Summary: The soil seed bank is key to plant succession. However, agricultural activities have had a great impact on the vegetation and its composition. The aim was to determine the soil seed bank in different grazing agroecosystems in the central part of Veracruz state, Mexico. Richness, abundance, diversity, equity, dominance and similarity of the species were quantified and compared among four agroecosystems (silvopastoral, pasture-trees, traditional grazing, and Acahual or secondary vegetation) in Veracruz, Mexico during the year 2017. Samples were collected. of soil at two depths (0-5, > 5-10 cm). A statistical difference was found in the seed bank (P < 0.05) in silvopastoral at both depths, 0-5 (H’ = 2.13) and 5-10 (H’ = 1.86). Equity and dominance were higher for this agroecosystem (0.86) and for Acahual (0.58) with statistical differences (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found at sites between depths (P > 0.05). Similarity was greater than 50% at all sites and increased with soil depth. The evidence suggests that the greatest diversity of the seed bank was in silvopastoral from 0 to 5 cm deep. The seed bank has potential for the restoration of vegetation, mainly herbaceous, and can promote the development of shrubs and trees, despite the management of cattle ranching sites.

Resumen: El banco de semillas del suelo es clave para la sucesión vegetal. Sin embargo, las actividades agrícolas han tenido un gran impacto en la vegetación y su composición. El objetivo fue determinar el banco de semillas del suelo en diferentes agroecosistemas de pastoreo en la parte central del estado de Veracruz, México. Se cuantificó y comparó la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad, equidad, dominancia y similitud de las especies entre cuatro agroecosistemas (silvopastoril, pastos-árboles, pastoreo tradicional, y Acahual o vegetación secundaria) en Veracruz, México durante el año 2017. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a dos profundidades (0-5, > 5-10 cm). Se encontró diferencia estadística del banco de semillas (P < 0.05) en silvopastoril en ambas profundidades, 0-5 (H’= 2.13) y 5-10 (H´ = 1.86). La equidad y la dominancia fueron mayores para este agroecosistema (0.86) y para Acahual (0.58) con diferencias estadísticas (P < 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en sitios entre profundidades (P > 0.05). La similitud fue mayor al 50% en todos los sitios y aumentó con la profundidad del suelo. La evidencia sugiere que la mayor diversidad del banco de semillas estuvo en silvopastoril de 0 a 5 cm de profundidad. El banco de semillas tiene potencial para la restauración de la vegetación, principalmente herbácea y puede promover el desarrollo de arbustos y árboles, a pesar del manejo de sitios para la ganadería.

Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.

Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.

Absttract This study focuses on the forest cover of three districts in the urban area of the province of Andahuaylas, Apurímac region, Peru, which is facing deforestation problems. The objective was to determine the forest cover in the urban area of the province of Andahuaylas until 2030, to reveal future scenarios of forest cover, contributing to the development of urban planning and the creation of sustainable cities. For the study area, data recorded between the years 2017-2023 were used, based on NDVI images from the Sentinelhub portal. This allowed for the availability of information on tropical and temperate forests, shrubs and grasslands, arid rock zones, and urban or artificial areas that have changed due to the urbanization process. The forest surfaces in the study area were determined. Subsequently, linear regression was used with a p-value = 0,046, reaching an R2 of 0,583 in a medium range, managing to estimate future forest scenarios by 2030. It is concluded that the trend is decreasing in forest cover by 26,50% by the year 2030.

Resumen Este estudio, se centra en la cobertura forestal de tres distritos en el ámbito urbano de la provincia de Andahuaylas, región Apurímac en Perú, la cual afronta problemas de deforestación. El objetivo fue determinar la cobertura forestal en el área urbana de la provincia de Andahuaylas hasta el 2030, para la revelación de los escenarios futuros de la cobertura forestal, contribuyendo al desarrollo de la planificación urbana y a la creación de ciudades sostenibles. Para el área de estudio, se utilizaron datos registrados entre los años 2017-2023, a partir de las imágenes NDVI del portal Sentinelhub. Permitiendo disponer de información de bosques tropicales y templados; arbustos y pastizales; zonas áridas de roca; áreas urbanas o artificiales que han cambiado como consecuencia del proceso de urbanización. Se determinaron las superficies de bosque en el área de estudio. Posteriormente se utilizó la regresión lineal con un p valor = 0,046, alcanzando un R2 de 0,583 en un rango medio, logrando estimar los escenarios futuros del bosque al 2030. Se concluye que la tendencia es decreciente en la cobertura forestal en 26,50% al año 2030.

Abstract Background: Plant species used for reforestation purposes are idoneous if native, and also if they are present in regeneration sources. High germination percentages under different light conditions and a broad phenological pattern enhance adaptability to environmental heterogeneity. Preference for species responsive to mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended. Questions: Is Solanum pubigerum a widespread species in temperate forests of central Mexico?, under which light conditions germination will be the highest?, how abundant is it in natural regeneration sources?, does inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi benefit its germination and growth? Studied species / data description / Mathematical model: Solanum pubigerum/distribution in central Mexico forests, germination and viability percentages, reproductive phenology, growth dependence on AM fungi/ Kruskal-Wallis test, synchrony, Spearman correlations, ANOVA. Study site and dates: Abies religiosa forest, Mexico City. August 2019 - July 2020. Methods: Seeds of S. pubigerum were exposed to different light qualities, their viability was monitored for two years. Its presence in natural regeneration sources was registered. Reproductive phenology was recorded, and seedlings were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to assess their growth. Results: Highest seed germination occurred under white light conditions, with sustained viability after two years. The species was found in the seed bank across seasons, less abundantly in seed rain during the dry season. It exhibited extensive flowering and fruiting patterns. Mycorrhiza inoculation significantly boosted seed germination and growth. Conclusions: Solanum pubigerum is suitable for reforestation in central Mexico forests due to its high germination percentages and mycorrhizal responsiveness.

Resumen Antecedentes: En la reforestación se recomiendan plantas nativas y en fuentes de la regeneración natural. Altos porcentajes de germinación bajo diferentes condiciones de luz y patrones fenológicos amplios incrementan la adaptación en ambientes heterogéneos. Se sugieren especies que tengan una dependencia a la inoculación con hongos micorrizógenos. Preguntas: ¿Solanum pubigerum está ampliamente distribuida en bosques templados del centro de México?, ¿en qué condiciones lumínicas germina?, ¿está en fuentes de la regeneración natural?, ¿la micorriza beneficia su germinación/crecimiento? Especie de estudio / descripción de los datos /Modelo matemático: Solanum pubigerum/distribución en bosques del centro de México, porcentajes de germinación y viabilidad, fenología reproductiva, dependencia micorrícica/Kruskal-Wallis, sincronía, correlaciones de Spearman, ANdeVA. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Bosque de Abies religiosa, Ciudad de México. Agosto 2019 - julio 2020. Métodos: Las semillas de S. pubigerum fueron expuestas a diferentes calidades de luz, su viabilidad fue monitoreada por dos años, así como su presencia en la regeneración natural. Se registró su fenología reproductiva, se inocularon plántulas con hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares para evaluar su crecimiento. Resultados: La mayor germinación ocurrió en luz blanca, la viabilidad se mantuvo en altos porcentajes después de dos años. S. pubigerum está en el banco de semillas en ambas épocas, fue menos abundante en la lluvia de semillas en la época seca, con un patrón de floración-fructificación amplio. La inoculación micorrícica incrementó su germinación y crecimiento. Conclusiones: Solanum pubigerum se recomienda para reforestar bosques del centro de México por sus germinación y respuesta a la micorrización.

Resumen La vegetación es una parte vital de la infraestructura urbana por los servicios ambientales y los beneficios que provee a la población, por lo que es importante conocer su diversidad y estructura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estructura y composición florística de árboles, palmas y arbustos ubicados en áreas urbanas públicas de la ciudad de Tapachula, en el estado de Chiapas. Se recabó información dasométrica de ocho parques públicos, cinco áreas verdes públicas, cuatro camellones o jardineras y 38 calles, con una superficie total de 27.32 ha. Se registró el diámetro normal (1.30 m de la base del suelo) y la altura total. Se calculó la densidad de especies por área verde. La diversidad fue evaluada mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef. Taxonómicamente, se identificaron 130 especies, 109 géneros y 44 familias. De los taxa registrados, 65 pertenecen a especies nativas (550 individuos) y 65 a exóticas (1 927 individuos). Ficus microcarpa es el taxón exótico preponderante con un Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de 6.14. De las especies nativas, Roseodendron donnell-smithii destaca como el elemento más representativo (IVI=1.45). El Índice de Shannon-Weiner calculado para diferentes áreas verdes registró 2.7≤H’≤3.3 y el Índice de Margalef 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, lo cual evidencia que las calles poseen una gran diversidad de especies.

Abstract Urban vegetation is a vital part of urban infrastructure due to the environmental services it provides and the benefits to the population; therefore, it is important to know its diversity and structure. The objective of this work was to assess the structure and floristic composition of trees, palms and shrubs located in public urban areas of the city of Tapachula, state of Chiapas. Mensuration information was collected from eight public parks; five public green areas, four medians and 38 streets, with a total area of 27.32 ha. Normal diameter (1.30 m base from the ground) and total height were recorded. The density of species per urban green area was calculated. Diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes. Taxonomically, 130 species, 109 genera and 44 families were identified. Of the 130 specific taxa recorded, 65 belong to native species and 65 exotic. The total number of individuals was 1 927 exotic and 550 native. Ficus microcarpa is the predominant exotic with 6.14 Importance Value Index (IVI). Of the native species, Roseodendron donnell-smithii stands out as the most representative (IVI=1.45). The Shannon-Weiner Index calculated for different green areas registered 2.7≤H'≤3.3 and the Margalef Index 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, showing that the streets have a great species diversity.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the nutritional content and chlorophyll index (CCI) of six tree forages, for which CCI, protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur were analyzed at 30, 45, and 65 days. A completely randomized block design in divided plots with six replications was used. Results were compared with a 5% Tukey test, correlations (Pearson) and linear regressions were performed to determine the effect of ICC on nutrients. The contents of ICC, protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur showed statistical differences (p < 0.05) for the factors forage shrubs, cutting intervals, and intercropping. Leucaena presented higher contents of ICC in all intervals. Protein results were higher in Gliricidia (30 days), Leucaena (45 days), and Moringa (60 days). For phosphorus, the best values were obtained in Morus (30 days) and Moringa (30, 45, and 60 days). Tithonia reached higher potassium and calcium concentrations in the three cutting intervals, as well as for magnesium (30 days). The ICC determined with direct reading meters allowed correlation with protein content and leaf tissue nutrients P, K, Ca, Mg, S.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el contenido nutricional e índice de clorofila (ICC) de seis forrajes arbóreos, para ello se analizó el ICC, proteína, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio y azufre a 30, 45 y 65 días. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar en parcelas divididas con seis repeticiones. Los resultados se compararon con un test de Tukey al 5 %, se realizaron correlaciones (Pearson) y regresiones lineales para determinar el efecto del ICC con los nutrientes. Los contenidos de ICC, proteína, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio y azufre presentaron diferencias estadísticas (p < 0,05) para los factores arbustos forrajeros e intervalos de corte, y su interacción. Leucaena presentó mayores contenidos de ICC en todos los intervalos. Los resultados de proteína fueron mayores en Gliricidia (30 días), Leucaena (45 días) y Moringa (60 días). Para fósforo los mejores valores se obtuvieron en Morus (30 días) y Moringa (30, 45 y 60 días). Tithonia alcanzó mayor concentración de potasio y calcio en los tres intervalos de corte, así como para magnesio (30 días). El ICC determinado con medidores de lectura directa permitió correlacionarse con el contenido de proteína y los nutrientes del tejido foliar P, K, Ca, Mg, S.

ABSTRACT Understanding the dietary needs is important for the conservation of the bighorn sheep. The objective was to identify the diet selection in Coahuila, Mexico. The research was conducted at the Rancho San Juan Wildlife Management Unit (UMA), Monclova municipality, from August 2018 to October 2019. Forage availability was assessed using 18 Canfield transects. Diet composition was estimated through microhistology on 280 fecal samples, and diet and forage diversity were assessed using the Shannon index. Cluster and principal component analyses (PCA) were applied to analyze similarity in consumption across different species and seasonal influences. Shrubs were the most available (48%). A total of 50 species and 14 families were identified in the diet, with shrubs (49.2%) and grasses (17.21%) being predominant. Tiquilia canescens, Gymnosperma glutinosum, Opuntia rufida, Medicago sativa, and Erioneuron pulchellum were the most consumed species. The bighorn sheep consumed tree and shrub species proportionally (1.1 and 1.02, respectively), preferred herbaceous plants in spring (2.24) and autumn (15.28), and grasses in spring (6.10), except in summer (0.83) when they avoided succulents. PCA revealed that the first two components explained 96.05% of the correlation between species consumption frequencies and their biological forms. Cluster analysis grouped five forage consumption categories. Conserving shrub species, which form the basis of the bighorn sheep's diet, grasses-its preference-and succulents as buffering elements, is essential.

RESUMEN Comprender las preferencias alimentarias es importante para la conservación del borrego cimarrón. El objetivo fue identificar la selección de su dieta en Coahuila, México. La investigación se realizó en la UMA Rancho San Juan, municipio de Monclova, de agosto 2018 a octubre 2019. La disponibilidad de forraje se evaluó con 18 líneas de Canfield. La composición de la dieta se estimó con microhistología en 280 muestras fecales, y la diversidad de la dieta y del forraje con el índice de Shannon. Para analizar la similitud en el consumo de diferentes especies y la influencia estacional, se aplicaron análisis de clústers y componentes principales (ACP). Las arbustivas estuvieron más disponibles (48%). Se identificaron 50 especies y 14 familias en la dieta, y predominaron las arbustivas (49.2%) y los pastos (17.21%). Tiquilia canescens, Gymnosperma glutinosum, Opuntia rufida, Medicago sativa y Erioneuron pulchellum fueron las más consumidas. El borrego consumió especies arbóreas y arbustivas de manera proporcional (1.1 y 1.02, respectivamente), prefirió las herbáceas en primavera (2.24) y otoño (15.28), los pastos en primavera (6.10), y con excepción de verano (0.83), evitó las suculentas. El ACP reveló que los dos primeros componentes explican el 96.05% de la correlación entre las frecuencias de consumo de las especies y sus formas biológicas. El análisis de clústers agrupó cinco categorías de consumo de forraje. Es fundamental conservar las arbustivas, que constituyen la base de la dieta del borrego cimarrón, los pastos, que son sus preferidos, y las suculentas, como elementos amortiguadores.

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid is considered a functional food since its consumption improves people’s health. This compound is found in the milk of ruminant animals and is synthesized in the rumen and mammary gland using linoleic and α-linolenic acids as substrates, which are widely found in forage plants. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the content of fatty acids in forages, particularly of native species. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of native forage shrubs that are consumed by goats under extensive grazing in northern Mexico in 2019. For this, forage shrubs consumed by goats were collected. The selected forages were determined: dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total lipids, and fatty acid profile. The forage shrubs consumed by the goats in the rangeland were huizache [Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.], mesquite [Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild], gobernadora [Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC)] and chaparro prieto [Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif)]. Of these, mesquite (CP 148 g kg-1 DM) and chaparro prieto (CP 147 g kg-1 DM) had the best crude protein contents; likewise, mesquite had a high concentration in linoleic (14.21 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) and α-linolenic (36.22 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) fatty acids, so these forage shrubs can be considered in the diet of goats that aim to increase the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in milk or meat of grazing goats.

Resumen El ácido linoleico conjugado es considerado un alimento funcional ya que su consumo mejora la salud de las personas. Este compuesto se encuentra en leche de animales rumiantes y es sintetizado en el rumen y glándula mamaria utilizando como sustratos a los ácidos linoleico y α-linolenico, los cuales se encuentran en forma amplia en plantas forrajeras. Sin embargo, existe poca información respecto al contenido de ácidos grasos en forrajes, en particular, de especies nativas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición química y perfil de ácidos grasos de arbustos forrajeros nativos que son consumidos por cabras bajo pastoreo extensivo en el norte de México, en 2019. Para ello, se realizó una colecta de arbustos forrajeros consumidos por cabras. A los forrajes seleccionados se le determino: materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos. Los arbustos forrajeros consumidos por las cabras en el agostadero fueron: huizache (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.), mezquite (Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild), gobernadora (Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC) y chaparro prieto (Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif). De estos, mezquite (PC 148 g kg-1 de MS) y chaparro prieto (PC 147 g kg-1 de MS) tuvieron los mejores contenidos de proteína cruda, asimismo, mezquite tuvo una alta concentración en los ácidos grasos linoleico (14.21 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales) y α-linolenico (36.22 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales), por lo que estos arbustos forrajeros pueden ser considerados en dieta de las cabras que tengan el objetivo de incrementar la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado en leche o carne de cabras en pastoreo.

Abstract The present work describes the phytophysiognomies and inventories the remaining floristic diversity of the Brisas Environmental Protection Area, which is located on the coast of Sepetiba Bay in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, covering approximately 101 hectares. Three phytophysiognomies were identified and described, namely Restinga, the Lowland Dense Ombrophylous Forest and the Mangrove. Different types of vegetation can be recognized for Restinga, such as beaches and dunes, those located on sandy ridges, in this case represented by Low and High Restinga forests, and the vegetation associated with depressions, such as the Swampy Restinga and Swampy forest. The floristic survey identified 311 species, distributed in 231 genera and 86 families. Herbaceous plants represent 29.26% of the flora, followed by vines (27.75%), trees (27.33%), shrubs (14.46%) and epiphytes (4%). Restinga is home to 81% of the flora, followed by the Lowland Dense Ombrophylous Forest (28.30%) and the Mangrove (2.25%). The most representative families were Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (15 spp.), Asteraceae (14 spp.) and Sapindaceae (14 spp.). The area has low floristic similarity with other areas of the state of Rio de Janeiro, but it has a greater grouping with restingas from the state of Rio de Janeiro. Area Janeiro Brazil 10 hectares described dunes ridges forests depressions forest 31 species 23 8 2926 29 26 29.26 flora 27.75%, 2775 27.75% , 27 75 (27.75%) 27.33%, 2733 27.33% 33 (27.33%) 14.46% 1446 14 46 (14.46% 4%. 4 4% . (4%) 81 28.30% 2830 28 30 (28.30% 2.25%. 225 2.25% 2 25 (2.25%) 38 (3 spp., spp spp. 15 (1 spp.. 1 3 292 29.2 277 27.75 7 (27.75% 273 27.33 (27.33% 14.46 144 (14.46 (4% 28.30 283 (28.30 22 2.25 (2.25% ( 29. 27.7 (27.75 27.3 (27.33 14.4 (14.4 (4 28.3 (28.3 2.2 (2.25 27. (27.7 (27.3 14. (14. 28. (28. 2. (2.2 (27. (28 (2. (27 (2

Resumo O presente trabalho descreve as fitofisionomias e inventaria a diversidade florística remanescente da Área de Proteção Ambiental das Brisas, que se localiza no litoral da Baía de Sepetiba, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, possuindo cerca de 101 hectares. Foram identificadas e descritas três fitofisionomias, a saber, Restinga, a mais predominante, a Floresta Ombrófila Densa de Terras Baixas e o Manguezal. Para a Restinga pode-se reconhecer diferentes tipos de vegetação, como a de Praias e Dunas, as situadas sobre Cordões Arenosos, neste caso representadas por Florestas Baixa e Alta de Restinga, e a vegetação associada às depressões, como o Brejo de Restinga e a Floresta Paludosa. O levantamento florístico identificou 311 espécies, distribuídas em 231 gêneros e 86 famílias. As plantas herbáceas representam 29,26% da flora, seguido das trepadeiras (27,75%), arbóreas (27,33%), arbustivas (14,46%) e epífitas (4%). A Restinga abriga 81% da flora, seguida pela Floresta Ombrófila Densa de Terras Baixas (28,30%) e o Manguezal (2,25%). As famílias mais representativas foram Fabaceae (38 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (15 spp.), Asteraceae (14 spp.), Sapindaceae (14 spp.) e Malvaceae (13 spp). A área tem baixa similaridade florística com outras áreas do estado do Rio de Janeiro, porém apresenta maior agrupamento com restingas fluminenses. Brisas Sepetiba Janeiro 10 hectares saber predominante podese pode Dunas Arenosos depressões Paludosa 31 espécies 23 8 2926 29 26 29,26 flora 27,75%, 2775 27,75% , 27 75 (27,75%) 27,33%, 2733 27,33% 33 (27,33%) 14,46% 1446 14 46 (14,46% 4%. 4 4% . (4%) 81 28,30% 2830 28 30 (28,30% 2,25%. 225 2,25% 2 25 (2,25%) 38 (3 spp., spp spp. 15 (1 13 spp) fluminenses 1 3 292 29,2 277 27,75 7 (27,75% 273 27,33 (27,33% 14,46 144 (14,46 (4% 28,30 283 (28,30 22 2,25 (2,25% ( 29, 27,7 (27,75 27,3 (27,33 14,4 (14,4 (4 28,3 (28,3 2,2 (2,25 27, (27,7 (27,3 14, (14, 28, (28, 2, (2,2 (27, (28 (2, (27 (2

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental quality of the Atlantic coast restinga, in south Brazil, using red, green and blue (RGB) drone images obtained in September of 2020 and 2021. The generated orthoimage was classified into different vegetation classes like herbaceous, shrubs and arboreal as well as other classes such as degraded and constructed areas. Classification was performed using the Random Forest algorithm, available from the Dzetsaka plugin for Quantum GIS. Of the total assessed area of restinga (289.17 ha), in 2020, 61.54% were conserved and 36.72% were degraded. In 2021 there was a decrease in conserved areas to 59.56%, and an increase in degraded areas to 38.85%. Regarding the sectors (1–8) evaluated in the two different years, sector 6 had the smallest preserved area of restinga (5.40 and 8.14 ha in 2020 and 2021, respectively), and sector 2 had the largest preservation area, with 44.07 ha in 2020 and 43.55 ha in 2021. Sectors 1,2,4, and 5 showed a reduction in conserved restinga areas (on average, 6.75%). An increase in conserved areas was observed in sectors 6 and 7 (on average, 20.4%) and in sector 8 (2%). These results show the potential of using images obtained by drone, in multi-temporal analyses of fragile areas such as restingas, helping with protection and conservation measures for these ecosystems. Brazil red RGB (RGB 202 herbaceous algorithm GIS 289.17 28917 289 17 (289.1 ha, , ha) 6154 61 54 61.54 3672 36 72 36.72 5956 59 56 59.56% 3885 38 85 38.85% 1–8 18 1 (1–8 years 5.40 540 40 (5.4 814 14 8.1 respectively, respectively respectively) 4407 44 07 44.0 4355 43 55 43.5 124 4 1,2,4 on average 6.75%. 675 6.75% . 75 6.75%) 20.4% 204 20 2%. 2% (2%) multitemporal multi temporal restingas ecosystems 289.1 2891 28 (289. 615 61.5 367 3 36.7 595 59.56 388 38.85 1– (1– 5.4 (5. 81 8. 440 0 44. 435 43. 12 1,2, 67 6.75 20.4 (2% 289. (289 61. 36. 59.5 38.8 (1 5. (5 1,2 6.7 20. (2 (28 59. 38. ( 1, 6.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade ambiental da restinga da costa atlântica, no sul do Brasil, utilizando imagens de drones nos espectros de vermelho, verde e azul (RGB) obtidas em setembro de 2020 e 2021. A ortoimagem gerada foi classificada em diferentes classes de vegetação como a herbácea, a arbustiva e a arbórea, além de outras feições como áreas degradadas e construídas. A classificação foi realizada utilizando o algoritmo Random Forest, disponível no plugin Dzetsaka para Quantum GIS. Do total de área da restinga avaliada (289,17 ha), em 2020, 61,54% encontrava-se conservada e 36,72% estava degradada. Em 2021 houve diminuição das áreas conservadas para 59,56% e aumento das áreas degradadas para 38,85%. Em relação aos setores avaliados nos dois anos, o setor 6 teve a menor área conservada de restinga (5,40 ha e 8,14 ha em 2020 e 2021, respetivamente), e o setor 2 teve a maior área de preservação, com 44,07 ha em 2020 e 43,55 ha em 2021. Os setores 1, 2, 4 e 5 apresentaram redução nas áreas de restinga conservadas (em média, 6,75%). Aumento nas áreas conservadas foi observado nos setores 6 e 7 (20,4%) e no setor 8 (2%). Esses resultados mostram o potencial do uso de imagens obtidas por drones em análises multitemporais de áreas frágeis como as restingas, auxiliando nas medidas de proteção e conservação desses ecossistemas. atlântica Brasil vermelho RGB (RGB 202 herbácea arbórea construídas Forest GIS 289,17 28917 289 17 (289,1 ha, , ha) 6154 61 54 61,54 encontravase encontrava se 3672 36 72 36,72 degradada 5956 59 56 59,56 3885 38 85 38,85% anos 5,40 540 40 (5,4 814 14 8,1 respetivamente, respetivamente respetivamente) preservação 4407 44 07 44,0 4355 43 55 43,5 1 média 6,75%. 675 6,75% . 75 6,75%) 20,4% 204 20 (20,4% 2%. 2% (2%) restingas ecossistemas 289,1 2891 28 (289, 615 61,5 367 3 36,7 595 59,5 388 38,85 5,4 (5, 81 8, 440 0 44, 435 43, 67 6,75 20,4 (20,4 (2% 289, (289 61, 36, 59, 38,8 5, (5 6,7 20, (20, (2 (28 38, ( 6, (20

Abstract In the savanna-seasonally dry tropical forest ecotone in Northeastern Brazil, we studied variations in flora and structure within old growth and two sites in secondary succession (10 and 25 years). We sampled 2,127 trees and shrubs with a diameter at ground level of 3 cm or more, excluding cacti, palm trees, and vines. Old growth contained 478 plants from 29 species, the 25-year site had 819 plants from 27 species, and the 10-year site had 829 plants from 25 species, totaling 38 species across the sites. Regarding the regenerating stratum, we found 2,776 individuals, with the largest and smallest number of individuals for 10 and 25 years regeneration, respectively. Rarefaction and Jacknife richness showed greater tree richness in old growth, whereas 10 and 25 years regeneration presented similar richness estimates; furthermore, the highest richness in the regenerating stratum was observed in 10 years and the lowest in old growth. Our results reveal that changes in composition are caused by species replacement, demonstrating that even in areas deforested for traditional agriculture, turnover causes significant changes in composition and results in the requirement of a long time for reestablishment, similar to the old growth. savannaseasonally savanna seasonally Brazil (1 2 years. . years) 2127 127 2,12 more cacti vines 47 25year year 81 10year 82 2776 776 2,77 1 respectively estimates furthermore replacement agriculture reestablishment ( 212 12 2,1 4 8 277 77 2,7 21 2, 7

Resumo Em uma área de ecótono entre a savana e a floresta tropical sazonalmente seca no Nordeste do Brasil, estudamos variações na flora e na estrutura em áreas com estágio de sucessão avançada e em dois locais em sucessão secundária (10 e 25 anos). Amostramos 2.127 árvores e arbustos com um diâmetro ao nível do solo de 3 cm ou mais, excluindo cactos, palmeiras e trepadeiras. A vegetação antiga continha 478 plantas de 29 espécies, o local de 25 anos tinha 819 plantas de 27 espécies, e o local de 10 anos tinha 829 plantas de 25 espécies, totalizando 38 espécies nos locais. Em relação ao estrato regenerante, encontramos 2.776 indivíduos, com maior e menor número de indivíduos para 10 e 25 anos de regeneração, respectivamente. Rarefação e riqueza de Jacknife mostraram maior riqueza de árvores em crescimento antigo, enquanto 10 e 25 anos de sucessão secundária apresentaram estimativas de riqueza semelhantes; além disso, a maior riqueza no estrato regenerante foi observada em 10 anos de sucessão secundária e a menor em crescimento antigo. Nossos resultados revelam que as mudanças na composição são causadas pela substituição de espécies, demonstrando que mesmo em áreas desmatadas para agricultura tradicional, o turnover causa mudanças significativas na composição e resulta na exigência de um longo tempo para restabelecimento, semelhante ao crescimento antigo. Brasil (1 2 anos. . anos) 2127 127 2.12 mais cactos trepadeiras 47 81 1 82 2776 776 2.77 regeneração respectivamente antigo semelhantes disso tradicional restabelecimento ( 212 12 2.1 4 8 277 77 2.7 21 2. 7

ABSTRACT In ecotonal Cerrado areas, the addition of Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species mainly occurs through connections between forest areas and forest physiognomies. In this context, the biome is a unique region for research on the influence of geographical and historical factors on its biota. In tropical ecotonal regions, integrated communities can exist on soils that present variations in fertility, physical properties and depth, which results in heterogeneity of physiognomies. It was tested the hypothesis that edaphic conditions related to calcium availability are significantly related to species composition and structural parameters in two physiognomies. The study was conducted in the Cerrado of the Chapada das Mesas National Park (CMNP) in the city of Carolina, Northeast Brazil, and the sample universe consisted of 18 areas in two physiognomies. The initial hypothesis was confirmed. The results and inferences about the vegetation structure and physical-chemical parameters of the soil, suggest that the management for conservation of the CMNP must consider the particularities of the Cerrado physiognomies and the vegetation responses to environmental filters, such as edaphic conditions and associations with other organisms. context biota regions fertility depth (CMNP Carolina Brazil 1 confirmed physicalchemical chemical soil filters organisms

Abstract The genus Clusia L. is highly diverse in Central and South America, comprising about 300 species, including trees and shrubs, hemiepiphytes, epiphytes, and lianas. This genus deserves attention due to its wide range of biological activities. Clusia belongs to the Clusiaceae family, chemically characterized by the presence of xanthones, benzophenones, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, and other substances with bioactive activity already described. This review aims to highlight the biological activity associated to extracts and isolated substances from species of the Clusia genus, including anti-HIV, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antinociceptive, antitumor, leishmanicidal, modulator of inflammatory processes, neutralization of toxic effects caused by snake bites, and others. This review gathered information on biological activities associated with different types of extracts and isolated substances of the genus Clusia, traditional use, chemical profile, and biological properties of plants of the genus, published in the last 23 years (1998 to 2021) and that can provide support for future research. The paper aims to provide an overview of existing knowledge about the biological properties of the genus Clusia plant species. L America 30 shrubs hemiepiphytes epiphytes lianas family xanthones benzophenones flavonoids coumarins terpenoids described antiHIV, antiHIV anti HIV, HIV anti-HIV antimicrobial antioxidant antinociceptive antitumor leishmanicidal processes bites others use profile 2 1998 (199 2021 research 3 199 (19 202 19 (1 20 1 (

Abstract The study considered the use of soil herbicides: Begin Turbo, KS; Dual Gold, KE; Euro-Lighting, VRK; Command, KE; Pivot, VK; Proponite, KE; Zenkor Ultra, KS and partially soil action: Demetra, KE, and Dialen Super, KS. We conducted a comparative assessment of the biological effectiveness of the studied herbicides against the main species of weeds present in the experimental plots, annual and perennial dicotyledonous, annual cereal weeds. The effect of soil herbicide treatments on the physiological state of plants of apple, pear, walnut, and black currant was studied. The effect of the use of the studied drugs on the yield of protected crops for three years was evaluated. The tests proved the applicability of soil herbicides in nursery, production gardens, as well as on seedlings with a closed root system. The tested products, despite the principle of their action - penetration into weeds through the soil, did not harm the protected crops, no negative effect on the growth of trees and shrubs was recorded. The study revealed no evidence that drugs had a negative impact on fruit and berry crop productivity. There are suggestions for improving the efficacy of using soil herbicides when planting fruit and berry crops. Turbo Gold KE EuroLighting, EuroLighting Euro Lighting, Lighting Euro-Lighting VRK Command Pivot VK Proponite Ultra Demetra Super plots dicotyledonous apple pear walnut evaluated nursery gardens system products recorded productivity

Resumo O estudo considerou o uso dos herbicidas de solo: Begin Turbo, KS; Dual Gold, KE; Euro-Lighting, VRK; Command, KE; Pivot, VK; Proponite, KE; Zenkor Ultra, KS e ação parcial do solo: Demetra, KE e Dialen Super, KS. Realizou-se uma avaliação comparativa da eficácia biológica dos herbicidas estudados contra as principais espécies de plantas daninhas presentes nas parcelas experimentais, dicotiledôneas anuais e perenes, plantas daninhas de cereais anuais. Estudou-se o efeito de tratamentos com herbicidas de solo sobre o estado fisiológico de plantas de macieira, pera, nogueira e groselha preta. Foi avaliado o efeito do uso das drogas estudadas na produtividade de cultivos protegidos por três anos. Os testes comprovaram a aplicabilidade de herbicidas de solo em viveiros, hortas de produção, bem como em mudas com sistema radicular fechado. Os produtos testados, apesar de seus princípios de ação - penetração em ervas daninhas através do solo, não prejudicou as culturas protegidas, não foi registrado nenhum efeito negativo no crescimento de árvores e arbustos. O estudo não revelou evidências de que as drogas tenham um impacto negativo na produtividade das frutas e bagas. Existem sugestões para melhorar a eficácia do uso de herbicidas de solo ao plantar frutas e bagas. Turbo Gold EuroLighting, EuroLighting Euro Lighting, Lighting Euro-Lighting VRK Command Pivot VK Proponite Ultra Demetra Super Realizouse Realizou se experimentais perenes Estudouse Estudou macieira pera preta anos viveiros produção fechado testados protegidas arbustos bagas

Resumen Los páramos ecuatorianos afectados por incendios forestales presentan cambios en su estructura, composición florística, modificación en sus procesos ecológicos y aparición de especies invasoras. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en el Parque Universitario ''Francisco Vivar Castro”, con la finalidad de caracterizar el estado actual de P. arachnoideum y su vegetación asociada en 20 parcelas de 5 x 5 m, mediante la identificación de individuos mayores a 5 cm de altura. Las variables medidas fueron abundancia, densidad, estructura poblacional, distribución espacial; y para la vegetación asociada se calcularon parámetros estructurales de la vegetación, el grado de cobertura de especies herbáceas y el grado de asociación con las especies. Se registró una abundancia de 1 919 individuos de P. arachnoideum, densidad poblacional de 38 380 ind/ha y una distribución espacial agregada. La riqueza específica del páramo antrópico fue de 28 especies, 27 géneros y 15 familias; las especies con mayor importancia ecológica y que determinan su estructura fueron Baccharis latifolia (12,52 %), Gaultheria erecta (12,35 %) y Gynoxys nitida (11,85 %); la cobertura vegetal de P. arachnoideum estuvo entre el 25-50 %, el 46,42 % de las especies tuvieron una asociación baja, el 25 % una asociación media y el 28,58 % una asociación alta. La presencia de P. arachnoideum en el páramo antrópico fue abundante y dominante, especies arbustivas y arbóreas nativas presentaron diferentes grados de asociación como producto de las condiciones ambientales del páramo antrópico.

Abstract The Ecuadorian paramos affected by forest fires present changes in their structure, floristic composition, modifications in their ecological processes, and the appearance of invasive species. This study was carried out at the Parque Universitario "Francisco Vivar Castro", to characterize the status of P. arachnoideum and the associated vegetation in 20 plots of 5 x 5 m, by identifying individuals greater than 5 cm in height. The variables measured were abundance, density, population structure, and spatial distribution; for the associated vegetation, we calculated the structural parameters of the vegetation, the level of coverage of herbaceous species, and the level of association with the species. The results showed an abundance of 1 919 individuals of P. arachnoideum, a population density of 38 380 ind/ha, and a cluster spatial distribution. The specific richness of the anthropic paramo was 28 species, 27 genera, and 15 families; the species with the greatest ecological importance and that determine its structure were Baccharis latifolia (12,52%), Gaultheria erecta (12,35%), and Gynoxys nitida (11,85%); the plant cover of P. arachnoideum was between 25-50%, 46,42% of the species had a low association, 25% a medium association and 28,58% a high association. The presence of P. arachnoideum in the anthropic paramo was abundant and dominant, and shrubs and tree species showed different associated levels as products of environmental conditions of anthropic paramo.