ABSTRACT Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between blood pressure and intraocular pressure in treatmentnaive, non-glaucoma patients with different blood pressure statuses, focusing on the 24-h ocular volume and nocturnal blood pressure decline. Methods: Treatment-naive, non-glaucoma patients undergoing hypertension evaluation were enrolled as study participants. Simultaneous 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement and 24-h ocular volume recording with a contact lens sensor. We also compared ocular volume curve parameters between normotensive and hypertensive patients, as well as between those with and without nocturnal blood pressure decline. Results: A total of 21 patients, including 7 normotensive and 14 treatment-naive hypertensive individuals, were included in the study. of them, 11 were dippers and 10 were non-dippers. No significant difference in the 24-h ocular volume slope was observed between the hypertensive and normotensive patients (p=0.284). However, dippers had a significantly higher 24-h ocular volume slope (p=0.004) and nocturnal contact lens sensor output (p=0.041) than non-dippers. Conclusion: Nocturnal blood pressure decline, rather than the blood pressure level, is associated with the increased 24-h ocular volume slope and nocturnal ocular volume. Further studies are required to determine whether the acceleration of glaucoma progression in dippers is primarily due to low blood pressure, high intraocular pressure, or a combination of both. Purpose treatmentnaive nonglaucoma non statuses 24h h 24 decline Methods Treatmentnaive, Treatmentnaive Treatment naive, naive Treatment-naive participants Results 2 1 treatment individuals them nondippers. nondippers dippers. non-dippers p=0.284. p0284 p p=0.284 . 0 284 (p=0.284) However p=0.004 p0004 004 (p=0.004 p=0.041 p0041 041 (p=0.041 Conclusion level both p028 p=0.28 28 (p=0.284 p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 p=0.04 p004 04 (p=0.04 p02 p=0.2 (p=0.28 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 p0 p=0. (p=0.2 (p=0. p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

Resumen Introducción. La erosión acelerada del suelo es una de las principales causas de la degradación del suelo, que se ve reforzada por las actividades humanas que reducen la cobertura del suelo y aumentan su densidad. Metodologia: Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar y comparar las pérdidas de suelo por erosión, entre áreas con agricultura convencional y vegetación natural en el sitio Potós ubicado en la zona rural del municipio de Ubajara, Ceará, Brasil. Resultados. Para monitorear la erosión, se instalan nueve pines de erosión en cada tratamiento, distribuidos en forma triangular, en el sentido de la pendiente, entre las hileras de plantas. El monitoreo se realizará mensualmente durante los años 2020 y 2021. Las pérdidas mensuales varían entre 0 y 948,73 Mg ha-1 mes, siendo las mayores en los meses más lluviosos, registrándose las mayores pérdidas en el año de mayor precipitación total acumulada.

Abstract Introduction. Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major causes of land degradation, which is exacerbated by human activities that reduce soil cover and increase its density. Objective. This study aimed to quantify and compare the levels of soil erosion between areas with conventional agriculture and natural vegetation at the Potós site located in the rural area of the municipality of Ubajara, Ceará, Brazil. Methodology. To monitor erosion, nine erosion pins were installed in each treatment area, arranged in a triangular mesh pattern, in the direction of the slope and between the rows of plants. Monitoring will occur monthly during 2020 and 2021. Results. Monthly losses range from 0 to 948.73 Mg ha-1 month, with the highest losses occurring in the driest months. The greatest losses were recorded in the year with the highest total accumulated precipitation.

Resumo Introdução: A erosão acelerada do solo é uma das principais causas de sua degradação, sendo esta potencializada por atividades antrópicas que reduzem a cobertura do solo e aumentam sua densidade. Objetivo: Ante isso, com o presente estudo objetivou-se quantificar e comparar as perdas de solos por erosão, entre áreas com agricultura convencional e vegetação natural no sítio Potós localizado na zona rural do município de Ubajara, Ceará, Brasil. Metodologia: Para monitorar a erosão foram instalados nove pinos de erosão em cada tratamento, distribuídos em malha triangular, no sentido do declive e entre as fileiras de plantas. O monitoramento ocorreu mensalmente durante os anos de 2020 e 2021. Resultados: As perdas de solos mensais variaram entre 0 e 948,73 Mg ha-1 por mês e foram maiores nos meses mais chuvosos, sendo as maiores perdas registradas no ano com maior precipitação total acumulada.

ABSTRACT. Using geotechnologies has become fundamental for planning the sustainable expansion of agricultural activities, especially fish farming. The objective of this work was to map and carry out the morphological characterization of the hydrographic micro-basins and their physical aspects, such as slope, altimetry, and land use and occupation, and also to quantify and locate the existing excavated ponds in the municipality of Pato Bragado, in Paraná State. Geotechnology tools and images generated by the free software QGIS and Google Earth were used to create maps of the excavated ponds' physical aspects, quantification, classification, and location. The predominant slope in the municipality is gently undulating, and soy plantation uses 42.99% of the municipality's entire area. The mapping located 190 excavated ponds. Depth measurement was not carried out, but rather mapping concerning water depths representing a total area of 47.86 ha of water blade and nine micro-basins within the municipality of Pato Bragado, with only the Arroio Fundo micro-basin covering 47.37% of all existing excavated ponds. The morphometric indicators concluded that the micro-basins present a minimum risk of flooding, which is ideal for use in fish farming. Making the results of this work available to public managers and fish farmers aims to demonstrate the importance of using geotechnologies for sustainable planning to expand aquaculture activities, which, in this case, are focused on fish farming.

Abstract The orthodox view of the effect of trade on GDP per capita assumes greater growth and equity, the heterodox theory refutes the argument and predicts inequitable and divergent results between countries. We resume the discussion using information from 1980 to 2022 in 102 countries, applying a panel data methodology and slope disaggregation. The goal is to test whether trade has adverse effects in lower-income countries and how the effect has changed over time. The results show that trade negatively affects GDP per capita growth mainly through imports, this tends to worsen over time and the impact is greater in poor countries. The main implication is the growing income divergence between nations; the recommendation is that governments and multilateral organizations continue to explore ways to balance and socialize trade. It is concluded that heterodox postulates, such as the vision of Thirlwall on trade, continue to be valid. The originality of the document lies in the disaggregation of results by countries and time blocks, as well as exports and imports.

Resumen La visión ortodoxa del efecto del comercio sobre el PIB per cápita supone mayor crecimiento y equidad, la teoría heterodoxa refuta el argumento y predice resultados inequitativos y divergentes entre países. Reanudamos la discusión utilizando información de 1980 a 2022 en 102 países, aplicando una metodología de datos panel y desagregación de pendientes. El objetivo es probar si el comercio tiene efectos adversos en países de menores ingresos y como el efecto ha cambiado en el tiempo. Los resultados muestran que el comercio afecta negativamente el crecimiento del PIB per cápita principalmente a través de las importaciones, esto tiende a empeorar con el tiempo y el impacto es mayor en países pobres. La principal implicación es la creciente divergencia de ingresos entre las naciones, la recomendación es que gobiernos y organismos multilaterales continúen buscando formas de equilibrar y socializar el comercio. Se concluye que postulados heterodoxos, como la visión de Thirlwall sobre el comercio, continúan teniendo vigencia. La originalidad del documento radica en la desagregación de resultados por países y bloques de tiempo, así como exportaciones e importaciones.

Resumen La carretera Puyo-Tena es propensa a deslizamientos de tierra debido a la geodinámica, geomorfología y materiales geológicos de la zona (afloramientos y estratos inestables). En los últimos años, este problema ha provocado de forma persistente la inutilización parcial o total de la carretera en numerosas ocasiones. El objetivo de la investigación fue generar un modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos a partir de variables como la pendiente, las formaciones geológicas, la cobertura y uso de la tierra, así como las distancias a fallas, carretera y ríos. El grado de incidencia de deslizamientos se estimó como la combinación lineal de las variables ponderadas mediante el proceso de jerarquía analítica. La importancia de este método semicuantitativo radica en su capacidad para desagregar un problema de decisión complejo en un modelo de decisión más simple y coherente. El modelo cartográfico resultante se reclasificó en cinco categorías de susceptibilidad: muy baja, baja, moderada, alta y muy alta. Los resultados mostraron que 17 km de los 80 km de la carretera Puyo-Tena tienen una alta probabilidad a deslizamientos, lo que equivale a 21,25% de la carretera. Además, dentro de este porcentaje, se determinó que existen quince regiones con alta probabilidad de deslizamientos debido a su ubicación en zonas con fuertes pendientes, litología porosa y permeable, gran cantidad de ríos y suelos agrícolas. Para la verificación del modelo se utilizó el área bajo la curva (en inglés AUC) de la característica operativa del receptor (en inglés ROC). Los resultados de la verificación mostraron que el modelo cartográfico para el área de estudio tiene un valor de precisión de 83,7%. El modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos permitirá tomar las decisiones pertinentes para mitigar eventos potenciales que puedan poner en peligro a transportistas, bienes materiales y residentes de la zona.

Abstract The Puyo-Tena roadway is prone to landslides due to the geodynamics, geomorphology, and geological materials of the area (unstable outcrops and strata). In recent years, this problem has persistently caused the road to be partially or completely disabled on numerous occasions. The objective of the research was to generate a cartographic model of landslides susceptibility based on variables such as slope, geological formations, land cover and land use, as well as distances to faults, road, and rivers. The degree of landslides incidence was estimated as the linear combination of the weighted variables using the analytic hierarchy process. The importance of this semi-quantitative method lies in its ability to break down a complex decision problem into a simpler and more coherent decision model. The resulting cartographic model was classified into five susceptibility categories: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The results showed that 17 km out of the 80 km of the Puyo-Tena roadway have a high probability of landslides, which is equivalent to 21.25% of the road. Furthermore, within this percentage, it was determined that there are fifteen regions with a high probability of landslides due to their location in areas with steep slopes, porous and permeable lithology, a large number of rivers, and agricultural soils. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used for model verification. The verification results showed that the cartographic model for the study area has an accuracy value of 83.7%. The cartographic model of landslide susceptibility will enable relevant decisions to be made to mitigate potential hazards that may endanger transporters, material goods, and residents of the area.

ABSTRACT Globally, there is enough evidence to affirm that climate change is one of the main factors causing the changing trends in rainfall features (CTRFs). The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the CTRFs across the rice cultivation regions (RCRs) of the Plain of Reeds in Vietnam. Vietnam is a prime example of the impacts of climate change (ICC) on agricultural activities. Daily rainfall data series from 16 observation stations during the period 1984-2015 were appraised for quality and then the CTRFs were detected by applying the Mann_Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. The quality of rainfall data at all observation stations is homogeneous with a significance level of 0.05. Over a year, the trends in rainfall features slightly increased at most obsrvation stations, except for Hong Ngu and Moc Hoa. Additionally, the trends in rainfall features slightly decreased in rainny season rainfall (RSR) at 10 out of 16 observation stations, while insignificant to significant increasesing in dry season rainfall (DSR) were detected at all observation stations. Globally CTRFs. . (CTRFs) study therefore RCRs (RCRs ICC (ICC activities 1 19842015 1984 2015 1984-201 MannKendall Mann Kendall Sens Sen s estimator 005 0 05 0.05 year Hoa Additionally RSR (RSR DSR (DSR (CTRFs 1984201 198 201 1984-20 00 0.0 198420 19 20 1984-2 0. 19842 2 1984-

RESUMO Globalmente, há evidências suficientes para afirmar que a mudança climática é um dos principais fatores que causam as tendências de mudança nas características das chuvas (TMCCs). O objetivo do estudo, portanto, é avaliar as TMCCs nas regiões de cultivo de arroz (RCAs) da Planície de Reeds. Vietnã é um excelente exemplo dos impactos das mudanças climáticas (IMC) nas atividades agrícolas. Para realização deste estudo, as séries diárias de dados de precipitação em 16 estações de observação durante o período de 1984-2015 foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade e, em seguida, foram detectadas as TMCCs aplicando o teste de Mann-Kendall e o estimador de inclinação de Sen. A qualidade dos dados pluviométricos em todas as estações de observação é homogênea com nível de significância de 0,05. Na escala anual, houve uma tendência crescente insignificante na maioria das estações de observação, exceto Hong Ngu e Moc Hoa, e uma tendência insignificante decrescente na precipitação da estação chuvosa foi detectada em 10 das 16 estações de observação, enquanto tendências crescentes insignificantes a significativas foram detectadas em todas estações de observação. Pode-se confirmar que a área de estudo está passando por um estágio crescente da precipitação na estação seca (PES). Os achados do estudo contribuem positivamente para as atividades agropecuárias, ampliando o entendimento do IMC sobre as características pluviométricas. Globalmente TMCCs. . (TMCCs) portanto RCAs (RCAs Reeds (IMC agrícolas 1 19842015 1984 2015 1984-201 seguida MannKendall Mann Kendall Sen 005 0 05 0,05 anual Hoa Podese Pode se PES. PES (PES) agropecuárias pluviométricas (TMCCs 1984201 198 201 1984-20 00 0,0 (PES 198420 19 20 1984-2 0, 19842 2 1984-

The selection of open-pit slope angles involves high-value decisions with small changes in slope angle, often representing significant changes in net present value. The existing methods used to define design acceptance criteria have evolved from factor of safety to probability of failure (P[F]) to risk consequence to risk frontiers, which represents current state of the art. Current design acceptance measures are based on references to published tables representing the experience and judgement of their authors, who did not specify the purpose of the measures contained therein. As the purpose of the published design acceptance criteria is not specified (i.e., definite stability, marginal stability, optimization, etc.), such tables cannot be used to achieve optimum slope angles that maximize profitability. This paper develops a design acceptance criterion that maximizes profitability by defining a formulation for optimum risk that balances expected risk and reward. The model developed is titled the Mining Risk Model (MRM), and is applied to open-pit slope angle selection through an equation for optimum probability of downside (P[£)]O) that balances the upside or opportunity, the P[F], and the downside impact. This formulation for optimum risk is unique, as many authors have presented objective functions for their risk models that can be optimized, but none of the sources reviewed contained a formulation for optimum risk. The MRM is sufficiently flexible to allow the design performance measure that drives P[F], and hence P[D] O, to be selected based on the intended goal. Furthermore, the essential information that must be known to quantify optimum risk is defined. This allows users to determine what information to collect for optimum risk decisions. A further benefit of the MRM is that slope angle decisions and pit shells can be ranked to select the best option, and a threshold is provided that separates acceptable from unacceptable decisions. Finally, the workflow and information required to determine optimum risk are presented.

Resumen: Podemos conceptualizar un programa educativo de gran escala (como una escuela o universidad) como una pequeña ciudad, pero ¿cuál es la impronta urbana de una institución educativa? Los proyectos en esta sección ofrecen respuestas basadas en estrategias y contextos urbanos distintos. El Centro Cívico de la Universidad de Los Andes representa la primera fase de un ambicioso proyecto para abrir una manzana en el denso distrito histórico de La Candelaria en Bogotá, Colombia. Para llevarlo a cabo, los arquitectos proponen multiplicar y conectar niveles: pasajes y patios articulan el programa universitario con nuevos itinerarios y vistas a lo largo de la manzana. Esta porosidad se evidencia en la sección, revelando la densa y pensada capa de conexiones dentro y alrededor del nuevo edificio. En contraste, Chamisero, un enclave suburbano de estratos socioeconómicos altos en Santiago, Chile, se caracteriza por su clima seco y vegetación árida. Los arquitectos del colegio Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry internalizaron ingeniosamente este paisaje y la ubicación del sitio en una ladera. Una serie de patios, algunos excavados y otros rellenados, forman terrazas a lo largo de la pendiente que permiten organizar las aulas en “barrios” de diferentes tamaños y programas. La imponente fachada de dos pisos hacia la avenida principal es testimonio de la demanda de una imagen institucional memorable, característica de la educación privada en Chile (y más allá). Sin embargo, la imagen más perdurable es la operación topográfica, especialmente vista desde la fachada trasera. Casi completamente incrustado en la ladera, el edificio ofrece a sus vecinos vistas despejadas hacia las colinas, cercanas y lejanas, que conforman el paisaje de este suburbio.

Abstract: We can conceptualize a large educational program like a school or university as a small city, but what is the urban imprint of an educational institution? Both projects in this section offer answers rooted in distinct urban strategies and contexts. The Universidad de Los Andes Civic Center is the first phase of an ambitious project to open up a block in Bogotá’s dense historic district of La Candelaria in Colombia. To achieve this, the architects propose multiplying and connecting floors: passageways and patios articulate the university program with new itineraries and vistas across the block. This porosity is perhaps more evident in section, revealing the thoughtful and dense layering of spaces within and around the new building. In contrast, Chamisero, a wealthy suburban enclave in Santiago de Chile, is defined by its dry climate and arid vegetation. The architects of the Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry school ingeniously internalized this landscape and the plot’s foothill location. They crafted a series of patios, some excavated and others filled-in, creating terraces along the slope that organize classrooms into “neighborhoods” of varying sizes and programs. The building’s imposing two-floor facade towards the main avenue stands as a testimony of the demand for a memorable institutional image that is a trait of private education in Chile (and beyond). Yet, the image that endures is the overall topographic operation. Almost fully embedded in the hillside, the building offers its neighbors unobstructed views of the hills, near and far, that define the landscape of this suburb.

Resumen: Podemos conceptualizar un programa educativo de gran escala (como una escuela o universidad) como una pequeña ciudad, pero ¿cuál es la impronta urbana de una institución educativa? Los proyectos en esta sección ofrecen respuestas basadas en estrategias y contextos urbanos distintos. El Centro Cívico de la Universidad de Los Andes representa la primera fase de un ambicioso proyecto para abrir una manzana en el denso distrito histórico de La Candelaria en Bogotá, Colombia. Para llevarlo a cabo, los arquitectos proponen multiplicar y conectar niveles: pasajes y patios articulan el programa universitario con nuevos itinerarios y vistas a lo largo de la manzana. Esta porosidad se evidencia en la sección, revelando la densa y pensada capa de conexiones dentro y alrededor del nuevo edificio. En contraste, Chamisero, un enclave suburbano de estratos socioeconómicos altos en Santiago, Chile, se caracteriza por su clima seco y vegetación árida. Los arquitectos del colegio Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry internalizaron ingeniosamente este paisaje y la ubicación del sitio en una ladera. Una serie de patios, algunos excavados y otros rellenados, forman terrazas a lo largo de la pendiente que permiten organizar las aulas en “barrios” de diferentes tamaños y programas. La imponente fachada de dos pisos hacia la avenida principal es testimonio de la demanda de una imagen institucional memorable, característica de la educación privada en Chile (y más allá). Sin embargo, la imagen más perdurable es la operación topográfica, especialmente vista desde la fachada trasera. Casi completamente incrustado en la ladera, el edificio ofrece a sus vecinos vistas despejadas hacia las colinas, cercanas y lejanas, que conforman el paisaje de este suburbio.

Abstract: We can conceptualize a large educational program like a school or university as a small city, but what is the urban imprint of an educational institution? Both projects in this section offer answers rooted in distinct urban strategies and contexts. The Universidad de Los Andes Civic Center is the first phase of an ambitious project to open up a block in Bogotá’s dense historic district of La Candelaria in Colombia. To achieve this, the architects propose multiplying and connecting floors: passageways and patios articulate the university program with new itineraries and vistas across the block. This porosity is perhaps more evident in section, revealing the thoughtful and dense layering of spaces within and around the new building. In contrast, Chamisero, a wealthy suburban enclave in Santiago de Chile, is defined by its dry climate and arid vegetation. The architects of the Alianza Francesa Antoine de Saint-Exupéry school ingeniously internalized this landscape and the plot’s foothill location. They crafted a series of patios, some excavated and others filled-in, creating terraces along the slope that organize classrooms into “neighborhoods” of varying sizes and programs. The building’s imposing two-floor facade towards the main avenue stands as a testimony of the demand for a memorable institutional image that is a trait of private education in Chile (and beyond). Yet, the image that endures is the overall topographic operation. Almost fully embedded in the hillside, the building offers its neighbors unobstructed views of the hills, near and far, that define the landscape of this suburb.

Abstract Climate change and the lack of fuel management in oak forests promote favorable conditions for the occurrence of forest fires. The objective of the present research was to know the relationship of dasometric variables, terrain slope (Pe), depth of leaf litter (Ph) and depth of mulch (Pm) on the fuel load in oak forests in the Mountain region of Guerrero. The dasometric variables mean diameter (Dm), mean height (Am), number of trees ha-1 (Na) and basal área ha-1 (Ab) were evaluated according to the sampling design of the 2015 National Forest and Soil Inventory; At each sampling site, three planar intersection lines were established for sampling woody material (Ml), leaf litter (Ho) and mulch (Ma) were collected in 0.09 m2. The total fuel load ranged from 23.2 to 46.5 t ha-1 (p < 0.05), the Ma presented the highest load with 43%, followed by woody material (Ml) and leaf litter (Ho) with 31 and 26%. The total charge (Ct) showed a relationship with Ma, Ho and Ml (r = 0.81 to 0.41), Ho with Ph and Pe (r = 0.71 and -0.72). The c1h showed a relationship with Na, Ma, Pe and Dm (r = 0.72 to -0.41), the c10h showed a correlation with Ab, Pe and Na (r = 0.51 to 0.42). The dasometric variables only explain the fuel load with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 cm.

Resumen El cambio climático y la falta de manejo a los combustibles en los bosques de encino propicia condiciones favorables para la ocurrencia de incendios forestales. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer la relación de variables dasométricas, pendiente del terreno (Pe), profundidad de la hojarasca (Ph) y profundidad del mantillo (Pm) sobre la carga de combustible en bosques de encino en la región Montaña de Guerrero. Las variables dasométricas diámetro medio (Dm), altura media (Am), número de árboles ha-1 (Na) y Área basal ha-1 (Ab) se evaluaron de acuerdo al diseño de muestreo del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos 2015; en cada sitio de muestreo se establecieron tres líneas de intersección planar para el muestreo de material leñoso (Ml), se recogió la hojarasca (Ho) y mantillo (Ma) en 0.09 m2. La carga total de combustibles osciló de 23.2 a 46.5 t ha-1 (p < 0.05), el Ma presentó mayor carga con el 43 %, seguido el material leñoso (Ml) y hojarasca (Ho) con el 31 y 26 %. La carga total (Ct) mostró relación con el Ma, Ho y Ml (r = 0.81 a 0.41), la Ho con Ph y Pe (r = 0.71 y -0.72). El c1h mostró relación con el Na, Ma, Pe y Dm (r = 0.72 a -0.41), el c10h evidenció correlación con el Ab, Pe y Na (r = 0.51 a 0.42). Las variables dasométricas solo explican la carga de combustible con diámetro menor o igual a 2.5 cm.

Abstract Introduction The lama-bordo systems (LBS) are built in natural watercourses and favor retention of sediment and runoff moisture for the development of agricultural activity. Objective To obtain a model for predicting the volume of soil permanently captured by LBS, based on the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the micro-watersheds where they have prevailed in the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico Materials and methods The study was carried out in 27 sites where morphometric parameters and hydrological indexes were determined to obtain the volume prediction model by multiple linear regression (backward elimination technique). Results and discussion The systems studied were found in micro-watersheds under conditions that favor sediment transport: elongated shape, areas smaller than 2 km2 with 1st and 2nd order streams, at altitudes above 2 000 m and slopes greater than 10 %. Twelve morphometric parameters and three hydrological indexes characterize these micro-watersheds and explain the physical conditions that allow their establishment, but only four (micro-watershed area, average slope of the mainstream, topographic wetness index and sediment transport index) explain the cumulative sediment volume (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). Conclusions The model evaluated for volume estimation is reliable for application at sites under similar conditions.

Resumen Introducción Los sistemas lama-bordo (SLB) se construyen en cauces naturales y favorecen la retención de sedimentos y humedad del escurrimiento para el desarrollo de la actividad agrícola. Objetivo Obtener un modelo de predicción de volumen de suelo captado por los SLB en forma permanente, a partir de las características morfométricas e hidrológicas de las microcuencas donde estos han prevalecido en la Mixteca Alta de Oaxaca, México. Materiales y métodos El estudio se hizo en 27 sitios donde se determinaron parámetros morfométricos e índices hidrológicos que permitieron obtener el modelo de predicción de volumen mediante regresión lineal múltiple tipo backward stepwise. Resultados y discusión Los sistemas estudiados se encontraron en microcuencas bajo condiciones que favorecen el transporte de sedimentos: forma alargada, áreas menores de 2 km2 con corrientes de 1° y 2° orden, en altitudes superiores a los 2 000 m y pendientes mayores de 10 %. Doce parámetros morfométricos y tres índices hidrológicos caracterizan dichas microcuencas y explican las condiciones físicas que permiten su establecimiento, pero solo cuatro (área de la microcuenca, pendiente media de la corriente principal, índice topográfico de humedad e índice de transporte de sedimentos) explican el volumen de sedimento acumulado (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). Conclusiones El modelo evaluado para la estimación de volumen es confiable para su aplicación en sitios bajo condiciones similares.

Abstract Introduction Floods are a common phenomenon in flat ecosystems with deficiencies in river drainage, impacting the local and regional economy. They can be identified and analyzed by remote sensing. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two normalized water indices during periods of maximum and minimum annual precipitation for the identification of flooding in the Salado River Basin, Argentina. Materials and methods The years with maximum and minimum annual precipitation in the period 2001-2020 were derived from satellite estimates of monthly precipitation provided by NASA through Google Earth Engine. Floods were identified using Landsat images, applying two normalized water indices (NDWI -Normalized Difference Water Index- and modified NDWI) to evaluate their performance in generating binary images that better represent the reality of the study area. Results and discussion Both indices showed good capability in identifying permanent or semi-permanent watercourses and water bodies; however, only the NDWI demonstrated higher effectiveness in identifying flooded areas with shallow depths (5 to 15 cm). The use of the Landsat mid-infrared band (1 566 - 1 651 µm) is less sensitive to water sediment load and can reflect subtle differences in it, providing a greater ability to delineate the water-soil boundary. Conclusion The use of NDWI showed a suitable behavior for the identification of flooded areas in very low slope ecosystems

Resumen Introducción Los anegamientos son fenómenos frecuentes en ecosistemas llanos con deficiencias en el drenaje fluvial que afectan la economía local y regional. Estos pueden ser identificados y analizados mediante teledetección. Objetivo Evaluar el desempeño de dos índices normalizados de agua, en épocas de precipitación anual máxima y mínima, para la identificación de anegamientos en la cuenca del río Salado, Argentina. Materiales y métodos Los años con precipitación anual máxima y mínima en el periodo 2001-2020 se obtuvieron de estimaciones satelitales de precipitación mensual provistas por la NASA a través de Google Earth Engine. Los anegamientos se identificaron con imágenes Landsat, a través de la aplicación de dos índices normalizados de agua (NDWI, por sus siglas en inglés -Normalized Difference Water Index- y NDWI modificado) con la finalidad de evaluar su desempeño en la obtención de imágenes binarizadas que representen mejor la realidad del área de estudio. Resultados y discusión Ambos índices tuvieron buena capacidad para la identificación de los cursos y cuerpos de agua permanente o semipermanente; sin embargo, solo el NDWI demostró mayor capacidad para la identificación de áreas anegadas con escasa profundidad (5 a 15 cm). El empleo de la banda del infrarrojo medio de Landsat (1 566 - 1 651 µm) es menos sensible a la carga de sedimentos del agua y es capaz de reflejar diferencias sutiles en ella, lo que proporciona una mayor capacidad para delinear el límite agua-suelo. Conclusión El empleo del NDWI demostró un comportamiento adecuado para la identificación de zonas anegadas en ecosistemas de muy baja pendiente.

ABSTRACT: The precise account of biodiversity in the tropics has prompted the need for extended and accurate forest inventories in mountainous landscapes, where satellite imagery and radiative transfer modeling of forests have acquired much relevance. Last-generation classification algorithms (i.e. machine learning) using terrain information have proven useful for mapping forest types, however, the accuracy of classifications is measured on average over a large extent, and little emphasis has been placed on predicting which illumination configurations could in fact cause high uncertainty in the classification results. This paper presents a 3D modeling approach adapted to the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) image simulator, which indicates whether forest types are distinguishable in a set of steep terrain configurations. The approach also describes a comparison of simulated and real forest scenes on slopes at high (4 m) spatial resolution. This method was applied to estimate the spectral separability of three forest types (oak, pine, and high tropical forests) on steep terrain in Mexico. For extreme (low or high) solar incidence angles, the pine and high tropical forests were indistinguishable, and by contrast, they were distinguishable on slopes near to the solar perpendicular plane. As a consequence, to maximize favourable slope configurations, we recommend to incorporate images acquired in the morning and in the afternoon for machine learning classification algorithms.

RESUMEN: El registro preciso de la biodiversidad tropical ha llevado a la necesidad de inventarios forestales extensos y precisos en zonas montañosas, donde las imágenes satelitales y la modelización de transferencia radiativa de los bosques han adquirido mucha relevancia. Los algoritmos de clasificación de imágenes de última generación (i.e. aprendizaje automático), aplicados con información auxiliar del relieve, se han revelado relativamente exitosos para el mapeo de tipos de bosques, sin embargo, la exactitud de la clasificación se mide solamente en promedio sobre áreas extensas, y poca atención se ha vertido en predecir las configuraciones de iluminación que en realidad causan alta incertidumbre en los resultados de la clasificación. En este artículo, se presenta una metodología basada en el simulador de imágenes Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART), para determinar si los tipos de bosque son distinguibles o no en configuraciones de terreno escarpado. Este trabajo describe la comparación de escenas forestales simuladas y reales en imágenes de alta resolución espacial (4 m). El método se aplicó para la estimación de la separabilidad espectral de tres tipos de bosques (encino, pino y selva alta perennifolia) en terrenos escarpados en México. Para ángulos de incidencia solar extremos (muy pequeños o muy grandes), el bosque de pino y la selva alta resultaron indistinguibles, y en contraste, fueron distinguibles en laderas cercanas al plano perpendicular solar. En consecuencia, para incluir un máximo de configuraciones favorables de laderas, recomendamos incorporar imágenes adquiridas en la mañana y en la tarde en el entrenamiento de los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático.

Abstract: This study presents a methodology to assess the feasibility of turning a conventional road infrastructure for the circulation of motorized vehicles into a sustainable mobility system through the incorporation of bicycle lane. The methodology includes five stages developed in two key moments: the collection and definition of parameters based on a literature review and, the analysis of selected road axes according to the study parameters: roadway section, bicycle lane slope and potentially benefited population. The assessment of the road infrastructure is based on six categories ranging from 1 to 0, where 1 represents the ideal situation and 0 the limit situation. The study will be carried out on the roads connecting the peri-urban sub-centers with the urban center, with the objective of promoting the safe use of bicycles as a means of transportation in an intermediate city in the Andes of Latin America, Cuenca in Ecuador. The study of the four proposed road axes indicates which road presents the optimal conditions for the incorporation of a bicycle lane in its current conditions.

Resumen: Este estudio presenta una metodología innovadora para evaluar la viabilidad de transformar la infraestructura vial convencional en Cuenca, Ecuador, en un sistema de movilidad sostenible mediante la inclusión de carriles para bicicletas. La metodología se compone de cinco etapas distribuidas en dos momentos clave: la recopilación y definición de parámetros, basados en una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, y el análisis de ejes viales seleccionados de acuerdo con los parámetros de estudio: sección de la calzada, pendiente de ciclovía y población potencialmente beneficiada. La valoración de la infraestructura vial se basa en una escala de seis categorías dende 1 representa la situación ideal y 0 la situación límite. Esta investigación se centra en las vías que conectan los subcentros periurbanos con el centro urbano, con el objetivo de fomentar el uso seguro de la bicicleta como medio de transporte en una ciudad intermedia de los Andes de América Latina, Cuenca en Ecuador. El análisis de los cuatro ejes viales propuestos revela la vía con las condiciones óptimas para la incorporación de una ciclovía en su estado actual.

Resumo O estudo fundamenta-se em uma análise geral das geociências do colapso nos campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, na cidade de Juan C. Bonilla, México. A técnica de sensoriamento remoto é aplicada no desenvolvimento, permitindo a interpretação de combinações de bandas e a determinação da geometria, geologia, geomorfologia e cartografia do local. É apresentada uma análise resumida do trabalho realizado, além de modelos de simulação do gasto hidrológico e da aceleração da água nos taludes estruturais de escoamento. Esses dados foram utilizados para o mapeamento final e a modelagem gráfica. Foi realizado um estudo geomorfológico, geológico e topográfico do local, utilizando técnicas telemétricas aéreas e de satélite. Também foi utilizado um software especializado para levantamentos geodésicos e mapeamento em modelos 2D e 3D da área de análise. Os levantamentos do local foram realizados com o objetivo de conhecer o formato da estrutura e identificar áreas de risco potencial para a população próxima ao colapso. Foram obtidas ortofotos para calcular e determinar a inclinação por distância-elevação, aceleração-altura, fluxo de água e força, o que serviu para concluir as possíveis causas que levaram ao colapso e para ter dados técnicos suficientes que foram compartilhados com as autoridades de proteção civil.

Abstract This paper presents a general analysis from the geosciences of structural collapses. The analysis was conducted in the crop fields of Santa María Zacatepec, in the city of Juan C. Bonilla, Mexico. The analysis implemented the Remote Sensing technique, facilitating the interpretation of band combinations and determining the geometry, geology, geomorphology and cartography of the site under study. A summary analysis of the work performed is presented, in addition to showing simulation models of the hydrological outflow and water acceleration in the runoff structural slopes, data that were used for the final mapping and graphic modeling. A geomorphological, geological, and topographical study of the site was conducted, using satellite and aerial telemetric techniques. Specialized software was also used for geodetic surveys, mapping in 2D and 3D models of the analysis area. Surveys of the site were carried out to determine the shape of the structure and identify potentially risk areas for the population near the collapse events. Orthophotos were obtained to calculate and determine the slope by distance-elevation, acceleration-height, water flow and force, which served to conclude the possible causes that led to the collapses and have sufficient technical data that were shared with the civil protection authorities.

Resumen El trabajo se basa en un análisis general desde las geociencias del colapso en los campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, de la ciudad Juan C. Bonilla. En el desarrollo se aplica la técnica de Percepción Remota, permitiendo interpretar combinaciones de bandas y determinar la geometría, geología, geomorfología y cartografía del sitio. Se presenta un análisis resumido del trabajo que se realizó, además de mostrar modelos de simulación del gasto hidrológico y la aceleración del agua en las pendientes estructurales de escorrentía, datos que se usaron para la cartografía y modelado gráfico finales. Se realizó un estudio geomorfológico, geológico y topográfico del lugar, con técnicas telemétricas satelitales y aéreas; también se utilizó software especializado que se aplicó para levantamientos geodésicos, realizando cartografía en modelos 2D y 3D del área de análisis. Las prospecciones del lugar se realizaron con el objetivo de conocer la forma de la estructura e identificar áreas potencialmente riesgosas para la población cercana al colapso. Se obtuvieron ortofotos para calcular y determinar la pendiente por distanciaelevación, la aceleración-altura, el gasto y la fuerza del agua; que sirvió para concluir las posibles causas que ocasionaron el colapso, y contar con datos técnicos suficientes que se compartieron con las autoridades de protección civil.