Abstract Introduction. The network of cattle mobilization for fattening in Mexico is complex. The purpose, volume, origin, and destination of the mobilized animals determine the economic structure and market network. Objective. To analyze the market structure of the national network of cattle for fattening in Mexico from 2017 to 2021. Materials and methods. The study considered all heads of cattle mobilized for fattening in 956 municipalities (supply) and 1173 destination municipalities (demand) within Mexico from 2017 to 2021. The market structure was analyzed using economic, density, and centrality measures from Social Network Analysis (SNA). Results. The network of cattle mobilization for fattening was composed of 31 sources and 32 destinations, with an average annual mobilization of of 3.9 million heads of cattle and 73.6 heads of cattle per mobilization. The most important states in cattle mobilization, both in origin and destination, were Chiapas and Durango. In all cattle sources and destinations, there was a high concentration of fattening steers, as they had low centrality and density measures throughout the network. Veracruz and Durango were the most influential both in origin and destination. Conclusions. The cattle fattening market network in Mexico has a structure with high density and low centrality. The degree of specialization, both in sources and destinations, is low. Supply is concentrated in the southeast, while demand is concentrated in the north and center of the country. This information allows the establishment of three networks: sanitary prevention, cattle traceability, and market information.

Resumen Introducción. La red de movilización de ganado bovino para engorda en México es compleja. El motivo, volumen, origen y destino de los animales movilizados, determinan la estructura económica y red de mercado. Objetivo. Analizar la estructura de mercado de la red nacional de bovinos para engorda en México de 2017 a 2021. Materiales y métodos. El estudio consideró todas las cabezas de ganado movilizado para engorda en 956 municipios de origen (oferta) y 1173 municipios de destino (demanda) dentro de México del año 2017 a 2021. La estructura del mercado se analizó con medidas económicas, de densidad y centralidad del Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS). Resultados. La red de movilización de bovinos para engorda se conformó con 31 orígenes y 32 destinos, un promedio anual de 3,9 millones de cabezas de ganado bovino movilizadas y 73,6 cabezas de ganado por movilización. Los Estados más importantes en la movilización de ganado, en origen y destino, fueron Chiapas y Durango. En todos los orígenes y destinos del ganado se encontró una alta concentración de novillo para engorda, porque tuvieron medidas de centralidad y densidad bajas de toda la red. Tanto en origen como en destino Veracruz y Durango fueron los más influyentes. Conclusiones. La red de mercado de bovinos para engorda en México tiene una estructura con alta densidad y baja centralidad. El grado de especialización, tanto de orígenes y destinos, es bajo. La oferta se concentra en el sureste y la demanda en el norte y centro del país. Esta información permite establecer tres redes: prevención sanitaria, trazabilidad del ganado e información de mercados.

Abstract: The urban-rural conflicts in the city of Santo Tomás have contributed to the disorderly growth of the population, due in part to the deficiencies of urban planning and especially due to the territorial conflict. The study has focused on the urban-rural relationship (district and provincial capital versus peasant community) that is framed in a scenario of rapid growth of the city towards the territory of the peasant community. The objective of this study was to identify deficiencies in territorial and urban management, as well as their relationship with regulatory mechanisms related to urban development. The work methodology consisted of the analysis of the legal instruments for urban management and territorial management by the peasant community; For this, interviews were carried out with key social actors. The results indicate a gap in these aspects in Peruvian legislation, as well as a complex network of interests that does not contribute to the resolution of urban management problems.

Resumen: Los conflictos urbano-rurales en la ciudad de Santo Tomás han contribuido al desordenado crecimiento de la población, debido en parte a las deficiencias de la planificación urbana y sobre todo por el conflicto territorial. El estudio se ha enfocado en la relación urbano-rural (capital distrital y provincial versus comunidad campesina) que se enmarca en un escenario de rápido crecimiento de la ciudad hacia el territorio de la comunidad campesina. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las deficiencias en la gestión territorial y urbana, como su relación con los mecanismos normativos conexos con el desarrollo urbano. La metodología de trabajo consistió en el análisis de los instrumentos legales para la gestión urbana como de la gestión territorial por la comunidad campesina; para ello se realizó entrevistas a los actores sociales claves. Los resultados indican un vacío en estos aspectos en la legislación peruana, así como un complejo entramado de intereses que no contribuye a la resolución de los problemas de la gestión urbana.

Abstract There are multiple approaches to examining 'gender in organisations,' each exhibiting diversity and originating from various fields and ideological frameworks. Mainstream literature on 'gender in organisations' focuses on gender-based differences within the organisation-emphasizing concepts like glass ceilings, sticky floors, and variations in management practices between men and women-to shed light on discriminatory practices against women. However, this perspective, which views organisations as gender-neutral spaces, overlooks concealed mechanisms that perpetuate patriarchal social structures. These mechanisms not only act as obstacles to equal job opportunities but also create environments marked by inequality, discrimination, and violence, mirroring societal-level issues. To address these shortcomings, the article adopts an approach from Feminist Action Research methods, highlighting its ability to challenge power dynamics and facilitate inclusive decision-making processes, revealing its influence on transformation at organisational, personal, and social levels. To illustrate the benefits from Feminist Action Research, this article explains the research process conducted at Alternative and Solidarity Economy Network of the Valencian Country (XEAS País Valencià, using its Valencian acronym) over 14 months. During this period a feminist organisational change process was implemented to reflect upon and transition towards a more liveable organisation. Various qualitative techniques, such as semi-structured interviews, participatory workshops, participant observation, and document review, were combined to conduct this study. The lessons learned from this study can inspire future similar studies in the Management field, with an aspiration to address gender discrimination issues more in-depth.

Resumen Existen múltiples enfoques para examinar el "género en las organizaciones", cada uno mostrando diversidad y originándose en diversos campos y marcos ideológicos. La literatura convencional sobre "género en las organizaciones" se centra en las diferencias basadas en el género dentro de la organización, destacando conceptos como techos de cristal, suelos pegajosos y variaciones en las prácticas de gestión entre hombres y mujeres, para arrojar luz sobre las prácticas discriminatorias contra las mujeres. Sin embargo, esta perspectiva, que considera a las organizaciones como espacios neutrales en cuanto al género, pasa por alto mecanismos ocultos que perpetúan estructuras sociales patriarcales. Estos mecanismos no solo actúan como obstáculos para la igualdad de oportunidades laborales, sino que también crean entornos marcados por la desigualdad, la discriminación y la violencia, reflejando problemas a nivel social. Para abordar estas deficiencias, el artículo adopta un enfoque basado en métodos de Investigación Acción Feminista, destacando su capacidad para desafiar las dinámicas de poder y facilitar procesos de toma de decisiones inclusivos, revelando su influencia en la transformación a nivel organizacional, personal y social. Para ilustrar los beneficios de la Investigación Acción Feminista, este artículo explica el proceso de investigación llevado a cabo en la Red de Economía Alternativa y Solidaria del País Valenciano (XEAS País Valencià, usando su acrónimo en valenciano) durante 14 meses. Durante este período, se implementó un proceso de cambio organizacional feminista para reflexionar y transitar hacia una organización más habitable. Se combinaron diversas técnicas cualitativas, como entrevistas semiestructuradas, talleres participativos, observación participante y revisión de documentos, para llevar a cabo este estudio. Las lecciones aprendidas de este estudio pueden inspirar futuros estudios similares en el campo de la Gestión, con la aspiración de abordar más a fondo los problemas de discriminación de género.

ABSTRACT Although the Colombian Constitutional Court has issued a large number of rulings on the rights of the LGBTQ population, little attention has been paid to assessing the impact of these rulings beyond the mere formal recognition of rights. This article focuses on ruling T-063 of 2015, which recognized the right of trans people to change their gender markers on official documents without undergoing a voluntary judicial process. Drawing on interviews and documentary sources, this article shows that the mobilization that emerged in support of this litigation, both during the judicial review process and after the decision was issued, influenced the positive effects that this decision had in the legal, political, and social fields. I argue that the availability of participatory mechanisms -especially amicus curiae briefs (or intervenciones)-and the multisectoral composition of the network of actors involved in the mobilization are two crucial factors for understanding the positive impact of ruling T-063/15 on the legal recognition of gender identity.

RESUMEN Aunque la Corte Constitucional de Colombia ha promulgado una amplia serie de sentencias sobre los derechos de la población LGBTQ, hasta ahora muy pocas investigaciones se han interesado en evaluar el impacto de estos fallos más allá de sus implicaciones para el reconocimiento formal de derechos. Este artículo analiza el impacto de una de estas decisiones, la sentencia T-063 de 2015, la cual reconoció el derecho de las personas trans a cambiar el componente sexo en sus documentos de identificación sin tener que recurrir a un proceso de jurisdicción voluntaria. Con base en entrevistas y la revisión de fuentes documentales, este trabajo muestra que la movilización que se desencadenó a favor de este litigio, tanto durante el proceso de revisión judicial como después de la promulgación del fallo, influyó en los efectos positivos que tuvo esta sentencia en los campos legal, político y social. Argumento que la existencia de mecanismos participativos -en particular de los escritos de intervención- y la composición multisectorial de la red de actores que participó en la movilización son dos factores cruciales para entender el impacto positivo de la sentencia T-063/15 sobre el reconocimiento legal de la identidad de género.

Abstract This study examines conversations with X user positions in Mexico about ultra-processed foods, which have recently been linked to obesity. Posts from 2019 and 2020 were identified through hashtags on the topics of "labeling," "ultra-processed," and "junk food." We used a mixed approach to identify word patterns and develop an analysis based on social network theory. We found 211,585 tweets and 904,484 retweets from 90,828 and 321,637 accounts, respectively. There was an emphasis on conversations during the legislative process, especially the hashtag #etiquetadoclaroya. The most intense interactions occurred in discussions about new front-of-package warnings. The most influential profiles belonged to the media, academia, and civil society. The food industry's involvement was limited, so its role in the debate is inconclusive. This method can be used in other countries to monitor discussions on regulations and other policies.

Resumen Este estudio examina conversaciones con posturas de usuarios de X en México acerca de los productos comestibles ultraprocesados, recientemente asociados con obesidad. Se identificaron publicaciones en 2019 y 2020 a través de hashtags en temáticas denominadas "etiquetado", "ultraprocesados" y "comida chatarra". Se utiliza un enfoque mixto para identificar patrones de palabras y desarrollar un análisis basado en la teoría de redes sociales. Se encontraron 211,585 tweets y 904,484 retweets de 90,828 y 321,637 cuentas, respectivamente. Hubo un énfasis en las conversaciones durante procesos legislativos, destacando el hashtag #etiquetadoclaroya. Las interacciones más intensas ocurrieron en las discusiones sobre un nuevo etiquetado de advertencia. Los perfiles más influyentes pertenecían a medios de comunicación, academia y sociedad civil. La participación de la industria alimentaria fue limitada, por lo que su papel en el debate no es concluyente. Este método puede usarse en otros países para monitorear la discusión de regulaciones o políticas.

Abstract Introduction: Friendship positively influences human development. However, people with disabilities face difficulties in building and maintaining this bond. This study aims to explore and analyze the knowledge networks in the literature on friendship and disabilities from 2017 to 2022. Method: Using PRISMA criteria, the search was conducted in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. VOSviewer and Pajek software were used to construct and analyze the networks. Results: Sixty-eight articles were analyzed. The United States leads in publications, but the United Kingdom is more influential in the network. The main research areas are autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, social inclusion, social skills, and violence against people with disabilities. Influential documents address thematic analysis in psychology, and friendship among individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Conclusions: Knowledge maps and network analysis help explore the literature, allowing an understanding of trends, the foundational intellectual structure, and scientific correlations.

Resumo Introdução: A amizade influencia positivamente o desenvolvimento humano. Todavia, pessoas com deficiencia enfrentam dificuldades para construir e manter esse vínculo. Este estudo objetiva explorar e analisar as redes de conhecimento da literatura sobre amizade e deficiencia de 2017 a 2022. Método: Utilizando critérios Prisma, a busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science. Os softwares VOSviewer e Pajek foram usados para construir e analisar as redes. Resultados: Foram analisados 68 artigos. Os Estados Unidos lideram em publicaçoes, entretanto o Reino Unido é mais influente na rede. As principais investigaçoes na área sao: transtorno do espectro autista, deficiencia intelectual, inclusao social, habilidades sociais e violencia contra a pessoa com deficiencia. Documentos influentes abordam análise temática em psicologia, amizade de pessoas com transtorno do espectro autista e deficiencia intelectual. Conclusões: Os mapas de conhecimento e análise de redes ajudam a explorar a literatura, o que permite compreender tendencias, estrutura intelectual base e correlações científicas.

Abstract General Bernardo Reyes was a key figure within the structure of the Porfirian State, especially in the northeastern region of Mexico. From his position, he worked to eliminate and neutralize political threats seeking to destabilize President Porfirio Díaz’s regime. To this end, he built and organized a sociopolitical network with military personnel, diplomats, police, and civilians, through which he deployed intelligence operations. Through the study of Reyes’ correspondence from the perspective of social network analysis, one can identify the web of commissioners, agents, and informants, as well as categorize the objectives of his espionage. This allows us to address a lesser-studied role of the figure: that of a “spymaster” who coordinated a significant part of the Porfirian espionage system.

Resumen El general Bernardo Reyes fue una pieza clave dentro de la estructura del Estado porfirista, particularmente en la región del noreste mexicano. Desde su posición, trabajó para eliminar y neutralizar las amenazas políticas que buscaban desestabilizar al régimen del presidente Porfirio Díaz y, para ello, construyó una red sociopolítica organizada con militares, cónsules, policías y civiles, a través de la cual desplegó operaciones de espionaje. Al estudiar la correspondencia de Reyes desde la perspectiva del análisis de redes sociales, se puede identificar el entretejido de comisionados, agentes e informantes, y también categorizar los objetivos de su espionaje. Esto permite abordar un rol poco estudiado del personaje: el de un maestro de espías que coordinó una parte importante del sistema de espionaje porfirista.

Abstract Background: Loneliness and social isolation are significant public health issues. Family nurses play a vital role in identifying and preventing these phenomena and designing interventions to address them. Objective: To evaluate the impact of non-face-to-face follow-up consultations with family nurses on social isolation, quality of life, and disease self-management of older adults living alone in the community. Methodology: This pre-experimental study utilizes a one-group pretest-posttest design on a sample of 24 older adult patients. The Lubben Social Network Scale-6 (LSNS-6), the World Health Organization Quality of Life Group (WHOQOL) - OLD scale, and the Portuguese Version of the Therapeutic Self-Care Scale were used for data collection. Results: Following the intervention, patients’ satisfaction with the family nurse’s follow-up improved (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a 33.3% increase in self-care management and a reduction in the risk of social isolation (45.8% to 33.3%). Although not statistically significant, there was also an increase in the global score of the quality of life variable. Conclusion: The non-face-to-face telenursing consultations positively affected the older adult patients’ satisfaction with the family nurse’s contact and follow-up, reduced social isolation, and improved self-care activities.

Resumo Enquadramento: A solidão e/ou isolamento social (IS) representa um problema de saúde pública. Os enfermeiros de família (EF), têm um papel crucial na prevenção, identificação e intervenção dos mesmos. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacte do acompanhamento por consulta não presencial do EF no IS, qualidade de vida (QdV) e autogestão da doença de pessoas idosas (PI) a viver só na comunidade. Metodologia: Estudo pré-experimental com desenho pré e pós, com 24 PI. Utilizou-se na recolha de dados: a escala breve de redes sociais de Lubben, a escala World Health Organization Quality of Life Group e o instrumento de autocuidado terapêutico. Resultados: Após a intervenção verificou-se uma melhoria no acompanhamento pelo EF (p < 0,001), um aumento de 33,3% na gestão do autocuidado e redução do risco de IS (45,8% para 33,3%). Na QdV houve um aumento no score global, contudo não estatisticamente significativo. Conclusão: O acompanhamento por consulta não presencial do EF teve efeito positivo no contacto e acompanhamento pelo EF, mitigação do IS e na melhoria de atividades de autocuidado.

Resumen Marco contextual: La soledad o el aislamiento social (IS) constituyen un problema de salud pública. Los enfermeros de familia (EF) desempeñan un papel crucial en la prevención, identificación e intervención en estos problemas. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del seguimiento mediante consulta no presencial del EF en el IS, la calidad de vida (QdV) y la autogestión de la enfermedad en personas mayores (PI) que viven solas en la comunidad. Metodología: Estudio preexperimental con diseño previo y posterior, con 24 PI. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó la escala breve de redes sociales de Lubben, la escala World Health Organization Quality of Life Group y el instrumento de autocuidado terapéutico. Resultados: Tras la intervención, se produjo una mejora de la supervisión por parte de los EF (p < 0,001), un aumento del 33,3% en la gestión del autocuidado y la reducción del riesgo de IS (45,8% para 33,3%). En la QdV hubo un aumento de la puntuación global, pero no fue estadísticamente significativo. Conclusión: El seguimiento mediante consulta no presencial con el EF tuvo un efecto positivo en el contacto y acompañamiento por parte del EF, la reducción del IS y la mejora de las actividades de autocuidado.

RESUMEN El presente artículo reflexiona sobre el papel de las mediaciones y la justicia territorial en la construcción de paz liderada por mujeres y jóvenes en Riosucio, Chocó, Colombia. Esta reflexión se deriva de la experiencia del proyecto "Hilando Capacidades Políticas para las Transiciones en los Territorios", específicamente del reconocimiento de la importancia de las prácticas de mediación y la justicia territorial por parte de las mujeres de la "Red de Cuidadoras comunitarias" y de los jóvenes de la "Plataforma Municipal de la Juventud". Estas mediaciones han permitido a las comunidades afrontar los conflictos territoriales a través de un proceso de organización comunitaria en el que se reconoce la justicia territorial y las mediaciones como elementos claves en la construcción de paz y para la transformación de las relaciones sociales y políticas en el territorio.

RESUMO Este artigo reflecte sobre o papel da mediação e da justiça territorial na construção da paz liderada por mulheres e jovens em Riosucio, Chocó, Colômbia. Esta reflexão deriva da experiência do projeto "Spinning Political Capacities for Transitions in the Territories", especificamente do reconhecimento da importância das práticas de mediação e justiça territorial pelas mulheres da "Rede de Cuidadoras Comunitárias" e pelos jovens da "Plataforma Municipal da Juventude". Estas mediações têm permitido às comunidades enfrentar os conflitos territoriais através de um processo de organização comunitária em que a justiça territorial e as mediações são reconhecidas como elementos fundamentais para a construção da paz e para a transformação das relações sociais e políticas no território.

ABSTRACT This article reflects on the role of mediations and territorial justice in peacebuilding led by women and youth in Riosucio, Chocó, Colombia. This reflection derives from the experience of the project "Spinning Political Capacities for Transitions in the Territories", specifically from the recognition of the importance of mediation practices and territorial justice by the women of the "Community Caregivers Network" and the youth of the "Municipal Youth Platform". These mediations have allowed the communities to confront territorial conflicts through a process of community organization in which territorial justice and mediations are recognized as key elements in peace building and promoting the transformation of social and political relations in the territory

RESUMEN Los Centennials presentan más disposición para comprar en redes sociales, aunque son evidentes las diferencias sobre el uso y consumo de contenidos e información de Instagram entre los miembros de esta generación, lo que sugiere que su comportamiento de compra también puede diferir Por ello en esta investigación se propone clasificar el comportamiento de compra de los Z en esta red social basados en su actitud hacia la publicidad y el uso de la aplicación. Se abordó un enfoque cuantitativo a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio seguido de una prueba de conformación de clúster jerárquicos en una muestra de 494 participantes entre los 18 a 29 años de ciudades y municipios colombianos y de diversos niveles socioeconómicos. Se encontró que las dimensiones de uso, acciones de compra, consumo de contenidos, interés social, agrado por la publicidad, atencionalidad a la publicidad y seguridad están presentes en el comportamiento de los usuarios en la red social. Estas variables se usaron para exponer tres tipologías de comportamiento concluyendo que existen diversos comportamientos de compra y actitud hacia la publicidad desplegada en el medio digital.

RESUMO Os Centennials estão mais dispostos a comprar nas redes sociais, embora existam diferenças evidentes na utilização e consumo do Instagram entre os membros desta geração, o que sugere que o seu comportamento de compra também pode ser diferente. Portanto, nesta pesquisa, propõe-se classificar o comportamento de compra do Z no Instagram com base na sua atitude em relação à publicidade e ao uso do aplicativo. Abordou-se uma abordagem quantitativa por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória seguida de teste hierárquico de formação de cluster em uma amostra de 494 participantes entre l8 e 29 anos das principais cidades intermediárias e pequenas do país e de diversos níveis socioeconómicos. Verificou-se que as dimensões uso, ações de compra, consumo de conteúdo, interesse social, gosto pela publicidade, atenção à publicidade e segurança estão presentes no comportamento dos usuários na rede social. Estas variáveis foram utilizadas para expor três tipologias de comportamento, concluindo que existem diversos comportamentos de compra e atitudes face à publicidade veiculada no meio digital.

ABSTRACT Centennials are more willing to buy on social networks, although not all of them have the same behavior differences observed by inner members of this generation, which suggests that their buying behavior may also differ For this reason, in this research it was proposed to classify the purchasing behavior of generation Z in the social network Instagram based on their attitude towards advertising and the use of the application. A quantitative approach was used through a confirmatory factor analysis followed by a hierarchical cluster confirmation test in a sample of 494 participants from 18 to 29 years old, residents in main, intermediate and small cities in the country and of various socioeconomic levels. It was found that the dimensions of use, purchase actions, content consumption, social interest, liking for advertising, attention to advertising and security are present in the behavior of users on the social network. These variables were used to expose three types of behavior, concluding that there are different purchasing behaviors and attitudes towards advertising displayed in digital media.

This paper aims to discuss the different activist strategies that vegans use on social media platforms, especially Facebook and YouTube, in Brazil. The popularization of veganism in the country is directly linked to the arrival of the internet and the emergence of so-called “virtual communities” that have strengthened their own political actions expressed through food activism. Therefore, when analyzing veganism as a social movement, it is important to understand how it uses social media platforms in different ways to organize, act, engage and resonate with styles, identities, consumer goods and active political organizations, capable of competing in the global market of the traditionally dominant value chain. The methodologies were a literature review and a content analysis of data collected from November 2021 to April 2022 on two social media platforms: Facebook and YouTube. In the first, a netnography was carried out in two online groups. On YouTube, data was collected using the online tool YouTube Data Tolls, which searched for videos published during the aforementioned period with references to vegan issues, and created a network of the main channels that shared this content. By analyzing this data, it was possible to identify how the vegan movement has strengthened in Brazil through the use of and active engagement with social media, which contributes to the consolidation of lifestyles in terms of the production, circulation and consumption of material and symbolic goods.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as diferentes estratégias de ativismos que os veganos utilizam em plataformas de mídias sociais, especialmente Facebook e YouTube, no Brasil. A popularização do veganismo no país está diretamente ligada as chegadas da internet e à emergência das chamadas "comunidades virtuais" que fortaleceram ações políticas próprias expressas pelo ativismo alimentar. Diante disso, ao analisar o veganismo enquanto um movimento social, torna-se importante compreender como o mesmo utiliza, de maneiras diferentes, plataformas de mídia sociais para organizar, agir, engajar e repercutir estilos, identidades, bens de consumo e organizações políticas ativas, capazes de disputarem o mercado global da cadeia de valores tradicionalmente dominantes. As metodologias foram as revisão bibliográfica e uma análise de conteúdo de dados coletados, durante o período de novembro de 2021 a abril de 2022, em duas plataformas de mídias sociais: Facebook e YouTube. Na primeira, foi realizada uma netnografia em dois grupos online. No YouTube, uma coleta de dados a partir da ferramenta online YouTube Data Tolls em que foram buscados vídeos publicados, durante o período já mencionado, com referências a temática vegana, e criada uma rede dos principais canais que compartilharam esse conteúdo. A partir da análise desses dados, foi possível identificar como o movimento vegano se fortaleceu no Brasil a partir do uso e engajamento ativo nas mídias sociais, que colaboram para a consolidação de estilos de vida em termos de produção, circulação e consumo de bens materiais e simbólicos.

Este paper discute determinados recortes de uma pesquisa de mestrado em andamento. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar perfis de Instagram de mulheres defensoras das armas de fogo como instrumento de autodefesa e mapear as redes que formam. O fenômeno do ativismo feminino “pró-armas” está interligado à ascensão da nova direita, ao sentimento de insegurança e de descrédito em relação às instituições estatais, além do lobby armamentista. Tanto na política institucional quanto na sociedade civil são notórios os discursos de mulheres que representam o uso da arma de fogo como estratégia de autodefesa e também como ferramenta de empoderamento feminino. Consonante a isso, fontes de pesquisa atestam o crescimento significativo das fabricantes brasileiras de armas leves na última década no mercado de segurança internacional. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, se baseia em observação etnográfica oculta em ambiente digital e em Análise de Rede Social (ARS) em fase inicial. Os materiais utilizados foram perfis de Instagram das atrizes e organizações sociais de maior circulação no meio da autodefesa armada feminina. Os resultados têm demonstrado: a articulação de símbolos originalmente feministas de empoderamento a velhos signos de feminilidade hegemônica; propostas de autodefesa armada para as mulheres como estratégia frente à violência contra a mulher; e um paralelo entre o crescimento do mercado armamentista e os perfis de ativismo feminino “pró-armas”, devido aos patrocínios às iniciativas das mulheres.

This paper discusses certain excerpts from an ongoing master's research. The present work aims to analyze Instagram profiles of women defenders of firearms as an instrument of selfdefense and to map the networks they form. The phenomenon of pro-gun female activism is interconnected with the rise of the new right, the feeling of insecurity and discredit in relation to state institutions, as well as the gun lobby. Both in institutional politics and in civil society, the discourses of women who represent the use of firearms as a strategy of self-defense and also as a tool for female empowerment are notorious. In line with this, research sources attest to the significant growth of Brazilian manufacturers of small arms in the last decade in the international security market. The research, of a qualitative nature, is based on ethnographic hidden observation in digital environment and on Social Network Analysis (SNA) in the initial phase. The materials used were Instagram profiles of the actresses and social organizations with the greatest circulation in the midst of female armed self-defense. The results have demonstrated: the  articulation of originally feminist symbols of empowerment with old signs of hegemonic femininity; proposals for armed self-defense for women as a strategy against violence against women; and a parallel between the growth of the arms market and the profiles of pro-gun female activism, due to sponsorships of women's initiatives.

En este artículo se discuten algunos extractos de una investigación de maestría en curso. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los perfiles de Instagram de mujeres defensoras de armas de fuego como instrumento de autodefensa y mapear las redes que conforman. El fenómeno del activismo femenino pro-armas está interconectado con el ascenso de la nueva derecha, el sentimiento de inseguridad y descrédito en relación con las instituciones estatales, así como con el lobby de las armas. Tanto en la política institucional como en la sociedad civil son notorios los discursos de las mujeres que representan el uso de las armas de fuego como estrategia de autodefensa y también como herramienta de empoderamiento femenino. En línea con esto, fuentes de investigación atestiguan el importante crecimiento de los fabricantes brasileños de armas pequeñas en la última década en el mercado de la seguridad internacional. La investigación, de carácter cualitativo, se basa en la observación etnográfica oculta en un entorno digital y en el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) en la fase inicial. Los materiales utilizados fueron los perfiles de Instagram de las actrices y las organizaciones sociales de mayor circulación en medio de la autodefensa armada femenina. Los resultados han demostrado: la articulación de símbolos de empoderamiento originalmente feministas con viejos signos de feminidad hegemónica; propuestas de autodefensa armada de las mujeres como estrategia contra la violencia hacia las mujeres; y un paralelismo entre el crecimiento del mercado armamentístico y los perfiles de activismo femenino pro-armas, debido al patrocinio de iniciativas de mujeres

Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Abstract: The digitalisation processes have substantially modified the modes of production and consumption of goods and services in society as well as the different interactions of which we are part. States and their interventions have not been left out of these processes. The covid-19 health pandemic situation -although it had been brewing previouslyhas accelerated the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the management and implementation of public policies in general and social policies in particular. Within this framework, the aim of this paper is to identify -in an exploratory mannerdoubts, expressions about the registration process and view on three income transfer or income guarantee policies that have emerged in the context of the covid-19 health pandemic in Argentina and Spain. Based on virtual ethnographies in groups of recipients in the social network Facebook, the cases of analysis are taken as cases of Emergency Family Income and Food Reinforcement in the Argentinean case and Minimum Living Income in Spain. We have sought to explore some dimensions of the process of programme implementation -which was managed virtuallyin order to understand the difficulties faced by the potential beneficiaries of these policies. The results obtained aim to demonstrate -without claiming to be exhaustivepossible potentialities and limitations offered by digitisation processes in policies to combat poverty and social exclusion.

Resumen: Los procesos de digitalización han modificado sustancialmente los modos de producción y consumo de bienes y servicios en la sociedad, así como las diferentes interacciones de las que somos parte. Los estados y sus intervenciones no han quedado por fuera de estos procesos. La situación de pandemia sanitaria por covid-19 -aunque ya se venía gestando previamente-, ha acelerado el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC’s) en la gestión e implementación de políticas públicas en general y sociales en particular. En este marco, el objetivo de este escrito es identificar -de modo exploratoriodudas, expresiones en torno al proceso de inscripción y miradas sobre tres políticas de transferencias de ingresos o garantía de ingresos, emergentes en el contexto de pandemia sanitaria por covid-19 en el estado argentino y español. A partir de etnografías virtuales en grupos de personas receptoras de la red social Facebook, se toman como casos de análisis el Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia y el Refuerzo Alimentario en el caso argentino y del Ingreso Mínimo Vital en España. Se ha buscado explorar algunas dimensiones del proceso de implementación de programas -cuya gestión se realizó de manera virtualen pos de comprender las dificultades a las que se enfrenta la población potencialmente receptora de estas políticas. Los resultados obtenidos pretenden demostrar -sin pretensión de exhaustividadposibles potencialidades y limitaciones que ofrecen los procesos de digitalización en las políticas de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social.

Resumo O artigo versa sobre as alterações ocorridas no trabalho de assistentes sociais intermediado pelas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs). Baseado em uma revisão bibliográfica, estudo das normativas que regulamentam a profissão no Brasil, e em uma enquete realizada no segundo semestre de 2022 com 49 assistentes sociais. Identificou-se que a utilização das TICs tem sido incorporada no trabalho destas profissionais, seja no atendimento direto aos usuários, seja na articulação da rede de atendimento e da rede intersetorial, alterando a realização do seu exercício profissional. Afirma-se que as alterações decorrentes da utilização das TICs interferem na relação estabelecida entre as profissionais e a população usuária dos serviços e, em certa medida, distanciando o contato das profissionais, comprometendo a análise das necessidades sociais que desencadeiam a busca pelos serviços prestados nas políticas sociais, influenciando também na construção da documentação técnica, o que expõe dilemas éticos relacionados ao sigilo das informações. Os resultados indicam que a incorporação das TICs altera a jornada de trabalho, que se estende para além das horas previamente contratadas pelo empregador, aumenta o volume de trabalho, uma vez que as assistentes sociais são chamadas a responder a diversificadas solicitações tanto por parte dos contratantes, dos usuários, bem como dos trabalhadores da rede de atendimento. Na mesma medida, a utilização das TICs favorece a ampliação da capilaridade dos atendimentos, contribuindo para o acesso e a democratização das informações sobre os direitos humanos e sociais.

Abstract The article deals with the changes that have occurred in the work of social workers mediated by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Based on a bibliographical review, study of the regulations that regulate the profession in Brazil, and on a survey carried out in the second half of 2022 with 49 social workers. It was identified that the use of ICTs has been incorporated into the work of these professionals, whether in direct service to users or in the articulation of the service network and the intersectoral network, changing the performance of their professional practice. It is stated that the changes resulting from the use of ICTs interfere in the relationship established between professionals and the population using the services and, to a certain extent, distancing the contact from the professional, compromising the analysis of the social needs that trigger the search for services provided in the social policies, also influencing the construction of technical documentation, which exposes ethical dilemmas related to the confidentiality of information. The results indicate that the incorporation of ICTs changes the working day, which extends beyond the hours previously contracted by the employer, increases the volume of work, since social workers are called upon to respond to diverse requests from both contractors and, users, as well as service network workers. To the same extent, the use of ICTs favors the expansion of the capillarity of services, contributing to the access and democratization of information on human and social rights.