Abstract Introduction. Livestock farming with Creole cattle is practiced in rural areas with challenging characteristics for species management. Objective. To describe the production system and the socio-cultural and technical-economic factors affecting the production of Nunkiní Creole cattle (Bos taurus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 in nine livestock production units of Nunkiní, Calkiní municipality, Campeche, Mexico. Information was obtained from an interview form with social, cultural, technical, and economic study variables, applied to selected producers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results. Livestock farming was carried out by men (100 %), with an average age of 58.44 years. The average years of experience were 34.61. Younger producers had higher levels of education and less experience, and were responsible for the production units of higher technological levels. The size of the livestock production unit ranged from five to twenty-two cattle (average of 14). Feeding management followed a transhumance scheme, with cattle being free-ranging on ejido lands and from May to December and semi-stabled from January to April, grazing on cultivated pastures and supplemented with agricultural residues. With the zootechnical management implemented by the producers, an average pregnancy rate of 83 % was achieved. The main product marketed was fresh meat in cuts and direct sale to consumers, with an average price of 2.675 USD$/kg. Conclusion. It is traditional extensive system that takes advantage of the common use of grasslands. It involves experienced but older producers, with small investments, and serves to strengthen their family economy. This activity is threatened by the lack of revaluation of Creole cattle and the introduction of exotic breeds in the area to maximize production.

Resumen Introducción. La ganadería con bovinos criollos se práctica en espacios rurales con características difíciles para el manejo de las especies. Objetivo. Describir el sistema productivo y los factores socioculturales y técnico-económicos que afectan la producción del bovino criollo de Nunkiní (Bos taurus). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre del 2020 a octubre del 2021, en nueve unidades de producción pecuarias de Nunkiní en el municipio de Calkiní, Campeche, México. La información se obtuvo de una cédula de entrevista con variables de estudio sociales, culturales, técnicas y económicas, aplicada a productores seleccionados. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y ANDEVA. Resultados. La crianza del ganado la realizaron hombres (100 %), con edad promedio de 58,44 años. Los años de experiencia promedio fueron de 34, 61. Los productores jóvenes tuvieron mayor escolaridad y menor experiencia, y se encargaron de las unidades de producción de mayor nivel tecnológico. El tamaño de la unidad de producción pecuaria varió de cinco a veintidós bovinos (media de 14). El manejo alimenticio tuvo un esquema de trashumancia, donde de mayo a diciembre estuvieron libres en tierras ejidales y de enero a abril se manejaron semiestabulados, con pastoreo en potreros cultivados y suplementados con residuos agrícolas. Con el manejo zootécnico implementado por los productores, se obtuvo un promedio de 83 % de preñez. El producto principal comercializado fue carne fresca en cortes y venta directa al consumidor, con un precio promedio de 2,675 USD$/kg. Conclusión. Es un sistema tradicional extensivo que aprovecha el uso común de los agostaderos. Con productores de experiencia, pero de edad avanzada, de pequeña inversión y le sirve para fortalecer su economía familiar. Dicha actividad se ve amenazada por la falta de revalorización del bovino criollo y la introducción de razas exóticas en la zona para maximizar la producción.

Abstract This article presents some of the results regarding sociocultural factors that favor the permanence in Higher Education of the Bribri indigenous community. These are derived from the research entitled Permanence of the Bribri indigenous student body of the Rodrigo Facio Brenes Campus, University of Costa Rica: intercultural approach, which was carried out between 2018-2019. The research starts from the naturalistic paradigm under the qualitative methodology and employs the phenomenological method in the research design, access to the field, elaboration of instruments and analysis of the data collected. In-depth interviews and focus groups, as information collection techniques, were used to learn about the university experience of six indigenous students from the Bribri people. The study uses an intercultural approach in the analysis of the factors that promote the permanence of the undergraduate population in higher education, and it is this approach that allows addressing the sociocultural factor in the phenomenon of permanence. Among the main findings is the tendency of the participating population to give special recognition and value to their own culture by rescuing ancestral and spiritual knowledge that makes them proud and identifies them in the university context. It is also concluded the importance of favoring from the university the necessary adjustments so they remains in the higher education system, also, the efforts that the students make are highlighted, among them the cultural ones, when having to move from the indigenous territory to the urban, which represents a way change of context and the complexity of establishing new relationships with other educational agents and factors that has a significant influence in their integral development and academic success.

Resumen El presente artículo presenta los resultados respecto a factores socioculturales que favorecen la permanencia en la Educación Superior de la población indígena bribri. Estos se derivan de la investigación titulada Permanencia del estudiantado indígena Bribri de la Sede Rodrigo Facio Brenes, Universidad de Costa Rica: una mirada desde el enfoque intercultural, la cual fue llevada a cabo entre los años 2018-2019. La investigación parte del paradigma naturalista bajo el enfoque cualitativo y emplea el método fenomenológico en el diseño investigativo, acceso al campo, elaboración de instrumentos y análisis de los datos recolectados. Se emplearon entrevistas a profundidad y grupos focales para conocer la experiencia universitaria de seis estudiantes indígenas provenientes del pueblo Bribri. El estudio utiliza un enfoque intercultural en el análisis de los factores, que promueve la permanencia de la población en la educación superior, y es esa mirada la que permite abordar el factor sociocultural en el fenómeno de la permanencia. Dentro de los principales hallazgos se reconoce la tendencia de la población participante a brindarle especial reconocimiento y valoración a su propia cultura mediante el rescate de saberes ancestrales y espirituales que les enorgullecen e identifican en el contexto universitario. Se concluye, además, la importancia de favorecer, desde la universidad, los ajustes necesarios para que la población indígena permanezca en el sistema educativo superior. Asimismo, se destacan los esfuerzos que el estudiantado realiza al tener que trasladarse del territorio indígena a lo urbano, lo que representa un cambio de contexto, y la complejidad de establecer nuevas relaciones con otros agentes educativos, factores que influyen de manera significativa en su desarrollo integral y éxito académico.

Abstract The breeding of wild birds as pets is directly related to cultural, socioeconomic and decline issues of the species involved. In this perspective, the study surveyed the knowledge of local breeders of captive wild birds, as well as the management practices and commercialization aspects of the animals and the socio-cultural context involved with this activity in the Brazilian state of Paraíba. Data were collected from four informants through semi-structured questionnaires, addressing aspects of captive breeding of wild birds. Three species were recorded: Sporophila angolensis, S. bouvreuil and Sicalis flaveola. The species are kept mainly because of the beauty of their songs and the potential for their use in rinhas (bird fighting), factors also responsible for the commercialization of the species. The aspects involved in maintenance vary among breeders and according to interspecific factors. However, the selection and reproduction of the species are related to behavioural factors (singing ability and potential for rinhas). The data show that the breeding and management of wild birds is a complex activity in a socio-cultural and economic context, with more studies required to understand the dynamics involved in this process including whether or not these forms of management interfere with the genetics of the birds species through the artificial selection process. cultural perspective sociocultural socio Paraíba semistructured semi structured questionnaires recorded angolensis S flaveola bird fighting, fighting , fighting) However singing rinhas. . rinhas)

Resumo A criação de aves silvestres como animais de estimação está diretamente relacionada a questões culturais, socioeconômicas e de declínio das espécies envolvidas. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo levantou o conhecimento de criadores locais de aves silvestres em cativeiro, bem como as práticas de manejo e aspectos de comercialização dos animais e o contexto sociocultural envolvido com esta atividade no estado brasileiro da Paraíba. Os dados foram coletados de quatro informants por meio de questionários semiestruturados, abordando aspectos da criação de aves silvestres em cativeiro. Foram registradas três espécies: Sporophila angolensis, S. bouvreuil e Sicalis flaveola. As espécies são mantidas principalmente pelo canto e pelo potencial para uso em rinhas (brigas de pássaros), fatores támbem responsáveis pela comercialização das espécies. Os aspectos envolvidos na manutenção variam entre criadores e de acordo com fatores interespecíficos. No entanto, a seleção e reprodução das espécies estão relacionadas a fatores comportamentais (capacidade de canto e potencial para rinhas). Os dados mostram que a criação e manejo de aves silvestres é uma atividade complexa num contexto sociocultural e econômico, sendo necessário mais estudos para compreender a dinâmica envolvida neste processo incluindo se estas formas de manejo interferem ou não na genética das espécies de aves através do processo de seleção artificial. culturais envolvidas perspectiva cativeiro Paraíba semiestruturados angolensis S flaveola brigas pássaros, pássaros , pássaros) interespecíficos entanto capacidade rinhas. . rinhas) econômico artificial

This article explains the religious system of Parmalim sect found in the Batak lands of North Sumatra. The problem in the research is how the Parmalim theology is constructed and several aspects related to the religious ceremonies. In Parmalim, theology and religious rituals tend to be more dominant with natural theology. The main teachings of this sect mostly come from narratives and cultural texts and ethical teachings of the Batak community. This community still exists today because of its ability to adapt to the culture of the community and the support of the traditional Batak leaders themselves. CONTRIBUTION: The study provides vital insights into the religious composition of the Parmalim sect and the socio-cultural factors contributing to its resilience. It contributes to the broader understanding of religious diversity, tolerance and the role of leadership in the survival of such communities, aligning with the journal's focus on religious studies and cultural dynamics

ORIENTATION: Expatriate academics in higher education institutions (HEIs) face several socio-cultural and integration challenges that significantly influence their adjustment. Insufficient support and a non-conducive environment hamper their well-being. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aims to describe the adjustment experiences of expatriate academics at a HEI in South Africa. Recommendations are made towards creating an enabling environment in which expatriate academics can better facilitate adjustment. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: This study aimed to compete globally, HEIs appoint international academics with scarce skills to enhance their teaching, learning, and research. Expatriate academics are driven by push and pull factors when accepting international opportunities. Entering an unfamiliar environment, implies disruption on a psychosocial, socio-economic and job adjustment level, and if not well-supported results in maladjustment affecting expatriate well-being and job performance. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: An interpretive, qualitative approach was adopted. Five purposively selected expatriate academics partook in semi-structured interviews and the data were analysed through content analysis. MAIN FINDINGS: A lack of employer support and cultural diversity factors impede participants' ability to adjust at work and in the community. Having grit and being resourceful in overcoming challenges resulted in better adjustment. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Facilitating collaborative relationships between expatriates and host country nationals, and using supportive services and resources will enable better adjustment. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: Expatriate academics share their lived experiences of what hindered their adjustment and several recommendations are made to HEIs and foreign academics towards creating an enabling environment promoting adjustment.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound global impact, affecting individuals, including those with mental illness, through early and widespread information dissemination. Although the neurobiological basis of delusions remains unclear, external stimuli and historical events are known to influence them. The pandemic provided a unique opportunity to explore this phenomenon. AIM: To determine the prevalence of COVID-19-related delusional content, among individuals presenting for treatment of psychosis during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate associated clinical and demographic factors. SETTING: Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in-patient psychiatry department. METHODS: Data were extracted retrospectively from adult psychiatric admissions spanning April to September 2020 on patients whose presenting complaints included delusions. Demographic factors, symptoms, psychiatric, medical and substance use history, and a documented Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnosis by the attending psychiatrist were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of COVID-19-related delusional content was 25.5%. Significant demographic association was observed with education level of Grade 12 and above (p = 0.000338). The odds of a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders were 2.72 times greater than mood and psychotic disorder due to another medical condition in those with COVID- 19-related delusional content (OR 2.19, 95% CI: [1.4-3.4]. CONCLUSION: The presence of COVID-19-related delusional content in patients admitted to hospital with psychosis provides further evidence of the role of external stimuli in the formation of delusions. CONTRIBUTION: This study underscores the influence of socio-cultural factors on delusions and advocates for interventions and expanded research to address mental health outcomes.

The contemporary era witnesses a profound shift in humanity's relationship with the concept of God, characterised by the de-creation of traditional religious frameworks. This paper provides an overview of this phenomenon, tracing its background in the context of socio-cultural, philosophical, and scientific developments. The aim of this study is to comprehensively explore the de-creation of God in contemporary society, with three main objectives: analysing the contributing factors, examining its implications on religious institutions and spiritual practices, and investigating alternative expressions of spirituality. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the literary method involves a synthesis of scholarly literature from sociology, philosophy, theology, and the natural sciences. Findings reveal the complex interplay of secularisation, scientific rationalism, cultural pluralism, and ethical critique in shaping the contemporary landscape of religious belief and spirituality. Despite the challenges posed to traditional religious institutions, the emergence of new spiritual movements and ethical frameworks signifies a potential for creative reimagining and exploration of human spirituality. In conclusion, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic interplay between culture, belief, and meaning-making in contemporary society, shedding light on the transformative processes reshaping humanity's conception of God. CONTRIBUTION: This study provides a deeper understanding of the changing dynamics of modern spirituality and religious belief, bringing valuable insights into the process of de-creation of God in the contemporary society. It prompts theological reflection on the impact of secularisation, scientific rationalism, and cultural pluralism, while exploring alternative spiritual expressions.

BACKGROUND: This qualitative study aimed to investigate the barriers that hinder men's utilisation of healthcare services in the Sedibeng district of South Africa METHODS: The study was conducted using flyers with questions posted on the Best Health Solutions' Facebook page for two weeks. A convenience sampling method was used and a total of 104 comments were collected from 64 respondents. The authors analysed the participants' self-reported data thematically on demographics, geographic area, and reasons for men not using healthcare services RESULTS: The findings revealed that sociocultural norms played a significant role in men's reluctance to seek medical help, as it was perceived as a sign of weakness. The scarcity of male healthcare professionals hinders open discussions. Stigma and discrimination were identified as substantial barriers. Convenience, trust, and confidentiality concerns, along with the influence of intimate partners, also influence men's decision-making CONCLUSION: This study highlights the complex interplay between various barriers that impact men's utilisation of healthcare services in the district. By addressing these factors, healthcare providers and policymakers can enhance healthcare access and promote better health outcomes for men in Sedibeng district CONTRIBUTION: The manuscript's primary contribution lies in uncovering multifaceted barriers to men's healthcare utilisation in Sedibeng district. It explores socio-cultural norms, healthcare worker demographics, stigma, discrimination, convenience factors, trust, confidentiality concerns, and the influence of intimate partners on men's healthcare choices. These insights illuminate the complex factors affecting men's healthcare access, providing valuable knowledge for healthcare providers and policymakers

Resumo O aumento da população mundial de idosos traz consigo a necessidade de um envelhecimento saudável, e a compreensão da satisfação sexual em casais idosos representa um aspecto importante a ser considerado no conceito de qualidade de vida. Entender a experiência da sexualidade em casais de idosos monitorados em um ambulatório geriátrico em um hospital de referência em Pernambuco, Brasil. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi qualitativa, com amostragem de conveniência e entrevistas semiestruturadas com casais de idosos. Seis casais heterossexuais foram entrevistados individualmente e os principais resultados encontrados foram a diminuição da satisfação sexual ao longo do tempo, tendência dos casais a não considerarem a sexualidade importante no momento atual, conflitos de relacionamento, atividade sexual restrita à área genital na percepção dos maridos e intenso sofrimento dos maridos por não completarem o ato sexual. Os fatores contextuais e socioculturais tiveram uma grande influência na satisfação sexual dos casais idosos ao longo de suas vidas. Um padrão falocêntrico de atividade sexual e a ausência de uma voz feminina na dinâmica do casal foram encontrados para perpetuar este padrão. O envelhecimento é um processo de mudança e a insatisfação sexual pode torná-lo mais difícil.

Abstract The increase in the world elderly population brings with it the need for healthy aging, and understanding sexual satisfaction in elderly couples represents an important aspect to be considered in the concept of quality of life. To understand the experience of sexuality in elderly couples monitored in a geriatric outpatient clinic at a referral hospital in Pernambuco, Brazil. The methodological approach used was qualitative, with convenience sampling and semi-structured interviews with elderly couples. Six heterosexual couples were interviewed individually and the main results found were decreased sexual satisfaction over time, tendency of couples not to consider sexuality important at the present time, relationship conflicts, sexual activity restricted to the genital area in the perception of husbands and intense suffering of husbands for not completing the sexual act. The contextual and socio-cultural factors had a great influence on the sexual satisfaction of elderly couples throughout their lives. A phallocentric pattern of sexual activity and the absence of a female voice in the couple’s dynamics were found to perpetuate this pattern. Aging is a process of change and sexual dissatisfaction can make it more difficult.

Resumen: Se propone abordar la práctica de la pericia antropológica en Chile, en particular en el sur del país, a través de la historia de su utilización asociada a la emergencia de la doctrina jurídica de la “defensa cultural”. Mediante la elaboración de estadísticas, se establece una caracterización de su uso, además de observar la evolución de su demanda, mientras que el estudio de dos casos permite entender mejor sus alcances y límites, en particular cómo el uso de peritajes antropológicos está condicionado por lógicas propias de la cultura jurídica, incluso extrajurídicas tales como permanencia de monoculturalismo en la cultura jurídica, desvalorización del conocimiento antropológico como científico, racionalidad económica relativa al uso de peritajes antropológico de acuerdo al riesgo de pena.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the practice of anthropological expertise in Chile, particularly in the south of the country, by analyzing its historical use in conjunction with the emergence of the legal doctrine of “cultural defense”. Using statistical analysis, we outline its application and track its changing demand over time. Additionally, two case studies provide a better understanding of its scope and limitations, highlighting in particular how the use of anthropological expertise is shaped by legal culture's inherent dynamics, including external factors such as: the permanence of monoculturalism, devaluation of anthropological knowledge as scientific, and economic rationality regarding the use of anthropological expertise according to the risk of penalty.

RESUMEN Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales disponen un importante problema de salud, lo cual puede producir cuadros de desnutrición con graves derivaciones en el estado de salud a personas de la tercera edad. Se pretendió determinar parasitosis intestinal y su relación con el estado nutricional en personas de la tercera edad. Para este proceso se receptó muestras de heces y se realizó extracción sanguínea, mismas que fueron procesadas y tabuladas respectivamente. La presencia de parasitosis fue de 54%, el 28% presenta Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica 15% y 5% Endolimax nana. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados fueron los factores socio culturales como farmacológicos y de salud influyendo para identificar si la población se encuentra o no parasitada. Con el estudio del estado nutricional de acuerdo al Índice de masa corporal se evidenció que el 45% tienen un peso normal, sobrepeso con el 39%, obesidad tipo I 10%. De acuerdo al análisis estadístico realizado para determinar la correlación entre estado nutricional y parasitosis, se llegó a la conclusión que no existe relación significativa entre las variables como hemoglobina, glucosa, albúmina y fosfatasa alcalina frente a la parasitosis intestinal.

ABSTRACT Intestinal parasite infections are an important health problem, which can cause malnutrition with serious repercussions in the health status of elderly people. The aim was to determine intestinal parasitosis and its relationship with nutritional status in elderly people. For this process, stool samples were collected and blood samples were taken, which were processed and tabulated respectively. The presence of parasitosis was 54%, of which 28% presented Entamoeba coli, 15% Entamoeba histolytica and 5% Endolimax nana. The main associated risk to identify whether the population is parasitized or not were socio-cultural factors such as pharmacological and health factors. The study of the nutritional status according to the Body Mass Index shows that 45% have a normal weight, 39% are overweight and 10% are obese. According to the statistical analysis performed to determine the correlation between nutritional status and parasitosis, it was concluded that there is no significant relationship between variables such as hemoglobin, glucose, albumin and alkaline phosphatase versus intestinal parasitosis.

Resumen En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una primera aproximación al análisis del efecto moderador del contexto social, cultural y geográfico en indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable en personas mayores de 46 años residentes en territorios con características diferenciadas en Costa Rica. Se trabajó con una muestra de 305 personas residentes en tres áreas geográficas: una urbana, una semiurbana y una tercera principalmente rural. La diferenciación de las tres zonas se basó en criterios de densidad poblacional, infraestructura y acceso a bienes y servicios. Los indicadores subjetivos del envejecimiento saludable analizados fueron: participación social, apoyo social, salud percibida, espiritualidad, autoeficacia, comportamientos de autocuidado, bienestar subjetivo (satisfacción con la vida y bienestar psicológico) y estado de ánimo; todas las variables fueron condicionadas por zona de residencia, edad y sexo. Para analizar los indicadores subjetivos se estimó un análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) o un análisis multivariado de covarianza (MANCOVA), dependiendo del número de variables dependientes analizadas. En general, se identificaron indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable altos en las personas participantes del estudio, quienes reportaron altos niveles de participación social, satisfacción con la vida y estados de salud y ánimo positivos. Se encontraron diferencias por edad entre los grupos. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los indicadores subjetivos analizados según la zona de residencia o el sexo. En síntesis, este estudio encontró que los indicadores subjetivos de envejecimiento saludable analizados eran muy similares en residentes de tres zonas geográficas con características distintas. Estos hallazgos iniciales se discuten desde una perspectiva cultural y geográfica y en relación con los modelos de envejecimiento saludable.

Abstract This review exposes the results of a first approximation to the analysis of the moderator effect of the geographical, social, and cultural context on subjective indicators of healthy aging in the Costa Rican context. Costa Rica is a middle-income democratic country that is in an advanced demographic changing process; this phenomenon makes it one of the aged countries in the Latin American region. Therefore, studying healthy aging becomes relevant in the context of population demographic change in the present and future aging societies. The study compared several subjective indicators of healthy aging among people older than 46 who resided in three different geographical areas in the country. Participants were 305 healthy people from three locations: one urban (Heredia Central City), one semi-urban (Santa Ana Central City), and one mainly rural (Nicoya). Participants completed standardized assessment scales to evaluate social participation, social support, perceived health, spirituality, self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and subjective well-being (life satisfaction and psychological well-being). All variables were conditioned by geographical zone (urban, semi-urban, and mainly rural), age, and gender. Either Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were estimated depending on the number of dependent variables analyzed to test the effect of the zone of residence, gender, and age, over the subjective indicator of healthy aging studied. In general, participants evidenced high scores on subjective indicators such as self-care, social support, spirituality, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being, which have been associated with health and well-being during the aging process. Participants reported high levels of social participation and perceived that they received adequate support for their daily life needs. Likewise, participants evidenced a general state of well-being, a positive state of health, high levels of self-efficacy, and positive moods. Differences were found among the groups by comparing age. However, no significant differences were found in the variables studied related to geographical areas of residence and sex, suggesting invariant comparison evidence by zone of residence and sex. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the subjective indicators of healthy aging studied are key to promoting healthy aging at the national level. It is considered necessary to improve opportunities for social participation aimed at older adults, to strengthen community and family social networks, to promote socio-economic support such as financial and instrumental support for activities of daily living, and finally emotional support such as listening, empathy and advice. Although the differences among geographical areas of residence of the people studied were not statistically significant in this study, the evidence suggested a trend of high well-being indicators mainly in the rural areas studied, and particularly more in males than in females. As this study only reached preliminary data, further research must obtain conclusive evidence, as previous research had suggested older people living in rural areas with high longevity indicators in Costa Rica might enjoy unusual environmental characteristics and personal protective factors that could be absent in most of the urban areas in the country. On the other hand, it will be necessary to include the historical and socio-cultural determinants focusing on context-specific review analyses in the mainstream research on healthy aging, even more in aged countries like Costa Rica. The findings are discussed within the inter-cultural emphasis and healthy aging models in order to contribute to a better understanding of how the context (physical-constructed and social/cultural) influences the differences, although subtle, in the study´s variables and participants, and how the process of aging might be different according to the multiple contextual conditions in which people live and adapt their capacities and abilities for coping with daily life demands.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the importance of didactics in the teaching of a second language, focusing on the particular case of the English language. Various pedagogical strategies and approaches are examined to improve the effectiveness of the teaching-learning process, fostering an environment conducive to the development of language and communication skills in students. In addition, the influence of socio-cultural factors on language acquisition is analyzed and recommendations are proposed to optimize the academic performance of students of English as a second language.

RESUMEN El presente artículo aborda la importancia de la didáctica en la enseñanza de una segunda lengua, centrándose en el caso particular del idioma inglés. Se examinan diversas estrategias y enfoques pedagógicos para mejorar la efectividad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, fomentando un ambiente propicio para el desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas y comunicativas en los estudiantes. Además, se analiza la influencia de factores socio-culturales en la adquisición del idioma y se proponen recomendaciones para optimizar el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de inglés como segunda lengua.

Abstact This study examines theories of political trust in Mexico based on data from The AmericasBarometer survey from 2010 to 2021. These theories hold that fluctuations in trust depend on contextual factors. The institutional performance model emphasizes variables such as the economic situation of the country, the capacity of governments to combat corruption, provide services to citizens and improve public security. For its part, socio-cultural theory is based on interpersonal trust and social activism as explanatory factors, since it maintains that trust in institutions is the result of socialization processes. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models were developed using the STATA statistical package and it was found, for the Mexican case, that the variations in the levels of political trust are explained to a greater extent by the evaluations that citizens make of the performance of the institutions. This work demonstrates the superiority of the performance model over the socio-cultural approach in explaining institutional trust. With these results, this research aims to contribute to the theoretical and empirical discussion on the explanatory factors of political trust.

Resumen Este estudio examina las teorías de la confianza política en México a partir de datos de la encuesta del Barómetro de las Américas de 2010 a 2021. Estas teorías sostienen que las fluctuaciones de la confianza dependen de factores contextuales. El modelo del desempeño institucional enfatiza variables como la situación económica del país, la capacidad de los gobiernos para combatir la corrupción, proveer servicios a la ciudadanía y mejorar la seguridad pública. Por su parte, la teoría sociocultural se basa en la confianza interpersonal y el activismo social como factores explicativos, puesto que sostiene que la confianza en las instituciones es el resultado de procesos de socialización. Se desarrollaron modelos de regresión por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (OLS) usando el paquete estadístico STATA y se encontró, para el caso mexicano, que las variaciones en los niveles de confianza política se explican en mayor medida en función de las evaluaciones que los ciudadanos hacen del desempeño de las instituciones. Este trabajo demuestra la superioridad del modelo del desempeño sobre el enfoque sociocultural en la explicación de la confianza institucional. Con estos resultados, esta investigación pretende aportar a la discusión teórica y empírica sobre los factores explicativos de la confianza política.

Résumé Les attentes des familles vis-à-vis de l'éducation de leurs enfants et de l'école constituent l'objectif de l'étude. Grâce à une méthodologie qualitative, 12 familles appartenant à des établissements d'enseignement primaire ruraux, périurbains et urbains au Chili ont été interrogées. Les résultats montrent la prédominance des attentes orientées vers l'éducation intégrale et la prise de conscience de leur rôle dans les apprentissages de leurs élèves. Ils reconnaissent le lien famille-école, le rôle de la famille et l'engagement de l'élève comme facteurs conditionnants pour répondre aux attentes scolaires.

Resumen Las expectativas que las familias poseen sobre la educación de sus hijos/as y la escuela es el objetivo del estudio. A través de una metodología cualitativa, se entrevistaron 12 familias pertenecientes a establecimientos rurales, periurbanos y urbanos de educación primaria en Chile. Los resultados muestran el predominio de expectativas orientadas a educación integral y conciencia de su rol en el aprendizaje de sus pupilos/as. Reconocen el vínculo familia-escuela, el rol de la familia y el compromiso del estudiante como factor condicionante para cumplir las expectativas académicas.

Abstract The expectations that families have about the education of their children and the school is the objective of the study. Through a qualitative methodology, 12 families belonging to rural, peri-urban and urban primary education establishments in Chile were interviewed. The results show the predominance of expectations oriented towards comprehensive education and awareness of their role in the learning of their pupils. They recognize the family-school bond, the role of the family and the student's commitment as conditioning factors to meet academic expectations.