ABSTRACT This work determined the ecological footprint of the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism, a science institution attached at the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. The categories analyzed to carry out the calculations of CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint were: Water, Built surface, Electricity Consumption, Mobility, Paper, Non-hazardous solid waste, Hazardous waste, Food, Services and Production of Magnetic Conditioners. The methodology of Doménech (2009) and the methodology for calculating the ecological footprint in universities of López Álvarez et al. (2009) of the Sustainable Development Office, University of Santiago de Compostela were used as a basis. The results obtained for the year 2022 reflect that the National Center for Applied Electromagnetism needs an area of 52,984 ha/year of forest to regenerate the natural resources that the center uses for the satisfaction of it social demand. Similarly, it requires 89,096 hag standard forest to assimilate CO2 emissions.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo desarrolló el cálculo de la huella ecológica del Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, entidad de ciencia adscrita a la Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba. Las categorías analizadas para realizar los cálculos de las emisiones de CO2 y de la huella ecológica fueron: Agua, Superficie construida, Consumo de Electricidad, Movilidad, Papel, Residuos sólidos no peligrosos, Residuos peligrosos, Alimentos, Servicios y Producción de Acondicionadores Magnéticos. Se utilizó como base la metodología de Doménech (2009) y la metodología para el cálculo de la huella ecológica en universidades de López Álvarez y colaboradores (2009) de la Oficina de Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Los resultados obtenidos para el año 2022 reflejan que el Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado necesita un área de bosques de 52,984 ha/año para regenerar los recursos naturales que se demandan por el centro para satisfacer su objeto social. Asimismo, requiere de 89,096 hag de bosque estándar mundial para asimilar las emisiones de CO2 generadas.

Resumen Introducción: Diferentes investigaciones demuestran que la permanencia de las poblaciones migrantes en Argentina puede generar mejoras en sus condiciones de vida. El artículo se desarrolla a partir del análisis de las diversas trayectorias que tienen las mujeres migrantes, trabajadoras domésticas, cuando permanecen en el país. Objetivo: El trabajo propone reconstruir, de manera retrospectiva, los diferentes movimientos en las trayectorias de las mujeres migrantes, tanto dentro como hacia afuera del sector del trabajo doméstico. Se intentan vislumbrar las limitaciones y posibilidades del contexto local y analizar los propios sentidos que las trabajadoras le otorgan a estas circulaciones. Metodología: El artículo se basa en una investigación cualitativa que incluye 40 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres migrantes, en AMBA y Córdoba, que son o fueron empleadas domésticas en algún momento de su trayectoria laboral. Resultados: Se reconstruyen tres formas de movilidad: la movilidad horizontal dentro del sector, las formas de salida intermitente y la salida definitiva. En cada una de ellas, el análisis se centra en la perspectiva de las propias trabajadoras. Conclusiones: Los resultados reflejan la importancia de la articulación entre trabajo doméstico remunerado y no remunerado. Asimismo, permite dar cuenta de tres cuestiones principales: en primer lugar, que salir del entorno del trabajo doméstico no siempre significa «mejorar» desde la perspectiva de las propias trabajadoras; en segundo lugar, que se puede «mejorar» siendo trabajadora doméstica; y, en tercer lugar, que existen trayectorias de movilidad social ascendente entre las mujeres migrantes trabajadoras domésticas.

Abstract Introduction: Research has shown that the permanence of the migrant population in Argentina can generate certain improvements in their living conditions. The article is developed from the analysis of the diverse trajectories that migrant women, domestic workers, have when they remain in the country. Objective: The article proposes to reconstruct, in retrospect, the different movements in the trajectories of migrant women, both inside and outside the domestic work sector. It examines the limitations and possibilities of the local context and the meanings that migrant domestic workers give to labor circulations. Methodology: The article is based on a qualitative research developed in AMBA and Córdoba, that includes 40 in-depth interviews with migrant women who are or were domestic workers at some point in their labor trajectories. Results: Three types of mobility are considered: horizontal mobility within domestic sector, intermittent inputs and outputs within the sector, and the ultimate exit. In each case, the article emphasizes the viewpoints of the workers themselves. Conclusions: The results show the importance of the linkage between paid and unpaid domestic work. It also sets out three main issues: firstly, that leaving the domestic work does not always mean «improving» from the perspective of the workers themselves; secondly, that one can «improve» by being a domestic worker; and, thirdly, that there are trajectories of upward social mobility among migrant domestic workers.

The central argument of this paper is that interventions of humanitarian organizations at the Zimbabwe-South Africa border reveal the importance placed on making very clear distinctions between those needing protection and those who do not. This is the case even in times wherein migrants have other protection needs that fall outside these boundaries or intersect with those of others. These boundaries are retained in the stable definitions of migrant in/vulnerability that have been legitimized by the increased emphasis of two separate frameworks: one, the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) for managing migration and the other, the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) that determines a set of stable norms for international refugee protection. These mandates are also connected to other tidy, established identities of vulnerability that pertain to gender, health, legal standing, and persecution. In contexts marked by conflicting and overlapping experiences for persons on the move, and mixed migration flows, these ideas are unstable as a way of governing migration. This is because they can also reproduce and intensify social divisions that may lead to inconsistencies and unethical practices in international protection and migration governance for irregular migrants, as well as failures to respond to "the 'social life' of vulnerability." We propose this novel concept in the paper to capture and reimagine the limits and possibilities for protection.

The presence of immigrants in South Africa has led citizens to believe that migrants are responsible for increased crime rates in the country. This belief is a harmful stereotype that has no basis in reality, as most of the crimes are not committed by the migrants. This study explores the impact of socio-economic factors on crime rates by international migrants in South Africa from 2012 to 2017. Specifically, it focuses on examining the likelihood and association between two key variables: migrants with no formal education and crime, and unemployed migrants and crime. Through chi-square tests and multinomial regression, the study investigated whether these socioeconomic factors drove criminal behavior among the international migrant population. This study obtained data from secondary sources. The study's findings revealed that unemployment has an impact on migrants and crime rates in South Africa. The relationship showed a weak association, attributed to insufficient supporting evidence due to the low statistical power of educational status. The relationship proved to not have a strong association, lacking supporting evidence due to low statistical power on educational status. The level of education among migrants did not play a substantial role in influencing criminal behavior within the South African context. Other factors, such as social networks, cultural integration, and individual characteristics, might have a more prominent influence on criminal activities among migrants. However, addressing unemployment issues among international migrants in South Africa to mitigate the risk of criminal involvement is crucial. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on developing effective strategies to promote employment opportunities, skills development, and social integration among migrant communities. By addressing these socio-economic factors, it may be possible to reduce crime rates and create a more inclusive society for both migrants and the host population in South Africa.

This paper explains the indignation against and stigmatization of return migrants and travelers when Zimbabwe first recorded cases of COVID-19 in 2020. While xenophobic hatred toward foreign migrants enjoyed much media and scholarly attention, the similar risk faced by the return migrants and travelers among "their own" during the pandemic was largely left on the back burner. The paper uses secondary analysis of information from social media, government reports, media briefings, and public utterances of government officials to provide an explanation for the negative attitudes of locals against migrants at the height of COVID-19. The findings revealed that in times of change and dealing with uncertainty, there is a tendency to redraw boundary lines between in-groups and out-groups with negative consequences for those labeled as the out-group. For some time, the returnees were stigmatized as harbingers of the COVID-19 virus and viewed as troublesome and acting in an unreasonable manner, thus courting the indignation of local Zimbabweans. This paper lends support to the view that pandemics create fear, which results in the rejection and exclusion of ordinary members of the in-group. Perceived resource competition, resource scarcity, anxiety, and fear heightened the stigmatization of return migrants and travelers. To build back better from the negative effects of the pandemic, there is a need to review COVID-19 preventive measures, avoid reckless public pronouncements that stigmatize and stoke hatred for return migrants, and invest in the healthcare system.

Globally, narratives about the nexus between migration and development have gained prominence among academics, policymakers, development practitioners, as well as social partners. However, the historical and contextual factors that have shaped the patterns of migration flows within and from the African continent have been poorly conceptualized and theorized. The components of migration that have the propensity to lead to self-improvement and development such as the sending of cash, social, and political remittances; skills and knowledge transfers; and diaspora-origin country engagements, need to be examined as a composite in order to fully appreciate the developmental potential of migration within the African context. Using thematic and content analysis of relevant extant literature, we examine the contextual factors that characterize the nexus between migration and self-improvement/development in Africa. Our analyses are situated within an Africa-centered conceptualization of development and migration. We argue that the development impacts of migration vary across different regions in Africa depending on the contextual factors that shape such migrations. Migration spurs self-improvement and development just as self-improvement and development facilitate migration.

La comprensión de las prácticas de movilidad de mujeres agricultoras en función de la comercialización de sus productos resulta de suma importancia para identificar sus necesidades y desafíos como grupo social vulnerable. La investigación analizó las prácticas de movilidad y comercialización que utilizan las mujeres agricultoras de la parroquia rural Sinincay, del cantón Cuenca, Ecuador. Mediante la asunción de una metodología mixta de carácter transversal, se aplicaron encuestas para la recolección de información. Los resultados revelaron que las oportunidades para comercializar productos se concentran en el área urbana. El 57.7 de las mujeres comercializa sus productos en lugares no aptos para ello, principalmente en la vía pública, cerca de mercados y plazas. El 72.3 %, al no disponer de vehículo propio dependen de otros medios de transporte, situación que incide en la inversión de tiempo y costo de los desplazamientos. Además, el 93.8 % no forma parte de ninguna organización, lo que conlleva a la realización de la mayoría de viajes de forma individual. Estos hallazgos constituyen un insumo importante para que los organismos pertinentes generen acciones para mejorar la situación de este importante grupo poblacional.

Compreender as práticas de mobilidade das mulheres agricultoras com base na comercialização dos seus produtos é de extrema importância para identificar as suas necessidades e desafios como grupo social vulnerável. A pesquisa analisou as práticas de mobilidade e marketing utilizadas pelas mulheres agricultoras na freguesia rural de Sinincay, no cantão de Cuenca, Equador. Assumindo uma metodologia transversal mista, foram aplicados inquéritos para recolha de informação. Os resultados revelaram que as oportunidades de comercialização dos produtos estão concentradas na zona urbana. 57,7% das mulheres vendem seus produtos em locais não adequados para isso, principalmente na via pública, próximo a mercados e praças. 72,3%, por não possuírem veículo próprio, dependem de outros meios de transporte, situação que afeta o investimento de tempo e custo da viagem. Além disso, 93,8% não fazem parte de nenhuma organização, o que faz com que a maioria das viagens seja feita individualmente. Estas conclusões constituem um contributo importante para que as organizações relevantes possam gerar ações para melhorar a situação deste importante grupo populacional.

Understanding women farmers' mobility practices in marketing their products is of utmost importance in identifying their needs and challenges as a vulnerable social group. The research analyzed the mobility and marketing practices used by women farmers in the rural parish of Sinincay in the canton of Cuenca, Ecuador. Using a mixed methodology of a cross-sectional nature, surveys were applied to collect information. The results revealed that the opportunities for marketing products are concentrated in the urban area. A total of 57.7% of the women market their products in places not suitable for this purpose, mainly on public roads, near markets and squares. Since 72.3 % do not have their own vehicle, they depend on other means of transportation, a situation that affects the investment of time and the cost of travel. In addition, 93.8% do not belong to any organization, which means that most trips are made individually. These findings constitute an essential input for the relevant agencies to generate actions to improve the situation of this important population group.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the implementation of strict public health and social measures (PHSMs) (including mobility restrictions, social distancing, mask-wearing and hand hygiene), limitations on non-essential healthcare services, and public fear of COVID-19 infection, all of which potentially affected transmission and healthcare use for other diseases such as lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in LRTI hospital admissions and in-facility mortality in children aged <5 years in the Western Cape Province during the pandemic. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of LRTI admissions and in-facility deaths from January 2019 to November 2021. We estimated changes in rates and trends of LRTI admissions during the pandemic compared with pre-pandemic period using interrupted time series analysis, adjusting for key characteristics. RESULTS: There were 36 277 children admitted for LRTIs during the study period, of whom 58% were male and 51% were aged 28 days -1 year. COVID-19 restrictions were associated with a 13% step reduction in LRTI admissions compared with the pre-COVID-19 period (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI)) 0.80 - 0.94). The average LRTI admission trend increased on average by 2% per month during the pandemic (IRR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02 - 1.04). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 surges and their associated measures were linked to declining LRTI admissions and in-facility deaths, likely driven by a combination of reduced infectious disease transmission and reduced use of healthcare services, with effects diminishing over time. These findings may inform future pandemic response policies.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Abstract Globalization and the world economy of the twenty-first century have changed the profile of traditional migratory mobility, adding new social and economic dimensions. This new physiognomy has allowed it to coincide with drug trafficking on the global stage, mainly at the crossing of international borders. The main idea of the text is based on the premise that such a situation has allowed drug trafficking to carry out its business using the routes, legal or illegal, of irregular migration for border crossings, becoming a threat to the security and control of national border crossings, especially in the northern macrozone of Chile.

Resumen La globalización y la economía mundo del siglo XXI han cambiado el perfil de la movilidad migratoria tradicional, agregándole nuevas dimensiones sociales y económicas. Esta nueva fisonomía ha permitido que coincida con el narcotráfico en el escenario global, principalmente, en el cruce de las fronteras internacionales. La idea principal del texto se sustenta en la premisa que tal situación ha permitido al narcotráfico realizar su negocio utilizando las rutas, legales o ilegales, de la migración irregular para el cruce de fronteras, transformándose en una amenaza para la seguridad y control de los pasos fronterizos nacionales, especialmente en la macrozona norte de Chile.

Abstract The road novel genre, established by Jack Kerouac with the publication of On the road (1957), has as its main characteristic the narrative of the characters' journey, focusing on displacement. In its beginnings, the genre was produced by male authors and it was about the trajectory of the characters, also male, from one side to the other without a certain destination or motivation. However, nowadays, more and more women have appropriated the genre and modified it, as in Sing, unburied, sing, by Jesmyn Ward, published in 2017. Thus, this text aims to understand how the characters experience the journey and how black mobility is influenced by social constructions. The novel points to the difficulty that exists in relation to the appropriation of space by the black body, whose supposed notion that the automobile provides everyone with freedom of movement is constantly questioned by the fear present inside the car.

Resumo O gênero road novel, estabelecido a partir de Jack Kerouac com a publicação de On the road (1957), tem por principal característica a narrativa da viagem das personagens, com foco no deslocamento. Em seus primórdios, era produzido por autoria masculina e abordava a trajetória de personagens, também masculinos, de um lado para o outro sem destino ou motivação certa. Contudo, contemporaneamente, cada vez mais mulheres tem se apropriado do gênero e o modificado, como em Sing, unburied, sing, de Jesmyn Ward, publicado em 2017. Assim, este texto tem como objetivo entender como os personagens vivenciam a viagem e como a mobilidade negra é tangenciada por construções sociais. O romance aponta para a dificuldade existente em relação à apropriação do espaço pelo corpo negro, cuja suposta noção de que o automóvel proporciona a todos a liberdade de deslocamento é constantemente questionada pelo medo presente dentro do carro.

Abstract The study of the association of social variables with the prevalence of impairments can provide subsidies for more adequate care and health policies for the most needy people by incorporating social aspects. This article aims to estimate the prevalence of diverse types of impairments, the degree of difficulty, limitations, and the need for help they cause and attest whether this prevalence differ by educational attainment in individuals aged 20 years or older. This is a populational cross-sectional study (2015 Health Survey of São Paulo-ISA Capital). Data from 3184 individuals were analyzed via educational attainment as exposure variable and outcome variables related to visual, hearing, intellectual, and mobility impairments. 19.9% of participants had visual, 7.8%, hearing, 2.7%, intellectual, and 7.4%, mobility impairments. Mobility and intellectual impairments limited participants’ daily activities the most, 70.3% and 63.3%, respectively; who, thus, needed the most help: 48.9% and 48.5%, respectively. Lower schooling was associated with a higher prevalence of impairments, greater need for help due to visual and intellectual impairments, and greater limitations due to hearing and visual impairments.

Resumo O estudo da associação de variáveis sociais com a prevalência de deficiências pode fornecer subsídios para uma atenção e políticas de saúde mais adequadas às pessoas mais carentes ao incorporar aspectos sociais. O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a prevalência de diversos tipos de deficiências, o grau de dificuldade, as limitações e a necessidade de ajuda e verificar se essa prevalência difere por escolaridade em indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal populacional (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo 2015 - ISA-Capital). Os dados de 3.184 indivíduos foram analisados com a escolaridade como variável de exposição relacionada às deficiências visuais, auditivas, intelectuais e de mobilidade. Dezenove vírgula nove por cento dos participantes apresentavam deficiência visual, 7,8% auditiva, 2,7% intelectual e 7,4% de mobilidade. Mobilidade e deficiência intelectual foram as que mais limitaram as atividades diárias, 70,3% e 63,3%, respectivamente, sendo, portanto, as que mais necessitaram de ajuda: 48,9% e 48,5%, respectivamente. Menor nível de escolaridade mostrou associação com maior prevalência de deficiências, maior necessidade de ajuda por deficiência visual e intelectual e maiores limitações por deficiência auditiva e visual.

Resumo O estabelecimento definitivo do Aedes aegypti nas Américas está associado às mudanças ambientais, urbanização desorganizada, ausência de água e saneamento básico e deslocamentos populacionais, definindo, assim, a trajetória da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial dos casos suspeitos de dengue e a relação com indicadores socioeconômicos no município de São Carlos-SP. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, realizado nesse município, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação no período de 2016 a 2017 e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais pelo software Statistica 12.0 e os mapas temáticos foram gerados pelo software Arcgis versão 10.5. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de casos suspeitos de dengue em áreas de ponderação com condições sociais adequadas e taxas reduzidas em áreas de ponderação com iniquidades sociais. Concluiu-se que o perfil de casos suspeitos por dengue na população de São Carlos não está relacionado a baixos indicadores socioeconômicos, uma vez que a dinâmica e a mobilidade populacional relacionadas ao elevado fluxo de universitários podem influenciar no padrão de distribuição espacial da doença.

Abstract The definitive establishment of Aedes aegypti in the Americas is associated with environmental changes, disorganized urbanization, lack of water and basic sanitation and population displacement, thus defining the trajectory of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the dengue suspected cases and understand its correlation with the socioeconomic indicators in the city of São Carlos (SP). This is an ecological study, carried out at the São Carlos (SP). Secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases in the period from 2016 to 2017 and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics of the 2010 Demographic Census were used. The data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (ACP) by the software Statistica 12.0 and the thematic maps were generated by the software Arcgis version 10.5. The results showed high rates of suspected dengue cases in areas with adequate social conditions and reduced rates in areas with worst social condition. It was concluded that the outline of suspected dengue cases in the population of São Carlos (SP) is not related to low socioeconomic indicators, once the population dynamics and mobility related to the high flow of university students can influence the pattern of spatial distribution of the disease.

Abstract: In this article, we analyzed social reproduction and mobility through an analysis of class trajectories. We used twenty-seven biographical interviews conducted within the framework of qualitative research on the labor and educational trajectories of social actors from various social classes in Argentina. The findings suggest that in their trajectories, social actors relate differently to the material, social, cultural, and symbolic capitals handed down by or available in their families. The way the appropriation, resignification, distancing, or abandonment of these capitals are linked to the opportunities arising from the macrosocial context and contingent aspects leads to hybridization.

Resumen: En este artículo abordamos los procesos de reproducción y movilidad social a partir del análisis de trayectorias de clase. Nos basamos en 27 entrevistas biográficas realizadas en el marco de una investigación cualitativa sobre trayectorias laborales y educativas de actores sociales de diferentes clases sociales en Argentina. Los hallazgos sugieren que en sus trayectorias, los actores sociales se relacionan de diferentes maneras con los capitales materiales, sociales, culturales y simbólicos transmitidos o disponibles en sus familias. La forma en que se articulan los procesos de apropiación, resignificación, distanciamiento o abandono de dichos capitales, con las oportunidades surgidas del contexto macrosocial y lo contingente, da lugar a procesos de hibridación.

Abstract This paper describes the phenomena of migration and labor mobility in two rural towns of Acacoyagua Municipality in the Soconusco region of Chiapas. In the twenty-first century, the inhabitants have been entered into the international and national labor markets (such as the labor markets in United States and mainly the north of Mexico), which has given rise to multiple survival strategies. This has led to the emergence of dissemination networks that guide migrants to jobs mainly as agricultural workers in agro-industrial areas and as maquila workers. The results derive from a survey applied to 120 households, based on interviews, and multi-local ethnography.

Resumen En este artículo se describen los fenómenos de migración y movilidad laboral en dos localidades rurales del municipio de Acacoyagua, región Soconusco, Chiapas. En el siglo XXI, los habitantes se incorporan a mercados de trabajo internacionales (como Estados Unidos) y nacionales (principalmente en el norte de México), lo que da origen a estrategias múltiples de sobrevivencia. Esto conduce al surgimiento de redes de difusión que orientan a que quienes migran se dediquen principalmente a trabajar como jornaleros en las áreas agroindustriales y como obreros en las maquiladoras de las regiones indicadas. Los resultados derivan de la aplicación de una encuesta en 120 hogares, de entrevistas y de etnografía multilocal.