Resumo No Brasil, construções em madeira do tipo light woodframe possuem envelopamento estrutural do painel dependente do uso de chapas de OSB (Oriented Strand Board), o que implica em uma dificuldade em seu acesso por parte da população. Para ampliar a aplicação do sistema, uma possibilidade consiste em um projeto não atrelado aos monopólios de componentes construtivos. Uma possibilidade é a substituição da camada de envelopamento estrutural dos painéis por tábuas de madeira serrada convencional. Como objetivo esta pesquisa analisa a viabilidade de utilização e o comportamento de painéis de madeira serrada com envelopamento em tábuas de pinus quando solicitados a esforços horizontais, utilizando modelo numérico de simulações em software. O trabalho estuda cinco diferentes tipologias de painéis: um modelo digital de calibração baseado em experimento ensaiado em laboratório; quatro modelos de diferentes configurações, comparando entre si o desempenho estrutural de cada um com dados publicados na literatura. A modelagem digital utilizou dados experimentais já obtidos em trabalhos anteriores. Dos cinco tipos estudados quanto à tensão-deformação, apenas o Modelo 05 não se mostrou viável pela alta concentração de tensão observada nos conectores. Os demais modelos se mostraram adequados aos critérios preconizados por normas e documentos técnicos referenciados. Brasil Oriented Board, Board , Board) população sistema construtivos convencional horizontais software laboratório configurações literatura anteriores tensãodeformação, tensãodeformação deformação, deformação tensão-deformação 0 conectores referenciados

Abstract In Brazil, light woodframe buildings rely on the use of OSB (Oriented Strand Board), what implies a difficulty in its access by part of the population. To increase the applicability of the system one proposition consists in a woodframe project that is not bound by the monopoly over constructive components. A possible way consists in the substitution of the coating of the panels with standard Pinus boards. The objective of this research is therefore to analyze the viability and the behavior of wood panels with Pinus board coating when submitted to horizontal loads, utilizing as method digital simulations. This paper lists five different panel topologies, to calibrate it: one digital model of a previous lab experiment; four panels with different configurations, comparing them between themselves and with the literature in regards of structural performance. The utilized method was of the digital simulation with previous laboratory data calibration. Among the five types studied, only Model 05 exhibited high stress concentrations at connectors, rendering it unviable. The other models meet the criteria of referenced standards and technical documents. Brazil Oriented Board, Board , Board) population components boards loads simulations topologies experiment configurations performance calibration studied 0 connectors unviable documents

Abstract Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is a thermal property of glass and transparent elements, defined as the ratio between the amount of solar energy that passes through the glass and the amount of solar energy that reaches it. SHGC can be determined using mathematical models, computer simulations, or field and laboratory measurements. This paper compares the methods for obtaining the SHGC, which include laboratory measurements using a portable calorimeter, computer simulation using the WINDOW software and calculated according to ISO 9050 standard. Two solar control glasses and one clear glass, used as a reference, were selected. The SHGCs obtained using laboratory measurements were lower than those obtained using the other methods due to the solar simulator and equipment limitations. Despite this, there was a good approximation of the behaviour of the glasses regarding the increase in air velocity. The heat transfer coefficient on the exterior surface was fixed, so the SHGC obtained for each glass based on ISO 9050 remains the same, regardless of the air velocity. The SHGC results based on ISO 9050 were similar to those measured by means of a portable calorimeter under conditions of higher air velocities. (SHGC elements it models simulations 905 standard reference selected limitations this velocity fixed same velocities 90 9

Resumo O fator solar é uma propriedade térmica de vidros e elementos transparentes, definida como a razão entre a quantidade de energia solar que atravessa o vidro e a quantidade de energia solar que nele incide. O fator solar pode ser determinado por meio de modelos de cálculo, simulações computacionais ou medições em campo ou laboratório. Este artigo compara métodos de obtenção do fator solar, que incluem medições em laboratório com um calorímetro portátil, simulação computacional no software WINDOW e cálculo conforme procedimentos da norma ISO 9050. Foram selecionados dois vidros de controle solar e um vidro comum como referência. Devido a limitações do simulador solar e do equipamento, os valores de fator solar obtidos nas medições em laboratório foram menores que os calculados pelos outros dois métodos. Apesar disso, houve boa aproximação do comportamento dos vidros quanto ao aumento da velocidade do ar. Os valores calculados por meio da ISO 9050 permaneceram iguais para cada tipo de vidro, independentemente da velocidade do ar, devido ao coeficiente de transferência de calor superficial externo ser fixo. Os valores de fator solar calculados pela norma apresentaram maior proximidade com os valores medidos pelo calorímetro portátil em condições de velocidades do ar mais elevadas. transparentes incide referência equipamento disso 905 fixo elevadas 90 9

Abstract The presence of moisture in buildings can lead to pathological manifestations, and the behavior of materials when exposed to various conditions can be predicted through computational simulations. For this purpose, the hygrothermal characteristics of building elements are paramount. In Brazil, there is a gap in studies on the hygrothermal properties of materials, compromising simulations. This article discusses the possibilities of using European data in simulating moisture transport in ceramic brick walls in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results were generated by comparing hygrothermal simulations with WUFI Pro 6.5 using the simulation program database with data collected from laboratory tests on ceramic bricks from a southern Brazilian brickyard. Tests for water vapor diffusion resistance, water absorption, and hygroscopic curves were conducted. Although both situations led to the growth of filamentous fungi, experimental data led to3% lower values compared to database results. Regarding surface condensation, a likely higher occurrence was observed when using laboratory test data. manifestations purpose paramount Brazil Sul 65 6 5 6. brickyard resistance absorption conducted fungi to3 condensation

Resumo A presença de umidade nos edifícios pode gerar o aparecimento demanifestações patológicas. Pode-se prever o comportamento de materiais expostos a condições diversas através de simulações computacionais. Para isso, as características higrotérmicas dos elementos de construção são fundamentais. No Brasil, há uma lacuna nos estudos sobre as propriedades higrotérmicas dos materiais, comprometendo as simulações. Esse artigo discuteas possibilidades de utilização de dados europeus na simulação do transporte de umidade em paredes de tijolos cerâmicos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados foram gerados comparando-se simulações higrotérmicas com o software WUFI Pro 6.5 utilizando a base de dados do programa de simulação, com dados coletados em ensaios de laboratório para tijolo cerâmico de uma olaria do Sul do Brasil. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência à difusão de vapor de água, absorção de água e curvas higroscópicas. Embora ambas as situações conduziram ao crescimento de fungos filamentosos, os dados experimentais geraram resultados 3% inferiores à base de dados. Quanto à condensação superficial, observou-se provável maior ocorrência ao utilizar os dados dos ensaios. patológicas Podese Pode se computacionais isso fundamentais Brasil comparandose comparando 65 6 5 6. higroscópicas filamentosos 3 superficial observouse observou

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the treatment of waste water at the “Desembarco del Granma” textile factory there is a neutralization tank, which resembles a continuous reactor with agitation. This equipment uses H2SO4, which must be replaced by a chemical agent with a lower impact on the environment. Objective: To determine the viability of using the existing reactor at the “Desembarco del Granma” textile factory for the neutralization of residual water when using CO2. Materials and Methods: Continuous stirred reactors were compared at laboratory and industrial levels, where the criterion of geometric similarity was considered. The Aspen Plus program was used to simulate the industrial reactor, considering the kinetics obtained at the laboratory level. The fluid package selected was the UNIQUAC. Results and Discussion: The speed at the tip of the impeller is the same for both reactors and the relationship between the diameter of the impeller and that of the tank remains practically constant, so there is geometric similarity between the reactors. The pH of the residual water neutralized with CO2 was 7.2, showing adequate neutralization. Conclusions: Geometric similarity was evidenced between continuous stirred reactors at laboratory and industrial levels. The pH of the neutralized wastewater in the industrial reactor, determined by simulation, was 7.2. It was proven, with the use of Aspen Plus, that the textile company's industrial reactor can be used for the wastewater neutralization process when CO2 is used instead of H2SO4.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el tratamiento del agua residual en la textilera “Desembarco del Granma” existe una cisterna de neutralización, que se asemeja a un reactor continuo con agitación. En dicho equipo se emplea H2SO4, el cual debe ser sustituido por un agente químico con un impacto menor sobre el medio ambiente. Objetivo: Determinar la viabilidad de la utilización de reactor existente en la textilera “Desembarco del Granma” para la neutralización del agua residual al emplear CO2. Materiales y Métodos: Se compararon los reactores continuos con agitación a nivel de laboratorio e industrial, donde se consideró el criterio de similitud geométrica. Se utilizó el programa Aspen Plus para simular el reactor industrial, considerando la cinética obtenida a nivel de laboratorio. El paquete de fluidos seleccionado fue el UNIQUAC. Resultados y Discusión: La velocidad en la punta del impulsor es igual para ambos reactores y la relación entre el diámetro del impelente y el del tanque se mantiene prácticamente constante, hay similitud geométrica entre los reactores. El pH del agua residual neutralizada con CO2 fue 7,2, manifestando una adecuada neutralización. Conclusiones: Se evidenció similitud geométrica entre los reactores continuos con agitación a nivel de laboratorio e industrial. El pH del agua residual neutralizada en el reactor industrial, determinado por simulación fue de 7,2. Se comprobó, con el empleo del Aspen Plus, que el reactor industrial de la textilera se puede usar para el proceso de neutralización del agua residual cuando se emplee CO2 en lugar de H2SO4.

ABSTRACT Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) filtering often assumes a uniform distribution of clutter in the observation area. However, in practice, clutter is often unknown and non-uniform, necessitating accurate estimation of its spatial distribution, non-uniformity, and temporal variations. To address this problem, we proposed a modified GM-PHD filtering method with clutter density estimation for multiple target tracking. In the proposed method, first, potential target measurements within the tracking gate are eliminated to obtain the clutter measurement set. Next, the clutter density around each target is estimated. Finally, the estimated clutter density is incorporated into GM-PHD filtering, to estimate the target state and clutter density in complex clutter environments. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed filtering method improves the performance of the GM-PHD filter in multi-target tracking scenarios with unknown clutter density. GMPHD GM PHD (GM-PHD area However practice nonuniform, nonuniform non uniform, non-uniform nonuniformity, nonuniformity uniformity, uniformity non-uniformity variations problem first set Next Finally environments multitarget multi

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify, synthesize, and analyze the scientific knowledge produced regarding the implications of using clinical simulation for undergraduate nursing or medical students' motivation for learning. Methods: The search for articles was conducted between July 28 and August 3, 2022, on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO databases. The following was used for the search: P - undergraduate students attending Nursing or Medicine courses; C - motivation for learning, and C - skills and clinical simulation laboratory. The following research question guided the study: “What are the implications of clinical simulation on the motivation for learning of undergraduate students of nursing and medicine?” Of the 1,783 articles found, 13 were included in the sample for analysis. All stages of the selection process were carried out by two independent evaluators. The results were presented as charts and a discursive report. Results: The studies analyzed indicated the beneficial effects of clinical simulation on students' motivation, in addition to other gains such as competencies, technical and non-technical skills, knowledge, belonging, autonomy, clinical judgment, critical and reflective thinking, self-efficacy and decreased anxiety, self-management, and improvements in learning and learning climate. Conclusion: Clinical simulation provides a positive learning environment favorable to the development of technical and interpersonal skills and competencies, and raising the level of motivational qualities. Objective identify synthesize Methods 2 3 2022 PubMedMEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE PubMed/MEDLINE Scopus Science databases courses laboratory study What medicine medicine? 1783 1 783 1,78 found analysis evaluators report Results competencies nontechnical non belonging autonomy judgment thinking selfefficacy self efficacy anxiety selfmanagement, selfmanagement management, management self-management climate Conclusion qualities 202 178 78 1,7 20 17 7 1,

Abstract With the advent of critical state Soil Mechanics (CSSM), the void ratio began to be recognized as a key parameter, along with the stress state, which defines the mechanical behavior of soils and other particulate geomaterials by using the state parameter. The state parameter is the difference between the current and critical void ratio so that its definition requires the critical state line (CSL) identification. This work presents numerical calibration results, using the NorSand constitutive model, from three sets of triaxial compression tests selected from the literature. The SIGMA/W module of the Geostudio® System was adopted to perform the simulations of the triaxial compression tests, and the results showed adequate fit between real tests and numerical simulations. The parameters necessary for the modeling with NorSand model, defined from the numerical calibration, were used in a stress-strain evaluation of a hypothetical upstream tailings dam. These simulations allowed the evaluation of the differences in the tailings storage facility (TSF) responses in terms of both deformation behavior and flow liquefaction instability. Flow liquefaction instability is described in the literature as a complete loss in shear strength and the development of excessive strains due to the contractive response of tailings when subjected to low confining stress. The results suggest that the use of the NorSand model is, in general, a good option to reproduce the typical strain-softening behavior of such structures. Furthermore, it was clear the high sensitivity of the constitutive model parameters, drawing attention to the importance of best laboratory practices for carrying out triaxial tests to obtain reliable parameters for NorSand modeling. CSSM, CSSM , (CSSM) CSL (CSL identification SIGMAW SIGMA W Geostudio stressstrain strain dam TSF (TSF general strainsoftening softening structures Furthermore (CSSM

Abstract Improving a technical work environment encourages creativity and enhances research efforts. The conception of a modular ventilation laboratory aims at free construction and assembly of the air circuit in different shapes, sizes, and operational variations. The modules allow the development of academic experiences, automatic data acquisition from sensors, data analysis, and verification of concepts related to ventilation in underground mines. The modular ventilation laboratory uses a teaching methodology based on a playful and low-cost way to teach engineering, mainly underground mine ventilation. The aim of this work is essentially to propose the creation of a modular underground mine ventilation laboratory to facilitate engineering teaching and allow the simulation of real situations. The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) methodology was used to develop a framework for building the modular educational ventilation laboratory. This methodology encompasses project planning and studying, applying the Ventsim® software, and the design of a teaching laboratory with sensors and microcontrollers using the Internet of Things (IoT). The results involve the construction of a physical project with PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes and connections and electronic circuits. The project presents the main parameters monitored in underground mines and foresees the simulation of scenarios, aiming to facilitate an understanding of the concepts of fluid mechanics and mining ventilation. The conclusions indicate that using simulation in pedagogical practices develops several activities that contribute to innumerable learning and expands the network of constructive meanings as a learning strategy. efforts shapes sizes variations experiences analysis lowcost low cost situations PlanDoCheckAct Plan Do Check Act PDCA (PDCA studying Ventsim software IoT. IoT . (IoT) polyvinyl chloride circuits scenarios strategy (IoT

Abstract With the growing demand for solutions to prevent and resolve faults in gas-insulated substations that affect the operation of the electrical system, a fault simulation laboratory for gas-insulated substations was developed to develop solutions for monitoring and locating these faults. The laboratory is composed of instruments for a fault location system based on traveling wave theory. The laboratory also has computational programs for fault simulation control and signal acquisition, in addition to having tools to analyze the data. The results were obtained through tests carried out that confirmed the laboratory's ability to simulate the operation of faults in gas-insulated substations, which allowed demonstrating the capacity of the fault location system using the theory of traveling waves. gasinsulated gas insulated acquisition data laboratorys s waves

ABSTRACT In this paper, the robust finite-time control for impact angle guidance of missile dynamic system with uncertainties is investigated by combining linear extended state observer (LESO) and adaptive non-singular fast terminal sliding mode method. Specially for dealing with existing uncertainties including time-varying parametric perturbation and nonparametric disturbances in high order line-of-sight rates and target acceleration, a robust LESO strategy is proposed for designing sliding mode-based impact angle guidance, which can guarantee that estimation error converges to the neighborhood of the origin in finite-time. Based on the proposed LESO framework, an adaptive non-singular fast terminal sliding mode guidance law is considered for realizing interception of maneuvering targets, which can guarantee asymptotically stability of the system. Simulation results are shown for confirming effectiveness of the proposed guidance strategy of this paper. Compared with former methods, accuracy of estimation is increased by nearly two times, and miss distance is reduced by nearly two times. paper finitetime finite time (LESO nonsingular non singular method timevarying varying lineofsight line sight acceleration modebased based finitetime. time. framework targets methods times

ABSTRACT Introduction: 3-dimensional printing has enabled the development of unique and affordable additive manufacturing, including the prototyping and production of surgical forceps. Objective: demonstrate the development, 3D printing and mechanical-functional validation of a laparoscopic grasping forceps. Methods: the clamp was designed using a computer program and printed in 3 dimensions with polylactic acid (PLA) filament and added 5 screws for better leverage. Size and weight measurements were carried out, as well as mechanicalfunctional grip and rotation tests in the laboratory with a validated simulator. Results: Called “Easylap”, the clamp weighed 48 grams, measured 43cm and was printed in 8 pieces, taking an average of 12 hours to produce. It allowed the simulation of the functional characteristics of laparoscopic pressure forceps, in addition to the rotation and rack locking mechanism. However, its strength is reduced due to the material used. Conclusion: It is possible to develop plastic laparoscopic grasping forceps through 3-dimensional printing. Introduction 3dimensional dimensional manufacturing Objective D mechanical Methods PLA (PLA leverage out simulator Results Easylap, Easylap , “Easylap” 4 grams cm pieces 1 produce mechanism However used Conclusion “Easylap

RESUMO Introdução: a impressão em 3 dimensões permitiu o desenvolvimento de manufaturas aditivas únicas e acessíveis, inclusive na prototipagem e produção de pinças cirúrgicas. Objetivo: Demonstrar o desenvolvimento, a impressão em 3D e a validação mecânico-funcional de pinça laparoscópica do tipo apreensão. Métodos: a pinça foi desenhada em programa de computador e impressa em 3 dimensões com filamento de ácido poliláctico (PLA) e acrescida de 5 parafusos para melhor efeito de alavanca. Foram realizadas aferições de tamanho e peso, bem como testes mecânicos-funcionais de preensão e rotação em laboratório com simulador validado. Resultados: denominada “Easylap”, a pinça pesou 48 gramas, mediu 43 cm e foi impressa em 8 peças, levando em média 12 horas para sua produção. Ela permitiu a simulação das características funcionais de pinça laparoscópicas de apreensão, além de mecanismo de rotação e travamento por cremalheira. Porém sua força é reduzida devido ao material utilizado. Conclusão: é possível desenvolver pinça laparoscópica plástica de apreensão através de impressão em 3 dimensões. Introdução acessíveis cirúrgicas Objetivo D mecânicofuncional mecânico funcional Métodos PLA (PLA alavanca peso mecânicosfuncionais mecânicos validado Resultados Easylap, Easylap , “Easylap” 4 gramas peças 1 cremalheira utilizado Conclusão “Easylap

Abstract Clogging of porous concrete pavements is understood as a performance pathology within this peculiar concrete component. Albeit the clogging performance of porous concrete pavements is a sensitive topic in technical literature, most studies refer to laboratory investigations on concrete samples using different kinds of apparatus for the simulation of loss of permeability due to debris insertion on porous interstices. However, infiltration rate measurements are the basis for defining maintenance needs in actual pavements and shall be carried out periodically to measure and endorse infiltration rate adequacy as the kern of a clogging management protocol. This study dealt with a field experiment in a pervious concrete sidewalk surrounded by a wooded garden with tropical native and a variety of exotic trees. Over four years, eleven monitoring measurements were carried out using the ASTM C1701 infiltration ring test. The main contribution of this paper is a proposition of a mixed linear prediction model considering conditioned exponential distribution and a random normal intercept for the infiltration rate. From residual analysis and diagnosis plots, it can be seen that the proposed model presents a goodness of fit, allowing anticipation of infiltration rates reduction due to clogging by dense organic matter. Minimum infiltration rate is taken as 0.1 cm/s and such condition was achieved in a couple of months, awakening consciously to consider three to four intensive cleaning maintenance per year in dense wooded areas like public parks. component literature interstices However protocol trees years C C170 test plots fit matter 01 0 1 0. cms cm s months parks C17 C1

Resumo Embora o desempenho em termos de colmatação de pavimentos de concreto porosos seja um tópico sensível na literatura técnica, a maioria dos estudos se refere a pesquisas laboratoriais em corpos de prova utilizando diferentes equipamentos para a simulação da perda de permeabilidade devido à inserção de detritos nos poros. Entretanto, medidas de taxa de infiltração são a base para a definição da necessidade de manutenção em pavimentos reais e devem ser realizados periodicamente para medir e endossar que a adequação da taxa de infiltração é o cerne do protocolo de gerenciamento da colmatação. Este estudo trata sobre um experimento em campo em uma calçada de concreto permeável circundada por um jardim arborizado com árvores nativas tropicais exóticas. Ao longo de quatro anos, onze medidas de monitoramento foram realizadas utilizando o teste do anel de infiltração recomendado pela norma ASTM C1701. A principal contribuição deste artigo é a proposição de um modelo linear misto considerando a distribuição exponencial condicionada para a taxa de infiltração e uma interceptação normal aleatória. Pela análise de resíduos e parcelas de diagnóstico, é possível observar que o modelo proposto apresenta uma boa adequação, permitindo prever a queda da taxa de infiltração devido à colmatação por matéria orgânica densa. técnica poros Entretanto exóticas anos C1701 C aleatória diagnóstico densa C170 C17 C1

RESUMEN: Los laboratorios de simulación quirúrgica permiten perfeccionar las habilidades y disminuir las brechas de aprendizaje en la enseñanza de las ciencias quirúrgicas porque se logra disminuir el tiempo de formación y mejorar la calidad, sin estrés en los profesionales y con mayor seguridad para los pacientes. El uso de los simuladores permite minimizar el conflicto ético entre la seguridad del paciente y la enseñanza, lograr mayor eficiencia en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, al disminuir los costos por concepto de insumos y complicaciones de los pacientes. Es propósito del autor comunicar sobre la importancia de los laboratorios de simulación quirúrgica en la docencia médica y motivar a las Universidades de Ciencias Médicas en Cuba para que, a través de proyectos de desarrollo, puedan obtener con estas estrategias de aprendizaje, alternativas útiles, ante las afectaciones económicas que provoca el bloqueo.

ABSTRACT: Surgical simulation laboratories make it possible to perfect skills and reduce learning gaps in the teaching of surgical sciences because it is possible to reduce training time and improve quality, without stress for professionals and with greater safety for patients. The use of simulators allows minimizing the ethical conflict between patient safety and teaching, achieving greater efficiency in the teaching-learning process, by reducing costs for supplies and patient complications. It is the author's purpose to communicate about the importance of surgical simulation laboratories in medical teaching and to motivate the Universities of Medical Sciences in Cuba so that, through development projects, they can obtain useful alternatives with these learning strategies before the economic effects caused by the blockade.

We developed and present an application to be integrated into web pages named Graxaim – Virtual Thermodynamics Laboratory, or Graxaim/LVT. Through configuration files, the application can be used to propose different virtual experimental problem situations, with different subsystems and measurement equipment, equivalent to different experimental kits. We present the algorithm based on the maximum entropy principle that we developed for the thermal and mechanical interactions used by the application to simulate a wide variety of reversible and irreversible thermodynamic processes. The application has seven pre-installed configurations. We used one of them to show how the chaining of thermodynamic processes, obtained by modifying experimental arrangements, can be used to simulate a Carnot Cycle. We show how technical difficulties of the simulator can be resolved through irreversible processes that degrade the efficiency of the heat engine and argue that this discussion can be used to make analogies with technical difficulties of real machines. The results of the equilibrium states obtained in the simulation were compared with the expected theoretical results and the average relative deviations were found to be less than 0.1%. Laboratory GraxaimLVT LVT Graxaim/LVT files situations equipment kits preinstalled pre installed configurations arrangements Cycle machines 01 0 1 0.1% 0.1 0.

Desenvolvemos e apresentamos um aplicativo para ser integrado a páginas da internet denominado Graxaim – Laboratório Virtual de Termodinâmica, ou Graxaim/LVT. Através de arquivos de configuração, o aplicativo pode ser usado para propor diferentes situações-problema experimentais virtuais, com diferentes subsistemas e equipamentos de medidas, equivalentes a diferentes kits experimentais. Apresentamos o algoritmo baseado no princípio de máxima entropia que desenvolvemos para as interações térmicas e mecânicas utilizadas pelo aplicativo para simular uma grande variedade de processos termodinâmicos reversíveis e irreversíveis. O aplicativo possui sete configurações pré-instaladas. Utilizamos uma delas para mostrar como o encadeamento de processos termodinâmicos, obtidos pela modificação de arranjos experimentais, pode ser usada para simular um Ciclo de Carnot. Mostramos como dificuldades técnicas do simulador podem ser resolvidas através de processos irreversíveis que degradam a eficiência da máquina térmica e argumentamos que essa discussão pode ser utilizada para fazer analogias com dificuldades técnicas de máquinas reais. Os resultados dos estados de equilíbrio obtidos na simulação foram comparados com os resultados teóricos esperados e os desvios relativos médios mostraram-se menores que 0,1%. Termodinâmica GraxaimLVT LVT Graxaim/LVT configuração situaçõesproblema situações problema virtuais medidas préinstaladas. préinstaladas pré instaladas. instaladas pré-instaladas Carnot reais mostraramse mostraram se 01 0 1 0,1% 0,1 0,

ABSTRACT Repeated and multiple traffic loads, along with climatic conditions, influence the mechanical behavior of linear pavements, leading to the formation of cracks that propagate significantly across the wearing surface and result in a loss of load-bearing capacity of the pavement body. To remedy this problem, various reinforcement and repair methods (traditional and modern) are applied to address this issue. The use of geogrids, involving the insertion of sheets at the interfaces of the sub-base layers, has proven effective as an alternative solution due to their mechanical and aesthetic performance. However, these geogrids, primarily serving as a separation layer, are sometimes limited in the gains they make in reducing stresses and strains, since these gains do not exceed 5 to 10%. Consequently, researchers have sought other techniques that provide both separation (to prevent crack propagation) and strengthening (to increase the bearing capacity of the pavement). In this article, we propose to study the reinforcement of rigid cement concrete pavements through an experimental approach, using two laboratory batches, each comprising a number of twenty-two (22) small-scale slabs, with dimensions of 400 × 400 × 50 (mm). The first batch was produced at an ambient temperature of 20°C while the second batch was produced at an elevated temperature of 50°C (arid climate). These slabs will be tested in 4-point bending, after reinforcement with different combinations of geogrids and carbon fibers composites. To compare the experimental results obtained, a numerical simulation based on the finite element method, using appropriate software, was conducted. The results regarding stresses and strains, as well as dissipation energy, showed that the combination adopted is very effective, yielding gains of up to 20 to 35%, additionally the integration of geogrids, with the addition of the composite, enhances the reinforced pavement’s longevity, ensuring long-term savings on its upkeep and maintenance. loads conditions loadbearing load body problem traditional modern issue subbase sub base layers performance However layer strains 10 10% Consequently propagation pavement. . pavement) article approach batches twentytwo twenty 22 (22 smallscale small scale 40 mm. mm (mm) 20C C 50C arid climate. climate climate) 4point point 4 bending composites obtained method software conducted energy 2 35 35% composite s longevity longterm long term maintenance 1 (2 (mm 3 (