ABSTRACT Introduction: Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a neglected infectious disease that affects skin and peripheral nerves, triggering neuropathies and complications such as deformities and disabilities. Objective: determine epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with Leprosy in the Dermatological Specialties Center of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare of Paraguay, from January 2021 to December 2022. Methodology: descriptive, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data management and analysis was carried out in an electronic spreadsheet (Excel from Microsoft Office 365 version 2405), then descriptive statistics were performed. Results: 123 cases of leprosy were diagnosed, 45 (36.58 %) were women and 78 (63.42 %) were men; the ages were between 17 and 86 years, the most affected range was 41 to 50 years. 112 cases (91.06 %) were multibacillary leprosy. The most frequent sign was infiltrated plaque, present in 88 cases (71.54 %). 58 patients (47.15 %) presented lepromatous reactions, 31 cases of type 1 (53.45 %). 34 cases (27.64 %) presented grade 1 disability and 10 cases (8.13 %) grade 2 disability. Conclusion: The profile of the patient with leprosy was male between 41 and 50 years, the majority being multibacillary cases. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to reduce the burden of the disease and disabilities.

RESUMEN Introducción: lepra (enfermedad de Hansen) es una patología infecciosa desatendida que afecta piel y nervios periféricos, desencadenando neuropatías y complicaciones como deformidades y discapacidades. Objetivos: determinar características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes con lepra en el Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social de Paraguay, de enero 2021 a diciembre 2022. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. La gestión y análisis de datos se realizó en planilla electrónica (Excel del programa Microsoft Office 365 versión 2405), luego se realizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se diagnosticaron 123 casos de lepra, 45 (36,58 %) eran mujeres y 78 (63,42 %) varones; las edades estaban entre 17 y 86 años, el rango más afectado fue de 41 a 50 años. Eran lepra multibacilar 112 casos (91,06%). El signo más frecuente fue la placa infiltrada, presentada en 88 casos (71,54%). 58 pacientes (47,15%) presentaron reacciones lepromatosas, siendo, 31 casos de tipo 1 (53,45 %). 34 casos (27,64%) presentaron discapacidad grado 1 y 10 casos (8,13%) discapacidad grado 2. Conclusión: el perfil del paciente con lepra fue del sexo masculino entre 41 a 50 años, siendo la mayoría casos multibacilares. Es fundamentales el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado para reducir la carga de la enfermedad y las discapacidades.

Resumo O artigo foca-se na discussão da Renda Básica Universal (RBU) como proposta política redistributiva radical que projeta modos alternativos de organizar a sociedade e de viver a vida, mais ajustados às muitas exigências, desafios e expectativas que marcam a vida contemporânea. O propósito central da análise passa por discutir os grandes princípios da RBU, procurando compreender as suas implicações em termos de construção de condições de liberdade material, bem como o seu potencial para induzir transformações sociais estruturais. Considerando estes objetivos e tendo por base os contributos proporcionados pela pesquisa bibliográfica, é possível depreender que a RBU poderá assegurar uma base material de liberdade efetiva, promotora de capacidades de autodeterminação, e contribuir para (novas) sociedades e subjetividades de bem-estar, num quadro de renovação e reforço do Estado de bem-estar social. focase foca se (RBU exigências contemporânea estruturais bibliográfica efetiva autodeterminação novas (novas bemestar, bemestar estar, estar social

Abstract The article focuses on discussing Universal Basic Income (UBI) as a radical redistributive political proposal that envisions alternative ways of organising society and living, more attuned to the diverse demands, challenges and expectations of contemporary life. The primary aim of the analysis is to discuss the main assumptions of the UBI, seeking to understand its implications for material freedom and its potential to induce structural social transformations. Considering these objectives and based on the various insights provided by the bibliographical research, it is possible to deduce that UBI could ensure a material basis for effective freedom, promoting self-determination capabilities, and can contribute to (new) welfare societies and subjectivities, within a framework of renewal and reinforcement of the welfare state. (UBI living demands life transformations research selfdetermination self determination capabilities new (new subjectivities state

Resumen Introducción: los fisioterapeutas y fonoaudiólogos como profesionales de la salud generan impacto en el rol educativo realizando acciones dentro de sus competencias de detección temprana y oportuna de las alteraciones que se presentan frecuentemente en educación inicial y preescolar a nivel de los procesos motores y comunicativos. Objetivo: realizar una reflexión sobre el rol del fisioterapeuta y el fonoaudiólogo en la educación inicial y preescolar de niños en Colombia. Reflexión: es necesaria la inclusión de los fisioterapeutas y los fonoaudiólogos en el sector educativo, formando grupos interdisciplinares en conjunto con los docentes, familias, e instituciones educativas con el fin de impactar positivamente en el bienestar comunicativo y desarrollo motor de la población que se encuentra en educación inicial y preescolar. Conclusión: se resalta la importancia de incluir a los fisioterapeutas y fonoaudiólogos en el equipo interdisciplinar en el sector educativo, con el fin de abordar de manera temprana las dificultades que puedan generarse a nivel comunicativo y en el desarrollo motor.

Abstract Introduction: Health professionals such as physiotherapists and speech therapists, within their competences, generate an impact on the educational role by carrying out early and opportune detection actions of the alterations that frequently occur in initial and preschool education at the level of motor and communication processes. Objective: To make a reflection on the role of the physiotherapist and speech therapist in the initial and preschool education of children in Colombia. Reflection: It is important to highlight and recognize the importance of including physiotherapists and speech therapists in the education sector in such a way that it can impact the population that is in initial and preschool education, forming interdisciplinary groups together with teachers, families, and schools, to impact the communicative well-being and motor development. Conclusion: When making the reflection, the importance of including physiotherapists and speech therapists in the interdisciplinary team of the educational sector is highlighted, to approach the difficulties that may be generated at the communicative level and in motor development in an early stage.

ABSTRACT Social technology is based around three axes: community, environmental protection and economic solidarity. The páramo itself is a vital ecosystem for water regulation as it is the source of water supplies for human consumption and performance of economic activities. This article intends to identify the limitations to apply social technology to the protection of the páramo in the central highlands of Ecuador, where processes of self-management, empowerment, participation, agreement-making, cooperation and pursuit for collective welfare have been observed. The methodology is quantitative within the framework of discourse analysis. The results show that, in order to reach a large agreement for the protection and recovery of the páramo, involving all of the communities settled in the area, it is necessary to overcome limitations mostly related to the lacking attention by the government in regards to basic utilities, management plans for conservation areas and studies for economic alternatives allowing communities to subsist in the lower zones, compromising not to extend their agricultural borders further into the highlands. This information helps strengthen natural resource management from a new perspective.

RESUMEN La tecnología social se fundamenta en tres ejes: la comunidad, el cuidado ambiental y la solidaridad económica. Por su parte, el páramo es un ecosistema vital en la regulación hídrica porque sustenta el suministro de agua para consumo humano y el desarrollo de actividades económicas. Este artículo se centra en identificar las limitaciones para aplicar los fundamentos de la tecnología social en la protección del páramo, ubicado en la Sierra central del Ecuador, lugar donde se observan procesos de autogestión, empoderamiento, participación, logro de acuerdos, cooperación y búsqueda del bienestar colectivo. La metodología es cualitativa, en el marco del análisis del discurso. Los resultados muestran que, para que exista un gran acuerdo de protección y recuperación del páramo, entre todas las comunidades asentadas en esta zona, es necesario vencer limitaciones relacionadas, principalmente, con la falta de atención por parte del gobierno en temas de servicios básicos, planes de manejo para áreas de conservación y estudio de alternativas económicas que permitan a las comunidades subsistir en las zonas bajas y comprometerse a no ampliar la frontera agrícola hacia zonas altas. Esta información contribuye a fortalecer la gestión de recursos naturales desde una nueva perspectiva.

RESUMO A tecnologia social baseia-se em três eixos: a comunidade, o cuidado ambiental e a solidariedade econômica. O páramo é um ecossistema vital para a regulação hídrica pois ele fornece agua para o consumo humano e a realização de atividades económicas. Esse artigo focou-se na identificação das limitações para aplicar os fundamentos da tecnologia social para a proteção do páramo, situado na Sierra central de Equador, sítio onde pode-se observar processos de autogestão, empoeiramento, participação, efetuação de acordos, cooperação e procuração de um bem-estar coletivo. A metodologia é qualitativa, dentro do contexto da análise do discurso. Os resultados mostram que, para ter um acordo grande para a proteção e recuperação do páramo, com todas as comunidades estabelecidas na zona, é necessário vencer limitações relacionadas principalmente à falta de atenção do governo em relação à serviços básicos, planes de gestão de áreas de conservação e estudo de alternativas económicas que permitam que as comunidades possam subsistir nas zonas baixas, e comprometer-se a não estender a fronteira agrícola em direção às zonas altas. Essa informação contribui a fortalecer a gestão de recursos naturais com uma nova perspectiva.

Abstract The objective of the work is to analyze the situation of social well-being in the Southeast of Mexico during the period 2000-2020. The functional region considers the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatán. The hypothesis is that the trade liberalization implemented by neoliberal governments in the context of asymmetric economic development expanded territorial inequalities and reduced levels of social well-being in this region. To do this, we use the Average Index Value (VIM) methodology with which we build an index at the municipal scale. The results obtained show that a high percentage of the municipalities that make up each of the entities present lags in their social well-being conditions that place them below the national average. The originality lies in analyzing the conditions of social well-being in the region with a multivariate methodology, supported by representative indicators at the territorial level. The main conclusion is that, to reverse this deteriorating situation, an economic policy must be deployed aimed at impleme nting high-impact projects in the region through public and private investments, which allow the improvement of income and employment among the population, in addition of a redistributive social policy aimed at reversing the high levels of poverty and inequality.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la situación del bienestar social en el sureste de México durante el periodo 2000-2020. La región funcional considera los estados de Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco y Yucatán. La hipótesis es que la apertura comercial implementada por los gobiernos neoliberales, en el contexto de un desarrollo económico asimétrico, amplió las desigualdades territoriales y redujo los niveles de bienestar social en esta región. Para ello empleamos la metodología de Valor Índice Medio (VIM) con la que construimos un índice a escala municipal. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que un alto porcentaje de los municipios que conforman a cada una de las entidades, presentan rezagos en sus condiciones de bienestar social que las ubica por debajo del promedio nacional. La originalidad radica en analizar las condiciones de bienestar social en la región con una metodología multivariada, sustentada en indicadores representativos a nivel territorial. La conclusión principal es que, para revertir esta situación de deterioro, se debe desplegar una política económica orientada a implementar proyectos de alto impacto en la región a través de inversiones públicas y privadas, que permitan el mejoramiento del ingreso y empleo entre la población, además de una política social redistributiva encaminada a revertir los altos niveles de pobreza y desigualdad.

Abstract This article proposes a critical approach to qualitative comparative methodologies in the study of social policies, based on the analysis of the case study presented by Mishra (1995) in his book ‘The Welfare State in Capitalist Society’. The aim is to answer the research question of this article: how, in qualitative research, do the choices of comparison units facilitate or limit the understanding of social policies? The methodology adopted involves theoretical, documentary, and case study analysis, examining common frames of reference in comparative approaches, such as causality, empirical variations, application limits, theorization, and comparison units. The study shows that the methodological path to understanding different realities is increasingly linked to the formation of comparative units and the definition of the nature of the cases, often classified as successful, unsuccessful, or hybrid experiences. These categories can result from a logical construct defined by the researcher. The conclusion is that one of the most relevant aspects of the research lies in the poor or non-existent grasp of the meanings and explanatory senses that each unit of analysis and comparative cases (political regimes) attribute to their choices in the face of the crises of capitalism. Ramesh Mishra's work reinforces our suspicion: in qualitative research, comparing cases can improve the understanding of social policies and limit their interpretation and explanation. Taking the conscious risk of comparing social policies as national agreements, with a high degree of territorial variation, is a practice that can ignore the specific logic and dynamics of each context. This review therefore emphasises the importance of a critical understanding of methodological choices and theoretical approaches in comparative qualitative studies. As well as recognizing that not everything is comparable and that replication can reinforce the coloniality of knowledge, it stresses the need to pay attention to the ‘hierarchy of credibility’ when analyzing comparative models.

Resumo Este artigo propõe uma abordagem crítica às metodologias comparativas qualitativas no estudo das políticas sociais, ancorando-se na análise do estudo de caso apresentado por Mishra (1995) no livro "O Estado-Providência na sociedade capitalista". O objetivo é responder à questão de investigação deste artigo: de que forma, nas pesquisas qualitativas, as escolhas das unidades de comparação facilitam ou limitam a compreensão das políticas sociais? A metodologia adotada envolve a análise teórica, documental e de estudo de caso, examinando quadros de referência comuns em abordagens comparativas, como a causalidade, variações empíricas, limites de aplicação, teorização e unidades de comparação. O estudo evidencia que a trajetória metodológica para compreender realidades distintas está cada vez mais vinculada à formação de unidades comparativas e à definição da natureza dos casos, frequentemente classificados como experiências de sucesso, fracasso ou híbridas, categorias que podem resultar de um constructo lógico definido pelo investigador. Conclui-se que um dos aspetos mais relevantes da investigação reside na fraca ou nula apreensão dos significados e sentidos explicativos que cada unidade de análise e/ou casos comparados (regimes políticos) atribui às suas escolhas face às crises do capitalismo. Assumir conscientemente o risco de comparar políticas sociais, com elevado grau de variação territorial, é uma prática que pode ignorar as lógicas e dinâmicas específicas de cada contexto. Por conseguinte, esta recensão destaca a importância de uma compreensão crítica das escolhas metodológicas e das abordagens teóricas em estudos qualitativos comparativos. Para além de reconhecer que nem tudo é comparável e que a replicação pode reforçar a colonialidade do conhecimento, sublinha-se a necessidade de atenção à "hierarquia da credibilidade" ao analisar modelos comparativos.

Abstract Digital Welfare State in Ecuador: Citizen Datafication and Machine Learning in the Construction and Management of Poverty In the era of digital governance, the increasing use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in social protection systems has emerged as a prominent concern. The state's efforts to promote citizen datafication and the implementation of AI for managing and providing social services and benefits are guided by principles of neutrality, objectivity, and technological efficiency. Nevertheless, these technologies can not only improve the effectiveness of social benefits allocation, but also have the potential of controlling, monitoring, sanctioning, and excluding beneficiaries. In light of the prevailing techno-optimism evident in the design of contemporary social policy, particularly with regard to its allocation mechanisms, this study draws upon insights from Science, Technology, and Society Studies to shed light on how data systems and AI technologies transform the notion of poverty and impact the definition of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. This approach focuses on unraveling the political dimension of data systems and AI technologies that are emerging as mediators in the relationship between the state and citizens. Through the case study of Ecuador's Social Registry, the aim is to enrich the critical examination of digital welfare states in the Latin American region, analyzing their implications for society and their potential to produce or exacerbate inequality and exclusion; challenging deterministic views of technological change and public policy design.

Resumen En la era de la gobernanza digital, la utilización creciente de datos y tecnologías de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en los sistemas de protección social se ha convertido en un asunto relevante. Los esfuerzos del Estado por impulsar la datificación ciudadana y la implementación de la IA para la gestión y provisión de servicios y beneficios sociales están vehiculizados por las ideas de neutralidad, objetividad y eficiencia tecnológica. No obstante, estas tecnologías no solo pueden mejorar la efectividad en la asignación de beneficios sociales; sino que también tienen el potencial de controlar, monitorear, sancionar y excluir a los beneficiarios. Ante el tecno-optimismo que marca el diseño de la política social contemporánea, específicamente sus mecanismos de asignación, este trabajo apuesta por los Estudios de la Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad para dar luz sobre cómo los sistemas de datos y las técnicas de IA transforman la noción de pobreza e impactan en la definición de beneficiarios y no beneficiarios. Este enfoque se centra en desentrañar la dimensión política -de la politics- de los sistemas de datos y las tecnologías de la IA que comienzan a mediar la relación entre el Estado y los ciudadanos. A través del estudio del caso ecuatoriano del Registro Social, el objetivo recae en nutrir el examen crítico de los Estados de Bienestar Digital en la región latinoamericana, analizando sus implicaciones en la sociedad y su potencial para producir o amplificar desigualdad y exclusión; desafiando las visiones deterministas del cambio tecnológico y del diseño de políticas públicas.

RESUMEN Introducción: La covid-19 alteró la situación laboral y el proceso docente educativo de las universidades médicas. Además, hubo un impacto muy negativo en todas las esferas económicas y sociales del país. En el sector de la salud se reorganizaron los servicios y recursos humanos, se afectó la producción del cuadro básico de medicamentos, aumentaron las presiones sobre el sistema de salud pública y asistencia social con el correspondiente incremento de los costos de salud pública y gastos públicos. Objetivo: Describir los efectos sociales, económicos y académicos de la covid-19 en la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, durante rebrotes de covid-19 en el periodo de enero a julio de 2021 en trabajadores disponibles y estudiantes de primero a quinto año de la facultad. Se evaluaron características generales y socioeconómicas para cada grupo, como certificados médicos y causas, días afectados, resultados de la pesquisa, y actividad formativa. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el análisis y presentación de los resultados. Resultados: La incidencia de casos positivos fue baja, pero generó miles de días de incapacidad, por aislamientos e ingreso en el hogar. Se pesquisaron más de 5 000 personas sospechosas de la enfermedad, de ellos 19,9 % resultó positivo. La promoción superó 95 % en todos los años de la carrera y fue mayor al de etapa prepidémica, al igual que la eficiencia vertical. Conclusiones: Aunque hubo efectos sociales, económicos y académicos negativos, el trabajo comunitario integral contribuyó a la preservación de la salud de la población y se desarrolló el aprendizaje a distancia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 altered the employment situation and the educational teaching process of medical universities. In addition, there was a very negative impact on all economic and social areas of the country. In the health sector, services and human resources were reorganized, the production of basic medicines was affected, pressures on the public health and social welfare system increased with corresponding rise in public health costs and expenditures. Objective: To describe the social, economic and academic effects of COVID-19 in the Medical Faculty No. 1 of the Medical Science University in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted during the reoutbreaks of COVID-19 in the period from January to July 2021 in available workers and students from the first to the fifth year of the faculty. General and socio-economic characteristics were evaluated for each group, such as medical certificates and causes, affected days, research results and training activity. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis and presentation of results. Results: The incidence of positive cases was low, but generated thousands of days of disability due to isolation and home intake. More than 5 000 people suspected pf the disease were surveyed, 19.9 % of them positive. The promotion exceeded 95 % in all years of the major and was higher than the pre-epidemic stage, as well as the vertical efficiency. Conclusions: Although there were negative social, economic and academic effects, the integral community work contributed to the preservation of the population´s health and online classes were developed.

Abstract Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by extreme insulin deficiency and is characterized by dehydration, hyperglycemia, acidosis, and ketosis. Treatment includes basic life support, parenteral hydration to replace fluids and electrolytes and insulin therapy to reverse acidosis, ketosis, and normalize blood glucose levels. Management requires following guidelines for strict clinical and laboratory monitoring to avoid complications and obtain a favorable clinical outcome. The guidelines published in our previous Consensus on Diabetic Ketoacidosis diagnosis and treatment are presented, modified according to the latest changes in ISPAD (International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes) and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare Diabetes Program guidelines.

RESUMEN La cetoacidosis diabética constituye la manifestación extrema del déficit de insulina caracterizada por deshidratación, hiperglicemia, acidosis y cetosis. El tratamiento incluye soporte vital básico, hidratación parenteral para reposición de líquidos y electrolitos, insulinoterapia, con el objetivo de revertir la acidosis, la cetosis y obtener glucemia cercanas a lo normal. Exige un monitoreo estricto clínico y laboratorial siguiendo guías de manejo para evitar complicaciones y obtener una evolución favorable. Se presentan las modificaciones en las directrices publicadas en el Primer Consenso de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la Cetoacidosis diabética, en base a las actualizaciones sugeridas por la ISPAD (International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes) y el Programa de Diabetes del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPBS).

Resumen Este artículo estudia las formas de autoidentificación entre los solicitantes de asistencia social estatal con la finalidad de indagar en las concepciones populares de bienestar, necesidad, derechos y ciudadanía en la Argentina de mediados del siglo XX. Para ello, se describen las categorías socioeconómicas y políticas usadas en las cartas de solicitud de asistencia social, así como los atributos legales y morales con las que fueron asociadas. El análisis empírico fue realizado mediante la revisión de más de trescientas solicitudes de asistencia social dirigidas a organizaciones estatales entre 1943 y 1955.

Abstract This article studies the forms of self-identification among applicants for state social assistance in order to investigate the popular conceptions of welfare, necessity, rights, and citizenship in Argentina in the mid-20th century. To do this, it describes the socioeconomic and political categories used, as well as the legal and moral attributes with which they were associated. The empirical analysis was carried out through the revision of more than three hundred social assistance requests addressed to state organizations between 1943 and 1955.

Abstract: In 1928, the Delhi Health and Social Service Union was established to centralize and coordinate the various public health projects in Delhi Province. During its brief existence-it was dissolved in 1932-it intervened in areas such as inspection of school children, maternity and child welfare, health campaigns, housing, overcrowding, and beggary, among others. The analysis of the Union will provide insight into important debates about public health in 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. This study will examine the relevance of the Indian population’s active participation through volunteer work and donations, and the participation of the colonial government, which would lead the way without assuming full responsibility, particularly in financial matters. However, some critical voices saw the need for more direct colonial state intervention, as well as the need for a central organization.

Resumen: En 1928 se formó la Delhi Health and Social Service Union, que buscaba centralizar y coordinar los varios proyectos de salud pública en la provincia de Delhi. Durante su breve existencia, pues se disolvió en 1932, intervino en áreas como la inspección de niños y niñas en escuelas, el bienestar materno-infantil, la promoción de la salud, la vivienda, el hacinamiento y la mendicidad, entre otras. El análisis de su funcionamiento permitirá entender debates importantes sobre salud pública durante las décadas de 1910 a 1930 que incluían: la relevancia de que la población india interviniera activamente con trabajo voluntario y donaciones, y la participación del gobierno colonial, que daría la pauta, pero sin asumir un compromiso mayor, principalmente de carácter financiero. Sin embargo, había voces críticas que veían la necesidad de que el Estado colonial interviniera de manera más directa y de que hubiera una organización central.

Abstract At a time when it is critical to understand humanity and its various forms of socioeconomic and political life, anthropology and other social sciences are being threatened by a neoliberal emphasis on “relevant” courses in universities in Kenya. Universities are suffering from a push for “relevance” at the detriment of their traditional role of being a public good. Using personal experiences, comparative secondary data overview and analysis, I discuss the challenges facing university education in Kenya under neoliberalism. I argue that the erstwhile role of universities serving the public good has been transformed so much that they struggle to be “sustainable” through “income generating activities” and teach “marketable courses” that will guarantee graduates employment upon graduation. This neoliberal approach to university education follows the growth of a capitalist ethic which started with Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) that has continually erased the welfare state and turned university education into a commodity and students as customers with preferences rather than as citizens with a right to education. Such a focus is detrimental to cultivating graduates who are well rounded and can respond to the challenges and opportunities of our ever-changing world.

Abstract: This article analyzes discourses on the protection of children, maternity and the family that were developed in academic medical circles and their influence on the reports of social workers at the Central Board of the Quito Public Welfare Office in the nineteen forties; these reports constituted a reading of the reality of single mothers and the illegitimacy of their children through imaginaries of how mothers and married women ought to be.

Resumen: En este artículo se analizan los discursos sobre la protección de la infancia, la maternidad y la familia que se desarrollaron en los círculos académicos de la medicina y la influencia que éstos tuvieron en los informes de las trabajadoras sociales de la Junta Central de Asistencia Pública de Quito en los años cuarenta del siglo XX; en estos informes se hace una lectura de la realidad de las madres solteras y la ilegitimidad de sus hijos desde imaginarios del deber ser de las madre y las mujeres casadas.

Resumen Existe un corpus de investigación, aún incipiente pero prometedor, en el ámbito de las actividades grupales vocales, y su impacto en la salud y el bienestar de las personas, que se sintetiza en este trabajo. En este, se aportan las evidencias más relevantes y ponen el foco en los coros amateurs de personas adultas. Se hace especial énfasis en los mecanismos generativos que relacionan el canto coral con la salud y el bienestar en las personas adultas desde cuatro perspectivas: emocional, mental, social y fisiológica. Se argumenta que un grupo coral funciona como un equipo, que existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en las respuestas emocionales a las actividades corales, y se aborda el canto coral amateur como una actividad de ocio formativo para la que se precisa aplicar estrategias didácticas adecuadas a un colectivo de adultos desde un enfoque andragógico. Finalmente, se presenta una reflexión crítica sobre las fortalezas y debilidades de las investigaciones realizadas hasta el momento, como la falta de sinergias entre los estudios realizados, cierto sesgo positivista que elude visualizar y analizar también los contras de la práctica coral, y la falta de indicadores musicales, de liderazgo y relacionales que podrían explicar parte de los resultados obtenidos e, incluso, limitarlos.

Resumo Existe um conjunto de investigação, ainda incipiente mas promissor, no domínio das actividades de grupos vocais e do seu impacto na saúde e bem-estar das pessoas, que é sintetizado neste documento. Este documento fornece as provas mais relevantes e centra-se nos coros amadores para adultos. É dada especial ênfase aos mecanismos generativos que relacionam o canto coral com a saúde e o bem-estar dos adultos em quatro perspectivas: emocional, mental, social e fisiológica. Defende-se que um grupo coral funciona como uma equipa, que existem diferenças entre homens e mulheres nas respostas emocionais às actividades corais e que o canto coral amador é abordado como uma atividade formativa de lazer para a qual é necessário aplicar estratégias didácticas adequadas a um grupo de adultos a partir de uma abordagem andragógica. Por fim, é apresentada uma reflexão crítica sobre os pontos fortes e fracos da investigação realizada até à data, como a falta de sinergias entre os estudos efectuados, um certo viés positivista que evita também visualizar e analisar os contras da prática coral, e a falta de indicadores musicais, de liderança e relacionais que poderiam explicar parte dos resultados obtidos e até limitá-los.

Abstract There is a body of research, still incipient but promising, in the field of vocal group activities, and their impact on the health and well-being of people, that is synthesized in this work. Here I provide the most relevant evidence and focuson amateur choirs of adult people. Special emphasis is placed on the generative mechanisms that relate choral singing to health and well-being in adults from four perspectives: emotional, mental, social and physiological. It is argued that a choral group functions as a team, that there are differences between men and women in the emotional responses to choral activities, and amateur choral singing is approached as a formative leisure activity for which it is necessary to apply adequate didactic strategies to a group of adults from an andragogic approach. Finally, a critical reflection is presented on the strengths and weaknesses of the research carried out so far, such as the lack of synergies between the studies carried out, a certain positivist bias that avoids visualizing and also analyzing the cons of choral practice, and the lack of musical, leadership and relational indicators that could explain part of the results obtained and even limit them.

RESUMEN Este trabajo de investigación tiene como principal objetivo el estudio de la autoestima en los Menores Extranjeros No Acompañados (MENAS) y su relación con los comportamientos disruptivos. Está dirigido a profesionales sociales y educativos, con la intención de ampliar el conocimiento sobre este tema y mejorar la intervención y bienestar de los menores extranjeros. A lo largo de la investigación se analizará el uso de las siglas MENA en los titulares de la prensa española, a través de un análisis cualitativo de contenido. En él, se concluye que los medios de comunicación españoles poseen una cobertura variada sobre estos menores, aunque tienden a enfocarse en la delincuencia asociada a ellos. Suelen utilizar términos que sugieren a estos individuos como una amenaza o problema, lo que supone un impacto negativo en su autoestima. Es por ello que se destaca la importancia de la conciencia crítica hacia los medios de comunicación, así como la mejora de la autoestima en el desarrollo personal y la adaptación social, impactando positivamente en la reducción de las conductas disruptivas.

ABSTRACT This research work has as its main objective the study of self-esteem in unaccompanied foreign minors and its relationship with disruptive behaviors. It is aimed at social and educational professionals, with the intention of expanding knowledge on this subject and improving the intervention and welfare of foreign minors. Throughout the research, the use of the acronym MENA in the headlines of the Spanish press will be analyzed through a qualitative content análisis. It concludes that the Spanish media have a varied coverage of these minors, although they tend to focus on the crime associated with them. They often use terms that suggest these individuals as a threat or problem, which has a negative impact on their self-esteem. That is why the importance of critical awareness towards the media is highlighted, as well as the improvement of self-esteem in personal development and social adaptation, positively impacting on the reduction of disruptive behaviors.