ABSTRACT Purpose: Although Brazil has a high prevalence of retinoblastoma, there is a lack of epidemiological data on the disease. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma in the ophthalmology department of a pediatric tertiary referral hospital in Ceara, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted by retrospectively analyzing the clinical and socioeconomic data from the medical records of pediatric patients followed-up at the hospital between 2007 and 2021. Retinoblastoma was diagnosed on the basis of a fundoscopic or histopathologic examination. Results: The data of 105 patients were included in the study, and the mean patient age at the time of diagnosis was 1.7 years. Most of the patients were women (50.5%) and hailed from rural areas (57.4%), which was associated with a higher tumor stage. Of the 150 patients, 57.1% initially presented with leukocoria. Ocular hyperemia was associated with more advanced stages of retinoblastoma (p=0.004). Bilateral involvement was observed in 25.7% of the patients and at a significantly younger age (p=0.009). The presence of retinal detachment, vascularized lesions, and vitreous seeds significantly increased the likelihood of requiring enucleation. Discussion: This study presents an epidemiological description of retinoblastoma in Brazil, which highlights the significance of early detection. Delayed diagnosis is associated with a poorer visual prognosis and higher mortality rate, particularly in patients with unilateral disease. Risk factors for a more severe disease were retinal detachment, vascularized lesions, and vitreous seeds. The correlation between histopathological features and clinical outcomes was limited. Conclusion: Further studies are required to assess the influence of ocular hyperemia, fundoscopic assessment, and histopathologic findings on the prognosis of retinoblastoma. Moreover, it is critical to devise interventions to reduce the time-to-diagnosis in rural areas. Purpose Thus Ceara Methods crosssectional cross sectional followedup followed up 200 2021 examination Results 10 17 1 7 1. years 50.5% 505 50 5 (50.5% 57.4%, 574 57.4% , 57 4 (57.4%) stage 15 571 57.1 leukocoria p=0.004. p0004 p p=0.004 . 0 004 (p=0.004) 257 25 25.7 p=0.009. p0009 p=0.009 009 (p=0.009) detachment lesions enucleation Discussion detection rate limited Conclusion assessment Moreover timetodiagnosis 20 202 50.5 (50.5 57.4 (57.4% 57. p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.004 2 25. (p=0.009 50. (50. (57.4 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.00 (50 (57. p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (5 (57 p=0 (p=0. ( p= (p=0 (p= (p

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a funcionalidade e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes com osteogênese imperfeita (OI). Métodos: Estudo transversal com 30 crianças e adolescentes com OI. Foram avaliados prontuários médicos, uso de bisfosfonatos, características socioeconômicas, dinamometria de preensão palmar, equilíbrio, hipermobilidade articular, nível de deambulação e escores do Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory - Computer Adaptative Test (PEDI-CAT). Os dados foram apresentados em média e desvio padrão e comparados por teste t por Mann-Whitney, enquanto os categóricos foram apresentados em frequência e comparados pelo teste exato de Fisher. Análises intragrupos foram realizadas por análise de covariância (ANCOVA) ou Teste de Wilcoxon para postos sinalizados. O teste Tau-b de Kendall foi usado para correlações. Resultados: A idade variou de 6 a 18 anos. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com a gravidade da doença. Casos moderados/graves (n=10) apresentaram menor estatura e força muscular comparadas às dos leves (n=20). Fraqueza muscular foi observada em todos os casos de OI quando comparados à população normal. Não houve diferença nos domínios do PEDI-CAT com exceção do domínio mobilidade. Houve correlação entre o número de fraturas, tipo de OI, peso e equilíbrio e o domínio mobilidade; e entre os domínios Atividades Diárias e Mobilidade e Responsabilidade e Social/cognitivo do PEDI-CAT. Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que crianças com OI moderada/severa podem atingir o mesmo nível de funcionalidade que crianças com a forma leve. Fraturas podem ter grande influência no nível de funcionalidade e o tratamento deve enfocar a prevenção e a reabilitação desses eventos. Objetivo . (OI) Métodos 3 médicos bisfosfonatos socioeconômicas palmar articular PEDICAT. PEDICAT PEDI CAT (PEDI-CAT) MannWhitney, MannWhitney Mann Whitney, Whitney Mann-Whitney Fisher ANCOVA (ANCOVA sinalizados Taub Tau b correlações Resultados 1 anos doença moderadosgraves moderados graves n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10 n=20. n20 n=20 20 (n=20) normal mobilidade fraturas Socialcognitivo Social cognitivo CAT. Conclusões moderadasevera moderada severa leve eventos (OI (PEDI-CAT n=1 n1 (n=1 n2 n=2 2 (n=20 n= (n= (n=2 (n

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functioning and associated factors in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 30 children and adolescents with OI. Medical records, use of bisphosphonates, socioeconomic status, handgrip strength, balance, joint hypermobility, ambulatory level, and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory—Computer Adaptative Test (PEDI-CAT) scores were assessed. Data is presented as mean and standard deviation and Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical data is presented as frequency and analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Within-group analyses were conducted using ANCOVA or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Correlations used Kendall’s Tau-b test. Results: The participants involved in this study were 6–18 years old. The sample was separated into two groups according to disease severity. The moderate/severe OI group (n=10) presented a lower height and muscular strength than the mild group (n=20). Muscle weakness was observed in all participants with OI when compared with the normal population. No differences were observed between the groups in the PEDI-CAT scores except for the mobility domain. There were correlations between the PEDI-CAT mobility domain and the number of fractures, OI type, weight, and balance; there was also a correlation between the PEDI-CAT daily activities, mobility, responsibility, and social/cognitive domains. Conclusions: The findings suggest that children with moderate/severe forms of OI can achieve the same function levels as children with mild OI. Fractures can have a major influence on the functional level, and treatment should focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of these events when they occur. Objective . (OI) Methods crosssectional cross sectional 3 records bisphosphonates status balance hypermobility level InventoryComputer Inventory Computer PEDICAT PEDI CAT (PEDI-CAT assessed Students Student s ttest t test MannWhitney Mann Whitney Fishers Fisher Withingroup Within signedrank signed rank Kendalls Kendall Taub Tau b Results 618 6 18 6–1 old severity moderatesevere moderate severe n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10 n=20. n20 n=20 20 (n=20) population fractures type weight activities responsibility socialcognitive social cognitive domains Conclusions occur (OI 61 1 6– n=1 n1 (n=1 n2 n=2 2 (n=20 n= (n= (n=2 (n

What motivates voters to support candidates with backgrounds in public security for Brazil’s National Congress, the so-called Law & Order (L&O) politicians? The 2018 elections witnessed a surge in parliamentarians from police and military backgrounds and the election of a president closely aligned with this agenda. We explore whether this trend correlates with municipal-level violence indicators and the presence of municipal capacity in the security sector, employing various regression models that account for socioeconomic, demographic, political, and geographic factors. Our findings from the additive model reveal a negative association between the level of violence and votes for L&O candidates. This suggests a potential disconnection between fear, victimization, and support for repressive policies, while also indicating that local capacity in the security sector tend to enhance L&O candidates’ performance. However, our model incorporating the interaction between both variables uncovers that violence exacerbates the negative impact on L&O voting when the city has capacity in the security sector. This may reflect a municipal-level preference for preventive measures, particularly in more violent areas, which contrasts with the generally repressive stance of L&O candidates. Brazils Brazil s Congress socalled so called LO L O (L&O politicians 201 agenda municipallevel socioeconomic demographic political factors fear victimization policies performance However measures areas 20 2

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

Resumo: Desde a década de 1960, uma série de pesquisas tem questionado a capacidade das escolas para igualar os níveis de aprendizagem entre alunos de diferentes origens sociais. Apesar da diversidade de programas e políticas que buscaram equalizar as diferenças, pesquisas em diversos contextos constataram repetidamente que as diferenças não apenas persistem, mas são reproduzidas nas escolas. Este artigo aborda o problema de uma perspectiva um pouco diferente: seu objetivo é identificar práticas e atitudes de estudantes e docentes associadas a diferenças no desempenho escolar entre estudantes de condição social e econômica mais baixa no Brasil e na Argentina. O objetivo não é entender os mecanismos que reproduzem as diferenças entre os estratos, mas sim aqueles que geram maior desempenho relativo entre os estudantes com menos recursos. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise comparativa dos resultados do teste PISA de 2018 por meio de modelos estatísticos multivariados. Essa análise mostrou que determinados fatores, como a empatia docente, a motivação e perseverança estudantil ou as modalidades de estudo, estão associados ao desempenho. Mas também mostrou que a magnitude da associação varia de acordo com o contexto. Esses resultados contribuem para a elaboração de políticas educacionais que buscam aumentar o desempenho em estratos desfavorecidos, indicando algumas condições que podem favorecê-lo, mas também alertando sobre as dificuldades de extrapolar resultados entre contextos de forma acrítica

Abstract: Since the 1960s, a vast array of studies has questioned the ability of schools to equalize learning levels among students from different social backgrounds. Despite various programs and policies aimed at reducing these disparities, research in diverse contexts has repeatedly found that not only do these differences persist, but they are also reproduced within the school system. This article approaches the issue from a slightly different perspective: its objective is to identify practices and attitudes of students and teachers that are associated with differences in school performance among students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds in Brazil and Argentina. The focus is not on understanding the mechanisms that perpetuate differences between social strata, but rather on identifying those that lead to higher relative achievements among students with fewer resources. A comparative analysis of the 2018 PISA test results was conducted using multivariate statistical models. This analysis revealed that certain factors, such as teacher empathy, student motivation and perseverance, and study methods, are associated with academic performance. However, it also showed that the strength of these associations varies depending on the context. These findings contribute to the design of educational policies aimed at improving performance in disadvantaged groups by highlighting conditions that may foster better outcomes, while also cautioning against uncritically extrapolating results across different contexts

Resumen: Desde la década de 1960 en adelante una extensa serie de estudios ha puesto en duda la capacidad de la escuela para igualar los niveles de aprendizaje entre estudiantes de distinto origen social. Pese a la diversidad de programas y políticas que han buscado igualar las diferencias, distintas investigaciones en diversos contextos han encontrado una y otra vez que las diferencias no solo persisten, sino que se reproducen en la escuela. En este artículo se aborda el problema desde una óptica ligeramente diferente: su objetivo es identificar prácticas y actitudes de estudiantes y docentes asociadas a las diferencias de desempeño escolar entre estudiantes de menor nivel económico social en Brasil y Argentina. No se busca comprender los mecanismos que reproducen las diferencias entre estratos, sino aquellos que generan mayores logros relativos en los estudiantes con menos recursos. Se realizó para ello un análisis comparativo de los resultados de las pruebas PISA del 2018 mediante modelos estadísticos multivariados. Este análisis mostró que ciertos factores, como la empatía docente, la motivación y perseverancia estudiantil o las modalidades de estudio se asocian al desempeño. Pero también evidenció que la magnitud de la asociación varía con el contexto. Estos resultados aportan al diseño de políticas educativas que procuren incrementar el desempeño en estratos desfavorecidos, al indicar algunas condiciones que pueden favorecerlo, pero advirtiendo también sobre las dificultades de extrapolar resultados entre contextos de manera acrítica

Resumen: La cuenca binacional del río Zarumilla es un lugar con gran diversidad de especies y es de gran importancia para la economía de Perú y Ecuador. Estos factores socioeconómicos pueden traer consigo cambios en la distribución de las coberturas del suelo, los cuales afectan de manera negativa los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo durante el periodo 1992-2022 y construir una proyección al año 2040 siguiendo las tendencias de uso actuales y su patrón histórico. Se usaron mapas de cobertura y uso de suelo de los años 1992 y 2022, así como información georreferenciada que fue usada para encontrar los factores condicionantes para el cambio de suelo. El modelo de prospección se basó en la implementación de cadenas de Markov y autómatas celulares usando factores condicionantes para construir una proyección más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una pérdida neta de 11378 hectáreas de bosque durante el periodo 1992-2022, ocurriendo el 87.7% de esta pérdida en el lado ecuatoriano de la cuenca. A este ritmo se puede prospectar una pérdida de bosque de 10552 hectáreas para el periodo 2022-2040, de igual manera prevista principalmente en el lado ecuatoriano. El modelo prospectivo también resalta que los principales cambios se producirán en áreas de baja altitud y en proximidad a fuentes hídricas y carreteras. Esta es una pérdida alarmante de bosque nativo, la cual se puede evitar mediante la creación de políticas de desarrollo sostenible y programas de ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract: The binational basin of the Zarumilla River is a place with great species diversity and is particularly important to the economy of Peru and Ecuador. These socioeconomic factors can lead to changes in land cover distribution, which negatively affect ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate changes in land cover and use during the period 1992-2022 and to generate a projection for the year 2040 following current usage trends and historical patterns. Land cover and use maps from 1992 and 2022 were used, along with georeferenced information that was employed to identify the conditioning factors for land change. The prospection model was based on the implementation of Markov chains and cellular automata using conditioning factors to build a more accurate projection. The results obtained reflect a net loss of 11378 hectares of forest during the period 1992-2022, with 87.7% of this loss occurring on the Ecuadorian side of the watershed. At this rate, a forest loss of 10552 hectares can be projected for the period 2022-2040, similarly projected mainly on the Ecuadorian side. The projection model also highlights that the main changes will occur in low-altitude areas and in proximity to water sources and roads. This is an alarming loss of native forest, which can be avoided through the creation of sustainable development policies and land-use planning programs.

Abstract Objective. To characterize the geographic distribution of dengue and to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation with social and climatic determinants at the census-tract level in two medium sized cities in northwestern Mexico. Methods. In this work we apply spatial analysis ecological tools, such as the Moran’s Index and the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) method, to examine global and local spatial correlation between incidence of dengue, with socioeconomic and climatic factors at the census tract-level. For the analysis of the spatial clustering, the Getis-Ord method was used to find statistically significant hot spots in each city. Results. Overall, a global spatial autocorrelation could not be identified, although local clusters of a high dengue incidence, soil surface temperature ≤ 31 °C and high degree of social marginalization coincide. Discussion. We found that at the census-tract level in urban settings, socially disadvantaged populations showed higher clusters of dengue when compared to areas with better socioeconomic conditions. A similar spatial pattern was observed in the two study sites, when considering public health conditions and its aggregation with physical attributes using spatial analysis techniques, supporting the application of this technique for a better understanding about the dengue distribution in urban areas.

Resumen Objetivo. Caracterizar la distribución geográfica de dengue confirmado y evaluar su autocorrelación espacial con determinantes sociales y climáticos a nivel de áreas pequeñas, en dos ciudades del noroeste de México. Métodos. En este trabajo se utilizan herramientas de análisis espacial, como el Índice de Moran y el método de Indicadores Locales de Asociación Espacial (LISA), para examinar la correlación espacial, global y local, entre la incidencia de dengue y factores climáticos y socioeconómicos a nivel de área geoestadística básica (AGEB). Para mapear áreas de alto riesgo, se usó el método de agrupamiento espacial de Getis-Ord. Resultados. En general, no identificamos una autocorrelación espacial global, aunque agrupamientos locales de una alta incidencia de dengue, temperatura de la superficie terrestre ≤31 °C y un alto grado de marginación social, coinciden. Discusión. Encontramos que a nivel de áreas pequeñas urbanas, poblaciones con desventaja social agrupan una mayor carga de dengue comparadas con áreas de mejores condiciones socioeconómicas. En los dos sitios de estudio, se encontraron patrones espaciales similares que correlacionaron problemas de salud y características físicas del medio ambiente utilizando os análisis espaciales, lo que soporta la utilidad de su uso sistemático para entender mejor la distribución urbana del dengue.

Abstract This research analyzes how individual characteristics (area of origin, skin color, economic status of origin and education) and structural factors (economic growth and trade openness) influence in Mexico the opportunities to obtain a high level of economic well-being. Using a IV-probit model estimated in two stages with instrumental variables in a context of complex samples, it is identified that people born in homes with low economic status, originating from rural localities and with brown skin have lower probabilities of economic success compared to people of non-low economic status, from urban areas and light skin. The findings also reveal that economic growth and educational achievement increase the probabilities of obtaining a high economic status, but the increase in probabilities is bigger for people of non-low economic origin, coming from urban areas and light skin. Finally, through the different rates of growth and school achievement, the differences in economic well-being widen, which indicates an increase in inequality between privileged and non-privileged groups. This research is innovative since it not only analyzes the effect of economic growth and academic achievement on social mobility, but also provides an empirical method that investigates the effect of growth and academic achievement on inequality of opportunities for socioeconomic advancement. The results indicate the existence of irrational mobility barriers based on criteria over which the individual has no control.

Resumen La presente investigación analiza cómo influyen en México las características del individuo (ámbito de origen, color de piel, estatus económico de origen y educación) y los factores estructurales (crecimiento económico y apertura comercial) en las oportunidades de obtener un nivel de bienestar económico alto. Por medio de un modelo probit, estimado en dos etapas con variables instrumentales en un contexto de muestras complejas, se identifica que las personas nacidas en hogares con estatus económico bajo, originarias de localidades rurales y de piel morena, tienen menores probabilidades de éxito económico con respecto a las personas de estatus de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Los hallazgos también revelan que el crecimiento económico y el logro escolar aumentan las probabilidades de obtener un estatus económico alto, pero el incremento de probabilidades no es homogéneo, sino que favorece en mayor medida a personas de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Finalmente, se identifica que, a través de las distintas tasas de crecimiento y logro escolar, las diferencias en el bienestar económico se amplían, lo que indica aumento de la desigualdad entre grupos privilegiados y no-privilegiados. La ruta de investigación es innovadora ya que no solo analiza el efecto del crecimiento económico y el logro académico en la movilidad social, sino que también aporta un método empírico que indaga el efecto del crecimiento y el logro académico en la desigualdad de oportunidades de ascenso socioeconómico. Los resultados indican la existencia de barreras de movilidad irracionales basadas en criterios sobre los que el individuo no tiene control.

Abstract Introduction: Bio bays in Puerto Rico play an important socio-economic role and declines in dominant bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense are concerning. Studies show erratic blooms with is weak correlation to in situ environmental factors. Our study examines shorter field and longer proxy records on dinoflagellate density at Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF). Objectives: To quantify temporal changes in dinoflagellate density in a long-term monitoring study, understand how the marine environment modulates those changes, and determine the wider impacts of a fluctuating climate and extreme events on proxies for dinoflagellate density. Methods: Bimonthly samples were collected from 2016 to 2021 at three sampling sites in LGF. Dinoflagellates density was estimated by Sedgewick Rafter counting cells. Environmental conditions were obtained from Rio Fajardo 5007100 station and NOAA buoy 41056. Marine climate and biotic proxies were obtained from remote sensing measurements. Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlations and cross-correlations in the shorter field and longer proxy records were used to evaluate environmental controls on LGF dinoflagellate blooms. Results: Six years of field monitoring densities found a low period in 2016-2017, frequent and intense blooms in 2018-2021 punctuated by hurricanes. Generally low values were recorded in late winter in contrast with higher values in late summer (Aug-Nov). Light winds and mixed layer response to seasonal warming in the form of high tides and low salinity, were found to sustain dinoflagellate reproduction. Conclusions: Bioluminescent dinoflagellates are vital to coastal tourism and require resource management. LGF results show that: 1) dinoflagellate counts fluctuate widely, 2) fluorescing dinoflagellates are sensitive to environmental conditions because of limited seasonality and narrow physiological range, 3) hurricanes play a role by ‘raking and refreshing’ the coastal lagoon for subsequent biotic reproduction, and 4) intra-seasonal fluctuations of density and proxies relate to air-sea thermodynamic conditions, the salinity budget and sea level.

Resumen Introducción: Las bahías bioluminiscentes en Puerto Rico desempeñan un papel socioeconómico importante y disminuciones del dinoflagelado bioluminiscente dominante Pyrodinium bahamense son preocupantes. Los estudios muestran proliferaciones erráticas débilmente correlacionadas con factores ambientales locales. Objetivos: Cuantificar cambios en la densidad de dinoflagelados a largo plazo en la Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF), comprender cómo el ambiente marino modula esos cambios y determinar los impactos de eventos climáticos extremos en la densidad de dinoflagelados. Métodos: Se recolectaron muestras bimestrales del 2016-2021 en tres sitios de la LGF. La densidad se estimó mediante el conteo de células de Sedgewick Rafter. Condiciones ambientales se obtuvieron de la estación Río Fajardo 5007100 y de la boya NOAA 41056. El clima marino y los indicadores bióticos se obtuvieron por mediciones de teledetección. Se utilizaron correlaciones Kruskal Wallis, Spearman y las correlaciones cruzadas en los registros de campo corto y proxy largos para evaluar los controles ambientales en las proliferaciones de dinoflagelados LGF. Resultados: En seis años de monitoreo se encontraron densidades bajas entre el 2016-2017 y proliferaciones frecuentes e intensas en 2018-2021 marcadas por huracanes. Se registraron valores bajos a finales del invierno, en contraste con valores más altos a finales del verano (agosto-noviembre). Vientos ligeros y la respuesta de capas mixtas al calentamiento estacional en forma de mareas altas y baja salinidad, mantienen la reproducción de los dinoflagelados. Conclusiones: Los dinoflagelados bioluminiscentes son vitales para el turismo costero y requieren manejo de los recursos. En general: 1) los recuentos de dinoflagelados fluctúan ampliamente, 2) los dinoflagelados fluorescentes son sensibles a las condiciones ambientales debido a su estacionalidad limitada y estrecho rango fisiológico, 3) los huracanes juegan un rol de rastrillar y refrescar la laguna costera para su posterior reproducción, y 4) fluctuaciones intra-estacionales se relacionan con las condiciones termodinámicas aire-mar, el balance de salinidad y el nivel del mar.

ABSTRACT The objective was to analyze the social determinants of health in Angola. This is a documentary, exploratory and quantitative research, carried out with data from the 2015-2016 Multiple Indicators and Health Survey in Angola. The analyzed variables were: access to drinking water sources; appropriate sanitary facilities; access to electricity; educational level; access to jobs; child mortality rate; prenatal consultations; and vaccination coverage. It was observed that 45.2% of households do not have access to adequate water sources for drinking; 52.9% use inappropriate sanitation facilities, mainly in rural areas; 31% of men aged 15 to 49 were unemployed; 42% of households had access to electricity; 22% of women and 8% of men aged 15 to 49 have never attended school; the estimated infant mortality rate was 44 deaths for every 1000 live births; 44.1% of pregnant women with lower socioeconomic status did not undergo any prenatal consultation; 18.3% of children aged 12 to 23 months and 21% aged 24 to 35 months did not receive any vaccine. It is concluded that there are large gaps in access to social determinants of health, highlighting the need for government efforts in partnership with international organizations to improve the population’s health conditions.

RESUMO Objetivou-se analisar os fatores determinantes sociais da saúde em Angola. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, exploratória e quantitativa, realizada com dados do Inquérito de Indicadores Múltiplos e de Saúde 2015-2016 de Angola. Foram analisadas as variáveis: acesso a fontes de água para beber; instalações sanitárias apropriadas; acesso à eletricidade; nível educacional; acesso a empregos; taxa de mortalidade infantil; consultas pré-natais; e cobertura vacinal. Observou-se que 45,2% dos agregados familiares não têm acesso a fontes de água apropriada para beber; 52,9% utiliza instalações sanitárias não apropriadas, principalmente nas áreas rurais; 31% dos homens de 15 a 49 anos estavam desempregados; 42% dos agregados familiares possuíam acesso à eletricidade; 22% das mulheres e 8% dos homens de 15 a 49 anos nunca frequentaram a escola; a estimativa da taxa de mortalidade infantil foi de 44 mortes para cada 1000 nascidos-vivos; 44,1% das gestantes com menor nível socioeconômico não realizaram nenhuma consulta pré-natal; 18,3% das crianças de 12 a 23 meses e 21% de 24 a 35 meses não receberam nenhuma vacina. Conclui-se que existem grandes lacunas no acesso a determinantes sociais da saúde, evidenciando a necessidade de esforços governamentais em parceria com organismos internacionais para melhorar as condições de saúde da população.

RESUMEN Los Centennials presentan más disposición para comprar en redes sociales, aunque son evidentes las diferencias sobre el uso y consumo de contenidos e información de Instagram entre los miembros de esta generación, lo que sugiere que su comportamiento de compra también puede diferir Por ello en esta investigación se propone clasificar el comportamiento de compra de los Z en esta red social basados en su actitud hacia la publicidad y el uso de la aplicación. Se abordó un enfoque cuantitativo a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio seguido de una prueba de conformación de clúster jerárquicos en una muestra de 494 participantes entre los 18 a 29 años de ciudades y municipios colombianos y de diversos niveles socioeconómicos. Se encontró que las dimensiones de uso, acciones de compra, consumo de contenidos, interés social, agrado por la publicidad, atencionalidad a la publicidad y seguridad están presentes en el comportamiento de los usuarios en la red social. Estas variables se usaron para exponer tres tipologías de comportamiento concluyendo que existen diversos comportamientos de compra y actitud hacia la publicidad desplegada en el medio digital.

RESUMO Os Centennials estão mais dispostos a comprar nas redes sociais, embora existam diferenças evidentes na utilização e consumo do Instagram entre os membros desta geração, o que sugere que o seu comportamento de compra também pode ser diferente. Portanto, nesta pesquisa, propõe-se classificar o comportamento de compra do Z no Instagram com base na sua atitude em relação à publicidade e ao uso do aplicativo. Abordou-se uma abordagem quantitativa por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória seguida de teste hierárquico de formação de cluster em uma amostra de 494 participantes entre l8 e 29 anos das principais cidades intermediárias e pequenas do país e de diversos níveis socioeconómicos. Verificou-se que as dimensões uso, ações de compra, consumo de conteúdo, interesse social, gosto pela publicidade, atenção à publicidade e segurança estão presentes no comportamento dos usuários na rede social. Estas variáveis foram utilizadas para expor três tipologias de comportamento, concluindo que existem diversos comportamentos de compra e atitudes face à publicidade veiculada no meio digital.

ABSTRACT Centennials are more willing to buy on social networks, although not all of them have the same behavior differences observed by inner members of this generation, which suggests that their buying behavior may also differ For this reason, in this research it was proposed to classify the purchasing behavior of generation Z in the social network Instagram based on their attitude towards advertising and the use of the application. A quantitative approach was used through a confirmatory factor analysis followed by a hierarchical cluster confirmation test in a sample of 494 participants from 18 to 29 years old, residents in main, intermediate and small cities in the country and of various socioeconomic levels. It was found that the dimensions of use, purchase actions, content consumption, social interest, liking for advertising, attention to advertising and security are present in the behavior of users on the social network. These variables were used to expose three types of behavior, concluding that there are different purchasing behaviors and attitudes towards advertising displayed in digital media.

Aunque la desigualdad racial es una realidad omnipresente en la educación básica brasileña, son escasos los estudios que exploran los factores escolares que perpetúan estas disparidades. Este artículo busca llenar este vacío al evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Equidad Racial en las Escuelas (RESS), diseñada para medir el papel de las escuelas y los docentes en la promoción de la equidad racial. La RESS, compuesta por 13 ítems que abordan tanto los sistemas de equidad a nivel escolar como las prácticas en el aula, fue aplicada a 159 profesores del quinto año del sistema de escuelas públicas municipales de Río de Janeiro. El análisis reveló una alta consistencia interna de la escala (alfa de Cronbach = 0,8498). Aunque se requieran investigaciones adicionales para la validación de la escala, los resultados indican que la RESS tiene el potencial de consolidarse como una herramienta valiosa para evaluar la equidad racial en las escuelas, proporcionando una comprensión más profunda de las prácticas institucionales y los comportamientos docentes. El estudio también identifica una correlación entre un estatus socioeconómico más bajo y una menor promoción de la equidad racial, destacando la necesidad de iniciativas específicas para abordar las desigualdades educativas.

Embora a desigualdade racial seja uma realidade disseminada na educação básica brasileira, poucos estudos investigam os fatores escolares que perpetuam essas disparidades. Este artigo busca preencher essa lacuna ao avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Equidade Racial nas Escolas (RESS), desenvolvida para medir o papel das escolas e dos professores na promoção da equidade racial. A RESS, composta por 13 questões que abordam tanto sistemas de equidade em nível escolar quanto práticas em sala de aula, foi aplicada a 159 professores do quinto ano da rede pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro. A análise revelou alta consistência interna da escala (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,8498). Embora sejam necessárias pesquisas adicionais de validação, o estudo sugere que a RESS tem o potencial de se tornar uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliar a equidade racial nas escolas, oferecendo uma compreensão aprofundada das práticas institucionais e dos comportamentos dos professores. O estudo também identifica uma correlação entre um status socioeconômico mais baixo e a menor promoção da equidade racial, ressaltando a necessidade de iniciativas direcionadas para enfrentar as desigualdades educacionais.

Despite pervasive racial inequality in Brazilian elementary education, there are few studies that examine the factors within schools that perpetuate these disparities. This paper aims to address this gap by assessing the psychometric properties of the Racial Equity in Schools Scale (RESS), designed by the authors to measure the roles of schools and teachers in promoting racial equity. Administered to 159 fifth-grade teachers in the Rio de Janeiro municipal public school system, the RESS consists of 13 questions covering school-wide equity systems and classroom practices. The analysis indicates that the scale has high internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.8498). While further validation research is necessary, the current study suggests that the RESS has the potential to be a valuable tool for evaluating racial equity in schools, providing insights into both institutional practices and individual teacher behaviors. Additionally, it underscores the correlation between lower socioeconomic status and reduced promotion of racial equity, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to address educational inequities.

Abstract: Student socioeconomic segregation is one of the main sources of educational inequity in Argentina. The objective of this paper is to study the explanatory factors of school attendance in privately managed institutions at the secondary level. Furthermore, given the differences in the participation of the private sector by provinces, we particularly aim to compare these determinants to identify possible discrepancies related to geographic location. Some evidence was found that, beyond purchasing power, various social, economic, and cultural characteristics of households are associated with the type of school attended. Moreover, it can be observed that these relationships are not totally homogeneous between the provinces.

Resumen: La segregación del alumnado por nivel socioeconómico es una de las principales fuentes de inequidad educativa en Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los factores explicativos de la asistencia escolar a instituciones de gestión privada en el nivel secundario. Asimismo, dadas las diferencias en la participación del sector privado por provincias, se busca especialmente comparar dichos determinantes entre estas para detectar si hay discrepancias vinculadas con la localización geográfica. Para ello, se utilizan datos del operativo de evaluación Aprender 2017 y se estima un modelo econométrico de regresión logística. Se halla evidencia a favor de que, más allá del poder adquisitivo, diversas características sociales, económicas y culturales de los hogares se asocian con el tipo de escuela a la cual se asiste. Además, se observa que dichas relaciones no son totalmente homogéneas entre las provincias.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in which microbes adapt to and resist current therapies, is a well-recognised global problem that threatens to reverse gains made by modern medicine in the last decades. AMR is a complex issue; however, at its core, it is driven by the overuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Socioeconomic factors have been identified as significant contributors to the emergence and exacerbation of AMR, especially in populations facing inadequate access to healthcare, poor sanitation services and high morbidity and mortality rates. Weak healthcare systems and water, sanitation and hygiene have been highlighted as fundamental risk factors for AMR emergence and transmission. Behavioural factors, such as purchasing antibiotics without a prescription from a registered healthcare professional, not completing the prescribed course or overly prolonged courses of antibiotics, using antibiotics to treat viral infections, lack of access to quality antibiotics, and the proliferation of substandard or falsified (SF) drugs, have also been identified as significant contributors to AMR. Low- and middle-income countries have a higher incidence of antibiotics being dispensed without a prescription than higher-income countries.

Resumen La transición de lo rural a lo semiurbano en Yucatán ocurre principalmente en las cabeceras municipales, y trae consigo problemas de gestión de los residuos. Las autoridades municipales son las encargadas del Manejo Integral de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (MIRSU); pero en últimos años, la asociación entre el sector público y el privado para la gestión de los residuos resulta una estrategia eficaz. Existen pocos estudios sobre el MIRSU en zonas rurales o semiurbanas y la disposición a pagar de los usuarios, información que ayudaría a los creadores de política pública a diseñar planes y programas adecuados para su gestión. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar los factores socioeconómicos asociados a la disposición a pagar por el MIRSU de los usuarios de municipios semiurbanos de Yucatán. Se realizaron 1,144 encuestas en 6 localidades semiurbanas de Yucatán, los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial con un modelo econométrico de regresión Tobit. El 69,75% de los usuarios encuestados declararon estar dispuestos a pagar por el manejo integral de los residuos sólidos un monto promedio de 17,65 pesos mexicanos (0,85 dólares estadounidenses). La disposición a pagar disminuye cuando predomina el idioma maya, y mientras menos activos físicos y habitaciones tenga el hogar. Existen elementos culturales y sociales arraigados en la recolección de residuos sólidos, este sistema integral puede ir acompañado de otro tipo de incentivos económicos para modificar el comportamiento de los consumidores hacia algo más beneficioso para el medio ambiente, tal como el ingreso familiar.

Abstract In Yucatan, the transition from rural to semi-urban communities has occurred mainly in the municipality seats; this transition comes with the problems of waste management. The municipalities oversee the Integral Urban Solid Waste Management (IUSWM); but in recent years, the public-private partnership for waste management has proved to be an effective strategy. There are few studies on the IUSWM in rural or semi-urban areas and the users’ willingness to pay, information that would help public policymakers to design adequate plans and programs for its management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the willingness to pay for the IUSWM of users in semi-urban municipalities of Yucatan. A total of 1,144 interviews were conducted in 6 semi-urban localities in Yucatan, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with a Tobit regression econometric model. 69.75% of the surveyed users declared that they were willing to pay an average of 17.65 Mexican pesos (0.85 U.S. dollars) for the integral urban solid waste management. The willingness to pay decreases when the Mayan language predominates among the member of the household, and when they have fewer tangible assets and rooms. There are cultural and social factors rooted in solid waste collection, this integrated system may be accompanied by other types of economic incentives to modify consumers’ behavior towards something more beneficial for the environment, such as the homes’ income.