Résumé Par la méthode historique-comparative, cet article aborde les impacts, sur les États-Unis, l’Allemagne et le Brésil, des quatre crises économiques internationales survenues jusqu’en 2019, en se concentrant principalement sur leurs effets sur le régime politique et le post-2008. Les pays sélectionnés ont eu des expériences autoritaires distinctes, anciennes ou actuelles. Je conceptualise l’État de manière tridimensionnelle : régime politique, appareil décisionnel et structure de domination politique appuyée sur des coalitions. J’argumente que les conjonctures internationales critiques ont tendance à avoir un impact sur cette tridimensionalité, facilitant l’observation de ses variations et continuités. Je formule et corrobore trois hypothèses sur ces crises : elles ont tendance à augmenter ou diminuer les niveaux de démocratie ou d’autocratie des régimes ou à les changer ; la réponse autocratisante dépend d’une relation de forces pro-entreprises, subordonnant les travailleurs ; l’engagement démocratique des acteurs s’oppose à l’autocratisation. La contribution à la littérature réside dans la manière d’aborder les processus d’autocratisation et de démocratisation, ici étudiés à travers les impacts des crises économiques internationales sur les États. Les conjonctures critiques éclairent les composants clés de la mutabilité du Léviathan. On examine le régime politique par la politique économique des relations entre l’État, les marchés et les classes sociales, et non exclusivement par les variables politico-institutionnelles. On analyse les mécanismes d’intersection de la sphère et des acteurs politico-institutionnels avec les structures et acteurs économiques et sociaux, qui, impactant la tridimensionalité de l’État, entraînent des changements de régime ou dans le régime. historiquecomparative, historiquecomparative historique comparative, comparative historique-comparative ÉtatsUnis, ÉtatsUnis États Unis, Unis États-Unis lAllemagne l Allemagne Brésil jusquen jusqu 2019 post2008. post2008 post 2008. 2008 post-2008 distinctes actuelles lÉtat État coalitions Jargumente J argumente lobservation observation continuités dautocratie d autocratie dune une proentreprises, proentreprises pro entreprises, entreprises pro-entreprises lengagement engagement soppose s oppose lautocratisation. lautocratisation autocratisation. autocratisation l’autocratisation daborder aborder dautocratisation démocratisation Léviathan lÉtat, État, sociales politicoinstitutionnelles. politicoinstitutionnelles politico institutionnelles. institutionnelles politico-institutionnelles dintersection intersection politicoinstitutionnels institutionnels sociaux qui 201 post200 200 post-200 20 post20 post-20 2 post2 post-2 post-

Resumen Por medio del método histórico comparativo, se abordan los impactos en los Estados de Estados Unidos, Alemania y Brasil, de las cuatro crisis económicas internacionales que han ocurrido hasta 2019, enfocándose, principalmente, en sus efectos en el régimen político y en el periodo posterior a 2008. Los países seleccionados tuvieron distintas experiencias autoritarias, antiguas o actuales. Defino al Estado de una forma tridimensional: régimen político, aparato decisor y estructura de dominación política respaldada en coaliciones. Argumento que las respectivas coyunturas críticas internacionales tienden a impactar esta tridimensionalidad, facilitando la observación de sus variaciones y continuidades. Así, formulo y corroboro tres hipótesis sobre esas crisis: tienden a aumentar o disminuir los niveles de democracia o autocracia de los regímenes o a cambiarlos; la respuesta autocratizante depende de una relación de fuerzas proempresarial que subordina a los trabajadores; y el compromiso democrático de los actores opera contra la autocratización. La contribución a la literatura se relaciona con el modo de abordar los procesos de autocratización y democratización aquí investigados por los impactos de las crisis económicas internacionales en los Estados. Las coyunturas críticas vislumbran componentes clave de la mutabilidad del Leviatán. Se investiga el régimen político a partir de la economía política de las relaciones entre Estado, mercados y clases sociales, y no exclusivamente por las variables político-institucionales. Se analizan mecanismos de intersección de la esfera y de los actores político-institucionales con las estructuras y actores económicos y sociales, que, impactando en la tridimensionalidad del Estado, implican cambios de régimen o en el régimen. comparativo Unidos Brasil 2019 enfocándose principalmente 2008 autoritarias actuales tridimensional coaliciones continuidades Así cambiarlos trabajadores Leviatán sociales políticoinstitucionales. políticoinstitucionales institucionales. institucionales 201 200 20 2

Abstract This study uses a historical-comparative method to examine the impacts of the four international economic crises that occurred until 2019 on the United States, Germany, and Brazil, focusing primarily on their effects on the political regime and the post-2008 period. The selected countries had different authoritarian experiences, either in the distant past or more recently. The State is conceptualized along three dimensions: political regime, decision-making apparatus, and the structure of political domination supported by coalitions. The argument is that the respective international critical junctures tend to impact this three-dimensionality, making it easier to observe their variations and continuities. Three hypotheses are formulated and corroborated regarding these crises: they tend to increase or decrease the levels of democracy or autocracy in regimes or change them; autocratization depends on a pro-business power balance that subordinates workers; the democratic commitment of actors operates against autocratization. This study’s contribution to the literature lies in the approach to processes of autocratization and democratization, which are investigated here through the impacts of international economic crises on States. Critical junctures shed light on key components of the mutability of the Leviathan. It investigates the political regime through the political economy of the relationships between the State, markets, and social classes, not exclusively through political-institutional variables. Mechanisms of intersection between the political-institutional sphere and economic and social structures and actors are analyzed. These mechanisms impact the three-dimensionality of the State, leading to changes in the regime or within the regime. historicalcomparative historical comparative 201 States Germany Brazil post2008 post 2008 post-200 period experiences recently dimensions decisionmaking decision apparatus coalitions threedimensionality, threedimensionality dimensionality, dimensionality continuities them probusiness pro business workers studys s democratization Leviathan markets classes politicalinstitutional institutional variables analyzed 20 post200 200 post-20 2 post20 post-2 post2 post-

Resumo Aborda-se, pelo método histórico-comparativo, impactos, nos Estados dos EUA, Alemanha e Brasil, das quatro crises econômicas internacionais ocorridas até 2019, focando-se, principalmente, em seus efeitos no regime político e no pós-2008. Os países selecionados tiveram distintas experiências autoritárias, remotas ou atuais. Conceituo o Estado tridimensionalmente: regime político, aparato decisor e estrutura de dominação política escorada em coalizões. Argumento que as respectivas conjunturas críticas internacionais tendem a impactar nesta sua tridimensionalidade, facilitando a observação de suas variações e continuidades. Formulo e corroboro três hipóteses sobre essas crises: elas tendem a aumentar ou diminuir os níveis de democracia ou autocracia dos regimes ou a mudá-los; a resposta autocratizante depende de uma relação de forças pró-empresarial, que subordine os trabalhadores; o compromisso democrático dos atores opera contra a autocratização. A contribuição com a literatura está no modo de abordagem dos processos de autocratização e democratização, aqui investigados pelos impactos das crises econômicas internacionais nos Estados. As conjunturas críticas iluminam componentes-chave da mutabilidade do Leviatã. Investiga-se o regime político pela economia política das relações entre Estado, mercados e classes sociais, e não exclusivamente pelas variáveis político-institucionais. Analisam-se mecanismos de intersecção da esfera e dos atores político-institucionais com as estruturas e atores econômicos e sociais, que, impactando na tridimensionalidade do Estado, ensejam mudanças de regime ou no regime. Abordase, Abordase Aborda se, se Aborda-se históricocomparativo, históricocomparativo histórico comparativo, comparativo histórico-comparativo EUA Brasil 2019 focandose, focandose focando focando-se principalmente pós2008. pós2008 pós 2008. 2008 pós-2008 autoritárias atuais tridimensionalmente coalizões continuidades mudálos mudá los mudá-los próempresarial, próempresarial pró empresarial, empresarial pró-empresarial trabalhadores democratização componenteschave componentes chave Leviatã Investigase Investiga sociais políticoinstitucionais. políticoinstitucionais institucionais. institucionais Analisamse Analisam 201 pós200 200 pós-200 20 pós20 pós-20 2 pós2 pós-2 pós-

Resumen La nueva estructura de la migración internacional en el siglo XXI hace que los gobiernos locales se enfrenten a muchos desafíos. Las restricciones legales, las limitaciones presupuestarias y los determinantes sociales y estructurales juegan un papel en la respuesta de las ciudades a la migración internacional. Los municipios utilizan diferentes estrategias tanto para desarrollar respuestas a la inmigración como para hacer frente a las llamadas restricciones. Si bien la cooperación y la colaboración con organizaciones no gubernamentales son las vías preferidas por los municipios, en este estudio estas estrategias se analizan en el contexto de la búsqueda de foros. Se analiza el papel de la Asociación de Solidaridad con Inmigrantes (Göçmendd), apoyada por la Municipalidad de Şişli, y el de la Asociación de Asistencia y Solidaridad para Refugiados y Solicitantes de Asilo (Mülteciler), establecida por la Municipalidad de Sultanbeyli, ambas organizaciones representativas en los acuerdos de gobernanza migratoria de Estambul.

Abstract The new structure of international migration in the 21st century forces local governments to cope with a range of challenges. Legal restrictions, budget constraints, and social and structural determinants all play a role in cities’ response to international migration. Municipalities use an array of strategies to develop responses to immigration and cope with restrictions. While cooperation and collaboration with non-governmental organizations are the strategies of choice for municipalities, in this study, these strategies are analyzed within the context of venue shopping. The role of the Migrant Solidarity Association (Göçmendd), supported by Şişli Municipality, and the Refugee and Asylum Seekers Assistance and Solidarity Association (Mülteciler), established by Sultanbeyli Municipality, are analyzed. Both organizations are representatives in the Istanbul migration governance arrangements.

Abstract Introduction. The network of cattle mobilization for fattening in Mexico is complex. The purpose, volume, origin, and destination of the mobilized animals determine the economic structure and market network. Objective. To analyze the market structure of the national network of cattle for fattening in Mexico from 2017 to 2021. Materials and methods. The study considered all heads of cattle mobilized for fattening in 956 municipalities (supply) and 1173 destination municipalities (demand) within Mexico from 2017 to 2021. The market structure was analyzed using economic, density, and centrality measures from Social Network Analysis (SNA). Results. The network of cattle mobilization for fattening was composed of 31 sources and 32 destinations, with an average annual mobilization of of 3.9 million heads of cattle and 73.6 heads of cattle per mobilization. The most important states in cattle mobilization, both in origin and destination, were Chiapas and Durango. In all cattle sources and destinations, there was a high concentration of fattening steers, as they had low centrality and density measures throughout the network. Veracruz and Durango were the most influential both in origin and destination. Conclusions. The cattle fattening market network in Mexico has a structure with high density and low centrality. The degree of specialization, both in sources and destinations, is low. Supply is concentrated in the southeast, while demand is concentrated in the north and center of the country. This information allows the establishment of three networks: sanitary prevention, cattle traceability, and market information.

Resumen Introducción. La red de movilización de ganado bovino para engorda en México es compleja. El motivo, volumen, origen y destino de los animales movilizados, determinan la estructura económica y red de mercado. Objetivo. Analizar la estructura de mercado de la red nacional de bovinos para engorda en México de 2017 a 2021. Materiales y métodos. El estudio consideró todas las cabezas de ganado movilizado para engorda en 956 municipios de origen (oferta) y 1173 municipios de destino (demanda) dentro de México del año 2017 a 2021. La estructura del mercado se analizó con medidas económicas, de densidad y centralidad del Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS). Resultados. La red de movilización de bovinos para engorda se conformó con 31 orígenes y 32 destinos, un promedio anual de 3,9 millones de cabezas de ganado bovino movilizadas y 73,6 cabezas de ganado por movilización. Los Estados más importantes en la movilización de ganado, en origen y destino, fueron Chiapas y Durango. En todos los orígenes y destinos del ganado se encontró una alta concentración de novillo para engorda, porque tuvieron medidas de centralidad y densidad bajas de toda la red. Tanto en origen como en destino Veracruz y Durango fueron los más influyentes. Conclusiones. La red de mercado de bovinos para engorda en México tiene una estructura con alta densidad y baja centralidad. El grado de especialización, tanto de orígenes y destinos, es bajo. La oferta se concentra en el sureste y la demanda en el norte y centro del país. Esta información permite establecer tres redes: prevención sanitaria, trazabilidad del ganado e información de mercados.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Resumen Luego de indagar sobre el lugar que las Fuerzas Armadas ocuparon en el proyecto político venezolano, entre 1999 y 2005, este artículo se propone historiar sobre una serie de elaboraciones y replanteos civiles y militares que abrevaron en este. Se considera que tal lugar guarda relación con un conjunto de intercambios sostenidos en el tiempo, así como con el núcleo de relaciones sociales, académicas y políticas que forjaron una mirada crítica de los militares. Estos, en comunión con civiles académicos y militantes de izquierda, elaboraron, durante décadas, una serie de visiones y acciones. La concepción de Ofensiva Táctica de Masas y la de Defensa Integral de la Nación estructuran este trabajo, que busca asociar elaboraciones conceptuales y acciones, antes y después de la llegada al gobierno. Estas imbricaciones coadyuvaron no solo a la confección de una nueva doctrina militar bolivariana, sino, además, a una mirada crítica sobre la democracia representativa y la organización del sistema político en torno a ella.

Resumo Ao investigar o lugar que as Forças Armadas ocuparam no projecto político venezuelano entre 1999 e 2005, propomo-nos historicizar uma série de elaborações e reconsiderações civis e militares que o alimentaram. Consideramos que tal lugar está relacionado com um conjunto de trocas sustentadas ao longo do tempo, bem como com um núcleo de relações sociais, académicas e políticas que forjaram uma visão crítica dos militares que, em comunhão com académicos civis e militantes de esquerda, elaboraram uma série de visões e acções ao longo de décadas. A concepção da Ofensiva Táctica de Massas em conjunto com a da Defesa Integral da Nação estruturam este trabalho, procurando associar elaborações conceptuais e acções, antes e depois da chegada do governo. Essas sobreposições contribuíram não só para a criação de uma nova doutrina militar bolivariana, mas também para uma visão crítica da democracia representativa e da organização do sistema político em torno dela.

Abstract In order to investigate the place that the Armed Forces occupied in the Venezuelan political project between 1999 and 2005, this work proposes to historicize a series of civilian and military elaborations and reconsiderations that were based on it. It considers that such a place is related to a set of exchanges sustained over time, as well as to a core of social, academic and political relations that forged a critical view of the soldiers. They, in communion with civilian academics and leftist activists, developed a series of visions and actions for decades. The conception of Mass Tactical Offensive together with that of Integral Defense of the Nation structure this work, that seeks to associate conceptual elaborations and actions, before and after the arrival to the government. These overlaps contributed not only to the creation of a new Bolivarian military doctrine, but also to a critical view of representative democracy and the organization of the political system around it.

Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza la construcción discursiva que se generó en torno al Plan Integral de Seguridad Ciudadana y Prevención del Delito en la provincia de Córdoba, anunciado por el gobernador Juan Schiaretti en 2016, apenas asumió su nuevo mandato. Estudia diferentes discursos enunciados por funcionarios públicos y por el gobernador, registrados como partes de prensa en la página oficial de la administración provincial. Se abordó, de manera global y local, cada uno de los discursos, en su estructura textual y en la construcción semántica del término política de seguridad. Al mismo tiempo, da cuenta de las prácticas discursivas y sociales que esos enunciados habilitan, desplazan, o contradicen en relación con las representaciones que se tiene de la seguridad. Se ponen de manifiesto tres aspectos presentes en el Plan: la idea de comunidad y de participación ciudadana, la configuración socio-espacial que se produjo en la ciudad de Córdoba y el policiamiento del territorio, con especial énfasis en la creación de la Policía Barrial.

Resumo O artigo a seguir consiste em analisar a construção discursiva gerada em torno do Plano Integral de Segurança Cidadã e Prevenção do Crime na província de Córdoba, anunciado pelo governador Juan Schiaretti em 2016, assim que assumiu o cargo. A análise é composta por diferentes discursos feitos por funcionários públicos e pelo governador, registados como comunicados de imprensa no site oficial da administração provincial. A análise consistiu em abordar global e localmente cada um dos discursos, em sua estrutura textual e construção semântica da política de segurança, e, ao mesmo tempo, dar conta das práticas discursivas e sociais que esses enunciados possibilitam, deslocam ou contradizem em relação às representações da segurança. Destacam-se três aspectos presentes no Plano: a ideia de participação comunitária e cidadã, a configuração socioespacial que produziu na cidade de Córdoba e o policiamento do território, com especial atenção para a criação da Polícia de Vizinhança.

Abstract The following article analyzesthe discursive construction that was generated around the “Plan Integral de Seguridad Ciudadana y Prevención del Delito” in the province of Córdoba, announced by Governor Juan Schiaretti in 2016, after assuming his new term. It studies different discourses enunciated by public officials and by the governor, registered as press reports on the official website of the provincial administration. The analysis consisted on approaching globally and locally each one of the discourses, in its textual structure and its semantic construction of the term security policy and, at the same time, giving an account of the discursive and social practices that these statements enable, displace, or contradict in relation to the representations that people have of security. Three aspects will be analyzed in this Plan: the idea of community and citizen participation, the socio-spatial configuration that it produced in the city of Córdoba and the territorial policing, paying special attention to the creation of the “Policía Barrial”.

Abstract When a building is demolished, its cohesive and planned structure fractures into countless fragments. These heterogeneous and disorganised fragments blur the boundaries between what was once private - the domestic space - and what is now public - the formerly occupied land. In 2019, I stumbled upon a family photograph amidst the rubble left by the demolition of the last towers of the Bairro do Aleixo in Porto. Constructed in the 1970s, this was a public housing estate designed to accommodate families from Ribeira-Barredo who had been displaced due to urban redevelopment. Throughout the years, the five towers have hosted a sizable and fluctuating population that has adapted and made use of this previously unconventional housing model. From 2011 to 2019, Aleixo underwent three demolition operations, politically supported by arguments citing its structural and social deterioration as justification. The first two were striking implosions broadcasted on television, whereas the final demolition, which I witnessed, unfolded as a slow deconstruction spanning several months. In the photograph, the woman dressed in white poses on a balcony of Tower 1 within the old Bairro do Aleixo. In the background stands the phallic skeleton of Tower 4, which would be imploded decades later. Upon its unearthing, the photograph, weathered by time and circumstance, hinted at a conceptual connection with the debris surrounding it. In this article, my focus centres on this found photograph, aiming to unveil the processes and tensions encapsulated within this fragment. I draw on the ontological connections between photography and death, as well as between photography and ruin, to analyse the spectral image of this obliterated site. I delve into what the encounter with this image might reveal about the memory of the neighbourhood, its public image, and the extensive and violent process of displacing its residents. I reach the concept of a "rubble-image" as pivotal in interpreting this nearly vanished imprint that stubbornly affirms the persistence of a dissenting and complex place, supposedly erased from public space and suppressed from urban memory by dominant sensibilities.

Resumo Quando uma edificação é demolida, a sua estrutura, unitária e planeada, é desintegrada em incontáveis fragmentos. Heterogéneos e desordenados, estes fragmentos borram os limites entre o que era privado - o espaço doméstico - e o que é público - o terreno antes ocupado. Em 2019, encontrei uma fotografia familiar entre os escombros da demolição das últimas torres do Bairro do Aleixo, no Porto. Este foi um conjunto de habitação pública construído na década de 1970 para realojar famílias da Ribeira-Barredo, deslocadas por uma reabilitação urbana. Ao longo do tempo, as cinco torres abrigaram uma população numerosa e mutável que se apropriou desse modelo de habitação até então incomum. Entre 2011 e 2019, o Aleixo foi alvo de três operações de demolição, politicamente justificadas por sua degradação estrutural e social. As duas primeiras foram implosões espetaculares e televisionadas, enquanto a última, que presenciei, foi uma lenta desconstrução que durou meses. Na fotografia, uma mulher vestida de branco posa numa varanda da Torre 1 do antigo Bairro do Aleixo. Ao fundo, paira o esqueleto fálico da Torre 4, implodida décadas depois. Quando encontrada, a fotografia, arruinada pelo tempo e pelas circunstâncias, sugeria uma afinidade conceptual com os escombros que a cercavam. Neste artigo, detenho-me sobre essa fotografia encontrada, objetivando desvelar os processos e as tensões armazenadas nesse fragmento. Recorro às relações ontológicas entre fotografia e morte, também entre fotografia e ruína, para analisar a imagem espectral desse sítio obliterado. Desenvolvo o que o encontro com ela pode indicar sobre a memória do bairro, a sua imagem pública, assim como o longo e violento processo de remoção dos seus moradores. Chego à noção de “imagem-escombro” como chave de leitura para esse vestígio quase desaparecido que afirma teimosamente a persistência de um lugar dissidente e complexo, pretensamente apagado do espaço público e suprimido da memória urbana pelas sensibilidades dominantes.

Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between perceptions and agricultural practices in the face of the effects of climate change from the agro-socio-economic context and the hydrological structure in the Cochapata high-altitude ecosystem in Urcuquí-Ecuador. The methodological strategy responds to the qualitative paradigm, case study method. Primary information was collected through landscape reading, interviews, and participant observation. It was found that the territory is occupied by timber industries, whose tree species are characterized by excessive water demand. The sub-paramo is inhabited by peasants in survival conditions who use the land to obtain goods for family sustenance using their labor force. Water distribution is of a hydro-social nature, as it excludes peasants from the right to irrigation and watering. Regarding the effects of the changing climate, the inhabitants perceive heat waves and variations in the rainy season in their daily lives; however, no agricultural practices were found to adapt to the climatic phenomenon. It is concluded that the vulnerability of the ecosystem is not directly related to climate change; it responds to historical failures in the distribution of ecosystem goods such as land and water, to the lack of knowledge of the peasant subject on the part of the state and society, and the excessive extractivism implemented during the last decades.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre percepciones y prácticas agrícolas frente a los efectos del cambio climático desde el contexto agro-socio-económico y la estructura hidrológica en el ecosistema de altura Cochapata en Urcuquí-Ecuador. La estrategia metodológica responde al paradigma cualitativo, método de estudio de caso. Se levantó información primaria mediante lectura del paisaje, entrevistas y observación participante. Se encontró que el territorio está ocupado por industrias madereras cuyas especies arbóreas se caracterizan por excesiva demanda hídrica. El subpáramo está habitado por campesinos en condición de sobrevivencia que usan la tierra para obtener bienes de sustento familiar, valiéndose de su fuerza de trabajo. Se evidenció que la distribución del agua es de carácter hidrosocial, pues excluye al campesinado del derecho a riego y abrevadero. Respecto a los efectos del clima cambiante, los pobladores perciben en su cotidianidad olas de calor y variaciones en las temporadas de lluvias, sin embargo, no se encontraron prácticas agrícolas con intención adaptativa al fenómeno climático. Se concluye que la vulnerabilidad del ecosistema no guarda relación directa con el cambio climático, esta responde a las fallas históricas en la distribución de los bienes ecosistémicos tierra y agua, al desconocimiento del sujeto campesino por parte del Estado y de la sociedad, y al excesivo extractivismo implantado durante las últimas décadas.

Abstract This paper presents the preliminary results obtained in the conformation of the Ibero-American Atlas on Bioethics developed by the Anahuac Center for Strategic Development in Bioethics (CADEBI) regarding the identification and analysis of the existing Bioethics institutions in the Region. A documentary review was carried out through search engines, databases, social networks, and other sources. The information obtained was grouped into six different categories according to the structure, objectives and activities developed. In this way, an initial diagnosis was made based on the documentary sources available on the Web. As part of the results, 157 institutions in 25 countries were identified, as well as the variation in institutional density, concentrated mainly in Spain (29 institutions), Mexico (26 institutions), Argentina (17 institutions), Brazil (13 institutions), Chile (11 institutions) and Colombia (8 institutions). It also highlights the importance of national bioethics commissions in institutional development, pointing out the relationship between the scientific and technological progress of countries and the development of bioethics. The text concludes with a proposal to create an Observatory of the Ibero-American Bioethics Network to document and promote institutional and scientific exchange in the Region, as well as some recommendations derived from the development of this work.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares obtenidos en la conformación del Atlas Iberoamericano en Bioética que ha desarrollado el Centro Anáhuac de Desarrollo Estratégico en Bioética (CADEBI) respecto a la identificación y análisis de las instituciones de Bioética existentes en la Región. Se realizó una revisión documental a través de motores de búsqueda, bases de datos, redes sociales y otras fuentes. La información obtenida se agrupó en seis diferentes categorías de acuerdo con la estructura, objetivos y actividades que desarrollan. De esta manera, se realizó un diagnóstico inicial con base en las fuentes documentales disponibles en la Web. Como parte de los resultados, se identificaron 157 instituciones en 25 países; así como la variación en la densidad institucional, concentrándose principalmente en España (29 instituciones), México (26 instituciones), Argentina (17 instituciones), Brasil (13 instituciones), Chile (11 instituciones) y Colombia (8 instituciones). Además, se resalta la importancia de las comisiones nacionales de bioética en el desarrollo institucional, señalando la relación entre el avance científico y tecnológico de los países y el desarrollo de la bioética. El texto concluye con la propuesta de crear un Observatorio de la Red Iberoamericana de Bioética para documentar y promover el intercambio institucional y científico en la Región, así como algunas recomendaciones derivadas del desarrollo de este trabajo.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o trabalho dos profissionais das equipes de saúde bucal da rede pública na pandemia da covid-19 do ponto de vista dos gestores. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo-qualitativo, com 163 gestores municipais de saúde da Bahia, que responderam a um questionário virtual, de junho a outubro de 2020. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos utilizando o Statistical Package for the Social Science, e Análise Temática das respostas subjetivas, com auxílio do IRaMuTeQ. Um escopo de atuação das equipes de saúde bucal, que atuam em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde, foi reconhecido como mais abrangente que o tradicional nesse período. A pandemia deu ênfase às fragilidades crônicas nas condições de trabalho dos cirurgiões-dentistas, técnicos e auxiliares de saúde bucal da rede pública, como a insuficiência de instrumentais odontológicos e de insumos, a precária manutenção dos equipamentos odontológicos, a fragilidade dos vínculos empregatícios e a estrutura física inadequada nas unidades de saúde, comprometendo a biossegurança. Assim, abre-se uma oportunidade para identificar e implementar mudanças necessárias não apenas no contexto de crise sanitária, mas também no período pós-pandemia. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 Tratase Trata se quantitativoqualitativo, quantitativoqualitativo quantitativo qualitativo, qualitativo quantitativo-qualitativo 16 Bahia virtual 2020 Science subjetivas IRaMuTeQ cirurgiõesdentistas, cirurgiõesdentistas cirurgiões dentistas, dentistas cirurgiões-dentistas insumos biossegurança Assim abrese abre sanitária póspandemia. póspandemia pós pandemia. pós-pandemia covid1 1 covid- 202 20 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the work of professionals from oral health teams in the public service, in the COVID-19 pandemic, from the point of view of managers. This is a cross-sectional, quantitative-qualitative study, with 163 municipal health managers in Bahia, who answered a virtual questionnaire, from June to October 2020. The descriptive analysis of the quantitative data was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science, and Thematic Analysis was applied to the subjective responses, using IRaMuTeQ. The scope of action of oral health teams, which operate at all levels of health care, was recognized as broader than the traditional in this period. The pandemic emphasized the chronic problems in the working conditions of dentists, technicians, and oral health assistants in the public service, such as the lack of dental instruments and supplies, the precarious maintenance of dental equipment, the fragility of employment relationships, and the inadequate physical structure in the health units, compromising biosecurity. Thus, there is an opportunity to identify and implement necessary changes not only in the context of a health crisis, but in the post-pandemic period. service COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional quantitativequalitative qualitative 16 Bahia questionnaire 2020 Science responses IRaMuTeQ care period dentists technicians supplies equipment relationships units biosecurity Thus crisis postpandemic post COVID1 1 COVID- 202 20 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the work of professionals from oral health teams in the public service, in the COVID-19 pandemic, from the point of view of managers. This is a cross-sectional, quantitative-qualitative study, with 163 municipal health managers in Bahia, who answered a virtual questionnaire, from June to October 2020. The descriptive analysis of the quantitative data was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science, and Thematic Analysis was applied to the subjective responses, using IRaMuTeQ. The scope of action of oral health teams, which operate at all levels of health care, was recognized as broader than the traditional in this period. The pandemic emphasized the chronic problems in the working conditions of dentists, technicians, and oral health assistants in the public service, such as the lack of dental instruments and supplies, the precarious maintenance of dental equipment, the fragility of employment relationships, and the inadequate physical structure in the health units, compromising biosecurity. Thus, there is an opportunity to identify and implement necessary changes not only in the context of a health crisis, but in the post-pandemic period.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o trabalho dos profissionais das equipes de saúde bucal da rede pública na pandemia da covid-19 do ponto de vista dos gestores. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo-qualitativo, com 163 gestores municipais de saúde da Bahia, que responderam a um questionário virtual, de junho a outubro de 2020. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos utilizando o Statistical Package for the Social Science, e Análise Temática das respostas subjetivas, com auxílio do IRaMuTeQ. Um escopo de atuação das equipes de saúde bucal, que atuam em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde, foi reconhecido como mais abrangente que o tradicional nesse período. A pandemia deu ênfase às fragilidades crônicas nas condições de trabalho dos cirurgiões-dentistas, técnicos e auxiliares de saúde bucal da rede pública, como a insuficiência de instrumentais odontológicos e de insumos, a precária manutenção dos equipamentos odontológicos, a fragilidade dos vínculos empregatícios e a estrutura física inadequada nas unidades de saúde, comprometendo a biossegurança. Assim, abre-se uma oportunidade para identificar e implementar mudanças necessárias não apenas no contexto de crise sanitária, mas também no período pós-pandemia.

Abstract: The use of online platforms by the European Commission, particularly during the Russia-Ukraine crisis in the context of the digital age, offers informative insights about current crisis communication. Between February 1 and October 26, 2022, this study analysed the Commission’s activities on the primary platforms, Facebook and Twitter. To carry out this analysis, the study used RStudio and the SentimentAnalysis package within R. The Blake & Mouton’s Grid was additionally employed as a reference point to extract the strategic dimensions. The data revealed distinct usage patterns by the Commission: Twitter acted as a channel for quick and immediate updates, making use of its real-time communication capabilities, while Facebook was used for more detailed conversations with a wider audience. Regarding sentiment, most of the Commission’s communications had a neutral or positive tone. Nevertheless, there were cases where certain critical issues prompted the Commission to take definite positions, providing insight into their strategic intent and priorities. To summarise, the European Commission’s online communication during the relevant period showed an informed and platform-specific methodology. Through comprehending and improving the platforms' functionalities and audience preferences, the Commission established a communication structure that can be utilised as a model for entities that intend to simplify their digital interaction procedures, particularly in the event of a crisis

Resumen: El uso de plataformas en línea por parte de la Comisión Europea, especialmente durante la crisis entre Rusia y Ucrania en el contexto de la era digital, ofrece perspectivas informativas sobre la comunicación de crisis actual. Este estudio analizó las actividades de la Comisión en las principales plataformas, Facebook y Twitter, entre el 1 de febrero y el 26 de octubre de 2022. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se utilizó RStudio y el paquete SentimentAnalysis dentro de R. Además, se empleó Blake & Mouton’s Grid como punto de referencia para extraer las dimensiones estratégicas. Los datos revelaron distintos patrones de uso por parte de la Comisión: Twitter actuó como canal para actualizaciones rápidas e inmediatas, aprovechando sus capacidades de comunicación en tiempo real, mientras que Facebook se utilizó para conversaciones más detalladas con un público más amplio. En cuanto al sentimiento, la mayoría de las comunicaciones de la Comisión tuvieron un tono neutro o positivo. No obstante, hubo casos en los que determinadas cuestiones críticas llevaron a la Comisión a adoptar posturas definidas, lo que permitió conocer su intención estratégica y sus prioridades. En resumen, la comunicación en línea de la Comisión Europea durante el período en cuestión mostró una metodología informada y específica para cada plataforma. Al comprender y mejorar las funcionalidades de las plataformas y las preferencias de la audiencia, la Comisión estableció una estructura de comunicación que puede servir de modelo para las entidades que pretendan simplificar sus procedimientos de interacción digital, especialmente en caso de crisis

Resumo: O uso de plataformas on-line pela Comissão Europeia, especialmente durante a crise Rússia-Ucrânia no contexto da era digital, oferece percepções informativas sobre a comunicação de crise atual. Entre 1º de fevereiro e 26 de outubro de 2022, este estudo analisou as atividades da Comissão nas principais plataformas, Facebook e Twitter. Para realizar essa análise, o estudo usou o RStudio e o pacote Sentiment Analysis no R. A grade de Blake & Mouton também foi empregada como ponto de referência para extrair as dimensões estratégicas. Os dados revelaram padrões de uso distintos por parte da Comissão: O Twitter atuou como um canal para atualizações rápidas e imediatas, fazendo uso de seus recursos de comunicação em tempo real, enquanto o Facebook foi usado para conversas mais detalhadas com um público mais amplo. Com relação ao sentimento, a maioria das comunicações da Comissão teve um tom neutro ou positivo. No entanto, houve casos em que certas questões críticas levaram a Comissão a tomar posições definidas, fornecendo uma visão de suas intenções e prioridades estratégicas. Em resumo, a comunicação on-line da Comissão Europeia durante o período relevante mostrou uma metodologia informada e específica para a plataforma. Ao compreender e aprimorar as funcionalidades das plataformas e as preferências do público, a Comissão estabeleceu uma estrutura de comunicação que pode ser utilizada como modelo para entidades que pretendem simplificar seus procedimentos de interação digital, especialmente em caso de crise

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

Abstract After the subjugation operated by the military campaigns of 1878-1885, the native population of northern Patagonia (Mapuche-tehuelche) suffered forced relocation, the breakdown of socio-political and family units, the erasure of the identity of hundreds of minors and the declamation of the extinction of the indigenous cultural and social world. From this genocidal process, the agency of indigenous individuals and collectives was conditioned within the framework of the construction of a new society that was defined as “without Indians”. From then on, this became a condition for their possibilities of accessing land, as well as a principle of stigmatization and social differentiation. This paper focuses in addressing a particular instance of the agency of this population: the National Aboriginal Association. This organization stood out for its self-recognition as aboriginal and for its supra-community, trans-territorial and national structure. The ANA was active in a key period defining a political strategy that defended the indigenous producer, encouraged processes of communalization and articulation of the agency of the original peoples with other political actors, both in northern Patagonia and in the national context.

Resumo Após a subjugação das campanhas militares de 1878-1885, a população original (Mapuche-Tehuelche) da Patagónia setentrional sofreu deslocações forçadas, a desestruturação das unidades sociopolíticas e familiares, o apagamento da identidade de centenas de menores e a declamação da extinção do mundo cultural e social indígena. Como resultado desse processo genocida, a agência dos indivíduos e coletivos indígenas foi condicionada no âmbito da construção de uma nova sociedade que se definia como "sem índios". A partir de então, este fato tornou-se um fator determinante nas suas possibilidades de acesso à terra, bem como um princípio de estigmatização e de diferenciação social. Este artigo analisa um caso particular de agência aborígene: a Asociación Nacional de Aborígenes (Associação Nacional de Aborígenes). Esta organização destacou-se pelo seu auto-reconhecimento como indígena e pela sua estrutura supracomunitária, transterritorial e nacional. A Associação esteve ativa num período chave durante o qual definiu uma estratégia política que defendeu o produtor indígena, encorajou processos de comunalização e a articulação da agência dos povos indígenas com outros actores políticos, tanto no norte da Patagónia como no contexto nacional.

Resumen Desde el sometimiento de las campañas militares de 1878-1885, la población originaria (mapuche-tehuelche) del norte de la Patagonia sufrió la reubicación forzosa, la desestructuración de las unidades sociopolíticas y familiares, el borramiento de la identidad de cientos de menores y la declamación de la extinción del mundo cultural y social indígena. A partir de este proceso genocida, la agencia de individuos y colectivos indígenas fue condicionada en el marco de la construcción de una nueva sociedad que se definía “sin indios”. En adelante, esto se constituyó en un condicionante de sus posibilidades de acceder a la tierra, como así también en un principio de estigmatización y diferenciación social. En este artículo se aborda una instancia particular de la agencia de esta población: la Asociación Nacional de Aborígenes. Esta organización se destacó por su autoreconocimiento como aborigen y por su estructura supracomunitaria, transterritorial y nacional. La Asociación militó en un período clave durante el cual definió una estrategia política que defendía al productor indígena, alentó procesos de comunalización y de articulación de la agencia de los pueblos originarios con otros actores políticos, tanto en el norte de la Patagonia como en el contexto nacional.

Abstract In Mexico, in the last two decades, there has been an increase in the activism of a sector of the LGBTTTIQ+ community struggling for the rights of people living with HIV (PLHIV). This article aims to explore the causes of this phenomenon, understanding that this process should not be explained only by gender-related variables, because it is rooted in the precariousness of living conditions within the framework of heteronormativity and determined by changes in the economic structure of society in a particular historical context. To do this, participant observation and interviews with activists belonging to groups in the political struggle for sexual diversity were used, as well as documental research. The results show the relations between discrimination and homophobia with the social structure, as a component of displacements in political activism.

Resumen En las últimas dos décadas se ha presentado en México un incremento en el activismo de un sector de la comunidad LGBTTTIQ+ en torno a la defensa de los derechos de las personas que viven con VIH (PVV). Este artículo se propone explorar las causas de este fenómeno entendiendo que este proceso no se explica solo por variables vinculadas al género, sino que se encuentra enraizado en la precarización de las condiciones de vida en el marco de la heteronormatividad, las cuales, a su vez, son determinadas por los cambios en la estructura económica de la sociedad en un contexto histórico determinado. Para ello, se recurrió a la observación participante y la realización de entrevistas a activistas pertenecientes a colectivos destacados en la acción política de la diversidad sexual, así como a investigación documental. Los resultados advierten la relación entre fenómenos como la discriminación y la homofobia con la estructura social, como componente de los desplazamientos en el activismo político.