ABSTRACT Introduction: this study links ethical premises and foundations to analyze the dimensions involved in the design of public health policies and health reforms from a social, clinical and public health perspective. Methodology: technological resources and search platforms, applications of inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select relevant original articles, through a systematic review of the literature, in Medline, Ibecs, Pubmed, Scielo, BVS, Scopus, Web of Science databases, in English and Spanish, about ethics from the clinical, social and public health perspective, organizing the information in scientific tables. Results: the decent living conditions of individuals from any social stratum are related to the guarantees of health care and preservation of living conditions that directly impact health and well-being, and must be supported by institutions and society. Conclusion: regulatory frameworks, connected to human rights, must guarantee equitable access to health care, without discrimination, within the framework of community participation, privacy and social dialogue, influencing policy formulation, accountability, prevention of conflicts of interest and continuous evaluation of effectiveness, leading to the highest impact of health interventions.

RESUMEN Introducción: este estudio vincula premisas y fundamentaciones éticas, para el análisis de dimensiones involucradas en el diseño de políticas públicas de salud y reformas de salud, desde la perspectiva social, del ámbito clínico y de salud pública. Metodología: se utilizaron recursos tecnológicos y plataformas de búsqueda, aplica criterios de inclusión y exclusión para seleccionar artículos originales relevantes, a través de revisión sistematizada de la literatura, en bases de datos Medline, Ibecs, Pubmed, Scielo, BVS, Scopus, Web of Science, en inglés y español, acerca de la ética desde la perspectiva clínica, social y de la salud pública, organizando la información en tablas científicas. Resultados: las condiciones de vida digna de individuos de cualquier estrato social, se relacionan a las garantías de atención sanitaria y preservación de condiciones de vida que impactan directamente en la salud y el bienestar, debiendo ser respaldados por las instituciones y la sociedad. Conclusión: los marcos regulatorios, conectados a los derechos humanos, deben garantizar el acceso equitativo a la atención a la salud, sin discriminación, en el marco de la participación comunitaria, la privacidad y el dialogo social, influyendo en la formulación de políticas, la rendición de cuentas, la prevención de conflictos de interés y la evaluación continua de la efectividad, conducentes al más alto impacto de las intervenciones en salud.

Abstract Purpose: To adapt and validate in Sonora the scale to measure Attitudes towards Transgender People in University Students (EATU), which measures the inclusion of trans people in Higher Education Institutions (HEIS). Methodological design: Quantitative, cross-sectional and non-experimental study. 860 participants were selected among three HEIS, with non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. A 4-point Likert-type scale survey was applied that evaluates transinclusive attitudes. Reliability was obtained with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. For validity, the sample was randomly divided into two; In subsample 1, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was carried out and in subsample 2, the model resulting from the EFA was tested using a Structural Equation Model (SEM). Results: The EFA yielded a final solution EATU of 32 items grouped into 3 dimensions called sensitivity, coexistence and cisexist stigma, with values that demonstrate validity and reliability. The SEM generated a model with indices of fitness in a final solution of 17 items and 3 correlated dimensions with acceptable coefficients. Research limitations: The measurement of transinclusion attitudes in a society where it has been documented that such construct is barely being developing, and the failure to collect demographic data on the sample about their religious beliefs. Findings: A measurement instrument on transinclusive attitudes for key social actors interested in promoting the inclusion of trans people, their human rights and substantive equality.

Resumen Objetivo: Adaptar y validar en el contexto sonorense la Escala para medir Actitudes hacia las Personas Transgénero en Estudiantes Universitarios (EATU) que mide la inclusión de personas trans en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES). Diseño metodológico: Es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y no experimental. De tres IES, participaron 860 personas seleccionadas con muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se aplicó una escala tipo Likert de 4 puntos que evalúa actitudes transincluyentes. La fiabilidad se obtuvo con alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Para la validez la muestra se dividió al azar en dos; en la submuestra 1 se llevó a cabo un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y en la submuestra 2 se probó el modelo resultante del AFE mediante un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (MEE). Resultados: El AFE arrojó una solución final de la EATU de 32 ítems agrupados en 3 dimensiones denominadas sensibilidad, convivencia y estigma cisexista, con valores de fiabilidad superiores a .90 y de cargas factoriales superiores a .36. El MEE generó un modelo con índices de bondad de ajuste en una solución final de 17 ítems y 3 dimensiones correlacionadas con coeficientes superiores a .46. Limitaciones de la investigación: La medición de actitudes de transinclusión en una sociedad donde se ha documentado que tal constructo está en desarrollo y el no recabar datos demográficos en la muestra sobre sus creencias religiosas. Hallazgos: Un instrumento de medida sobre actitudes transincluyentes para actores sociales clave interesados en la promoción de la inclusión de las personas trans, sus derechos humanos y la igualdad sustantiva.

Abstract This article explores the reproduction of territorial stigmatization in the San Agustín neighborhood, located in Ecatepec, Mexico. Drawing on 21 months of ethnographic research, the article analyzes how territorial stigma isproduced and reproduced through the discourses, practices, and interactions of multiple actors positioned at different levels. It argues that stigma unfolds internally as social differentiation, creating a normative structure based on criteria of moral superiority and inferiority. This is manifested in the use of derogatory social categories to refer especially to younger inhabitants and in forms of symbolic distancing among neighbors. The results underscore the moral dimension of stigma and its role in the construction of symbolic and social boundaries in contexts of urban relegation. The study concludes that the reproduction of stigma in the neighborhood is due to a structure based on criteria of superiority and inferiority among residents, which is sustained by a moral evaluation that normalizes the dominant urban symbolic order of central Mexico.

Resumen En este artículo se explora la reproducción de la estigmatización territorial en San Agustín, una colonia popular ubicada en el municipio Ecatepec, Estado de México. A partir de una etnografía de 21 meses, se analiza cómo el estigma territorial es producido y reproducido a través de discursos, prácticas e interacciones de múltiples actores posicionados en diferentes niveles. Se argumenta que el estigma se desdobla internamente como diferenciación social, creando una estructura normativa basada en criterios de superioridad e inferioridad moral. Esto se manifiesta en el uso de categorías sociales despectivas para referirse especialmente a habitantes más jóvenes y en formas de distanciamiento simbólico entre sus residentes. Los resultados evidencian la dimensión moral del estigma y su rol en la construcción de fronteras simbólicas y sociales en contextos de relegación urbana. El estudio concluye que la reproducción del estigma en la colonia se debe a una estructura basada en criterios de superioridad e inferioridad entre sus habitantes, la cual se sostiene por una evaluación moral que normaliza el orden simbólico urbano dominante del México central.

Resumo O artigo buscou realizar uma revisão sistemática acerca da literatura que versa sobre o movimento estudantil no Brasil, publicada entre 2015 e 2022, com o objetivo de quantificar artigos sobre essa temática e como a atuação da psicologia escolar no movimento estudantil secundarista brasileiro é abordada. A pesquisa foi realizada em 4 etapas: busca bibliográfica em 5 plataformas de periódicos, exclusão por título e de artigos duplicados, categorização dos estudos por área do conhecimento e análise dos artigos da área de Psicologia. O número total de artigos encontrados inicialmente foi 422 artigos. Após aplicar-se alguns critérios de inclusão e exclusão, realizamos a análise em 16 artigos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se perceber a prevalência de pesquisas empíricas e qualitativas, estudando principalmente as ocupações secundaristas e experiências de construções de grêmios estudantis em escolas. Por fim, conclui-se que a temática estudada, ao se tratar de um fenômeno interdisciplinar, ainda é pouco explorada pela Psicologia. No entanto, os resultados obtidos na revisão, indicaram que é de fundamental importância a participação do estudante no processo político escolar, como materialização do objetivo que a escola tem na constituição de sujeitos em desenvolvimento aptos para atuarem em transformação social, ética e política.

Abstract The article sought to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the student movement in Brazil, published between 2015 and 2022, with the aim of quantifying articles on this subject and how the role of school psychology in the Brazilian secondary student movement is approached. The research was carried out in 4 stages: bibliographic search in 5 journal platforms, exclusion by title and duplicate articles, categorization of studies by area of knowledge and analysis of articles in the area of Psychology. The total number of articles initially found was 422. After applying some inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed 16 articles. From the results obtained, it was possible to see the prevalence of empirical and qualitative research, mainly studying secondary school occupations and experiences of building student unions in schools. Finally, it can be concluded that the subject studied, being an interdisciplinary phenomenon, is still little explored by psychology. However, the results obtained in the review indicate that student participation in the school political process is of fundamental importance, as a materialization of the school's objective of creating developing subjects who are capable of acting in social, ethical and political transformation.

Resumen El artículo buscó realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el movimiento estudiantil en Brasil, publicada entre 2015 y 2022, con el objetivo de cuantificar los artículos sobre este tema y cómo se aborda el trabajo de la psicología escolar en el movimiento estudiantil secundario brasileño. La investigación se llevó a cabo en 4 etapas: búsqueda bibliográfica en 5 plataformas de revistas, exclusión por título y artículos duplicados, categorización de los estudios por área de conocimiento y análisis de los artículos en el campo de la Psicología. El número total de artículos encontrados inicialmente fue de 422. Tras aplicar algunos criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron 16 artículos. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se pudo constatar la prevalencia de investigaciones empíricas y cualitativas, principalmente estudiando las ocupaciones en la enseñanza secundaria y las experiencias de construcción de sindicatos estudiantiles en las escuelas. Finalmente, se puede concluir que el tema estudiado, por tratarse de un fenómeno interdisciplinario, aún es poco explorado por la psicología. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos en la revisión indican que la participación de los alumnos en el proceso político escolar es de fundamental importancia, como materialización del objetivo de la escuela de crear individuos en desarrollo, capaces de actuar en la transformación social, ética y política.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed at understanding the access barriers of homeless people (HP) in Belo Horizonte city to health services as well as to analyze the employed care strategies from the Belo Horizonte Consultório na Rua (eCR), street clinics’ team view. We report a qualitative study by means of semi structured interviews with 10 workers from two eCR. The investigated HP face protocol and symbolic discriminatory barriers that hamper and impede their rights of access to the health system, besides the Brazil Unified Health System (SUS) equity guidelines. These barriers are related to the social exclusion process to what the homeless people are submitted, marked by multiple and overlapping violences, restricted access to basic rights that are escalated when the use of drugs is reported. Among the strategies to overcome the access barriers are the need to qualify public data on HP, institutional dialogues on the HP access to the SUS, a more permanent education attitudes to demystify thoughts and prejudices, the need to elaborate different flows that take into account the HP’s ways of life, the need of outgoing primary care actions that promote inclusion of the Belo Horizonte HP, as well as strategies that strengthen them with active social participation.

RESUMO O presente artigo visa analisar as barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde da População em Situação de Rua (PSR) e as estratégias de cuidado na percepção das trabalhadoras das equipes de Consultório na Rua (eCR) de Belo Horizonte. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 trabalhadoras de duas eCR. A PSR possui barreiras de acesso discriminatórias, protocolares e simbólicas que impedem a efetivação do acesso ao direito à saúde, apesar da diretriz da equidade ser norteadora para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Essas barreiras se relacionam com o processo de exclusão social ao qual a PSR está submetida, marcado por múltiplas e sobrepostas violências, pelo acesso restrito aos direitos básicos e se agravam quando há relatos de uso de drogas. Dentre as estratégias de superação das barreiras de acesso estão a necessidade de qualificação de dados públicos sobre a PSR, alinhamentos institucionais sobre acesso da PSR ao SUS, ações de educação permanente para desmistificar mitos e preconceitos, elaboração de fluxos que considerem os modos de vida da PSR, atuação extramuros da atenção primária para vinculação da PSR do território e estratégias de fortalecimento da PSR com participação no controle social.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: las investigaciones sobre el apego adulto se han realizado principalmente en países anglosajones o europeos, y hasta el momento no ha habido una recopilación de las contribuciones provenientes de Latinoamérica. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión sistemática de la investigación empírica sobre el apego adulto en América Latina en la última década. Método: utilizando la metodología PRISMA, se efectuó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO y Scielo entre abril y agosto de 2023. Se incluyeron investigaciones empíricas publicadas en los últimos 10 años en español, inglés y portugués, centradas en el estudio del apego adulto. Entre los criterios de exclusión considerados se encuentran las investigaciones empíricas con muestras de niños y adolescentes, así como estudios que utilicen muestras latinas reclutadas fuera de los países latinoamericanos. El riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos se evaluó mediante la herramienta The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Resultados: tras el proceso de tamizaje y revisión, se revisaron 62 artículos. La mayoría de los estudios han empleado metodologías cuantitativas, principalmente desde la tradición de la psicología social y de la personalidad, más que de la proveniente de la psicología evolutiva. Los tópicos abordados se agrupan en variables de funcionamiento individual y relacional, con resultados consistentes con los identificados en otras regiones. Conclusiones: se discuten las implicancias de estos hallazgos y se proponen líneas de investigación futura. Una limitación del presente estudio es la posible omisión de investigaciones relevantes no publicadas o disponibles en otras bases de datos.

Abstract Introduction/Objective: Research on adult attachment has predominantly been conducted in Anglo-Saxon and European countries, with no comprehensive compilation of contributions from Latin America to date. The objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review of empirical research on adult attachment in Latin America over the past decade. Method: Using the PRISMA methodology, a search was conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Scielo databases between April and August 2023. Empirical research published in the last 10 years in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, focusing on the study of adult attachment, were included. Some of the exclusion criteria were empirical research with samples of children and adolescents, as well as studies using Latino samples recruited outside of Latin American countries. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: After the screening and review process, 62 articles were examined. Most of the studies employed quantitative methodologies and were rooted in the tradition of social and personality psychology rather than developmental psychology. The topics addressed are grouped into individual and relational functioning variables, with results consistent with those identified in studies conducted in other regions. Conclusions: The implications of these findings are discussed, and future research directions are proposed. One limitation is the possible omission of relevant unpublished studies or available in other data bases.

A crescente ênfase nos direitos sociais na litigância climática da América Latina é frequentemente vista como um reflexo da interação entre a crise climática e os desafios socioeconômicos da região. Diante dessa convergência urgente, este artigo examina se e como os resultados pretendidos dessa litigância realmente abordam as realidades complexas dos mais vulneráveis. Adotando uma compreensão matizada das vulnerabilidades climáticas exacerbadas pelas acentuadas desigualdades da América Latina, questiona a suposição predominante de que garantir um clima saudável e seguro é de facto e suficientemente benéfico para as populações que vivem em pobreza e exclusão social. Mais especificamente, explora o potencial dos remédios constitucionais, predominantes na litigância climática da região, para enfrentar integralmente os desafios socioecológicos enfrentados por tais grupos, que suportam desproporcionalmente as consequências das mudanças climáticas. Utilizando o Equador e o México como estudos de caso comparativos, o artigo oferece uma visão geral das oportunidades e restrições legais da arquitetura de remediação dentro dos mecanismos de proteção constitucional de cada país na realização desta visão. A análise defende uma abordagem reimaginada para a constitucionalização — e, consequentemente, litigação — da crise climática. Propõe adicionar uma perspectiva multidimensional sobre o alcance coletivo dos remédios em consonância com os deveres específicos dos direitos humanos que estão sendo abordados — seja o dever de respeitar, proteger e cumprir. Por meio desta exploração, o artigo visa ampliar os horizontes legais em curso em direção a remédios mais fortes, levando a respostas judiciais mais equitativas e abrangentes para a crise climática.

El creciente énfasis en los derechos sociales en los litigios climáticos de América Latina suele ser visto como un reflejo de la interacción entre la crisis climática y los desafíos socioeconómicos de la región. Ante esta convergencia apremiante, este artículo examina si y cómo las sentencias de dichos litigios abarcan las complejas realidades de los sectores más vulnerables. Adoptando una comprensión matizada de las vulnerabilidades climáticas sintomáticas de las pronunciadas desigualdades de América Latina, el análisis cuestiona la suposición predominante de que garantizar un clima saludable y seguro es de facto y suficientemente beneficioso para las poblaciones que experimentan pobreza y exclusión social. Más específicamente, explora el potencial de los remedios constitucionales, predominantes en los litigios climáticos de la región, para abordar de manera integral los desafíos socio-ecológicos que dichos grupos enfrentan, en quienes recaen desproporcionadamente las consecuencias del cambio climático. Utilizando a Ecuador y México como estudios de caso comparativos, el trabajo ofrece una visión general de las oportunidades y restricciones legales de la arquitectura remedial de los mecanismos de protección constitucional de cada país para concretar esta visión. El análisis aboga por un enfoque re-imaginado de la constitucionalización —y, por ende, del litigio— de la crisis climática. Propone añadir una perspectiva multidimensional sobre el alcance colectivo de los remedios en consonancia con las obligaciones específicas de derechos humanos en juego—ya sea el deber de respetar, proteger y cumplir. A través de esta exploración, el trabajo aspira a ampliar los horizontes legales en curso hacia remedios más robustos, conduciendo a respuestas judiciales más equitativas e integrales ante la crisis climática.

The increasing reliance on social rights in Latin America's climate litigation is often seen as reflecting the interplay between the climate crisis and the region's socioeconomic challenges. In light of this pressing convergence, this paper examines whether and how the intended outcomes of such litigation actually address the complex realities of the most vulnerable. Taking a nuanced understanding of the climate vulnerabilities exacerbated by Latin America's steep inequalities, it challenges the prevailing assumption that ensuring a healthy and safe climate is de facto and sufficiently beneficial for populations living in poverty and social exclusion. More specifically, it explores the potential of constitutional remedies, predominant in the region's climate litigation, to comprehensively redress the socio-ecological challenges faced by such groups, who disproportionately bear the brunt of climate change. Using Ecuador and Mexico as comparative case studies, the paper provides an overview of the legal opportunities and constraints of the remedial architecture within each country's constitutional protection mechanisms in realizing this vision. The analysis calls for a reimagined approach to constitutionalizing—and thus litigating—the climate crisis. It proposes adding a multidimensional perspective on the collective scope of remedies in line with the specific human rights duties being addressed—be it the duty to respect, protect, and fulfill. Through this exploration, the paper aims to broaden the ongoing legal horizons toward stronger remedies, leading to more equitable and comprehensive judicial responses to the climate crisis.

This article focuses on academic staff development in higher education in South Africa. It emphasises the importance of locating academics within the broader racialised contexts and history of the country. Recognising the complexities of social academic exclusion in relation to academics working across the sector in diverse universities, the article argues that academic staff development programmes which provide formulaic interventions are far less likely to have a long term impact on the individual and the sector. The social and academic legacies of racial segregation continue to permeate the professional experiences of marginalised academics, the support they receive for their career aspirations, and the recognition (without acknowledgement) of institutional and systemic barriers to their success (Breetzke and Hedding 2018; Khunou 2018; Hlengwa 2019). The literature is replete with references to humanising pedagogies for students yet is overwhelmingly silent on the impact on the academic or aspirant academic. For transformation initiatives to have an impact, there is clearly a need to humanise the participants in academic development processes. What this implies is a full appreciation of the fact that academics enter universities with histories and experiences that inflect their work is central to the success of the transformation project. Thie article is premised on social justice which informs an understanding of transformation as the empowerment of academics through academic staff development programmes. Predicated on Sen's "capability" approach, the article argues that academic development in the context of South Africa cannot afford to ignore the fractured history of the country.

This work aims to investigate the experiences of Black female undergraduate students at the University of São Paulo (USP) to understand the challenges, achievements, and coping mechanisms related to their integration and persistence in the university. It highlights how their experiences of exclusion and belonging are shaped by the intersection of race, gender, and class. Through interviews conducted with Black female undergraduate students at USP, I seek to understand the adversities these students face in the academic environment, how they navigate these challenges, and how these experiences intersect with other dimensions of their lives, subjectivities, and identities. On one hand, I explore how experiences of racial discrimination, sexism, and other forms of inequality are perceived in their trajectories. On the other hand, I reflect on how participation in identity-based collectives and student organizations influences the construction of the identity and subjectivity of Black women at the university. Additionally, I examine the emotional impact of marginalization and how support networks and representation contribute to the resilience and retention of these students, elucidating the dynamics that influence their academic and personal lives.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as experiências de alunas de graduação negras da Universidade de São Paulo, a fim de compreender os desafios, conquistas e mecanismos de enfrentamento relacionados à sua inserção e permanência na universidade, destacando como suas experiências de exclusão e pertencimento são moldadas pela interseção de raça, gênero e classe. Através de entrevistas realizadas com alunas negras de graduação da USP, procuro entender por quais adversidades as estudantes negras passam no ambiente acadêmico, os modos pelos quais lidam com essas experiências e como elas se articulam com as outras dimensões de suas vidas, com as suas subjetividades e identidades. Exploro, por um lado, como as vivências de discriminação racial, machismo e outras formas de desigualdade são percebidos em suas trajetórias e, por outro, reflito em que medida participação em coletivos identitários e organizações estudantis afetam a construção da identidade e subjetividade das mulheres negras na universidade. Além disso, examino o impacto emocional da marginalização e como as redes de apoio e a representatividade contribuem para a resistência e permanência dessas estudantes, elucidando as dinâmicas que influenciam suas vidas acadêmicas e pessoais.

Abstract This article shares a reflection on the complementarity of the use of Photo-provocation and the Methodology of Narrative Productions (MPN) applied in a virtual context in the field of studies of old age and social exclusion. First, it describes the discrimination that affects older people and older women, exacerbated by the use of methodological strategies that generally infantilize and dismiss the agency of the older population in the processes of intervention and research. Second, a research experience with older women activists in Chile conducted between 2018 and 2022 is presented. It is exposed how the research was adapted to a virtual design and develops the use of MPN and Photo-provocation, as strategies that when used together contribute to remote work with older women. This work offers an empirical description and a theoretical-methodological reflection of this research experience. The final considerations discuss the contribution of the narrative-visual scaffolding to the production of scientific knowledge in the area of aging, its contributions to the recognition of the agency of older women and their visibility as subjects of knowledge. The ethical-political commitment to which these methodologies are ascribed, characterized by facilitating proximity to the participants, critical analysis of the problems that affect them and the search for collective solutions based on the recognition of their experiences. Likewise, its potential to confront the ageism entrenched in traditional scientific production.

Resúmen Este artículo comparte una reflexión sobre la complementariedad del uso de la Foto-provocación y la Metodología de las Producciones Narrativas (MPN) aplicadas en contexto virtual en el campo de los estudios de vejez y exclusión social. En primer lugar, se describe la discriminación que afecta a las personas mayores y a las mujeres mayores en particular, agudizada mediante el uso de estrategias metodológicas que por lo general infantilizan y desestiman la agencia de la población mayor en los procesos de intervención e investigación. En segundo lugar, se presenta una experiencia de investigación con mujeres mayores activistas en Chile realizada entre el 2018 y 2022. Se expone como se adaptó la investigación a un diseño virtual y se desarrolla la utilización de la MPN y la Foto-provocación, como estrategias que al ser utilizadas conjuntamente contribuyen al trabajo remoto con mujeres mayores. Este trabajo, ofrece una descripción empírica y una reflexión teórico-metodológica de esta experiencia investigativa. En las consideraciones finales se discute la contribución del andamiaje narrativo-visual a la producción de conocimiento científico en el área del envejecimiento, sus aportes al reconocimiento de la agencialidad de las mujeres mayores y su visibilidad como sujetas de conocimiento. Se distingue el compromiso ético-político al que se adscriben estas metodologías, caracterizado por facilitar la proximidad con los participantes, el análisis crítico frente a las problemáticas que les afectan y la búsqueda de soluciones colectivas en base al reconocimiento de sus experiencias. Asimismo, su potencial para confrontar el edadismo enquistado en la producción científica tradicional.

Abstract It is essential to consider the need for investigative procedures anchored in a viable and appropriate way of producing knowledge, as well as paying attention to the ethical research procedures and the context of the investigation explored by the researcher. In this context, this article addresses qualitative research through the epistemological axis of theory as an expression of practice, focusing on the theoretical-methodological approach of Collective Knowledge Systematization (SOK). We understand the epistemological axis of theory as an expression of practice as the experience and critical analysis of a methodological process that seeks to alter established social relations in the educational environment. Thus, our research objective is to identify the possibilities of using SOK in the constitution of qualitative research design. To achieve this, we used narrative review as our method, a state-of-the-art research type, encompassing the following stages: definition of the research object, research problem, criteria for exclusion and inclusion, data analysis items, analysis categories, data organization, interpretation of results, and final recommendations. Data collection occurred through digital search platforms such as BDTD and the digital library of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, focusing on dissertations and theses that addressed "theory as an expression of practice" and "collective knowledge systematization" as investigative methods of qualitative research in their works. The data were organized into comparative tables, highlighting the methodological aspect, through the following analysis categories: theme, method, data collection procedure, and data analysis technique; aiming to verify how SOK is utilized: as continued education and/or a qualitative research method. Following this data analysis and interpretation, we conclude that SOK is a viable alternative for research in various knowledge areas that address the teaching-learning process among peers and can be used both as continued education and as a qualitative research method.

Resumo É importante considerar a necessidade de procedimentos investigativos viáveis e adequados para a produção de conhecimento, bem como atentar-se à ética na pesquisa e ao contexto da investigação explorado pelo pesquisador. Desse modo, este artigo aborda a pesquisa qualitativa pelo eixo epistemológico “teoria como expressão da prática”, com enfoque na abordagem teórico-metodológica da Sistematização Coletiva do Conhecimento (SCC). Compreendemos por esse eixo epistemológico, a vivência e a análise crítica de um processo metodológico que busca alterar as relações sociais estabelecidas no ambiente educacional. Assim, nosso objetivo de pesquisa é identificar quais as possibilidades de uso da SCC na constituição de design de pesquisas qualitativas. Para isso, utilizamos como método a revisão narrativa, pesquisa do tipo estado da arte, contemplando as seguintes etapas: definição do objeto de pesquisa, problema de pesquisa, critérios de exclusão e inclusão, itens da análise de dados, categorias de análise, organização dos dados, interpretação dos resultados e recomendações finais. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de plataformas digitais de busca como a BDTD, e biblioteca digital da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, com foco em dissertações e teses que abordassem “teoria como expressão da prática” e “sistematização coletiva do conhecimento” como método investigativo de pesquisa qualitativa em seus trabalhos. Os dados foram organizados em quadros comparativos, com destaque para o aspecto metodológico, por meio das seguintes categorias de análise: temática, método, procedimento de coleta de dados e técnica de análise de dados; no intuito de verificar a forma como a SCC é utilizada: formação continuada e/ou método de pesquisa qualitativa. Depois dessa análise e da interpretação dos dados, concluímos que a SCC é uma alternativa viável para pesquisas das diversas áreas do conhecimento que abordam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem entre pares; sendo possível sua utilização tanto como formação continuada quanto como método de pesquisa qualitativa.

Abstract: The digitalisation processes have substantially modified the modes of production and consumption of goods and services in society as well as the different interactions of which we are part. States and their interventions have not been left out of these processes. The covid-19 health pandemic situation -although it had been brewing previouslyhas accelerated the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the management and implementation of public policies in general and social policies in particular. Within this framework, the aim of this paper is to identify -in an exploratory mannerdoubts, expressions about the registration process and view on three income transfer or income guarantee policies that have emerged in the context of the covid-19 health pandemic in Argentina and Spain. Based on virtual ethnographies in groups of recipients in the social network Facebook, the cases of analysis are taken as cases of Emergency Family Income and Food Reinforcement in the Argentinean case and Minimum Living Income in Spain. We have sought to explore some dimensions of the process of programme implementation -which was managed virtuallyin order to understand the difficulties faced by the potential beneficiaries of these policies. The results obtained aim to demonstrate -without claiming to be exhaustivepossible potentialities and limitations offered by digitisation processes in policies to combat poverty and social exclusion.

Resumen: Los procesos de digitalización han modificado sustancialmente los modos de producción y consumo de bienes y servicios en la sociedad, así como las diferentes interacciones de las que somos parte. Los estados y sus intervenciones no han quedado por fuera de estos procesos. La situación de pandemia sanitaria por covid-19 -aunque ya se venía gestando previamente-, ha acelerado el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC’s) en la gestión e implementación de políticas públicas en general y sociales en particular. En este marco, el objetivo de este escrito es identificar -de modo exploratoriodudas, expresiones en torno al proceso de inscripción y miradas sobre tres políticas de transferencias de ingresos o garantía de ingresos, emergentes en el contexto de pandemia sanitaria por covid-19 en el estado argentino y español. A partir de etnografías virtuales en grupos de personas receptoras de la red social Facebook, se toman como casos de análisis el Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia y el Refuerzo Alimentario en el caso argentino y del Ingreso Mínimo Vital en España. Se ha buscado explorar algunas dimensiones del proceso de implementación de programas -cuya gestión se realizó de manera virtualen pos de comprender las dificultades a las que se enfrenta la población potencialmente receptora de estas políticas. Los resultados obtenidos pretenden demostrar -sin pretensión de exhaustividadposibles potencialidades y limitaciones que ofrecen los procesos de digitalización en las políticas de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social.

Abstract Digital Welfare State in Ecuador: Citizen Datafication and Machine Learning in the Construction and Management of Poverty In the era of digital governance, the increasing use of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in social protection systems has emerged as a prominent concern. The state's efforts to promote citizen datafication and the implementation of AI for managing and providing social services and benefits are guided by principles of neutrality, objectivity, and technological efficiency. Nevertheless, these technologies can not only improve the effectiveness of social benefits allocation, but also have the potential of controlling, monitoring, sanctioning, and excluding beneficiaries. In light of the prevailing techno-optimism evident in the design of contemporary social policy, particularly with regard to its allocation mechanisms, this study draws upon insights from Science, Technology, and Society Studies to shed light on how data systems and AI technologies transform the notion of poverty and impact the definition of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. This approach focuses on unraveling the political dimension of data systems and AI technologies that are emerging as mediators in the relationship between the state and citizens. Through the case study of Ecuador's Social Registry, the aim is to enrich the critical examination of digital welfare states in the Latin American region, analyzing their implications for society and their potential to produce or exacerbate inequality and exclusion; challenging deterministic views of technological change and public policy design.

Resumen En la era de la gobernanza digital, la utilización creciente de datos y tecnologías de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en los sistemas de protección social se ha convertido en un asunto relevante. Los esfuerzos del Estado por impulsar la datificación ciudadana y la implementación de la IA para la gestión y provisión de servicios y beneficios sociales están vehiculizados por las ideas de neutralidad, objetividad y eficiencia tecnológica. No obstante, estas tecnologías no solo pueden mejorar la efectividad en la asignación de beneficios sociales; sino que también tienen el potencial de controlar, monitorear, sancionar y excluir a los beneficiarios. Ante el tecno-optimismo que marca el diseño de la política social contemporánea, específicamente sus mecanismos de asignación, este trabajo apuesta por los Estudios de la Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad para dar luz sobre cómo los sistemas de datos y las técnicas de IA transforman la noción de pobreza e impactan en la definición de beneficiarios y no beneficiarios. Este enfoque se centra en desentrañar la dimensión política -de la politics- de los sistemas de datos y las tecnologías de la IA que comienzan a mediar la relación entre el Estado y los ciudadanos. A través del estudio del caso ecuatoriano del Registro Social, el objetivo recae en nutrir el examen crítico de los Estados de Bienestar Digital en la región latinoamericana, analizando sus implicaciones en la sociedad y su potencial para producir o amplificar desigualdad y exclusión; desafiando las visiones deterministas del cambio tecnológico y del diseño de políticas públicas.

Abstract: The main objective of the discussion presented is to reflect on the logic that underlies the incorporation of technologies in social policies. The article is aimed at the analysis of the genesis of the Index of Critical Deficiencies in Uruguay, as a particular case of an algorithm applied to social selection, especially considering the context of emergence, with the institutional coordinates within which it was created, as well as the discourses that have legitimized and founded its creation, based on the analysis of documents, materials and discourses produced around its creation. In that sense, some warnings are outlined about the illusion of objectivity that is projected in the idea that there is no intentionality behind actions and it is proposed that policies are driven by world visions and linked to interests that condition their creation. Among the final reflections, it is noted that one of the aspects that requires attention is linked to the competencies and powers within the political construction processes. The elimination of human operations, which is what automation is aimed at, means in the case studied the exclusion of subordinate decision-making bodies, as well as the suppression of instances of democratic discussion, and in this exclusion there would seem to be a new centralization of power.

Resumen: La discusión presentada tiene como objetivo principal la reflexión sobre las lógicas que subyacen a la incorporación de tecnologías en las políticas sociales. El artículo se encamina al análisis de la génesis del Índice de Carencias Críticas en Uruguay, como un caso particular de un algoritmo aplicado a la selección social, considerando especialmente el contexto de surgimiento, con las coordenadas institucionales dentro las cuales fue creado, así como también los discursos que han legitimado y fundamentado su creación, a partir del análisis de documentos, materiales y discursos producidos alrededor de su creación. En ese sentido, se esbozan algunas advertencias sobre la ilusión de objetividad que se proyecta en la idea de que no hay intencionalidad detrás de las acciones y se propone que las políticas están impulsadas por visiones de mundo y ligadas a intereses que condicionan su creación. Entre lasreflexiones finales seseñalaqueunodelosaspectos que requiereatención se vincula las competencias y potestades dentro de los procesos de construcciónpolítica.La eliminacióndeoperacioneshumanas, queesaloque se direcciona la automatización, supone en el caso estudiado la exclusión de instancias decisorias subalternas, así como la supresión de instancias de discusión democrática.

Abstract This paper’s research focuses on a multidimensional racism suffered by Haitians migrants in the Dominican Republic, which appears to be social and political as well. The direct experience of the author in the Dominican Republic strengthens an empirical and theoretical analysis for questioning a possible correlation between Dominican politics, nationalism, and popular support for the general exclusion, within the Dominican national system, of Haitian migrants. Through an initial review of relevant literature, from the fields of Sociology and Migration, this article defines the concept of Agamben’s Homo Sacer. Agamben’s theoretical contribution is useful to identify the state’s will to exclude Haitian migrants. In addition, Sayad’s concept of State-thinking will also be used. Moreover, the historical focus on community’s search for national identity relies on Rappaport’s works and then related to the Dominican Republic. Exclusion and marginalization of Haitian migrants is also analyzed by outlining the lack of governmental data and updated information about immigrants, leading to hypothetical correlations between State-promoted illegalization of Haitian migrants, enforced by local politics, and a social dimension of racial nationalism. With a focus on International Relations on Political Science, the study describes that the current Dominican government, headed by President Luis Abinader, shows a trend influenced by a past heritage of political realism and nationalism in its bilateral relations with Haiti, since, it is worth noting, there seems to be relevant consensus in the Dominican society for such hardline policies.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la presencia de un racismo multidimensional, de carácter social y político, padecido por los migrantes haitianos en República Dominicana. La experiencia directa del autor en República Dominicana motiva la búsqueda de un análisis empírico y teórico que pueda interrogarse sobre una posible correlación entre el nacionalismo en la política dominicana y el apoyo popular hacia la exclusión de los migrantes haitianos en el sistema nacional dominicano. A través de una inicial revisión de la literatura de referencia del campo sociológico y migratorio, se define el concepto de Homo Sacer expuesto por Agamben. El aporte teórico de Agamben es útil para identificar la voluntad estatal de excluir a los migrantes haitianos. Además, se tomará el concepto de pensamiento de Estado identificado por Sayad, mientras que el foco histórico en la cuestión identitaria dominicana cuenta con aportes procedentes de las obras de Rappaport. La marginalización y exclusión de los migrantes haitianos se estudia también cuestionando la ausencia de datos y registros actualizados por el Gobierno dominicano, queriendo proponer eventuales correlaciones entre la ilegalización estatal de los migrantes haitianos, con el aval de la política dominicana, y una forma social de nacionalismo racial. Utilizando también un enfoque propio de las Relaciones Internacionales y la Ciencia Política, se describe cómo el actual gobierno de República Dominicana, encabezado por el presidente Luis Abinader, muestra una tendencia hacia pasados elementos de realismo político y nacionalismo en las relaciones bilaterales con Haití, donde, cabe incluir, encuentra un efectivo consenso por parte de la sociedad dominicana.