ABSTRACT This article presents a list of Trichoptera species from Calilegua National Park, Jujuy province in Northwestern Argentina. Eighteen species in 7 families and 11 genera are recorded. Nine species were previously cited from Calilegua: Alisotrichia benji Rueda Martín, Hydroptila argentinica Flint, Marilia cinerea Navás, Marilia flexuosa Ulmer, Neotrichia gotera Flint, Oecetis excisa Ulmer, Oecetis knutsoni Flint, Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) pampeana Flint and Smicridea {Rhyacophylax) peruana (Martynov). Nine species are cited newly in the protected area as well as in Jujuy province: Chimarra (Chimarra) argentinica (Ulmer), Grumichella flaveola (Ulmer), Neotrichia falsifera Flint, Oxyethira (Loxotrichia) parce (Edwards & Arnold), Protoptila dubitans Mosely, Protoptila julieta Robertson & Holzenthal, Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) murina McLachlan, Banyallarga (Banyallarga) loxana (Navás) and Banyallarga (Banyallarga) yungensis Flint.

RESUMEN Se presenta una lista de especies de Trichoptera presentes en el Parque Nacional Calilegua, provincia de Jujuy, distribuidas en 7 familias y 11 géneros. Nueve especies fueron previamente citadas en esta área protegida: Alisotrichia benji Rueda Martín, Hydroptila argentinica Flint, Marilia cinerea Navás, Marilia flexuosa Ulmer, Neotrichia gotera Flint, Oecetis excisa Ulmer, Oecetis knutsoni Flint, Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) pampeana Flint y Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) peruana (Martynov). Nueve especies son registradas por primera vez en el parque y en la provincia de Jujuy: Chimarra (Chimarra) argentinica (Ulmer), Grumichella flaveola (Ulmer), Neotrichia falsifera Flint, Oxyethira (Loxotrichia) parce (Edwards & Arnold), Protoptila dubitans Mosely, Protoptila julieta Robertson & Holzenthal, Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) murina McLachlan, Banyallarga (Banyallarga) loxana (Navás) y Banyallarga (Banyallarga) yungensis Flint.

Resumen El orden Trichoptera es un grupo de insectos muy abundante y diverso en los ecosistemas acuáticos donde cumple roles importantes: es base de la cadena trófica, degrada la materia orgánica y es sensor de los cambios fisicoquímicos en el agua. Por ello, en este estudio se evaluó la composición y la estructura de los ensambles de las larvas de tricópteros asociados con los sustratos y las variables físicas, químicas y microbiológicas de la quebrada Las Perlas. Se monitorearon tres sitios de la quebrada durante seis periodos de muestreo (siguiendo el régimen hidrológico); la recolección de individuos se hizo con una red Surber en cuatro sustratos (arena, grava, hojarasca y roca). Se recolectaron 5.831 organismos distribuidos en 17 géneros y nueve familias; el género Helicopsyche fue el más abundante (2.200 individuos), seguido de Smicridea (1.808 individuos). El análisis de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS) evidenció diferencias significativas entre el ensamblaje de larvas de las tres estaciones evaluadas. También se pudo establecer que los sustratos de roca y grava son los preferidos por la mayoría de tricópteros para fijar sus redes de filtración y capullos pupales. Por otro lado, la distribución de los organismos se vio modulada por el efecto del caudal, siendo los periodos de poca lluvia de noviembre (M3) y febrero (M4) los de mayor densidad de organismos. Por último, el análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC) con las variables físicas, químicas y bacteriológicas no evidenció efectos condicionantes en la distribución de los organismos. Estos resultados amplían el conocimiento de la fauna de tricópteros de la región y son indicativos del buen estado de conservación de la parte alta de la quebrada Las Perlas.

Abstract The Trichoptera order is a very abundant and diverse group of insects in aquatic ecosystems where it functions as the base of the trophic chain, degrades organic matter, and is a sensor of physicochemical alterations. In this study, we aimed at determining the composition and structure of the Trichoptera on the substrates, as well as the physical, chemical, and microbiological variables of the Las Perlas stream. Three stations of the stream were monitored during six sampling periods; the collection was carried out with Surber samplers on four substrates (sand, gravel, leaf litter, and rock). We collected 5,831 organisms distributed in 17 genera and nine families, where the genus Helicopsyche (Helicopsychidae) was the most abundant (2,200 ind.) followed by Smicridea (1808 ind.). The NMDS ranking analysis supported on ANOSIM showed that there were significant differences between the assemblies of the three stations evaluated. Rock and gravel substrates are preferred by most Trichoptera to establish their filtration nets and pupal cases. Temporally distribution of the organisms is modulated by the effect of the flow with the periods of low rainfall M3 and M4 as those of a higher density of organisms. Finally, the analysis of canonical correspondence showed that no variable had conditioning effects on the distribution of organisms. These results broaden the knowledge of the Trichoptera of the region and provide information on the environmental status of the Las Perlas stream, an important source and supplier for the population of Ibagué.

Resumo: Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a diversidade de Trichoptera em riachos e o efeito das variáveis ambientais e posição geográfica na diversidade alfa e beta em riachos naturais e rurais. Métodos Coletamos larvas de Trichoptera com um amostrador Surber em 12 riachos subtropicais de pequena ordem (seis riachos com ausência aparente de distúrbios antrópicos e seis riachos com atividades rurais na área de drenagem) e quantificamos as variáveis limnológicas. Avaliamos os efeitos da variabilidade ambiental na dissimilaridade das assembleias e calculamos a contribuição da diversidade alfa e beta nos riachos. Resultados Coletamos um total de 1264 larvas de Trichoptera distribuidas em 17 gêneros e 11 famílias. Os gêneros Phylloicus e Smicridea foram encontramos em praticamente todos os riachos. Observamos um efeito positivo da variabilidade ambiental na variabilidade biológica, mas não da posição geográfica. A variabilidade ambiental foi gerada basicamente pela influência de maiores concentrações de carbono orgânico dissolvido e nutrientes. Observamos maior contribuição da diversidade alfa nas assembleias de Trichoptera nos riachos naturais, e da diversidade beta nos riachos rurais. Conclusões Nossos resultados demonstram que a variabilidade de Trichoptera é afetada por características ambientais, e não pela posição geográfica.

Abstract: Aim The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of Trichoptera in subtropical streams and the effects of environmental variables and geographical position on alpha and beta diversity in natural and rural streams. Methods We collected Trichoptera with a Surber sampler in 12 small order subtropical streams (six streams with apparent absence of anthropic disturbance and six streams with rural activity in their drainage areas) and measured limnological variables. We evaluated the effects of environmental variability and geographical distance on the dissimilarity of the assemblage and calculated the contribution of alpha and beta diversity for each stream. Results We collected a total of 1,264 Trichoptera larvae distributed in 17 genera and 11 families. The genera Phylloicus and Smicridea were found in almost all streams. We observed a positive effect of environmental variability on biological variability but not of geographical distance. The environmental variability was basically generated by the influence of higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients. We observed the greatest contribution of the alpha diversity of the Trichoptera assemblages in natural streams and of beta diversity in the rural streams. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the variability of Trichoptera is affected by environmental characteristics, but not by geographical position.

Resumen Se presenta un registro preliminar de la riqueza y distribución del orden Trichoptera en el departamento del Chocó a partir de 925 especímenes que reposan en la Colección Limnológica del Chocó - CLCH-Insec (Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó) capturados en 18 municipios (entre los 0 y los 3.202 m s.n.m.), 60 corrientes hídricas de diferente orden y tres ecosistemas lénticos de las cuencas de los ríos Atrato, San Juan y Baudó. Se registran diez de las 15 familias y 20 de los 45 géneros registrados para Colombia. Hydropsychidae es la familia más abundante y de mayor distribución, en tanto que Hydroptilidae e Hydrobiosidae son las de menor distribución y abundancia. La mayor riqueza taxonómica corresponde de familia Hydropsychidae, con cuatro géneros entre los que sobresale Smicridea como el más representativo. Los géneros Oxyethira, Celaenotrichia, Rhyacopsyche (Hydroptilidae), Grumichella (Leptoceridae) y Centromacronema (Hydropsychidae) son nuevos registros para el departamento del Chocó. La mayor riqueza taxonómica se encuentra en la cuenca del río San Juan, seguida por la del Atrato y el Baudó. El sustrato de piedra es el de mayor abundancia y riqueza específica. © 2019. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.

Abstract A preliminary report on the richness and distribution of the order Trichoptera in the department of Chocó is presented based on the study of 925 specimens that rest in the Limnological Collection of Chocó - CLCH - Insec (Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó) captured in 18 municipalities between 0 and 3,202 msnm in 60 different water currents and three lentic ecosystems in the Atrato, San Juan and Baudó river basins. Ten of the 15 families and 20 of the 45 genera reported for Colombia are registered. Hydropsychidae is the most abundant and widely distributed family while Hydroptilidae and Hydrobiosidae are the least distributed and abundant. The greatest taxonomic richness is registered for Hydropsychidae with four genera, Smicridea standing out as the most representative. The genera Oxyethira, Celaenotrichia, Rhyacopsyche (Hydroptilidae), Grumichella (Leptoceridae), and Centromacronema (Hydropsychidae) are new records for the department of Chocó. The largest taxonomic record corresponds to the San Juan River basin, followed by the Atrato and Baudó basins. The substrate stone registers the greatest abundance and specific richness. © 2019. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.

Resumen Los géneros Leptomea y Smicridea pertenecen a la familia Hidropsychidae y constituyen uno de los grupos más importantes en la dinámica de nutrientes en los ecosistemas acuáticos tropicales, cuya diversidad de microhabitats es aprovechada por las larvas de estos géneros. Sin embargo, se dispone de escasa información que describa y compare las piezas bucales entre ambos géneros y su posible relación con la dieta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la morfología de las piezas bucales y los hábitos alimentarios de ambos géneros en la cuenca media del río Gaira (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Las muestras se recolectaron mensualmente con una red Surber entre octubre y diciembre 2014 y mayo 2015. Se utilizó el Software Zen Blue© para las estimaciones morfométricas de las piezas cefálicas, utilizando 15 larvas por género. Las medidas se tomaron sobre fotografías obtenidas de una cámara AxioCam ERc5s ajustada a un estereoscopio Nikon SMZ 745T. Para la descripción detallada de las piezas cefálicas, se usó un microscopio-estereoscopio Leica M205A. Se evaluaron los hábitos alimentarios de 15 individuos en total, mediante el análisis de contenido estomacal.Se aplicó un análisis discriminante de Hotelling a las medidas morfométricas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el área de la cabeza (AC), el ancho de la cabeza (ANC3), largo de la cabeza (LC2) y largo de la mandíbula izquierda (LMI1). En la descripción morfológica se hallaron diferencias en: cabeza, labrum y submentón. Mediante el análisis del contenido estomacal se realizaron los perfiles dietarios para ambos géneros y se detectó que los ítems con mayor porcentaje para Leptonema fueron MOPG (38 %) y MOPF (32 %) y para Smicridea, MOPF (38 %) y MOPG (34 %), con diferencias significativas (F= 8.8298, p<0.05). Este estudio indica que los individuos evaluados consumen una amplia variedad de recursos y la diferencia entre la dieta de ambos géneros puede estar relacionada con las diferencias morfológicas detectadas.

Abstract The genera Leptonema and Smicridea belong to the family Hidropsychidae and constitute one of the most important groups in the nutrient dynamics in the tropical aquatic ecosystems, which diversity of microhabitats is exploited by their larvae. However, there is lack of information concerning the detailed and comparative descriptions of mouthparts between these two genera, and their possible relation with their diet. The aim of this paper was to describe the morphology of the mouthparts and the feeding habits of both genera, in the middle basin of the Gaira River (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). The samples were collected on a monthly basis, with a surber net, between October and December of 2014, and May of 2015. A total of 15 larvae per genus were taken and the Blue Zen Software was used to determine the morphometric measurements of the cephalic pieces. Measurements were taken on photographs obtained from an AxioCam ERc5s camera adapted to a Nikon SMZ 745T stereoscope. To describe the mouthparts a M205A microscope-stereoscope Leica was used. The dietary habits of 15 individuals in total were evaluated by means of the analysis of stomach contents. A discriminant analysis of Hotelling was applied to the morphometric measurements. There were significant differences in head area (HA), head width (HW3), head length (HL2) and left mandible length (LML). In the morphological descriptions were found differences in: head, labrum and submentum. Dietaries profiles were performed to the stomach contents for both genera and the items with highest percentage for Leptonema was MOPG and MOPF with 38 % and 32 %, respectively, and for Smicridea MOPF (38 %) and MOPG (34 %) with significant differences (F = 8.8298, p < 0.05). This study indicated that the evaluated individuals consume a wide variety of resources and the difference of the diet of both genera can be related to the detected morphological differences.

Resumo Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a dieta de macroinvertebrados aquáticos de riachos e determinar seus grupos tróficos. Métodos Os invertebrados foram amostrados com rede D em três riachos localizados em áreas de pastagens. Eles foram identificados ao nível de gênero (com exceção da família Chironomidae) e submetidos a análises de dieta, exceto os Hemiptera sugadores, cuja dieta foi obtida a partir da literatura. Os grupos tróficos foram determinados por uma análise de similaridade utilizando o coeficiente de similaridade de Bray-Curtis. Resultados Cinco grupos tróficos foram definidos: detritívoro-fino (dieta baseada em matéria orgânica particulada fina - FPOM), detritívoro-grosso/herbívoro (consumindo principalmente matéria orgânica particulada grossa – CPOM – e material vegetal), onívoro, predador-especialista (dieta especializada em inseto aquático) e predador-generalista. Ephemeroptera, Diptera (exceto Tanypodinae), Coleoptera e Trichoptera (exceto Smicridea) representam os detritívoros. Macronema (Trichoptera) foi o único táxon que se alimentou exclusivamente de material vegetal e Tanypodinae e Smicridea foram classificados como onívoros. As famílias Calopterygidae e Gomphidae foram classificadas como predador-especialista e Macrobrachium (Decapoda), Belostoma e Limnocoris (Hemiptera) como predador-generalista. Conclusões A grande quantidade e frequência de ocorrência de FPOM consumido pela maioria dos táxons demonstram a importância desse recurso alimentar para as comunidades de macroinvertebrados de riachos tropicais. Além disso, a variação nos grupos tróficos observada em alguns táxons reforça a natureza generalista e oportunista dos invertebrados aquáticos. Tais achados reforçam a importância de realizar análises de dieta para compreender o papel ecológico das espécies na estrutura e funcionamento dos riachos tropicais.

Abstract: Aim The aim of this study was to describe the diet of stream macroinvertebrates and to determine their trophic groups. Methods Invertebrates were sampled with D nets in three pasture streams. They were identified to genus level and submitted to gut content analysis, except for fluid feeders such as hemipterans, to which diet data was obtained from the literature. Trophic groups were determined based on a similarity analysis using the Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient. Results Five trophic groups were defined: fine-detritivores (feed mostly on fine particulate organic matter - FPOM), coarse-detritivores/herbivores (feed mostly on coarse particulate organic matter - CPOM - and plant material), omnivores, specialist-predators (prey upon aquatic insects only), and generalist-predators. Ephemeroptera, Diptera (except Tanypodinae), Coleoptera, and Trichoptera (except Smicridea) were detritivores. The caddis Macronema (Trichoptera) fed exclusively on plant detritus and Tanypodinae and Smicridea were classified as omnivores. The odonate families Calopterygidae and Gomphidae were classified as specialist-predators, while Macrobrachium (Decapoda), Belostoma, and Limnocoris (Hemiptera) were generalist-predators. Conclusions The great quantity and frequency of occurrence of FPOM consumed by most taxa highlight the importance of this food resource for macroinvertebrate communities from tropical streams. Furthermore, observed variations on trophic group assignment for some taxa indicate the generalist and opportunistic nature of these aquatic invertebrates. Such findings reinforce the importance of conducting gut content analysis on macroinvertebrates to understand their role in the structure and functioning of tropical streams.

Cuatro ríos localizados en diferentes f ancos de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) fueron analizados para conocer la composición y distribución de los estados inmaduros de los órdenes Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera y Trichoptera (EPT). Los ríos Gaira, Tucurinca, Guatapuríy Rancherías, se evaluaron entre junio de 2009 y noviembre de 2010, con énfasis en su parte media y las relaciones entre la entomofauna y parámetros bióticos y abióticos. Los organismos se recolectaron con red Surber, red triangular y colecta manual. Se encontraron 3859 individuos agrupados en 16 familias y 32 géneros. Trichoptera presentó la mayor riqueza de géneros (68,5%) y Ephemeroptera fue el más abundante (48,2 %). Smicridea (Trichoptera) (18,6%), Tricorythodes (Ephemeroptera) (15,8%) y Anacroneuria (Plecoptera) (15,1%) registraron el mayor número de individuos. Los microhábitats grava y hojarasca evidenciaron las mayores abundancias de los EPT (35,8% y 35,3% respectivamente). El río Guatapuríregistró la mayor riqueza de géneros y de diversidad (S= 24; H'=2,39), mientras el río Gaira, mostró el menor nivel (S=15; H'=1,84). Metrichia, Mortoniella y Protoptila (Trichoptera) son nuevos registros para la región de la SNSM y se amplía la distribución de Americabaetis, Mayobaetis, Nanomis y Terpides (Ephemeroptera) para los ríos Guatapurí, Rancherias y Tucurinca y de Leucotrichia y Zumatrichia (Trichoptera) para el río Tucurinca

Four rivers located on different f anks of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) were studied to evaluate the composition and distribution of the immature stages of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT). The rivers Gaira, Tucurinca, Guatapurí, and Rancherías were analyzed between June 2009 and November 2010 with emphasis on their mid-altitude segments, and the relationships between the entomofauna and biotic and abiotic parameters. Immature specimens were captured using Surber and triangular nets, along with manual collections. A total of 3,859 immature individuals were collected, corresponding to 16 families and 32 genera. Trichoptera was the order with the largest number of genera (68.5%), while Ephemeroptera was the most abundant order (48.2%). Smicridea (Trichoptera) (18.6%), Tricorythodes (Ephemeroptera) (15.8%), and Anacroneuria (Plecoptera) (15.1%) were the genera with the leading number of individuals. The microhabitats of gravel and leaves reported the highest abundance of the EPT (35.8% and 35.3%, respectively). The Guatapuríriver reported the highest level of diversity and presence of genera (S = 24; H '= 2.39), while the Gaira river reported the lowest level (S = 15, H' = 1.84). New f ndings of Metrichia, Mortoniella, and Protoptila (Trichoptera) were reported for the SNSM region. In addition, new f ndings of Americabaetis, Mayobaetis, Nanomis, and Terpides (Ephemeroptera) indicate an increase in the distribution of these genera to the Guatapurí, Rancherias, and Tucurinca rivers. Similarly, an increase in the distribution of Zumatrichia and Leucotrichia (Trichoptera) was reported for these genera with new f ndings in the Tucurinca River

Resumo: Objetivo Este trabalho teve como objetivo examinar a composição e riqueza da assembleia de larvas de Trichoptera em rios na Serra da Bocaina, Sudeste do Brasil, e identificar as principais variáveis ambientais, que afetam os mesmos rios com diferentes condições de uso da terra. Métodos As amostragens foram feitas em 19 riachos em setembro e outubro de 2007. Cada riacho foi caracterizado fisiograficamente, através da aplicação de um protocolo de avaliação ambiental para rios de Mata Atlântica, e parâmetros físicos e químicos. Dos 19 rios amostrados, seis foram classificados como referência, seis como intermediários (moderado impacto antrópico) e sete como pobres (forte impacto antrópico). Em cada riacho, foi feita uma amostragem multi-habitat com uma rede de “kick”. Cada amostra foi composta por 20 unidades, sendo cada uma correspondente a 1 m2 de substrato coletado, totalizando 20 m2 de área amostrada. O material coletado foi colocado em um organizador, lavado, homogeneizado e sub-amostrado, sendo retiradas seis sub-amostras aleatoriamente. Resultados Foram coletadas 2.113 larvas de Trichoptera, pertencentes a 12 famílias e 28 gêneros. Hydropsychidae e Leptoceridae foram as famílias mais abundantes e Smicridea o gênero mais abundante. O índice de Sorensen mostrou que os rios estudados foram agrupados de acordo com a integridade ambiental. Análise de Espécies Indicadoras mostrou táxons característicos apenas para os rios preservados. A CCA mostrou que a assembleia de Trichoptera foi influenciada pela concentração de nitrato, pH e condição da vegetação ripária. A regressão múltipla mostrou correlação significativa da abundância de cinco gêneros com alguma variável ambiental, além da abundância total de Trichoptera. Conclusões Nossos resultados indicaram que o grau de impacto ambiental, principalmente a concentração de nitrato e a condição da cobertura vegetal, agiram como um dos principais fatores em determinar a assembléia de Trichoptera presente nos riachos da Serra da Bocaina, separando os rios ao longo de um gradiente ambiental

Abstract: Aim The goal of this study is to examine the composition and richness of caddisfly assemblages in streams at the Serra da Bocaina Mountains, Southeastern Brazil, and to identify the main environmental variables, affecting caddisfly assemblages at the streams with different conditions of land use. Methods The sampling was conducted in 19 streams during September and October 2007. All sites were characterized physiographically by application of environmental assessment protocol to Atlantic Forest streams and by some physical and chemical parameters. Of the 19 streams sampled, six were classified as reference, six streams as intermediate (moderate anthropic impact) and seven streams as poor (strong anthropic impact). In each site, a multi-habitat sampling was taken with a kick sampler net. The sample was composed by 20 units, each one corresponded to 1 m2 of collected substrate, corresponding 20 m2 of sampling area. The material was placed in a plastic container (500 µm of mesh), washed, homogenized and sub-sampled. For each stream, 6 subsamples were randomly sorted. Results Were collected 2,113 caddisfly larvae, belonging to 12 families and 28 genera. Hydropsychidae and Leptoceridae were the most abundant families, and Smicridea was the most abundant genus. Sorensen’s index results showed that the streams studied were grouped according to environmental integrity. The Indicator Species Analysis showed only characteristic taxa to reference streams. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that caddisfly assemblage was strongly influenced by nitrate concentration, pH and condition of riparian vegetation. Multiple regression analysis indicated significant correlations to five genera with some environmental parameters, besides total abundance of Trichoptera. Conclusions Ours results showed that degree of environmental impact, mainly the nitrate concentration, pH, and condition of cover vegetation acted as a major factor in determining the Trichoptera assemblages present in the stream of the Serra da Bocaina, separating streams along an environmental gradient.

ResumoObjetivo: Foi comparada a atividade da catalase em Smicridea McLachlan, 1871 (Insecta, Trichoptera) coletados em riachos margeados por vegetação ripária ou por atividades agrícolas e correlacionado o padrão da enzima com o conteúdo de metais na água.MétodosOs organismos foram coletados em pontos classificados como naturais (margeados por vegetação ripária) ou alterado/impactados (margeados por atividades agrícolas), localizados nas sub-bacias do Rio do Campo e do Rio do Cravo (RS, Brasil). Em seguida foram identificados e usados para determinação de proteínas e medida da atividade da catalase. A concentração de Mg, Cr, Cu, Pb e Cd na água foi determinada por espectrometria de absorção atômica.ResultadosA atividade da catalase em Smicridea variou entre 1,5 e 6 U, com valores médios de 2,63 ± 0,096 U (EP). A presença de metais foi maior nos riachos localizados na matriz agrícola, exceto para o Mg na sub-bacia do Rio Cravo e Cu na sub-bacia do Rio Campo. A atividade da catalase foi maior em Smicridea coletados nos locais margeados por vegetação ripária em relação aos margeados por agricultura, e foi negativamente correlacionada com os níveis de Pb e Cd.ConclusõesOs dados mostram o potencial da catalase como ferramenta complementar em estudos de biomonitoramento da qualidade de água usando Smicridea como bioindicador.

Aim: We compare catalase activity in SmicrideaMcLachlan, 1871 (Insecta, Trichoptera) collected in natural and agricultural streams and correlates the enzyme pattern with metal content in the water.MethodsOrganisms were collected in sites classified as natural (riparian vegetation in buffer zone) and altered/impacted (agricultural land use in drainage area) environments, located at Cravo River and Campo River sub-basins (RS, Brazil). Next the collected larvae were identified and used to proteins quantification and catalase activity measure. The concentration of Mg, Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd in the water was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.ResultsCatalase activity in Smicridea ranged from 1.5 to 6 U, with mean values about 2.63 ± 0.096 U (SEM). The presence of metals was higher in the streams located at agricultural drainage area, except for Mg at the Cravo sub-basin and Cu at the Campo sub-basin. Catalase was higher in Smicridea collected in natural streams as compared to that agriculture streams and was correlated with Pb and Cd levels.ConclusionsThe data showed the potential of this biomarker as a useful tool for complementation of water quality biomonitoring studies using Smicridea as bioindicator.

Los insectos acuáticos son importantes como indicadores de calidad de aguas en ríos y arroyos. Uno de los grupos más abundantes son los Thichoptera, ellos juegan un papel importante por su papel funcional en los sistemas acuáticos. Por eso conocer su diversidad es prioritario. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la estructura de la comunidad del orden Trichoptera y su dinámica espacio-temporal en relación con los microhábitats y algunas variables físicas y químicas, en la parte media y baja de la cuenca del río Manzanares (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Se muestrearon mensualmente ocho microhábitats entre agosto 2002 y febrero 2003, durante los periodos de lluvias y sequía. Se recolectaron 3 316 larvas, repartidas en tres subórdenes pertenecientes a 10 familias y 14 géneros; seis de estos géneros y una familia son los primeros registros para el departamento del Magdalena (Colombia). Los tricópteros presentaron la mayor abundancia y riqueza genérica en los microhábitats Hojarasca Corriente Lenta, Hojarasca Corriente Rápida y Piedra Corriente Rápida, donde Nectopsyche (28%), Leptonema (17%) y Smicridea (15%) fueron los géneros más predominantes. La estructura, y composición de los géneros del orden Trichoptera variaron en cada estación en función del régimen pluviométrico y las variables físicas y químicas presentadas en la localidad de estudio, evidenciando las menores abundancias y riqueza en los periodos de altas precipitaciones (octubre y noviembre) y las mayores en épocas de precipitaciones bajas (diciembre, enero y febrero). De igual forma las estaciones con mayores valores de oxígeno disuelto y menores valores en temperatura y conductividad reportaron las mayores abundancias de tricópteros. Los tricópteros evidenciaron preferencias por microhábitats específicos, variación en su composición de acuerdo con los periodos climáticos y respuesta a los niveles de polución del río. Se recomienda complementar estos estudios con ciclos anuales y aumentar el gradiente altitudinal para conocer aspectos de su distribución.

The aquatic insects are important bioindicators of water quality in rivers and streams. The order Trichoptera is part of this group, plays an important role in aquatic systems and because of the multiple functions they fulfill, it is essential to know about their biodiversity. This study aimed to know the Trichoptera composition, and its spatial and temporal distribution, in close relationship with the available microhabitats, and some physical and chemical variables, in the middle and lower sections of the Manzanares river basin (Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia). A total of eight microhabitats were sampled in three sites from August 2002 to February 2003, and during the rainy and dry seasons. A total sample of 3 316 Trichoptera larvae were collected, belonging to 10 family and 14 genera; six of these genera and one family are new records for the Magdalena department. The caddisflies presented the greatest abundance and richness on leaves in pool, leave in riffles and stones in riffle, where Nectopsyche (28%), Leptonema (17%) and Smicridea (15%) were the more predominant genus. Structure and composition of Trichoptera genus in each site changed in function to the rainfall pattern, and physical and chemical variables presented in the basin, showing the lowest abundance and richness during high rainfall period (October and November), and the greatest abundance and richness in low rainfall period (December, January and February). Likewise, stations with higher values of dissolved oxygen and lower in temperature and conductivity reported the greatest abundance of Trichoptera. The Trichoptera showed affinity to the specific microhabitats, variations in their composition in relationship whit climatic periods and pollution levels of the river. To know others aspects about the Trichoptera distribution, we recommended continuing these studies including annual cycles and increasing the altitudinal gradients.

El presente listado taxonómico y de distribución de tricópteros inmaduros corresponde al material biológico depositado en la Colección Zoológica de la Universidad del Tolima- CZUT-Ma. Se registraron 14 de las 15 familias y 35 de los 45 géneros reportados para Colombia. Las familias más abundantes fueron Hydropsychidae, Hydroptilidae, Leptoceridae, y los géneros, Smicridea, Leptonema y Hydroptila. Con relación a la distribución altitudinal, los géneros con los mayores rangos de distribución fueron Neotrichia, Leucotrichia y Smicridea, recolectados desde los 244 m hasta los 3.533 m. Con el fin de establecer las relaciones entre los géneros de Trichoptera y las zonas de vida, se hizo un análisis de correspondencia cuyos resultados permitieron identificar que la mayor riqueza específica de este grupo faunístico en el departamento del Tolima se concentró en las zonas de vida correspondientes a bosque seco tropical, bosque húmedo premontano y bosque húmedo montano bajo.

This taxonomic list of the Trichoptera larvae references data from the Zoological Voucher Collection at Universidad del Tolima, Colombia (Colección Zoológica de la Universidad del Tolima - CZUT-Ma). This collection includes 14 families and 35 genera of Trichoptera (out of the 15 families and 45 genera currently registered in Colombia). The most abundant families were Hydropsychidae, Hydroptilidae and Leptoceridae. The most abundant genera were Smicridea, Leptonema and Hydroptila. Regarding altitudinal distribution of the taxa found in the collection, Neotrichia, Leucotrichia and Smicridea exhibited the widest distribution, since they were found from 244m to 3533m. Results from a correspondence analysis performed on the taxa vs Holdridge life zones data, revealed that the highest species richness of the order Trichoptera in Tolima (Colombia) concentrated in the tropical dry forest, wet pre-mountain forest and lower wet mountain forest zones.

OBJETIVOS: Neste estudo a diversidade de comunidades de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera e Coleoptera foi analisada em riachos da Bacia do Rio Toropi, localizada em uma região de encosta, no extremo sul do Brasil. A influência de alguns fatores abióticos sobre os gêneros mais frequentes também foi analisada. MÉTODOS: As coletas foram realizadas em 40 locais, em riachos de 1ª a 4ª ordem, ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal curto (70-500 m), com amostrador Surber. Fatores físico-químicos da água, bem como o tipo de substrato, foram medidos em cada local. RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 5320 exemplares foram coletados, atribuídos a 18 famílias e 52 gêneros. Os tricópteros Austrotinodes, Celaenotrichia e um elmídeo não descrito, Gênero M, são ocorrências novas no estado. O tricóptero Smicridea foi o gênero mais freqüente na área de estudo como um todo. Os efemerópteros Camelobaetidius, Paracloeodes e Americabaetis foram influenciados pela ordem dos rios. Smicridea foi relacionado com a alta temperatura do ar, enquanto o efemeróptero Thraulodes foi influenciado pelo aumento da condutividade elétrica. CONCLUSÕES: A alta diversidade encontrada na região estudada, comparada a de outras regiões brasileiras, é resultado da heterogeneidade ambiental da região de amostragem. Estes dados mostram que rios da encosta do Planalto Meridional são áreas que devem ser preservadas, pois possuem uma rica comunidade de insetos aquáticos.

AIMS: In this study, the diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera communities was surveyed in the Toropi River basin, a watershed localized in a slope region, in southernmost Brazil. The influence of some local abiotic factors on the most common genera was also analyzed. METHODS: Samplings were conducted at 40 sites in 1st-4th order streams, along a short elevation gradient (70-500 m), with a Surber sampler. Water physico-chemical factors, as well as substrate type, were obtained at each site. RESULTS: At all, 5,320 specimens were collected, belonging to 18 families and 52 genera. The caddisflies Austrotinodes and Celaenotrichia, and an undescribed Elmidae, Genus M, are new records for the region. The caddisfly Smicridea was the most frequent genus in the study area. The mayflies Camelobaetidius, Paracloeodes and Americabaetis were influenced by stream order. Smicridea was related to air temperature, while the mayfly Thraulodes was influenced by high levels of electrical conductivity. CONCLUSIONS: The high diversity found in the study area, compared to other Brazilian regions, reflects the environmental heterogeneity in the region. These data show that hydrographic basins in slope areas from extreme Southern Brazil sustain high levels of diversity of aquatic insect communities.

Los aspectos morfológicos y de comportamiento de insectos permiten agruparlos en gremios, y representar la dependencia de la comunidad lotica hacia recursos alimentarios particulares. Se evaluó los hábitos alimentarios de organismos inmaduros de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera y Trichoptera (EPT) de la parte media del río Gaira (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia), por medio del análisis del contenido estomacal. Se identificaron 13 géneros de EPT, pero solo a diez de éstos se les revisó el contenido estomacal, para un total de 100 organismos analizados. Se describieron seis ítems alimentarios: restos animales (RA), tejido de plantas vasculares (TPV), Microalgas (MA), hongos (HN), materia orgánica particulada gruesa (MOPG) y materia orgánica particulada fina (MOPF). Baetodes se registró como Recolector-Raspador, ya que su principal ítem alimentario fue MOPF (46.6%) seguido de HN (38.4%). Chimarra, Leptohyphes, Thraulodes y Lachlania, se categorizaron como Recolectores con proporciones promedio de 86.8%, 93.1%, 93.1% y 93.7% de MOPF, respectivamente. En los géneros Phylloicus, Leptonema y Smicridea se observó principalmente TPV y MOPG con 76.3%, 54,6% y 62.4% junto con proporciones de MOPF de 22.3%, 38.8% y 32.9%, respectivamente. Categorizado como Detritívoro, Phylloicus es funcionalmente clasificado como Fragmentador y Leptonema y Smicridea como Recolectores. Los géneros Anacroneuria y Atopsyche fueron clasificados como Depredadores y fueron los únicos taxones en los que se observó RA en altas proporciones (57.9% y 58.2%). Nuestro estudio sugiere que los organismos examinados ingieren una amplia variabilidad de recursos.

Feeding habits of immature individuals of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera from middle reaches of a tropical mountain stream. Morphological and behavioral aspects of insects allow their grouping in trophic guilds and represent their dependence on food resources. We determined the feeding habits of immature organisms of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) from the middle reaches of Gaira stream (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia), using gut content analysis. We identified 13 EPT genera, but only ten were analyzed for a total of 100 organisms. We describe six food items: animal parts (AP), vascular plant tissue (VPT), microalgae (M), fungi (F), coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). Baetodes was determined to be a collector-scraper, since FPOM represented 46.6% of food content, followed by F (38.4%). Chimarra, Leptohyphes, Lachlania, and Thraulodes were categorized as collectors with average proportions of FPOM 86.8%, 93.1%, 93.1% and 93.7%, respectively. Phylloicus, Smicridea and Leptonema were main consumers of VPT and CPOM with proportions of 76.3%, 54.6%, and 62.4%, respectively; while ratios of FPOM were 22.3%, 38.8%, and 32.9%, respectively. While all are detritivores, Phylloicus is functionally classified as shredders and Smicridea and Leptonema as collectors. Atopsyche and Anacroneuria were the only taxa in which AP were observed in high proportions, 57.9% and 58.2%, respectively, for that reason they were classified as predators. The organisms examined consume a wide variability of resources. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 169-178. Epub 2014 April 01.

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da urbanização sobre a ocorrência e distribuição de insetos aquáticos das ordens Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (EPT) em seis riachos subtropicais; MÉTODOS: Os organismos foram coletados com um amostrador Surber, durante os anos 2005 e 2006, abrangendo dois ciclos hidrológicos. Foram analisados os valores de abundância, riqueza taxonômica, diversidade Shannon-Wiener e equitabilidade de Pielou. Uma Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) foi aplicada para avaliar a variabilidade ambiental dos riachos. Uma Análise de Correspondência Canônica (ACC) foi realizada para avaliar os possíveis efeitos das variáveis ambientais sobre os organismos; RESULTADOS: A ACP ordenou os riachos de acordo com sua qualidade, sendo que os riachos Suzana e Nadua apresentaram maiores concentrações de nutrientes. Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) foi a família com maior número de gêneros, 18. Perissophlebiodes Savage, 1983 e Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 foram os gêneros mais frequentes. Anacroneuria Klapálek, 1909 foi o mais abundante dentre os plecópteros coletados e Smicridea Mclachlan, 1871 foi dominante para Trichoptera. A ACC demonstrou que as variáveis pH, condutividade elétrica e velocidade de correnteza foram positivamente correlacionadas ao 1° eixo, enquanto que oxigênio dissolvido foi negativamente correlacionadas o eixo 1; CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram que a distribuição dos insetos aquáticos é afetada por alterações físicas e químicas causadas por atividades urbanas. No entanto, os níveis de perturbação não são suficientemente severos para causar a eliminação de EPT.

AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of urban environments on the distribution and occurrence of aquatic Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) insects in six urban subtropical streams; METHODS: Organisms were collected with a Surber sampler in 2005 and 2006, over two hydrological cycles. We analyzed abundance values, taxonomic richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity and Pielou's evenness. A principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental variability of streams. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to evaluate the possible effects of environmental variables; RESULTS: The PCA ordered the streams according to their quality, and Suzana and Nadau streams had higher concentrations of nutrients. The Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) was the family with the highest number of genera (18). Perissophlebiodes Savage, 1983, and Americabaetis Kluge, 1992, were the most common genera. Anacroneuria Klapálek, 1909, was the most abundant Pleocoptera, and Smicridea McLachlan, 1871, was the dominant Trichoptera genus. In the CCA, pH, electrical conductivity and stream velocity were positively correlated with axis 1, whereas dissolved oxygen was negatively correlated with axis 1; CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the distribution of EPT in urban streams is affected by changes in water physicochemical characteristics. However, these changes are not sufficiently severe to cause the elimination of EPT.

Los ríos varían espacial y temporalmente en sus características físicas, comunidades biológicas y procesos, su estudio es complejo dada su heterogeneidad, aspecto que motivó a realizar esta investigación durante 2010, encaminada a determinar la composición y estructura de macroinvertebrados teniendo en cuenta diferentes sustratos en un gradiente altitudinal en corrientes andinas. Se registraron 74 taxones distribuidos en 42 familias y 13 órdenes. Las familias más abundantes fueron Chironomidae (Diptera), Leptohyphidae, Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae (Ephemeroptera), Hydropsychidae y Glossosomatidae (Trichoptera). La densidad media de macroinvertebrados acuáticos no mostró diferencias significativas entre estaciones y entre sustratos (P > 0,05, U de Mann-Whitney). Se evidenciaron diferencias en el ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados de acuerdo con el tipo de sustrato, pero no a nivel de tramos; posteriormente, se revelaron diferencias significativas entre arena - grava/guijarro, y arena - roca (ANOSIM, R = 0.3894, P < 0,01), pero no entre las corrientes evaluadas (ANOSIM, R = 0.95, P > 0,05). La diversidad de Shannon Wiener (H) fue significativamente más baja en el sustrato arena con respecto a los de roca y grava/guijarro (U de Mann-Whitney: Zobs = -2,8 y Zobs = -3,2, respectivamente; P < 0,05), mientras que entre estaciones no se registraron diferencias significativas (U de Mann-Whitney: P > 0,05). A nivel altitudinal los taxones Chironominae, Orthocladiinae, Tanypodinae, Baetodes, Camelobaetidius, Leptohyphes, Thraulodes y Smicridea se registraron en todas las estaciones.

Rivers change spatially and temporally in their physical properties and processes and biological communities. Their study is complex because of their heterogeneity, aspect that motivated to do this research in 2010, aimed to determine the composition and structure of macroinvertebrates, taking into account different substrates through an altitudinal gradient in Andean streams. There were 74 taxa distributed in 42 families and 13 orders. The most abundant families were Chironomidae (Diptera), Leptohyphidae, Leptophlebiidae, Baetidae (Ephemeroptera), Hydropsychidae and Glossosomatidae (Trichoptera). The average density of aquatic macroinvertebrates showed no significant differences between seasons and between substrates (P > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U). There were differences in the macroinvertebrate assemblages according to the type of substrate, but not at the level of river sections; subsequently revealed significant differences were later shown between Sand-Gravel / Pebble, and Sand - Rock (ANOSIM , R = 0.3894, P < 0.01), but not between streams evaluated (ANOSIM, R = 0.95, P > 0.05). Shannon-Wiener diversity (H) was significantly lower in the sandy substrate with respect to the substrates rock and gravel / pebble (Mann-Whitney U: Zobs = -2.8 and Zobs = -3.2, respectively; P < 0.05), while between stations there was no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U: P > 0.05). Altitudinally Chironominae, Orthocladiinae, Tanypodinae, Baetodes, Camelobaetidius, Leptohyphes, Thraulodes and Smicridea were recorded in all stations.