Resumen A través de la aplicación del concepto de subjetivación política a una investigación cualitativa, en este artículo se analizan las modalidades de participación y de apatía política en el colectivo de migrantes de origen colombiano que residen en Roma. En ambas se involucran los contextos de origen y destino donde contribuyen diversas relaciones microsociales, además del vínculo clásico ciudadano-Estado. Además, se concluye que la apatía, más que una deformación del sistema político, es un modo-estrategia a través del cual las personas entienden su mundo y se ocupan de él.

Abstract Through the application of the concept of political subjectivation to qualitative research, this article analyzes the modalities of political participation or apathy among Colombian migrants living in Rome. Both manners involve the contexts of origin and destination, where different micro-social relationships play a part, in addition to the classic citizen-State link. Furthermore, it is addressed how apathy, rather than a distorted way of approaching the political system, is a strategy through which people understand and deal with their world.

Resumo: As mudanças provocadas pela crise sanitária da COVID-19 causou adaptações na forma de mediação pedagógica, para que os estudantes pudessem continuar virtualmente. É assim que surge a preocupação de investigar se as estratégias utilizadas pelos docentes para a mediação pedagógica facilitam vínculos pedagógicos no processo de Prática Profissional Pré-escolar da Universidade Estadual a Distância (UNED) mediada a partir da virtualidade. A investigação foi desenvolvida sob um enfoque qualitativo; para obtenção das informações, foram aplicados questionários autoaplicáveis e diários de aprendizagem à população estudantil e docente da Prática. Os resultados mostram que as estratégias utilizadas neste processo de formação promovem o vínculo pedagógico e estão diretamente relacionadas com a forma de mediar, especificamente, com a intencionalidade do processo de formação inicial na Prática; nesse sentido, o resultado mais significativo mostra que em ambientes onde existem vínculos pedagógicos, a pessoa docente vê o estudante como sujeito ativo, proporciona espaços para que ele encontre sua própria voz, para que haja transcendência entre os estudantes e o objeto de aprendizagem, reconhece a pessoa estudante como sujeito em um contexto social e gera uma relação baseada no respeito e reconhecimento do outro.

Resumen: Los cambios suscitados por la crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19 originaron adaptaciones en la forma de mediar pedagógicamente, de modo que las personas estudiantes pudieran continuar desde la virtualidad. Es así como surge la inquietud de indagar si las estrategias didácticas utilizadas para la mediación pedagógica del proceso de Práctica Profesional Preescolar de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) mediada desde la virtualidad facilitan vínculos pedagógicos. La investigación se desarrolló bajo un enfoque cualitativo, para obtener la información se aplicaron encuestas autoaplicadas y diarios de aprendizaje a la población estudiantil y docente de Práctica. Los resultados exponen que las estrategias utilizadas en este proceso formativo fomentan el vínculo pedagógico y están relacionadas con la forma de mediar, específicamente, con la intencionalidad del proceso de formación inicial en la Práctica; en ese sentido, el resultado más significativo evidencia que, en entornos donde se dan los vínculos pedagógicos, la persona docente ve al estudiante como un sujeto activo, propicia espacios para que encuentre su propia voz, para que haya trascendencia entre estudiantes y el objeto de aprendizaje; reconoce a la persona estudiante como sujeto en un contexto social y genera una relación basada en el respeto y el reconocimiento del otro.

Abstract: The health crisis caused by the COVID-19 led to adaptations in pedagogical mediation so that stu- dents could continue virtually. Now the question arises whether the strategies used by teachers for pedagogical mediation facilitate pedagogical links in the process of preschool professional practice of the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) mediated virtually. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach, and self-ad- ministered questionnaires and learning diaries, which were applied to the student population and teachers of the practicum. The results show that the strategies used for this training process promote the pedagogical link and are directly related to the way of mediation, specifically with the intentionality of the initial training process in the practicum. The most significant result shows that in environments where pedagogical links occur, the teacher sees students as active subjects, provides spaces for students to find their own voices, and there is trans- cendence between students and the object of learning, recognizes students as subjects in a social context and generates a relationship based on respect and recognition of the other.

ABSTRACT This article examines the configuration of the female subject in the literary discourse of Wayuu writers Vicenta Siosi Pino and Estercilia Simanca Pushaina, exploring the connections between memories and events that shape the cultural memory of their community. From this point of view, an analysis is proposed on the relevance of the past when revealing traces of historical events that set a precedent within the oral tradition of the ethnic group. In this regard, the main finding is that, through the fictional content of their narrated testimonies, a link is established between culture, the contemporary world, and the world-view of women as a proposal for continuity or rupture with the implications of fulfilling this role within the community. This role emerges as a result of socio-historical evolution, serving as a metaphor for the past and for the social practices established by the Wayuu people.

RESUMEN El presente artículo de reflexión estudia la configuración del sujeto femenino a través del discurso literario de las escritoras wayuu Vicenta Siosi Pino y Estercilia Simanca Pushaina a partir de los vínculos entre los recuerdos y los hechos, que constituyen la memoria cultural de su comunidad. Desde este punto de vista, se propone un análisis sobre la relevancia del pasado al momento de develar huellas de acontecimientos históricos que marcan precedentes dentro de la tradición oral de la etnia. En este sentido, el principal hallazgo radica en que, desde el contenido ficcional de sus testimonios narrados, se establece un vínculo entre la cultura, el testimonio vivo y los imaginarios relacionados con la figura de la mujer. Se revisa la relación de los textos con una dinámica de continuidad o ruptura con las implicaciones que posee ejercer este rol dentro de la colectividad, resultado del acontecer sociohistórico como metáfora del pasado y de las prácticas sociales establecidas por el pueblo wayuu.

RESUMO Este artigo de reflexão estuda a configuração do sujeito feminino por meio do discurso literário das escritoras wayuu Vicenta Siosi Pino e Estercilia Simanca Pushaina, a partir dos vínculos entre memórias e acontecimentos que constituem a memória cultural de sua comunidade. Desse ponto de vista, propõe-se uma análise da relevância do passado ao revelar vestígios de eventos históricos que estabelecem precedentes na tradição oral da etnia. Nesse sentido, a principal constatação reside no fato de que, a partir do conteúdo ficcional de seus depoimentos narrados, estabelece-se um vínculo entre cultura, testemunho vivo e imaginários relacionados à figura da mulher. Revisa-se a relação dos textos com uma dinâmica de continuidade ou ruptura com as implicações que podem exercer esse papel dentro da coletividade, resultado de eventos sócio-históricos como metáfora do passado e das práticas sociais estabelecidas pelo povo Wayuu.

Abstract: The objective of this research study is to describe the motivation of university students through their willingness and interest in research from the perspective of university social responsibility (RSU) in Peru. An instrument is provided to 390 university students from various universities in Peru. An exploratory factor analysis is applied and statistically significant differences are examined according to sociodemographic characteristics. The results show statistically differences in some variables that comprise motivation in agreement research: years of study, study discipline, and participation in RSU projects. In conclusion, the management of research during university education must consider academic, sociodemographic, and personal aspects for the design of strategies that develop in students the will and interest in the development of studies that allow them to respond to the needs and demands of society.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la motivación de los estudiantes universitarios a través de la voluntad e interés sobre la investigación desde el enfoque de la responsabilidad social universitaria (RSU) en Perú. Se suministra un instrumento a 390 estudiantes universitarios de diversas universidades de Perú. Se aplica un análisis factorial exploratorio y se examinan diferencias estadísticamente significativas según características sociodemográficas. Los resultados señalan diferencias estadísticamente en algunas variables que integran la motivación en la investigación de acuerdo: años de estudio, disciplina de estudio y participación en proyectos de RSU. En conclusión, la gestión de la investigación durante la formación universitaria debe considerar aspectos académicos, sociodemográficos y personales para el diseño de estrategias que desarrollen en los estudiantes la voluntad e interés por el desarrollo de estudios que permitan responder a las necesidades y demandas de la sociedad.

Abstract The Asturian Cider Culture was designated as the Spanish candidate before UNESCO declared an Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Cider represents the most identifying product of the region. However, beyond its own expression of heritage, its merit also lies in the wealth of knowledge and techniques transmitted from generation to generation. The social and economic value of this transmission, although, tends to be convenient for all social groups contained in the community. In the case of the cider culture, it is an integrating richness whose evolution represents a response to a changing environment and which contributes effectively when it comes to instilling a feeling of identity and continuity, also creating a link between the past and the present that can be decisive when it comes to guaranteeing a future. Therefore, its future depends on the behavior of those groups that know the rites, techniques, and customs transmitted to the social group.

Resumen La Cultura Sidrera Asturiana ha sido designada candidata española ante la UNESCO para ser declarada Patrimonio Inmaterial de la Humanidad. La sidra representa, sin duda, el producto más identitario de la región, aunque más allá de la propia expresión patrimonial su mérito estriba también en el acervo de conocimientos y técnicas transmitidos generacionalmente. El valor social y económico de esta transmisión, en efecto, acostumbra a ser conveniente para todos los grupos sociales contenidos en la comunidad. Se trata, en el caso de la cultura sidrera, de una riqueza integradora cuya evolución supone una respuesta a un entorno cambiante y que contribuye eficazmente a la hora de infundir un sentimiento de identidad y continuidad, creando además un vínculo entre el pasado y el presente que puede resultar decisivo en el momento de garantizarle un futuro. Por lo tanto, su devenir depende del comportamiento de aquellos grupos conocedores de los ritos, las técnicas y las costumbres que se transmiten al conjunto social.

Resumo A Cultura Sidreira Asturiana tem sido designada candidata espanhola ante a UNESCO para ser declarada Patrimônio Imaterial da Humanidade. A sidra representa, sem dúvida, o produto mais identitário da região, embora além da própria expresão patrimonial, seu mérito estriba também no acervo de conhecimentos e técnicas transmitidos geracionalmente. O valor social e econômico desta transmisão, de fato, acostuma a ser conveniente para todos os grupos sociais na comunidade. Trata-se, no caso da cultura sidreira, de uma riqueza integradora cuja evolução supõe uma resposta a um entorno cambiante e que contribui eficazmente na hora de infundir um sentimento de identidade e continuidade, criando também um vínculo entre o passado e o presente que pode resultar decisivo no momento de garantizar-lhe um futuro. Por tanto, seu devenir depende do comportamento de aqueles grupos conhecedores dos ritos, as técnicas e as costumes que são transmitidas ao conjunto social.

Resumen México es uno de los pocos países que combinan un gran legado pesquero y agrícola. No obstante, a pesar de sus contribuciones sociales y en la producción de alimentos, las políticas públicas mexicanas, en gran medida, han abandonado a los pequeños productores a lo largo de las últimas cuatro décadas. Además, se les ha relegado como el eslabón más débil dentro de las lógicas económicas del régimen alimentario mundial. Desde que México firmó el primer Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, los pescadores artesanales y los pequeños agricultores se han enfrentado a cinco problemas centrales: el desmantelamiento de los medios de producción, la erosión de las capacidades organizativas, lógicas comerciales desventajosas que limitan el acceso a mercados favorables, la occidentalización de las dietas y frecuentes periodos de inseguridad alimentaria. Este estudio aborda la siguiente pregunta de investigación, ¿cómo, frente a los procesos de exclusión del actual régimen alimentario, el abandono de las políticas públicas y la desarticulación de la mayoría de las capacidades organizativas sectoriales en México, pueden los pescadores y agricultores de pequeña escala, así como los consumidores urbanos y rurales, mejorar las realidades productivas, comerciales y alimentarias dentro de sus propios contextos de vida? Introducimos un enfoque transdisciplinario novedoso para un contexto específico, basado en nuestra experiencia de investigación con comunidades pesqueras y agrícolas de la Península de Yucatán. Finalmente, esbozamos nichos de innovación que podrían conducir a la relocalización de sistemas alimentarios regionales a través de complementariedades entre las zonas costeras y del interior.

Abstract Mexico is one of the few countries that combine fishing and agricultural legacies. Despite the social importance and central role of food production, Mexican public policies have largely abandoned small-scale producers over the last four decades. Moreover, they have been relegated to the status of weakest link in the economic logic of the global food regime. Since Mexico signed the first North American Free Trade Agreement, small-scale fishers and farmers have faced five main problems: dismantling of means of production, erosion of organizational capabilities, disadvantageous commercial logic that limits access to favorable markets, westernization of diets, and frequent periods of food insecurity. This study addresses the following research question, how, in the face of the exclusion processes of the current food regime, the abandonment of public policies and erosion of most of the sectoral organizational capacities in Mexico, can small-scale fishers and farmers, as well as urban and rural consumers improve their productive, commercial and food problems within their living contexts? We introduced a novel transdisciplinary context-specific approach, based on our research experience in fishing and farming communities of the Yucatan Peninsula. Finally, we outline innovation niches that could lead to relocate regional food systems through complementarities between coastal and inland areas.

RESUMEN En la contemporaneidad globalizada diversas problemáticas inciden y repercuten en la vida del hombre como ente social. De ahí que, las universidades proyecten procesos formativos conforme a los desafíos y demandas educativas de la Agenda 2030. Cuba, inmersa en trasformaciones de su modelo económico, político y social, redimensiona la preparación para el empleo en la Educación Superior, desde la formación continua, en función de lograr egresados dotados de conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas, valores y competencias socio-profesionales para insertarse en el mercado laboral. En ese contexto, el artículo presenta un modelo de gestión formativa en la preparación para el empleo en el Ingeniero Informático en la Universidad de Oriente, constructo articulador en la concreción de las competencias socio-profesionales. El constructo teórico-práctico que expresa el vínculo universidad-empresa, emerge de los resultados de la formación doctoral. En tal sentido, se asumen métodos que permiten relacionar los aspectos teóricos que sustentan el modelo propuesto en interrelación con las categorías, a partir del análisis-síntesis, la revisión documental de investigaciones que se asumen y comparten, los que avalan la propuesta en su significación, importancia, actualidad e impacto.

ABSTRACT In today's globalized world, various problems affect and have repercussions on the life of man as a social entity. Hence, universities project training processes in accordance with the educational challenges and demands of the 2030 Agenda. Cuba, immersed in transformations of its economic, political and social model, resizes preparation for employment in Higher Education, from continuous training, in order to achieve graduates equipped with knowledge, skills, values and socio-professional competencies to enter the labor market. In this context, the article presents a training management model in preparation for employment in the Computer Engineer at the University of Oriente, an articulating construct in the realization of socio-professional competencies. The theoretical-practical construct that expresses the university-company link emerges from the results of doctoral training. In this sense, methods are assumed that allow relating the theoretical aspects that support the proposed model in interrelation with the categories, based on the analysis-synthesis, the documentary review of research that is assumed and shared, which endorse the proposal in its significance, importance, topicality and impact.

Abstract This research characterizes the perception that Havana families of secondary school students have of digital education. For this, a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study, of descriptive and correlational scope was conducted, in which 296 mothers and fathers of students of basic secondary, pre-university and technical and professional education participated. They answered a questionnaire that investigates their notion of digital education, the meanings they give it and the link they have with it. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests guided the analysis. The results indicate an instrumentalist vision of digital education, followed by a high level of ignorance of what it is. They consider that it is used at a medium level, mainly through groups on social networks and messaging and learning applications with mobile devices. A negative assessment of its components predominates, dissatisfaction with respect to the use of digital education and wishes that it be inserted to a greater extent in a middle ground. The main recommendation they offer is to improve and facilitate access to digital technologies.

Resumo Esta pesquisa caracteriza a percepção que as famílias havanesas de alunos do ensino médio têm sobre a educação digital. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, não experimental, transversal, de alcance descritivo e correlacional do qual participaram 296 mães e pais de alunos do ensino fundamental, médio, pré-universitário e técnico e profissional. Eles responderam a um questionário que investiga sua noção de educação digital, os significados que lhe atribuem e o vínculo que têm com ela. Estatística descritiva e testes não paramétricos guiaram a análise. Os resultados indicam uma visão instrumentalista da educação digital, seguida de um alto nível de desconhecimento do que seja. Consideram que é utilizado a um nível médio, principalmente através de grupos nas redes sociais e aplicações de mensagens e aprendizagem com dispositivos móveis. Predomina uma avaliação negativa de seus componentes, insatisfação com o uso da educação digital e desejos de que ela seja inserida em maior medida em um meio termo. A principal recomendação que oferecem é melhorar e facilitar o acesso às tecnologias digitais.

Resumen Para la implementación de la educación digital es vital identificar resistencias, discordancias y oportunidades de parte de las familias en su rol de actores de la comunidad educativa, puesto que la escuela necesita de la misma para lograr sus objetivos. Esta investigación caracteriza la percepción que poseen de la educación digital familias habaneras de estudiantes de educación media. Para ello se condujo un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, de alcances descriptivo y correlacional, en el que participaron 296 madres y padres de estudiantes de educación secundaria básica, preuniversitaria y técnica y profesional. Los mismos respondieron un cuestionario que indaga en su noción de educación digital, los significados que le otorgan y el vínculo que tienen con la misma. Estadísticos descriptivos y pruebas no paramétricas guiaron el análisis. Los resultados indican una visión instrumentalista de la educación digital, seguida por un alto nivel de desconocimiento. Consideran que se emplea en un grado medio, fundamentalmente, a través de grupos en redes sociales y aplicaciones de mensajería y aprendizaje con dispositivos móviles. Predomina una valoración negativa de sus componentes, insatisfacción respecto al empleo de la educación digital y deseos de que se inserte en mayor medida en un punto medio. La principal recomendación que ofrecen es mejorar y facilitar el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. Las madres se muestran más satisfechas que los padres. En la educación preuniversitaria la visión sobre la educación digital es la más desfavorable; en la técnica y profesional, la más favorable.

Climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) agendas converge in their priorities to reduce social vulnerability and enhance resilience in the face of climate change. However, they are often treated separately in practice and in local government plans. In South Africa, while municipalities are legally mandated to develop Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and Disaster Management Plans (DMPs), this is not the case for CCA. In this study, we assessed the engagement with, and linkages between, CCA and DRR in 20 local municipalities from contrasting socio-economic contexts in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa by conducting an analysis of their IDPs, DMPs and any plans or strategies pertaining to CCA. Our results show that none of the municipalities had separate CCA strategies, with only two municipalities complying with the mandate to have DMPs. While municipalities mostly included CCA- and DRR-related activities in their IDPs, there were no explicit linkages made between the two approaches. Apparent was the prioritisation of bolstering infrastructure with little attention towards addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. Overall, little has been done to prioritise or link CCA and DRR at the local government level, especially in the context of addressing social vulnerability and building resilience. These findings suggest the need for South Africa to implement and promulgate legal instruments, policies and resources to capacitate local municipalities in mainstreaming and integrating CCA and DRR. SIGNIFICANCE: • This study highlights that, while CCA and DRR converge in theoretical frameworks and international and national policies, little has been done to link the two at the local government level in South Africa. • Overall, findings indicate that social vulnerability reduction and resilience building are still not recognised as important aspects of CCA and DRR. • Local municipalities prioritise technical solutions and infrastructure maintenance, with little attention to development and structural causes of vulnerability. • Support, in terms of resources, is needed to capacitate local municipalities in (1) linking CCA and DRR and (2) reducing social vulnerability and building resilience.

RESUMO O artigo analisa as representações sociais sobre redes personalizadas de mediação em política social de moradores de Villa Itatí, um bairro popular localizado no município de Quilmes, na Grande Buenos Aires. Os significados dos referentes são desmembrados em duas dimensões: seu vínculo com as instâncias estatais de maior burocratização e sua relação com os moradores do bairro. A formação acadêmica tendeu a interpretar esses significados na chave de uma reciprocidade personalizada entre mediadores e beneficiários de políticas públicas. No entanto, defende-se que estes significados inscrevem a componente personalizada da mediação numa modalidade particular de presença estatal, complexa na distinção entre o formal e o informal. Assim, as representações do mediador podem ser compreendidas em termos de uma forma redistributiva com feições informais, que tematiza as mudanças no formato da política social nos últimos anos.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza representaciones sociales sobre entramados personalizados de mediación en política social de habitantes de Villa Itatí, un barrio popular ubicado en el Municipio de Quilmes, en el Gran Buenos Aires. Los sentidos de los referentes son desglosados según dos dimensiones: su vínculo con instancias estatales de mayor burocratización y su relación con los habitantes del barrio. Los antecedentes académicos han tendido a interpretar estas significaciones en la clave de una reciprocidad personalizada entre mediadores y beneficiarios de políticas públicas. Sin embargo, se sostiene que estos sentidos inscriben el componente personalizado de la mediación en una modalidad particular de presencia estatal, compleja en términos de la distinción entre lo formal e informal. Así, las representaciones del mediador pueden ser entendidas en clave de una forma redistributiva con rasgos informales, que tematiza los cambios en el formato de la política social de los últimos años.

ABSTRACT The article analyses social representations on personalized networks of mediation in social policy of inhabitants of Villa Itatí, a popular neighbourhood located in the Municipality of Quilmes, in the Gran Buenos Aires. The meanings of the brokers are considered in terms of two dimensions: their link with state levels of greater bureaucratization and their relationship with the inhabitants of the neighbourhood. The academic background has tended to understand these meanings as a personalized reciprocity between mediators and beneficiaries of public policies. However, it is argued that these meanings inscribe the personalized component of mediation in a particular modality of state presence, complex in terms of the distinction between the formal and informal. Thus, the representations of the mediator can be understood in terms of a redistributive way with informal features, which thematizes the changes in the format of social policy in recent years.

Resumo:A Universidade da Costa Rica (UCR) tem como um dos pilares fundamentais do seu trabalho a ação social e nela, a educação continuada. Pensando no anterior, a Escola de Engenharia Topográfica cria o projeto ED3550 Atividades de Formação e Atualização em Engenharia Topográfica. Este projeto representa a oportunidade de oferecer opções de formação e atualização sobre temas relevantes e inovadores para as populações interessadas, e assim estabelecer uma ligação com a sociedade no fortalecimento das suas competências e habilidades profissionais. Para promover atividades de formação continuada, foram implementadas estratégias de marketing digital baseadas em redes sociais, e-mails e dispositivos móveis, o que permitiu projeção nacional e internacional aos cursos e palestras que foram organizados, o que se manifestou numa ampla participação de profissionais. não só da engenharia topográfica, mas de carreiras afins como: engenharia civil, geografia, biologia, direito e engenharia ambiental, só para mencionar alguns exemplos. Apresentamos uma sistematização da experiência com base no método de cinco pontos proposto por Jara (2018), no qual uma análise quantitativa das conquistas alcançadas é realizada durante o período de 2020 a 2022. Em síntese, a conquista obtida ao longo de dois anos de implementação do projeto é creditada ao uso de meios digitais para promover as atividades do programa. Isso possibilitou uma exposição significativa a diversas comunidades, permitindo ao EIT estabelecer conexões sociais e fomentar a atualização profissional. Conclui-se então que o marketing digital contribui significativamente para o conhecimento da população alvo, o que nos permite oferecer soluções adequadas às suas necessidades formativas.

Resumen: La Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) tiene como uno de los pilares fundamentales de su quehacer la acción social y dentro de esta la educación continua. Con sustento en lo anterior, es que la Escuela de Ingeniería Topográfica (EIT) crea el proyecto ED3550 Actividades de Capacitación y Actualización en Ingeniería Topográfica. Dicho proyecto representa la oportunidad de ofrecer opciones de capacitación y actualización en temas relevantes e innovadores a las poblaciones interesadas, y con ello establecer un vínculo con la sociedad en el fortalecimiento de sus habilidades y destrezas profesionales. Para la promoción de las actividades de educación continua, se han implementado estrategias de mercadeo digital basado en redes sociales, correo electrónico y dispositivos móviles, lo cual ha permitido darle proyección nacional e internacional a los cursos y charlas que se han organizado, lo que se ha manifestado en una amplia participación de profesionales no solo de ingeniería topográfica, sino de carreras afines, tales como ingeniería civil, geografía, biología, derecho e ingeniería ambiental, por mencionar algunos ejemplos. En este estudio, se presenta una sistematización de la experiencia basada en el método de los cinco puntos propuesto por Jara (2018), en la cual se realiza un análisis cuantitativo de los logros alcanzados durante el período de 2020 a 2022. En síntesis, el éxito que se ha logrado en dos años de ejecución del proyecto es atribuido al uso de medios digitales para la divulgación de las actividades programadas, lo que ha permitido tener una exposición importante ante poblaciones diversas y le ha posibilitado a la EIT establecer un vínculo social y el fomento de actualización profesional. Se concluye, entonces, que el mercadeo digital aporta significativamente en el conocimiento de la población meta, lo que permite ofrecer soluciones adecuadas a sus necesidades de formación

Abstract: One of the fundamental pillars of the University of Costa Rica (UCR) is social action, which includes continuing education. In this sense, the School of Topographic Engineering has created the project ED3550 Training and Updating Activities in Topographic Engineering. This project is an opportunity to provide training and updating in relevant and innovative topics to those interested, and to create a link with society to strengthen professional skills and abilities. The training activities are promoted through digital marketing on social networks, e-mail and mobile devices. This has given a national and international projection to the courses and lectures organized, resulting in a wide participation of professionals not only from topographic engineering, but also from other professions such as civil engineering, geography, biology, law and environmental engineering, among others. A systematization of the experience is presented, based on the five-point method proposed by Jara (2018), in which a quantitative analysis of the achievements during the period from 2020 to 2022 is carried out. In summary, the success achieved in two years of project implementation is attributed to the use of digital media for the dissemination of program activities, which has provided an important exposure to different populations and has allowed the EIT to establish a social link and promote professional updating. It is therefore concluded that digital marketing contributes significantly to the knowledge of the target population, which makes it possible to provide adequate solutions to their training needs.

ABSTRACT The macroeconomic approach is a way of analyzing and studying issues related to the global analysis of the economy. The objective of this paper is to estimate the influence of macro- economic determinants on the achievement of the monetary poverty reduction targets in Paraguay during the period 1997-2020. It works specifically with the first two targets that have to do with the eradication of extreme poverty and the reduction to 50% of total poverty. The macroeconomic determinants analyzed are GDP, CPI, the Gini index and social spending. For this purpose, we propose the application of an econometric model which, based on regression models, allows us to calculate the incidence of each of the variables analyzed on monetary poverty. In addition, projections are made to infer whether or not the objectives of SDG 1 can be met and under what conditions. The results obtained allow us to affirm, on one hand, that all the determinants analyzed have a significant impact on monetary poverty and, on the other hand, allow us to infer that none of the targets can be met by 2030, either by maintaining constant or even increasing economic growth. This leads to the conclusion that the effectiveness of poverty reduction strategies lies in combining efforts that link GDP growth with equitable redistribution of resources and social investment.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar la influencia de los determinantes macroeconómicos en la consecución de las metas de reducción de pobreza monetaria en Paraguay durante el período 1997-2020. Los determinantes macroeconómicos analizados son el PIB, el IPC, el índice de Gini y el gasto social. Para el efecto, se propone la aplicación de un modelo econométrico, el cual, a partir de modelos de regresión, permite calcular la incidencia de cada una de las variables analizadas sobre la pobreza monetaria. Además, se realizan proyecciones para inferir si se pueden cumplir o no con los objetivos del ODS 1 y bajo qué condiciones. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar, por un lado, que todos los determinantes analizados inciden significativamente sobre la pobreza monetaria y, por otro lado, permiten inferir que ninguna de las metas se puede cumplir al 2030, ya sea manteniendo constante o incluso aumentando el crecimiento económico. Esto permite concluir que la eficacia en las estrategias de reducción de pobreza radica en combinar esfuerzos que vinculen el aumento del PIB con la redistribución equitativa de recursos y la inversión social.

In the course of the past three decades, the concept of "plain language" has garnered increasing attention. Recent developments have further solidified this field, given the International Federation for Plain Language's definition of plain language, as well as the introduction of an ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) Standard for plain language in 2023. These milestones suggest that plain language is set to play a more significant role in public communication. The International Federation for Plain Language defines plain language as communication in which the wording, structure, and design are so clear that the target audience can effortlessly find, understand, and use the information they need. However, this definition has faced criticism for its vagueness. In an effort to refine the definition, the ISO Plain Language Standard was introduced. It includes four governing principles: 1) Readers get the information they need; 2) Readers can easily find what they need; 3) Readers can easily understand what they find; and 4) Readers can easily use the information. Both the definitions of the ISO Standard and the International Federation for Plain Language concentrate on the understandability and usability of information in creating effective plain language documents. In this article, I argue that alongside understandability and usability, user experience should be considered as a third measurable element of success in plain language documents. Although existing research primarily focuses on usability and understanding, it gives limited attention to user experience, whereas I argue that user experience is a crucial factor in the creation of successful plain language documents. More specifically, I explore in this article the preference of respondents for plain language techniques used in documents in an attempt to establish a connection between the user's experience of these techniques and the document's usability and understandability. I also delve into users' overall experience with plain language documents and assess whether there is a correlation between overall experience and users' perceptions of specific plain language techniques. I further analyse users'experiences with plain language techniques within specific contexts, namely the medical, legal, and financial domains, to determine if the context influences their experience. In addition, I investigate the relationship between users'experiences with plain language techniques and extratextual factors, such as qualification, income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and their level of engagement with the document's content. This comprehensive analysis aims to clarify the role of user experience in the success of plain language documents and it potentially prompts a reconsideration of experience, in addition to understandability and usability, when creating successful plain language documents. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to examine the relationship between respondents' experience of plain language techniques, understandability and usability, extratextual factors, and the contexts in which these documents are encountered. Data collection involved a questionnaire-based survey, with 506 respondents participating through convenience sampling. The survey was conducted on the SUNSurvey platform at Stellenbosch University and was shared across social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to target individuals matching specific population characteristics. Respondents read one of 18 selected plain language documents and answered questions about the documents. Extratextual information, such as respondents' highest qualification level, annual income, home language, the variety of Afrikaans they speak, and the frequency with which they were exposed to the context, were collected. Engagement with the selected document was measured using Likert-scale statements. To assess understanding of the documents, factual questions were included, and usability questions were asked if respondents received one of the six forms that were tested. Experience with the plain language documents was also measured by means of Likert-scale statements. Importantly, respondents'experiences with specific plain language techniques were assessed, allowing them to express their experience with said techniques. The results of the study regarding respondents'experience of the plain language techniques used reveal overwhelmingly positive feedback. The Likert-scale ratings indicated that respondents across various demographic groups had favourable impressions of plain language techniques. This suggests that these techniques not only enhance document usability and understandability but are also well-received by users. The analysis of relationships between different variables yields intriguing findings. While many comparisons did not show statistically significant correlations, the noteworthy results are those that did. When examining respondents 'experiences with plain language techniques in documents across three contexts, no statistically significant relationship could be established, indicating positive experiences with these techniques across all contexts without contextual influence. In terms of understanding, most comparisons revealed a positive relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and understanding. This implies that respondents with more positive experiences better understood the documents, aligning with existing research and suggesting that improved understanding leads to more positive experiences. However, for usability there was no statistically significant relationship between the experience of plain language techniques and document usability, indicating that the study could not establish a clear link between these two factors. When considering extratextual factors, few statistically significant relationships were found. Only the respondents' home language showed a significant relationship with their experience of plain language techniques, suggesting that Afrikaans speakers had more positive experiences. For other extratextual factors, namely qualification, income level, and variety of Afrikaans, there were no significant correlations. In conclusion, this study highlights that positive experiences of plain language techniques are associated with better understandability, emphasising the importance of user experience in creating successful plain language documents. The results are positive for document designers, as diverse groups of people had positive experiences with these techniques, making plain language a tool for improving interactions with public documentation. This study suggests that considering user experience is crucial in defining plain language beyond just usability and understandability.

Die definisies van sowel die International Federation for Plain Language as die ISO Gewone Taal Standaard beklemtoon dat verstaanbaarheid en bruikbaarheid noodsaaklik is vir die skep van optimale gewonetaaldokumente. In hierdie studie voer ek egter aan dat daar 'n derde meetbare element van gewonetaaldokumente is wat 'n effek op die sukses daarvan het, naamlik die manier waarop die verbruiker die gewonetaaldokumente ervaar. Vir hierdie studie is ' n kwantitatiewe korrelasionele navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die verhouding tussen respondente se ervaring, verstaanbaarheid, en bruikbaarheid van gewone-taaldokumente, asook respondente se persoonlike eienskappe, en die kontekste waarin die gewonetaaldokumente voorkom, te bepaal. Opnamenavorsing met 'n vraelys as die data-insamelingsinstrument is uitgevoer en 506 respondente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat respondente oor die algemeen positiewe ervarings met gewonetaaltegnieke in dokumente gehad het. Verder is 'n sterk positiewe verhouding tussen die ervaring en die verstaanbaarheid van die gewonetaaldokumente gevind. Dit dui aan dat 'n positiewe ervaring tot 'n beter begrip van die dokumente bydra. Dit is egter nie die geval met bruikbaarheid nie, aangesien geen statisties beduidende verhouding hier gevind is nie. Wat betref buitetekstuele faktore, het slegs huistaal 'n statisties beduidende invloed op die ervaring van gewonetaaltegnieke gehad. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat ervaring 'n belangrike faktor is in die sukses van gewonetaaldokumente, en gevolglik oorweeg moet word om ervaring as een van die elemente in die definisie van gewone taal in te sluit.

This article investigates the transformative impact of the digital revolution on South African higher education institutions through a Systematic Literature Review. Thus, EBSCOHost, Emerald, Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Elsevier, and Taylor & Francis were used to retrieve and analyse information from scholarly publications such as book chapters, reports, peer-reviewed journal articles, and other publications (n = 17) in South Africa between 2019 and 2023. The research questions of the study aided the discovery of significant themes to explore the transformative impact of the digital revolution on South African higher education institutions. The study found that challenges to embracing digital education in South African higher education institutions include resistance to change, marginalisation of certain socioeconomic groups, poor infrastructure, lack of funding, inadequate Fourth Industrial Revolution tools for instruction, and lack of Fourth Industrial Revolution skills training and development. In contrast, the opportunities include increased student enrolment, Massive Open Online Courses, use of technology to end social exclusion, research and development, and curriculum redesign. The study put forward recommendations that key stakeholders of higher education institutions can use to improve the curriculum in the digital revolution. Prospects for future research were suggested. The study concluded that while various challenges exist for the digital revolution in South African higher education institutions, opportunities can be explored.

Abstract This research analyzes the relationship between the economic and social dimensions that converge in the empowerment. The sample consist of sixteen businessmen and businesswomen owners of a MSMEs, of eight Mexican states, based on Gender and Development (GAD) theory. The context of the analysis is the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved semi-structured interviews, which were processed with Atlas Ti. The research applied an axial coding, linking the empowerment with the economic and social dimensions. It shows that the main motivation in the economic dimension of business owners is economic autonomy and the management of their time. At the beginning of the entrepreneurship, the main challenges were fear and lack of resources. Nowadays, the hardships they face are the pandemic effects, the payment of taxes, and insecurity. In the social dimension, business owners agree that family is a fundamental aspect of their life. The research concludes that social dimension divergence occurs in gender disparities like care of children and household activities done almost exclusively by women, which impacts their business activity (economic dimension). It is recommended to strengthen public policies focused on GAD and its multidimensional link to empowerment.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones entre las dimensiones económicas y sociales que convergen en el empoderamiento, de una muestra de dieciséis empresarias y empresarios propietarios de una mipyme, pertenecientes a ocho entidades federativas de México, con base en la teoría del género en el desarrollo (GED). El contexto de estudio se ubica en los retos derivados de la crisis económica producida por la pandemia de COVID-19. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, analizándose mediante Atlas Ti. Se aplicó la codificación axial, para relacionar la categoría de empoderamiento con las dimensiones económicas y sociales. Los hallazgos demostraron que en la dimensión económica la principal motivación de las y los empresarios es la autonomía económica y el manejo del tiempo propio. Los principales retos al iniciar fueron el miedo y la falta de recursos. Actualmente, los desafíos que afrontan son los efectos de la pandemia, el pago de impuestos y la inseguridad. En la dimensión social, concuerdan que la familia es un pilar fundamental. Se concluye que la divergencia de la dimensión social se presenta en las disparidades de género, en el cuidado casi exclusivo de los hijos y las actividades del hogar por parte de las mujeres, lo cual impacta en su actividad empresarial (dimensión económica). Se recomienda fortalecer la implementación de políticas públicas desde el GED y su vínculo multidimensional en el empoderamiento.