Resumen La cuenca baja del río Acre se ubica en una zona de deforestación con la implementación de pastizales para ganado vacuno en suelos susceptibles a la erosión y clima ecuatorial. La existencia de mataderos y ganado vacuno en el municipio de Boca do Acre, en el estado de Amazonas, es uno de los problemas vinculados a la deforestación en la Amazonía brasileña. Ante este escenario, se presentó una estimación de las pérdidas de suelo con la aplicación de la Ecuación Universal en un sistema de información geográfica. En la metodología, se desarrolló una base de datos con información vectorizada para extraer las áreas de tipos de suelo y cobertura del suelo, incluyendo el análisis espacial de pendientes extraído del modelo digital de elevación. Como resultado del análisis de las áreas por geoprocesamiento y vectorización, se obtuvieron los cálculos de las parcelas de erosión a través de tablas con los parámetros adoptados por los referentes científicos. Se encontró que el 60% de la pérdida de suelo ocurre en el área agrícola en el 11% del territorio de la cuenca, siendo predominantemente en áreas de asentamientos rurales en el estado de Acre. Como resultado de la estimación, la pérdida de suelo en la cuenca baja del río Acre fue de 386.422 t/ha/año, con una producción de 46 millones de toneladas de sedimentos por año.

Abstract The Lower Acre River Basin is located in an area of deforestation with the implementation of pastures for beef cattle ranching in soils susceptible to erosion and equatorial climate. The existence of slaughterhouses and beef cattle in the municipality of Boca do Acre, in the state of Amazonas, is one of the problems linked to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Given this scenario, an estimate of soil losses was presented with the application of the Universal Equation in a geographic information system. In the methodology, a database was elaborated with vectorized information for the extraction of the areas of the types of soils and land cover, including the spatial analysis of slopes extracted from the digital elevation model. Due to the analysis of the areas by geoprocessing occurring by vectorization, the calculations of the erosion plots were obtained through tables with the parameters adopted by the scientific references. It was found that 60% of the soil loss occurs in the area of agriculture in 11% of the territory of the watershed, being predominantly in areas of rural settlements of the state of Acre. As a result of the estimate, soil loss in the Lower Acre River Basin was 386,422 t/ha/year, with a production of 46 million tons of sediment per year.

Resumo A Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre está localizada em uma área de desflorestamento com implantação de pastagens para pecuária de corte em solos suscetíveis à erosão e clima equatorial. A existência de abatedouros e pecuária de corte implantada no município de Boca do Acre, no Amazonas, é um dos problemas vinculados ao desmatamento da Amazônia Brasileira. Diante desse cenário, foi apresentada uma estimativa de perdas de solo com aplicação da Equação Universal em sistema de informação geográfica. Na metodologia, foi elaborado um banco de dados com informações vetorizadas para extração das áreas dos tipos de solos e cobertura da terra, incluindo a análise espacial de declividades extraídas do modelo digital de elevação. Em decorrência da análise das áreas pelo geoprocessamento ocorrer pela vetorização, foram obtidos os cálculos das parcelas de erosão através de tabelas com os parâmetros adotados pelas referências científicas. Foi constatado que 60% da perda de solo ocorrem na área de agricultura em 11% do território da bacia hidrográfica, sendo predominantemente em áreas de assentamentos rurais do estado do Acre. Como resultado da estimativa, a perda de solos na Bacia do Baixo Rio Acre foi de 386.422 t/ha/ano, com uma produção de 46 milhões de toneladas de sedimentos por ano.

Resumen La carretera Puyo-Tena es propensa a deslizamientos de tierra debido a la geodinámica, geomorfología y materiales geológicos de la zona (afloramientos y estratos inestables). En los últimos años, este problema ha provocado de forma persistente la inutilización parcial o total de la carretera en numerosas ocasiones. El objetivo de la investigación fue generar un modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos a partir de variables como la pendiente, las formaciones geológicas, la cobertura y uso de la tierra, así como las distancias a fallas, carretera y ríos. El grado de incidencia de deslizamientos se estimó como la combinación lineal de las variables ponderadas mediante el proceso de jerarquía analítica. La importancia de este método semicuantitativo radica en su capacidad para desagregar un problema de decisión complejo en un modelo de decisión más simple y coherente. El modelo cartográfico resultante se reclasificó en cinco categorías de susceptibilidad: muy baja, baja, moderada, alta y muy alta. Los resultados mostraron que 17 km de los 80 km de la carretera Puyo-Tena tienen una alta probabilidad a deslizamientos, lo que equivale a 21,25% de la carretera. Además, dentro de este porcentaje, se determinó que existen quince regiones con alta probabilidad de deslizamientos debido a su ubicación en zonas con fuertes pendientes, litología porosa y permeable, gran cantidad de ríos y suelos agrícolas. Para la verificación del modelo se utilizó el área bajo la curva (en inglés AUC) de la característica operativa del receptor (en inglés ROC). Los resultados de la verificación mostraron que el modelo cartográfico para el área de estudio tiene un valor de precisión de 83,7%. El modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos permitirá tomar las decisiones pertinentes para mitigar eventos potenciales que puedan poner en peligro a transportistas, bienes materiales y residentes de la zona.

Abstract The Puyo-Tena roadway is prone to landslides due to the geodynamics, geomorphology, and geological materials of the area (unstable outcrops and strata). In recent years, this problem has persistently caused the road to be partially or completely disabled on numerous occasions. The objective of the research was to generate a cartographic model of landslides susceptibility based on variables such as slope, geological formations, land cover and land use, as well as distances to faults, road, and rivers. The degree of landslides incidence was estimated as the linear combination of the weighted variables using the analytic hierarchy process. The importance of this semi-quantitative method lies in its ability to break down a complex decision problem into a simpler and more coherent decision model. The resulting cartographic model was classified into five susceptibility categories: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The results showed that 17 km out of the 80 km of the Puyo-Tena roadway have a high probability of landslides, which is equivalent to 21.25% of the road. Furthermore, within this percentage, it was determined that there are fifteen regions with a high probability of landslides due to their location in areas with steep slopes, porous and permeable lithology, a large number of rivers, and agricultural soils. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used for model verification. The verification results showed that the cartographic model for the study area has an accuracy value of 83.7%. The cartographic model of landslide susceptibility will enable relevant decisions to be made to mitigate potential hazards that may endanger transporters, material goods, and residents of the area.

Abstract ATK was investigated to ascertain its IE(%) on ASTM A36 MS corrosion in a HCl medium. This was possible through the use of WL, Td, Tm, PDP, EIS and SEM techniques. It was observed from all experimental results that, through adsorption onto the MS surface, ATK mitigated active corrosion sites. CR was seen to decrease with increased inhibitor Ct from 197.6 to 19.3 mg/hr-1/cm2. IE(%) of ATK, which rose from 50 to 90.2%, with a corresponding increase in Ct, from 150 to 750 ppm, was more improved by PPQ than by ATS addition. An increase in Rct, up from 346 to 1153 Ω/cm2, and a decrease in icorr, from 312.2 to 64.4 mA, were observed, with higher Ct of ATK, which indicated reduced anodic dissolution and better CI. A mixed type CI was deduced from Tafel slopes of PDP results. A physical adsorption mechanism was proposed, while, in Td terms, ATK exhibited a stable and spontaneous reaction mechanism.

Geotechnical engineers are routinely tasked with advising suitable stand-off distances below high-risk sections of slopes in open-pit mines that are identified to have potential to deform or collapse. Accurate prediction of failed material runout can mean the difference between continuous safe mining and unwanted high-potential incidents that result in loss of production, equipment damage, injury, or loss of life. This paper updates previous empirical relationships presented by the authors for estimating the volume and runout distance of excavated slope failures, in an open-pit mine operation, using slope geometry as the primary predictor. Cases are sourced from varying slope geometries (fall heights up to 385 m, slope angles up to 80°) and a range of commodities (iron ore, coal, nickel, gold, copper, boron, and limestone), excavated in sedimentary, banded-sedimentary, epithermal, and copper-porphyry deposits, across all six inhabited continents. Analysis of these cases identified positive correlations between slope height and runout distance, and slope height and failed material volume. In general, negative correlations were identified between Fahrböschung angle and slope height, and Fahrböschung angle and failed material volume; however, significant scatter is observed in these datasets. A definitive relationship could not be derived comparing Fahrböschung angle with failed material runout. Slope angle was also found to be a poor indicator of runout. Of the parameters analysed, slope height (i.e., fall height) was found to be the simplest and best predictor of runout distance. This paper presents new charts for predicting failed material runout distance for rock slopes. Relationships are defined for structurally and rock-mass driven slope failure mechanisms at average, 75%, and 95% prediction intervals.

Resumo O estudo fundamenta-se em uma análise geral das geociências do colapso nos campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, na cidade de Juan C. Bonilla, México. A técnica de sensoriamento remoto é aplicada no desenvolvimento, permitindo a interpretação de combinações de bandas e a determinação da geometria, geologia, geomorfologia e cartografia do local. É apresentada uma análise resumida do trabalho realizado, além de modelos de simulação do gasto hidrológico e da aceleração da água nos taludes estruturais de escoamento. Esses dados foram utilizados para o mapeamento final e a modelagem gráfica. Foi realizado um estudo geomorfológico, geológico e topográfico do local, utilizando técnicas telemétricas aéreas e de satélite. Também foi utilizado um software especializado para levantamentos geodésicos e mapeamento em modelos 2D e 3D da área de análise. Os levantamentos do local foram realizados com o objetivo de conhecer o formato da estrutura e identificar áreas de risco potencial para a população próxima ao colapso. Foram obtidas ortofotos para calcular e determinar a inclinação por distância-elevação, aceleração-altura, fluxo de água e força, o que serviu para concluir as possíveis causas que levaram ao colapso e para ter dados técnicos suficientes que foram compartilhados com as autoridades de proteção civil.

Abstract This paper presents a general analysis from the geosciences of structural collapses. The analysis was conducted in the crop fields of Santa María Zacatepec, in the city of Juan C. Bonilla, Mexico. The analysis implemented the Remote Sensing technique, facilitating the interpretation of band combinations and determining the geometry, geology, geomorphology and cartography of the site under study. A summary analysis of the work performed is presented, in addition to showing simulation models of the hydrological outflow and water acceleration in the runoff structural slopes, data that were used for the final mapping and graphic modeling. A geomorphological, geological, and topographical study of the site was conducted, using satellite and aerial telemetric techniques. Specialized software was also used for geodetic surveys, mapping in 2D and 3D models of the analysis area. Surveys of the site were carried out to determine the shape of the structure and identify potentially risk areas for the population near the collapse events. Orthophotos were obtained to calculate and determine the slope by distance-elevation, acceleration-height, water flow and force, which served to conclude the possible causes that led to the collapses and have sufficient technical data that were shared with the civil protection authorities.

Resumen El trabajo se basa en un análisis general desde las geociencias del colapso en los campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, de la ciudad Juan C. Bonilla. En el desarrollo se aplica la técnica de Percepción Remota, permitiendo interpretar combinaciones de bandas y determinar la geometría, geología, geomorfología y cartografía del sitio. Se presenta un análisis resumido del trabajo que se realizó, además de mostrar modelos de simulación del gasto hidrológico y la aceleración del agua en las pendientes estructurales de escorrentía, datos que se usaron para la cartografía y modelado gráfico finales. Se realizó un estudio geomorfológico, geológico y topográfico del lugar, con técnicas telemétricas satelitales y aéreas; también se utilizó software especializado que se aplicó para levantamientos geodésicos, realizando cartografía en modelos 2D y 3D del área de análisis. Las prospecciones del lugar se realizaron con el objetivo de conocer la forma de la estructura e identificar áreas potencialmente riesgosas para la población cercana al colapso. Se obtuvieron ortofotos para calcular y determinar la pendiente por distanciaelevación, la aceleración-altura, el gasto y la fuerza del agua; que sirvió para concluir las posibles causas que ocasionaron el colapso, y contar con datos técnicos suficientes que se compartieron con las autoridades de protección civil.

Abstract Background: In tropical pines forest, fire favors the maintenance of biodiversity. Hypotheses: Fires favor tree regeneration; the increase in fire severity and topography affect forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration. Study site and dates: A tropical pine forest in El Fresno, Morelos, one year after a fire. Methods: Forest structure, composition and tree regeneration were evaluated in 13 plots in an unburned forest and in 45 of 500 m2 plots affected by low, medium, and high fire severity. Results: We registered 4,727 trees, 1,134 dead trees and 2,130 resprouts from 11 species in eight families: three species were seeders, and seven species were resprouters. The highest abundance of recruits was registered in the low fire severity: > 98 % were Pinus pringlei (Pinaceae) seedlings. The highest abundance of resprouters was registered in the high severity: > 72 % were Quercus spp (Fagaceae) resprouts. With the increase in fire severity, basal area and tree cover decreased. At higher altitudes, there was a higher density of adult trees and juveniles while at places with higher slopes, a higher basal area of dead trees was registered. Conclusions: The fire event increased regeneration and changed forest composition. In medium fire severity, the density of pine seedlings increased while high fire severity favored oak resprouts.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En los bosques tropicales de pino, los incendios propician el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad. Hipótesis: Los incendios favorecen la regeneración natural; el aumento en la severidad de incendio y la topografía afectan la estructura, composición y regeneración del bosque. Sitio y años de estudio: El bosque tropical de pino en El Fresno, Morelos un año después de un incendio. Métodos: La estructura, composición y regeneración se evaluaron en 13 parcelas en un bosque no quemado y en 45 parcelas de 500 m2 que experimentaron severidad de incendio baja, media y alta. Además, la estructura del bosque antes del incendio se reconstruyó incluyendo a los árboles muertos. Resultados: Se registraron 4,727 individuos vivos, 1,134 muertos y 2,130 rebrotes de 11 especies en ocho familias: tres especies son reclutadoras y siete rebrotadoras. La mayor abundancia de plántulas se registró en la severidad media: > 98 % fueron plántulas de Pinus pringlei (Pinaceae). La mayor abundancia de rebrotes se registró en la severidad alta: > 72 % fueron rebrotes de Quercus spp. (Fagaceae). El aumento en la severidad de incendio disminuyó el área basal y la cobertura del dosel. A mayor altitud hubo mayor densidad de árboles adultos y juveniles mientras que en superficies con mayor pendiente se registró un aumento en el área basal de árboles muertos. Conclusiones: El evento de incendio aumentó la regeneración y cambió la composición del bosque. La severidad media de incendio aumentó la densidad de plántulas de pino, mientras que la severidad alta de incendio favoreció el rebrote de encinos.

Resumen: El principal objetivo del presente estudio es estimar los factores de seguridad y la probabilidad de falla planar en los taludes de la Comuna Universitaria de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia). Se realiza un procesamiento estadístico de los datos recolectados durante 14 años de estudios geotécnicos. Se aplica la ecuación de talud infinito en una simulación de Monte Carlo para analizar escenarios típicos de entrada como cohesión, ángulo de fricción, nivel de aguas freáticas e inclinación de estratos con presencia de ceniza y llenos antrópicos. En la simulación se generan 5000 iteraciones para cada variable, obteniendo como resultado la representación de una herramienta para detección de condiciones que generan inestabilidad en los taludes de la comuna. Se concluye que para factores de seguridad aceptables calculados por métodos determinísticos, se pueden tener niveles de amenaza altos en función de probabilidad de falla por lo que los análisis probabilísticos se consideran conservadores y útiles en la detección temprana de desastres.

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to estimate the safety factors and the probability of planar failure in the slopes of the Comuna Universitaria of the city of Manizales (Colombia). Geotechnical data gathered over a period of 14 years is processed statistically. The infinite slope equation is applied through Monte Carlo simulations to assess typical input scenarios including cohesion, friction angle, groundwater level, and inclination of layers with the presence of ash and anthropogenic fills. The simulation involved 5000 iterations for each variable, resulting in a tool for detecting conditions causing instability in the slopes of the Comuna Universitaria. It is concluded that for acceptable safety factors calculated deterministically, it is possible to obtain high risk levels with relation to failure probability function, making probabilistic analyses conservative and useful for early warning detection.

RESUMEN Se prueba un modelo de distancia anisotrópica elaborado en SIG para evaluar costos de desplazamiento en ambientes con topografías abruptas en función de la pendiente y tiempo recorrido (Lucero et al., 2021). Se aplican rangos propuestos (locales, no locales y extrarregionales) para evaluar costos de aprovisionamiento y cambios en el acceso a las fuentes de obsidiana: Arroyo Paramillos y Laguna del Diamante. Se evalúa la distribución de artefactos con análisis geoquímicos asignados a estas fuentes considerando la disponibilidad anual/estacional de sitios a partir de un análisis SIG de cobertura nívea. El decrecimiento de obsidianas sigue tendencias esperables de acuerdo con el fall-off de las fuentes, aunque es asimétrico a uno y otro lado de los Andes. Tendencias espaciales no esperables pueden explicarse por la localización de emplazamientos en umbrales variables de estacionalidad y acceso en función de cambios ambientales, pero también sociales vinculados a la territorialización del espacio.

ABSTRACT An anisotropic GIS distance model based on slope and travel time is tested to evaluate travel costs in environments with steep topographies (Lucero et al. 2021). The proposed ranges (local, non-local and extra-regional) are applied to evaluate supply costs and changes in access to obsidian sources: Arroyo Paramillos and Laguna del Diamante. The distribution of artifacts with geochemical analyzes assigned to these sources is evaluated; annual/seasonal availability of the sites from a snow cover analysis with GIS has also been considered. The decrease in obsidian follows the expected trends according to the decrease in sources, although it is asymmetric on both slopes of the Andes. Unexpected spatial trends can be explained by the location of sites at variable thresholds of seasonality and access depending on environmental changes, but also by social changes associated with the territorializing of space.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar zonas propensas a la ocurrencia de aluviones en la cuenca del río Jáchal (provincia de San Juan, Argentina). La cuenca del río Jáchal abarca una superficie de ~29.000 km2 y un perímetro de ~2.400 km, mientras que el río homónimo se extiende por ~570 km. Es una cuenca de 7° orden, según la clasificación de Strahler, y debido a su extensión regional en este trabajo se subdivide en cuatro subcuencas a partir del 6° orden. Se analizaron, además, diversas características morfométricas de la cuenca y se calcularon algunos parámetros básicos y derivados. Estos cálculos son la base para predecir en forma aproximada el comportamiento de la cuenca ante la presencia de fuertes precipitaciones, lo que se traduce en importantes volúmenes de agua con caudales máximos capaces de generar aluviones significativos. La cuenca posee un carácter torrencial, por lo que ante precipitaciones intensas las condiciones del terreno contribuirían a incrementar el flujo de los ríos principales. Se realizó un inventario de depósitos aluvionales en la zona y se evaluó su relación con las variables condicionantes del terreno. En las zonas de confluencia, los afluentes muestran mayor vigorosidad en sus crecidas que el colector principal, lo que propicia la generación de aluviones. Las zonas más propensas a ser afectadas corresponden a terrenos poco rugosos con pendientes de hasta 15°, concentrados en zonas con bajo contenido de humedad, ubicadas en media ladera y bajada pedemontana orientadas al este, así como zonas bajas de llanuras de inundación y confluencia de tributarios sobre el lecho de los ríos principales. Centros poblados y rutas provinciales y nacionales podrían verse afectadas en caso de eventos aluvionales en la zona.

ABSTRACT The present work aims to determine flash flood occurrence prone areas, in the Jáchal river basin, San Juan Province, Argentina. The Jáchal river basin covers ~29,000 km2 and has a perimeter of ~2,400 km, while the eponymous river extends for nearly 570 km. It is a 7th order basin according to Strahler's classification, subdivided into four 6th order sub-basins. Various morphometric basin characteristics are analysed and some basic and derived parameters are calculated. These calculations allow predicting the basin behaviour due to heavy rainfall, which translates into large volumes of water with peak flows capable of generating significant flash floods. The basin has a torrential character, so in case of intense rainfall the terrain conditions would contribute to increasing the flow of the main rivers. An inventory of alluvial deposits was carried out and their relationship with the conditioning variables of the terrain was evaluated. At the confluence zones, the river tributaries show more intense overflows than the main collector. This promotes the generation of flash floods. The areas most likely to be affected by flash flood events correspond to low-humidity, east-facing slightly rough terrains, with slopes of up to 15° as well as low-lying flood plain sectors, and at the confluence of tributaries with the main rivers. Populated centres and provincial and national routes are prone to be affected by alluvial events in the study area.

ABSTRACT The ordinary least squares (OLS) can be affected by errors associated with heteroscedasticity and outliers, and extreme points can influence the regression parameters. Methods based on the median rather than on the mean and variance are more resistant to outliers and extreme points. These methods could be used to obtain regression parameter estimates that reflect more accurately the genuine relationship between the Y and X variables, leading to better identification of outliers and extreme points by comparing the slopes and intercepts of both methods. The Theil-Sen (TS) regression computes all possible pairwise slopes and determines the median of slopes as the regression slope. Here, we illustrated the potential use of TS and frequently used robust regression (RR) techniques to single linear regression using synthetic datasets and a practical problem in animal science. Three synthetic datasets were created assuming the normal distribution of Y and X values: one was free of outliers, while the other two had one or two clusters of outliers but the same X values. The TS, OLS, and RR had nearly identical regression parameter estimates for the dataset without synthetic outliers. However, the intercept and slope estimates by the OLS method differed considerably from the TS and RR methods when one or two clusters of outliers were included. The TS approach could be used to indirectly determine the presence of outliers or extreme points by comparing the 95 % confidence interval of the TS and OLS parameter estimates. (OLS parameters variables TheilSen Theil Sen (TS Here (RR science values However included 9

ABSTRACT Sturnira, known as the yellow-shouldered bat, has a wide geographical distribution and encompasses 24 distinct species. Within Phyllostomidae, Sturnira is the most diverse, with four species in Brazil: S. lilium, S. magna, S. tildae, and S. giannae. Sturnira species occur on the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjacent Amazonian lowlands, spanning from Colombia to northern Bolivia, the Brazilian Amazon, the southern lowlands of Venezuela, and the Guianas. In the present study the following were investigated: the phylogenetic relationships of Sturnira, employing the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene as a marker; the phylogeography of S. lilium and S. giannae, aiming to elucidate their geographical boundaries and phylogenetic positions; the morphology of S. lilium and S. giannae, and their potential distributions. The results indicate that there are two major clades within Sturnira, one including S. lilium, S. parvidens, and S. bakeri as the sister group of S. giannae, S. luisi, and S. paulsoni, and another clade with the remaining species. Morphological analyses showed that the diagnostic characteristics previously advanced for S. lilium and S. giannae overlap. Our findings expanded the known distribution of S. giannae, and show an area where S. lilium and S. giannae overlap in distribution. This area spans from the south of the state of Mato Grosso to the south of the state of Maranhão; the two species are sympatric in northeast Brazil and syntopic in the Pantanal. The comprehensive species distribution model suggested that the sympatry between S. lilium and S. giannae is notably larger than documented here. yellowshouldered yellow shouldered bat 2 Phyllostomidae diverse S magna tildae Bolivia Amazon Venezuela Guianas investigated marker positions distributions parvidens luisi paulsoni Maranhão Pantanal here

Abstract Murundus fields, also known as covoais, are frequent microreliefs in the Cerrado. These are sets of semicircular elevations that protrude from the surface of the land, rounded or oval, with average dimensions of 70 cm in height and 6 m in diameter. The determinants of its regional spatial distribution are still poorly known. This study aimed to identify the natural determinants of its spatial distribution in the Southwest of Goiás, in the Sedimentary Basin of Paraná. All occurrences of murundus fields identified by the project Mapping of Remnant Murundus Fields in the state of Goiás (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG) were compared with information referring to lithology, geomorphology, NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index), and SMI (Soil Moisture Index). The indices were obtained from SENTINEL 2-A (MSI) and Landsat 8 (OLI and TIRS) orbital images. It was found that murundus fields preferentially occur in the Alluvial Deposits, Cachoeirinha, Detritic-lateritic Covers, and Serra Geral geological units. Murundus fields predominate under slopes of 0 to 8% (flat to gently undulating relief), and in areas with lower drainage density. The NDWI and the SMI indicated that murundus fields are concentrated on wet surfaces, occurring less frequently in saturated/very wet areas and in moderate humidity, dry, and very dry surfaces. covoais Cerrado land oval 7 diameter Paraná SEMADGO/LAPIGUFG SEMADGOLAPIGUFG SEMAD GO/LAPIG UFG GO LAPIG (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG lithology geomorphology Normalized Index, Index , Index) Soil Index. . 2A A 2 MSI (MSI OLI TIRS images Deposits Cachoeirinha Detriticlateritic Detritic lateritic Covers units flat relief, relief relief) density surfaces saturatedvery saturated humidity SEMADGO LAPIGUFG GOLAPIG

Resumo Os campos de murundus, também conhecidos como covoais, são microrrelevos frequentes no Cerrado. Trata-se conjuntos de elevações semicirculares que sobressaem da superfície do terreno, arredondadas ou ovais, com dimensões médias de 70 cm de altura e 6 m de diâmetro. Encontram-se associados a áreas úmidas e vêm sendo impactados pela expansão agropecuária. Os condicionantes de sua distribuição espacial regional são ainda pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar fatores naturais condicionantes de sua distribuição espacial no SO de Goiás, na Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná. Todas as ocorrências de campos de murundus identificadas pelo projeto Mapeamento dos Remanescentes de Campos de Murundus no Estado de Goiás (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG) foram comparadas com informações referentes à litologia, à geomorfologia, ao NDWI (Índice de Diferença Normalizada da Água) e ao SMI (Índice de Umidade do Solo). Os índices foram obtidos por imagens orbitais SENTINEL 2-A (MSI) e Landsat 8 (OLI e TIRS). Constatou-se que os campos de murundus ocorrem preferencialmente nas unidades Depósitos Aluvionares, Cachoeirinha, Coberturas Detrito-Lateríticas e Serra Geral. Predominam sob declividades de 0 a 8%, (relevo plano a suave ondulado) e nas áreas de menor densidade de drenagem. O NDWI e o SMI indicaram que os campos de murundus se concentram em superfícies úmidas, ocorrendo com menor frequência em áreas saturadas/muito úmidas e em áreas de umidade moderada, secas e muito secas. covoais Cerrado Tratase Trata terreno ovais 7 diâmetro Encontramse Encontram agropecuária Paraná SEMADGO/LAPIGUFG SEMADGOLAPIGUFG SEMAD GO/LAPIG UFG GO LAPIG (SEMAD-GO/LAPIG-UFG litologia geomorfologia Índice Água Solo. Solo . Solo) 2A A 2 MSI (MSI OLI TIRS. TIRS TIRS) Constatouse Constatou Aluvionares Cachoeirinha DetritoLateríticas Detrito Lateríticas Geral 8% relevo ondulado drenagem saturadasmuito saturadas moderada SEMADGO LAPIGUFG GOLAPIG

Abstract Some foundations are placed on or near slopes or excavations, such as roads in mountainous areas, tower footings for power lines, and bridge abutments. The design of foundation under these conditions is complex and the studies available in this regard are limited and concerned mostly about the determination of the reduction of the bearing capacity coefficients associated with the presence of the slope except for Meyerhof who was a pioneer in developing a theory in 1957 to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a foundation near a slope. However, the theory was independent of the slope inclination. In this study, we attempted to numerical modeling of the behavior of a shallow foundation using the finite element technique together with Plaxis 8.2 software to simulate the case of a foundation near a slope, in terms of examining the bearing capacity of the foundation for given slope features, soil characteristics and geometry conditions located near a slope subjected to a centered and / or eccentric load. The results obtained confirm that the position of the eccentricity of the load relative to the head of the slope has a significant effect on the bearing capacity. Indeed, it becomes larger when the eccentricity is located far from the crest of the slope. Thus, the bearing capacity of a footing subjected to a centered load (e/B = 0) is greater than that of the same footing subjected to an eccentric load (e/B = 0.1). It is noted that the results obtained from the present study are in good agreement with those of the literature. excavations areas lines abutments 195 However inclination 82 8 2 8. features Indeed Thus e/B eB e B 0 0.1. 01 0.1 . 1 0.1) literature 19 0.

ABSTRACT The partial or complete loss of vegetation cover triggers an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and sedimentation of water bodies, including reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, reducing their life expectancy. To control or mitigate this issue, ecological restoration interventions should prioritize the recovery of areas most vulnerable to these processes, such as springs. Conversely, wildfires cause damage to vegetation cover and hinder ecological restoration and/or natural regeneration processes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify - with the aid of Geographic Information Systems - the temporal and spatial likelihood of fire occurrences in spring recharge areas undergoing ecological restoration and contributing to hydroelectric reservoirs in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings indicated that the months with the highest probability of wildfire occurrences were August and September (accounting for 66% of cases), requiring increased attention to prevention efforts. Furthermore, locations most susceptible to fires (steeper slopes, more flammable vegetation, and higher anthropogenic use) should be treated as priorities for both prevention and ecological restoration actions. runoff erosion bodies generation expectancy issue processes springs Conversely andor Therefore Gerais Brazil accounting 66 cases, cases , cases) efforts Furthermore steeper slopes use actions 6

RESUMO A perda parcial ou total da cobertura vegetal desencadeia um aumento do escoamento superficial, erosão e assoreamento de corpos hídricos, entre eles os reservatórios para a geração de energia hidroelétrica, reduzindo sua expectativa de vida útil. Para tentar controlar ou corrigir este problema, intervenções de restauração ecológica devem priorizar a recuperação de áreas mais frágeis a estes processos, como as nascentes. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de incêndios promove danos à cobertura vegetal e inibem os processos de restauração ecológica e/ou regeneração natural. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar - com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - a época mais provável e os locais mais susceptíveis aos incêndios, em áreas de recarga de nascentes sob processo de restauração ecológica e que são contribuintes de reservatórios hidroelétricos no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os meses de maior probabilidade de ocorrências de incêndios florestais foram agosto e setembro (66% dos casos), o que exigirá maior atenção quando das ações de prevenção. Bem assim, que os locais mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de incêndios (maior inclinação, vegetação mais inflamável e maior uso antrópico) necessitarão ser tratados como prioritários, tanto para ações de prevenção quanto de restauração ecológica. superficial hídricos hidroelétrica útil problema lado eou natural forma Gerais Brasil 66% 66 (66 casos, casos , casos) assim inclinação antrópico prioritários 6 (6 (

Abstract The state of Espirito Santo is the most important producer and exporter of ornamental quarry stone. In its various quarries, it uses bench heights that range from 5, 20, 50 and 100 meters. The high altitudes raise concerns about the stability of the slopes. Therefore, the study focuses on determining the value of the safety factor (SF) for these heights using the limit equilibrium method. To make this possible, the values of simple uniaxial compression, Geological Strength Index (GSI), the disturbance factor, and intact rock parameter must be obtained. To obtain the GSI, it is necessary to establish a correlation with the Rock Mass Rating, the values of which are determined using a scan line. The uniaxial compression values were treated statistically, obtaining classes at 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 Mpa. The 2D slide software was used to obtain the SF values for the respective heights. With the results obtained, these rocks do not present stability problems. The correct choice of GSI is of paramount importance for a good analysis, as it directly affects the results. Using this technique to determine safety factors is appropriate, but it is necessary to analyze more robust methods to compare the results. stone quarries 5 20 10 meters slopes Therefore (SF method possible , (GSI) obtained Rating line statistically 75 125 150 175 Mpa D problems analysis appropriate 2 1 (GSI 7 12 15 17