, >2mm) e analisadas em laboratórios as concentrações de C e N. A baixa precipitação total, durante o período de ensaio, ocasionou baixos valores de escoamento e, portanto, baixos valores de perda de solo, de C e de N.

Abstract Currently, one of the biggest environmental problems at the global level is the soil loss by water erosion. The erosive agent can cause significant losses of nutrients and organic matter, especially when the soil surface supports a reduced vegetation cover. In Portugal, prescribed fire is a commonly used practice to control the fuel availability and consequently reduce the wildfires risk. However, this practice removes the vegetation cover, leaving the soil more exposed to erosive processes. In this sense, the present work aims to evaluate the effect of prescribed fire on water erosion in shrub areas of the Montesinho Natural Park, NE Portugal. After the fire, 6 erosion plots of 4 m2 each (4 × 1 m) were installed to assess soil loss and runoff in the burned area. The results encompass 8 months (March to December 2021), and samples were collected for each rainfall event, making a total of 6 evaluations. The runoff and soil loss (sediment mass) were obtained through calculations that encompassed the runoff, the sediments transported into the runoff collection reservoirs and the sediments deposited on the front of the erosion plots (placement of a device that allows the collection of transported sediments). The average of soil loss was 15.4 g m-2, the average of runoff was 1.4 mm, corresponding to a runoff coefficient of 4.2%. To evaluate C and N losses, the sediments were separated into 4 size classes (<0.2mm, 0.2-0.5mm, 0.5-2mm, >2mm) and analyzed in laboratory the C and N concentrations. The low total precipitation, during the test period, caused low runoff values and, therefore, low losses of soil, C and N.

Resumo O olival é uma cultura de elevada importancia na região de Trás-os-Montes, constituindo o olival tradicional o principal sistema de produção. A mobilização do solo para controlo de infestantes, é tradicionalmente, praticada nos olivais desta região, no entanto esta prática aumenta a susceptibilidade dos solos à erosão e pode perturbar a biota do solo e as suas interações. O conhecimento acerca do efeito desta prática cultural no coberto vegetal espontâneo do olival é escasso. Este estudo pretende elucidar os efeitos que a mobilização poderá provocar na diversidade e composição da vegetação espontânea de cobertura do solo em olival tradicional. Os resultados preliminares mostram que a mobilização do solo parece promover o aumento da abundância de espécies pertencentes às famílias Caryophyllaceae e Poaceae, e de limitar o desenvolvimento das famílias Asteraceae, Geraniaceae e Polygonaceae. Algumas destas famílias, em particular Poaceae e Asteraceae, contém espécies com reconhecido papel na atração de organismos auxiliares e, por conseguinte, são importantes fatores a ter em conta na gestão sustentável desta cultura.

Abstract The olive grove is a highly important crop in the region of Trás-os-Montes, being the traditional olive grove the main production system. Tillage for weed control is traditionally practiced in the olive groves of this region, however this practice increases soil susceptibility to erosion and can disturb soil biota and their interactions. Knowledge about the effect of this cultural practice on spontaneous vegetation cover in olive groves is scarce. This study aims to elucidate the effects that tillage may have on the diversity and composition of spontaneous ground cover vegetation in traditional olive groves. Preliminary results show that tillage seems to promote increased abundance of species belonging to the families Caryophyllaceae and Poaceae, and to limit the development of the families Asteraceae, Geraniaceae and Polygonaceae. Some of these families, in particular Poaceae and Asteraceae, contain species with recognized roles in attracting auxiliary organisms and are therefore important factors to consider in the sustainable management of this crop.